Burn 378 Burn

' complete treatise on ecclesiastical law. 4. A with signal success. In 1816 he was second History of the Poor Laws/ London, 1764, to Mr. Playfair in a competitive design for 8vo. 5. ' on Practical additions to the of Uni- Sermons Subjects ; buildings Edinburgh extracted from the works of divines versity, originally designed by the celebrated chiefly j in of the last century/ 4 vols., London, 1774, Robert Adam [q. v.], and the same year 8vo. 6. ' Observations on the Bill intended erected the custom house at Greenock, and the to be offered to Parliament for the better church of St. John, at the west end of Princes Relief and Employment of the Poor/ Lon- Street, Edinburgh. From this time his ca- ' don, 1776, 8vo. 7. The History and An- reer was one of uninterrupted professional the best tiquities of the Counties of Westmoreland success. He divided with Playfair in and Cumberland/ 2 vols., London, 1777, 4to. architectural works of the time Scotland, did more Written in conj unction with Joseph Nicolson, and while the latter probably public nephew of Dr. William Nicolson, bishop of and monumental work, Burn undoubtedly Carlisle, who had left large manuscript col- erected more and larger private and domes- lections for the history of the two counties. tic buildings than any individual architect ' 8. A New Law Dictionary/ 2 vols., London, of his time. Most of the Scottish and a 1792. A posthumous work of little value, large number of the English aristocracy were edited, with a continuation, by the author's his clients, and in 1844 he found it necessary to 1 his son, John Burn [q. v.] The author's portrait to remove London, leaving Edinburgh in of is prefixed. business charge David Bryce [q. v.], who Burn also brought out the ninth, tenth, had become his partner a short time before. and eleventh editions of Sir William Black- The subsisted for about six years, | partnership stone's ' Commentaries on the Laws of Eng- after which Burn ceased practice as an Edin- land.' burgh architect. In London his success con- tinued unbroken. His strength undoubtedly [Addit. MSS. 28104, f. 43, 28167, f. 56; At- in domestic kinson's Worthies of Westmoreland, ii. 119-32; lay architecture, particularly 42 in the internal of houses, and Bridgman's Legal Bibliography, ; Bromley's arrangement Cat. of 358 Cat. of Printed mansions of his are to be found in Engraved Portraits, ; design in Clarke's Bibl. An- almost in the United Books Brit. Mus. ; Legum every county King- 69, 117, 274; Evans's Cat. of Engraved dom. Among the chief of these are : In Scot- flise, Gent. Iv. for Sir ortraits, 1611; Mag. (ii.) 922; land Riccarton, W. Gibson-Craig ; British i. ii. 312 Gough's Topography, 279, ; Niddrie, for Colonel Wauchope; Tynniug- Jefferson's Hist, of 417-21 Le Neve's Carlisle, ; hame, for the Earl of Haddington; Ard- Fasti iii. 251 Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Hardy), ; for Sir Michael Stewart gowan, Shaw ; (Bonn), 317, 318; Marvin's Legal Bibliography, ! for the Duke of Montrose Buchanan House, ; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. iii. 310, iv. 568, j 163; Dalkeith Palace and Bowhill, for the Duke

v. 267 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. I 586-8, 666, 266, of Falkland for Buccleuch ; and House, viii. ii. 113, vi. 441, 236, 237, 696, 705, 734, 740 ; j Mr. Tyndall Bruce. In England Revesby Nicolson and Burn's Westmoreland and Cumber- , and Stoke Rockford in Lincolnshire, land, i. 484; Cat. of Oxford Graduates (1851), Abbey Hall in Norfolk, Fonthill for the 101.] T. C. Lynford Marquis of Westminster, Sandown Hall for BURN, WILLIAM (1789-1870), archi- j the Earl of Harrowby, Knowsley for the

j tect, the son of Robert Burn, a successful Earl of Derby, and Montagu House, White-

] builder in Edinburgh, and designer of the hall, for the Duke of Buccleuch. In Ireland

Nelson monument on the Calton Hill there, i Dartrey in county Monaghan for the Earl of was born in Edinburgh, 20 Dec. 1789. After I Dartrey, and Castlewellan in county Down

