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AN244 Frontmatter.Qxd MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO OFFICE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC OCCUPATION OF LOS ALAMOS AND GUAJE CANYONS: DATA RECOVERY AT THREE SITES NEAR THE PUEBLO OF SAN ILDEFONSO edited by James L. Moore with contributions by James L. Moore Joan K. Gaunt Daisy F. Levine Linda Mick-O’Hara Laurie Evans Richard G. Holloway Mollie S. Toll submitted by Timothy D. Maxwell Principal Investigator Archaeology Notes No. 244 SANTA FE 2001 NEW MEXICO ADMINISTRATIVE SUMMARY Between November 15, 1990, and January 11, 1991, the Office of Archaeological Studies of the Museum of New Mexico conducted archaeological data recovery at three sites along NM 502 in Santa Fe Country, New Mexico. This project was conducted at the request of the New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department; all sites were on land owned by the Pueblo of San Ildefonso and administered by the USDI Bureau of Indian Affairs. The project was funded by the Federal Highway Administration. Data recovery investigations were aimed at recovering information relevant to local prehistory and history. The Pedro Sánchez site (LA 65005) was a Spanish Colonial rancho occupied in the mid-eighteenth century. Most of this site was outside project limits and was not excavated; included in the part investigated were a trash pit and associat- ed scatter of surface artifacts. The San Ildefonso Springs site (LA 65006) was a late Archaic camp that also func- tioned as a biface manufacturing locale. While a large part of this site was investigated, much of it was outside proj- ect limits and was only cursorily examined. Classic period Pueblo and historic components also exist at the San Ildefonso Springs site, but are mostly outside project limits and were not studied in detail. Finally, the FH site (LA 65013) was a Classic period Pueblo fieldhouse and associated trash scatter that was mostly within project limits. This study is felt to have exhausted the potential of the parts of these sites within project limits to yield information rele- vant to local prehistory and history. MNM Project No. 41.444 NMSHTD Project No. ST-PF-054-1(202) Bureau of Indian Affairs Permit BIA/AAO-91-001 (expired 1-31-91) Permission Letter from Pueblo of San Ildefonso dated 2-27-89 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The successful completion of an archaeological project usually hinges on many more people than are listed on the cover of a report, and this endeavor is no exception. The authors would like to express their appreciation to all who participated in this project–thank you everyone, for working through those cold snowy days, suffering through the artifact analysis, and making this a successful project. Stephen C. Lentz and Jeffrey L. Boyer graciously stepped in and acted as substitutes for the senior project director when he was temporarily called away by other duties. Our field assistants were Laurie Evans and Vernon Lujan. The crew of laborers included Patrick Marian, Timothy Martínez, Marcy Snow, and Ivan Trujillo. Laurie, Vern, and Marcy also helped with the laboratory analysis. The ceramic analy- sis was supervised by Daisy F. Levine, and faunal analysis was done by Susan Moga and supervised by Linda Mick- O’Hara. Mollie Toll examined the charcoal, macrobotanical, and flotation samples. Historic artifacts were examined by Guadalupe Martinez, and Lynn Drake provided important geomorphological guidance. We would especially like to thank Sam Sweezy of Santa Fe and Dean Maret of Los Alamos who volunteered their services and helped us move a lot of dirt. Maps and illustrations were produced by Ann Noble and Robin Gould edited the manuscript. Some of our specialized analyses were completed by consultants. Richard G. Holloway of the Castetter Laboratory for Ethnobotanical Studies examined pollen samples. Radiocarbon samples were run by Beta Analytic, Inc. This project also benefitted from the expertise of several archaeologists and historians from outside the OAS who were generous with their time and ideas and contributed greatly to the outcome of this study. In particular, we would like to thank Cordelia Snow for allowing us to bounce ideas off of her, and for the information and expertise she shared with us. Discussions with Jonathan Batkin and David Snow helped formulate ideas concerning the dating of the Tewa polychrome series, and Dave directed us to the documents that allowed identification of LA 65005 as the Pedro Sánchez rancho. José Antonio Esquibel graciously shared his research on Juana Luján and others in the San Ildefonso area, adding substantially to our understanding of the relationship between those families. Rick Hendricks of the Vargas Project furnished unpublished (at the time) information on Pedro Sánchez and his family. Our special thanks go to the New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department for their funding and assistance. In particular, we would like to thank William Taylor and Steven Koczan of the Environmental Section. iii iv CONTENTS Administrative Summary . .ii Acknowledgments . .iii List of Figures . .vii List of Tables . .ix PART 1. INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT BACKGROUND Chapter 1. Introduction by James L. Moore . .3 Chapter 2. Cultural Resources Overview by James L. Moore . .7 Paleoindian Occupation (10,000 to 5500 B.C.) . .7 Archaic Occupation (5500 B.C. to A.D. 400) . .7 Pueblo Occupation (A.D. 400 to 1540) . .8 Historic Occupation (A.D. 1540 to present) . .10 Chapter 3. Physical Environment by Laurie Evans . .13 Geology . .13 Soils . .13 Flora and Fauna . .13 Modern Climate . .13 Climatic Reconstruction . .14 Chapter 4. Field and Analytical Methods by James L. Moore, Daisy F. Levine, Linda Mick-O’Hara, Mollie S. Toll, and Richard Holloway . .17 Field Methods . .17 Chipped Stone Artifact Analysis . .17 Ground Stone Artifact Analysis . .19 Ceramic Artifact Analysis . .20 Faunal Analysis . .23 Flotation and Macrofloral Analysis . .23 Pollen Analysis . .23 PART 2. SITE DESCRIPTIONS Chapter 5. Pedro Sánchez Site (LA 65005) by Joan K. Gaunt and James L. Moore . .29 Excavation Methods . .29 Site Stratigraphy . .30 Feature Descriptions . .33 Artifact Analyses James L. Moore, Joan K. Gaunt,Daisy F. Levine, and Linda Mick-O’Hara . .33 Discussion . .38 Chapter 6. San Ildefonso Springs Site (LA 65006) by James L. Moore . .40 Excavation Methods . .41 Site Stratigraphy . .43 Feature Descriptions . .51 Artifact Analyses by James L. Moore and Daisy F. Levine . .54 Discussion . .63 v Chapter 7. FH Site (LA 65013) by Joan K. Gaunt . .67 Excavation Methods . .67 Site Stratigraphy . .68 Structure and Feature Descriptions . .69 Artifact Analyses by James L. Moore, Daisy F. Levine, and Linda Mick-O’Hara . .73 Discussion . .73 PART 3. ARTIFACT ANALYSES Chapter 8. Analysis of the Chipped Stone Assemblages by James L. Moore . .77 Component Summaries . .77 Material Selection . ..
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