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Cleveland Clinic Laboratories Cleveland Clinic Laboratories Quantitative Urine Pain Management Drug Measurement with HPLC-MS/MS Background Information enzymatic hydrolysis is much milder, but needs longer incubation time to achieve sufficient (>80%) hydrolysis Pain management drugs are among the most prescribed efficiency.7 medications, and they are also the most abused class of prescription drugs.1-2 Therefore, many states including Ohio Cleveland Clinic Laboratories offer an HPLC-MS/MS method have enacted laws governing the prescription of pain for quantitative screening of 11 pain management drugs and management drugs. Patients enrolled in pain management five other commonly abused drugs in urine.8 In this method, programs need to be monitored for compliance, which total drug concentration is measured after enzymatic hydroly- means appropriate use of prescribed drugs and abstinence sis. This assay also includes an adulteration test using urine from non-prescribed drugs. test strips to ensure specimen quality. In addition to pain management, this test can also be used for monitoring Urine is the most commonly used specimen in monitoring patient compliance in rehabilitation programs. pain management and illicit drug use. A single urine specimen can be tested for a number of drugs. Immunoassay (IA) can The high sensitivity of this method is capable of detecting be used as a screening method, but it lacks specificity and drug manufacturing impurities. As an example, codeine is a sensitivity. For example, most immunoassay tests cannot known manufacturing impurity in morphine (~0.04%) and distinguish various opiate drugs and cannot detect oxymor- can be detected by this method.9 3-4 phone at all. In addition, immunoassay is only semi- Clinical Information quantitative and clinicians in some cases need quantitative assessment of urine drug concentrations.3 For example, the This test detects the following 11 pain management drugs morphine-to-codeine ratio can help identify heroine abusers.5 in urine: High performance liquid chromatography tandem mass Morphine Hydromorphone spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) offers high resolving power, Codeine Methadone and metabolite high selectivity and wide dynamic range, all of which enable Dihydrocodeine Fentanyl and metabolite simultaneous quantification of a broad spectrum of drugs Oxycodone Tramadol and metabolite present in biological matrices.3 In clinical laboratories, Oxymorphone Buprenorphine and metabolite HPLC-MS/MS can be used as a confirmation method in Hydrocodone conjunction with a prior immunoassay-based screening method, Also included are five commonly abused drugs that are not or it can be used as a stand-alone method offering quantita- prescribed for pain management: tive results with high confidence. Amphetamine Heroin metabolite Some drugs/metabolites (e.g. morphine, codeine and THCA) Methamphetamine Marijuana metabolite are present in urine as both free and glucuronide conjugates. Cocaine metabolite The conjugation rate varies significantly. In order to have In most cases, both parent drug and metabolite are quantified. consistent results, conjugated drugs are usually converted to Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, the main active component of free drugs prior to HPLC-MS/MS analysis. Chemical hydrolysis marijuana), cocaine and heroin have rather short half-lives and is very efficient but may result in unwanted reactions. For therefore only the stable metabolites are analyzed. As a result, example, acid hydrolysis will convert heroin and its metabolite, a total of 20 analytes are measured in this test (Table 1). 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM), to morphine.6 In contrast, 9500 Euclid Avenue | Cleveland, Ohio 44195 | 216.444.5755 | 800.628.6816 | clevelandcliniclabs.com This test can assist clinicians to determine patient compliance. Detailed result interpretation for each analyte is listed below: Presence of prescribed drugs/metabolites and absence of Morphine: Morphine may arise from morphine-containing non-prescribed drugs/metabolites indicate patient compliance. drugs, poppy seeds or by metabolism of codeine and heroin. Test results are for medical purposes only since no chain of Morphine is metabolized to hydromorphone. custody is offered. Codeine: Codeine is not a recognized metabolite of other Interpretation opiates and its presence indicates use of a codeine-containing Table 1 lists the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) and drug. Codeine is metabolized to morphine. Other minor higher limit of quantification (HLOQ) for each analyte in the metabolites include hydrocodone, hydromorphone and Pain Panel. A result greater than the LLOQ for a parent drug dihydrocodeine. Use of heroin is indicated when 1) both and/or metabolite indicates use of the drug. codeine and morphine are detected in urine; 2) morphine