' an elementary training from his father, he for the Earl of Annesley. His best-known

! entered in 1808 the office of Mr. (after- public works are St. John's Church, the New wards Sir Robert) Smirke, then at the height Club, the Melville Monument, John Wat- of his fame, and sharing with Sir John son's Hospital, the Music Hall, and altera- Soane the best architectural position and tions in St. Giles', all in Edinburgh. For practice in London. Smirke's practice was the last he has been much and severely cri- chiefly in the classical style, and young Burn ticised. But while the somewhat common- was educated in the severe traditions of the place building which he substituted for the period, along with (among others who after- old picturesque exterior of the church is cer- as it wards became known) Lewis Vulliamy and tainly to be regretted, his work, such is, C. R. Cockerell, afterwards professor of archi- was not behind the ideas of Gothic architec- tecture in the Royal Academy. On his re- ture then prevailing. He was also consult- turn to Edinburgh after a few years' experi- ing government architect for Scotland, and ence in Mr. Smirke's office, he began business in 1856 was one of the three judges appointed for himself, and almost at the outset met by the government to decide a competition Burnell 389 Burnes

manors of which no less than cess of the British islands. of eighty-two ; unifying The of twenty-one were in Shropshire, eight in So- monk Worcester was fully justified in say- mersetshire, eight in Worcestershire, and ing that his peer would not be found in those in and where a series A. M. iv. 510 cf. An. thirteen Kent Surrey, days (An. Wig. ; Dunst. of his estates extended from Woolwich and A. M. iv. 373; RYMER, i. 559; Canonicus Bexley to Sheen and Wickham, almost en- Wellensis in Anglia Sacra, i. 566). compassing South London (Cal. Inquis. post [The chief authorities for the various aspects Mortem, i. 115). When we add to these of Burnell's career have been already enume- vast estates the ecclesiastical preferments rated in the course of this article. Of his lavished on his kinsmen, the vast portions family, early history, and relations with Shrop- known has been assigned to his daughters, whom he married shire, everything judiciously collected by His career can to great nobles, all that he himself held de- Eyton. political be traced in the calendars of the Close and spite the laws against pluralities, and the ' Patent in and in the * mirabilis munificentia (WYKES, A. M. iv. Eolls, Kymer's Foedera, chance allusions of the chroniclers, that marked all his we can particularly 262) expenditure, those included in Luard's Annales Monastic! wonder that the a zealous hardly archbishop, in the Rolls Series. The Canon of Wells is the of the mendicant orders, objected to upholder best authority for what he did in his own dio- . his further promotion. cese. The Register of Peckham gives, with his Burnell was not successful in his very relations to the archbishop, his general ecclesiasti- of his brothers efforts to found a family. Two cal policy. Short modern lives are to be found in were slain on the Menai Straits by the Welsh Godwin's Catalogue of Bishops of Bath and Wells, in 1282 305 Cassan's of Bath and and a skele- (TRIVET, p. ; RISHANGER,P. 102). Bishops Wells, His third brother, Sir Hugh, died in 1286, ton of facts and dates in Le Neve's Fasti Eccle- sise of the lives, that of Lord leaving a son, Philip, who wasted the uncle's Anglicanse ; longer of the vol. is patrimony, and was one of the first persons Campbell (Lives Chancellors, i.) careless and and much inferior to of distinction to suffer by the facilities for inaccurate, the biography in Foss (Judges of England, iii. recovering trader's debts which the statute 63-7 ; Biographia Juridica, p. of Acton Burnell had afforded EYTON", 143).] (see T. F. T. Shropshire). He died in 1294, only two years after his uncle. Twice his descendants were BURNES, Sm ALEXANDER (1805- summoned by writ to the House of Lords, 1841), an Indian political officer, was the but before the fourteenth century was over fourth son of James Burnes, writer of the the peerage became extinct (CotfRTHOPE, signet and provost of Montrose. He be- Historic Peerage, p. 85). Only a few ruins longed to the same family as Robert Burns, now remain of the great hall at Acton in the poet, his great-grandfather and the poet's which the parliament held its session, and father having been brothers. Through the in- modern alterations have almost destroyed the fluence of Joseph Hume, he was appointed, identity of Burnell's great house, built with at the age of sixteen, to an Indian cadet- timber from the royal woods, strengthened ship, and joined the Bombay native infantry with a wall of stone and lime, and crenellated in 1821. Devoting himself, immediately by special royal license (Rot. Pat. 12 E. I, after his arrival in India, to the study of the mm. 17 and 6). native languages, he was selected, while still Burnell's faithfulness, wisdom, and expe- an ensign, for the post of regimental inter- rience must be set against the greediness preter, and shortly afterwards for that of and the licentiousness and the nepotism that adjutant. His subsequent advancement was stained his private character (An. Dunst. in rapid. In 1825 he was appointed to the quar- An. Mon. iv. 373). His kindness of heart, termaster-general's department, and four years his liberality, affability, love of peacemaking, later was transferred to the political depart- and readiness in giving audience to his suitors ment as assistant to the political resident in brought him a good share of his master's Cutch. In 1830 he was despatched on a com- popularity. The intimate friend of Ed- plimentary mission to Lahore, in charge of a ward I could hardly have been lacking in present, consisting of a batch of English some elements of justice. The confidential horses, which had been sent by the king of minister of the greatest of the Plantagenets England to Ranjit Singh. In combination was almost necessarily a great statesman. with this duty, he was instructed to ex- The ecclesiastic who stood up for the crown plore the countries on the lower Indus, and to against the Franciscan primate prepared the this end was entrusted with presents for the way for the later assertions of national in- amirs of Sind. The journey was not accom- dependence. The author of the statute of plished without some difficulties, for the Rhuddlan and the ordinance De Statu Hi- amirs distrusted its object; but the obstacles bernise played an important part in the pro- offered to Burnes's progress through Sind were Burnes 39 Burnes