concentration is >10,000 ng/mL; and 3) morphine-to-codeine ratio is above 2. Analyte LLOQ HLOQ (ng/ml) (ng/ml) Dihydrocodeine: The presence of dihydrocodeine may arise from dihydrocodeine-containing drugs or from the metabolism Morphine 10 5365 of hydrocodone. Dihydrocodeine is also metabolized to Codeine 11 5484 hydrocodone. Dihydrocodeine 5 5184 Oxycodone: Oxycodone is not a recognized metabolite of Oxycodone 5 4719 other opiates and its presence indicates use of an oxycodone- Oxymorphone 5 4581 containing drug. Oxycodone is metabolized to oxymorphone. Hydrocodone 8 5270 Oxymorphone: Oxymorphone may arise from oxymorphone- containing drugs or by metabolism of oxycodone. Hydromorphone 5 4980 Hydrocodone: Hydrocodone may arise from hydrocodone- Methadone 16 4897 containing drugs or by metabolism of dihydrocodeine. EDDP 6 4178 Hydrocodone is metabolized to hydromorphone and Fentanyl 6 5971 dihydrocodeine. Norfentanyl 6 5514 Hydromorphone: Hydromorphone may arise from hydro- Tramadol 25 5208 morphone-containing drugs or by metabolism of morphine and hydrocodone. O-desmethyl Tramadol 20 5000 Amphetamine: Amphetamine may arise from amphetamine- Buprenorphine 20 5000 containing drugs (eg. Adderall and Benzedrine) or by metabo- Norbuprenorphine 20 4300 lism of methamphetamine. Clobenzorex, famprofazone, Amphetamine 5 5365 fenethylline, fenproporex and mefenorex contain amphetamine pro-drugs that can be metabolized to amphetamine. Selegiline Methamphetamine 8 5339 is metabolized to both amphetamine and methamphetamine. Benzoylecgonine 24 5410 Methamphetamine: Methamphetamine may arise from 6-Acetylmorphine 5 4800 methamphetamine-containing drugs or metabolism of THCA 16 5008 selegiline, which is metabolized to both methamphetamine and amphetamine. Over-the-counter inhalers for nasal Table 1. Analytical Measurement Ranges decongestion may cause positive methamphetamine results. The level of drugs/metabolites in urine is affected by dose, Methamphetamine is metabolized to amphetamine. metabolic rate, sample collection time relative to the drug Benzoylecgonine: Benzoylecgonine is a metabolite of cocaine. use and hydration status. Presence of benzoylecgonine indicates use of cocaine. Methadone: Presence of methadone indicates use of a Table 2. Adulteration test results methadone-containing drug. Methadone is metabolized to Urine Test Strip Results Clinical Interpretation EDDP (2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl1-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine). Urine methadone levels vary widely depending on metabolism Creatinine 10 - 20 mg/dL and Dilution and urine pH. However, urine EDDP levels are less affected specific gravity < 1.003 by pH and are preferable for assessing compliance with Creatinine <10 mg/dL and specific Substitution methadone therapy. The absence of EDDP and presence of gravity < 1.003 or >1.020 methadone in a urine specimen very likely indicate adulteration Presence of oxidant and/or Adulteration by direct addition of methadone to the urine specimen. pH<3 or pH>10 EDDP: EDDP (2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyr- rolidine) is a metabolite of methadone, and its presence indicates use of a methadone-containing drug. Methodology Fentanyl: Presence of fentanyl indicates use of a fentanyl- 1) Isotope-labeled internal standards are added to each containing drug. Fentanyl is metabolized to norfentanyl. urine sample. Norfentanyl: Norfentanyl is a metabolite of fentanyl, and its 2) All samples are subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis presence indicates use of a fentanyl-containing drug. (16-24 hours) to convert glucuronide conjugates to free drugs. Hydrolysis efficiency is >90% for all drugs. Tramadol: Presence of tramadol indicates use of a tramadol- containing drug (Ultram). Tramadol is metabolized to 3) After hydrolysis, samples are analyzed by turbulent O-Desmethyltramadol. flow online extraction and HPLC-MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. O-Desmethyltramadol: O-Desmethyltramadol is an active metabolite of Tramadol and its presence indicates use of a 4) Analyte concentration is calculated based on analyte to tramadol-containing drug (Ultram). internal standard peak area ratio with the use of a calibration curve. THCA: Tetrahydrocannabinol carboxylic acid (THCA) is a metabolite of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, which is the 5) A specimen quality test is included with this testing that main active component of marijuana. Presence of THCA measures creatinine concentration, specific gravity, pH indicates use of marijuana. and presence of oxidant. 6-AM: 6-AM (6-acetylmorphine, also known as 6-acetylmor- References phine) is a unique metabolite of heroin. Presence of 6-AM 1. P Compton, P Athanasos, Nurs Clin North Am 2003. indicates use of heroin. 6-AM is further metabolized to 38, 525. morphine and absence of 6-AM does not rule
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