the were in the he lately conquered by Sikhs, pro- gradually surmounted, and Punjab be and it was de- met with a cordial welcome from the maha- nounced to unreasonable, and he was sent on another mis- cided, instead of supporting strengthening raja. In 1832 Dost to replace the deposed amir, sion to explore the countries bordering upon Mahomed, Shah on the throne of Cabul. Burnes, the Oxus and the Caspian. An interesting Sujah, the failed to obtain sanction for his re- account of his travels, which included having the Turkoman commendations, and finding that the amir, Punjab, Afghanistan, Bokhara, was in of British support, was country, the Caspian, and Persia, pub- despair obtaining his lot returned to lished in 1834. throwing in with Russia, was and was afterwards sent to Returning to England in 1833, Burnes Simla, shortly to smooth the well received in London, whither his fame Sind and Beluchistan, way the amirs of Sind and with the khan, as an adventurous traveller had preceded him. with of Khelat for the their ter- He received the gold medal of the Geogra- passage through the silver ritories of a British which was about phical Society of England, and army to be to to aid in medal of the Geographical Society of Paris, despatched Afghanistan and the Athenaeum Club admitted him as a the restoration of Shah Sujah. Burnes ac- member without ballot. According to his companied the army to Cabul as the second ' land Sir William biographer Kaye, the magnates of the political officer, Hay Macnagh- as to the of were contending for the privilege of a little ten, who, secretary government conversation with Bokhara Burnes. Lord India, with the governor-general, had had a in Auckland's Holland was eager to catch him for Holland large share shaping Lord policy, House. Lord Lansdowne was bent upon being the first. Burnes was knighted, and rank of lieutenant-colonel. carrying him off to Bowood. Charles Grant, received the brevet of 1839 until his death the president of the board of control, sent From the latter part him to the prime minister, Lord Grey, who in November 1841 he remained at Cabul, had confidential conferences with him with but little to and with no long ; do, power

I advice which was and, to crown all, the king, William IV, com- or responsibility, offering manded the presence ofthe Bombaylieutenant seldom acted on, and thoroughly dissatisfied at the Brighton Pavilion, and listened to the with the state of affairs. In the mean- story of his travels and the exposition of his time Macnaghten was appointed governor of views for nearly an hour and a half.' Bombay, and Burnes had every expectation Burnes returned to India in 1835, rejoin- of taking his place at the head of the British ing for a time his appointment as assistant mission, when, in November 1841, the out- to the resident in Cutch. In November 1836 break, which had for some time been threat- he was sent by Lord Auckland on a com- ening, occurred, and Burnes, who with his mercial mission to Cabul, where he was re- younger brother and his assistant, Lieutenant ceived by Dost Mahomed, the de facto amir, William Broadfoot, occupied a house in the whose acquaintance he had made on the oc- city, was one of the first victims. He had casion of his previous visit in 1832. Burnes's been warned of the approaching danger, and commercial mission was speedily converted urged to take refuge in the cantonments; but, into a political one. Writing to a private believing that he could quell the tumult, he friend shortly after his arrival at Cabul, he declined to move, and on 2 Nov. 1841 he was ' observed : I came to look after commerce, to killed by the Afghan mob, at the early age of superintend surveys, and examine passes of thirty-six, his brother and Broadfoot perish- and mountains, likewise certainly to see into ing at the same time. affairs, and judge of what was to be done The career of Burnes, short as it was, was hereafter but the hereafter ; has already ar- a very remarkable one. Even in India it is rived.' He had discovered that Russia was not often that a young military officer has the intriguing, through agency of the Persian achieved the position which Burnes occupied with government, the Afghans, and this dis- at the time of his death. His energy and was soon covery followed by the arrival of a talents were undoubted. His judgment with Russian agent at Cabul. At this time the reference to Central Asian affairs has often amir was for an alliance with eager England, been called in question, and it may be that and was with quite prepared the slightest he attached undue importance to the efforts to the encouragement reject overtures of then being made by Russia, and steadily pur- Russia. Burnes the urged upon government sued ever since, to acquire influence in Af- of India that Dost Mahomed's wishes should ghanistan, and to the value of a forward be but gratified ; Lord Auckland and his ad- on the of the of India policy part government ; visers held different views. The amir's re- but there can be no doubt that the advice which included quests, the restoration of given by him in favour of an alliance with an Peshawar, formerly Afghan province, but Dost Mahomed was far sounder than that Burnes 391 Burneston

upon which Lord Auckland acted, and it is in 1834 Burnes was made an LL.D. of not to his discredit that, when his advice was Glasgow University and a fellow of the he overruled, zealously exerted himself to Royal Society, and received the knighthood give effect to the policy adopted by his official of the Guelphic order from William IV. superiors. For a time much injustice was On his return to India in 1837 he was at to and also to done him, Dost Mahomed, by once appointed garrison surgeon of Bombay, the mutilated in form which the official cor- afterwards secretary of the medical board, the first respondence regarding Afghan war superintending surgeon, and finally physician- was in the first instance presented to parlia- general. H e was also a member of the board ment, passages being omitted which showed of education, and took an active interest in that Dost Mahomed's conduct was by no the diffusion of medical training among the means so unreasonable or unfriendly to the natives. Impaired health compelled him to British as it to was made appear, and that resign in 1849, after twenty-eight years' ser- Burnes had advocated an alliance with Dost vice and his ; departure was commemorated Mahomed. Sir Henry Durand, in an article at Bombay by the foundation of four medals l in the Calcutta Review/ describes Burnes to be competed for at the Grant Medical ' as a man hated as the treacherous cause of School, Bombay, the Montrose Academy, the invasion and of the occupation country.' and the boys' and girls' schools at Byculla. It is not improbable that this was the Afghan Burnes was a zealous freemason, and held feeling, but it does not appear that it was the office of grand master for Western shared Dost Mahomed nor was there in which he a by ; any- India, capacity opened lodge thing in the facts of the case to support a for natives at Bombay in 1844. Besides his ' ' ' charge of treachery against Burnes. Narrative he wrote a Sketch of the History ' Lives of Indian Burnes's of Cutch (lithographed for circula- [Kaye's Officers, 1869 ; private and a short of Travels into Bokhara, &c., 2nd edition, 1839; tion, 1829), history the Knights Marshman's History of India, vol. iii. 1867; Templars. On his return home he occupied Kaye's History of the "War in Afghanistan, 3rd himself with the affairs of his county, where edition, Calcutta vol. he was a of the to 1874; Review, ii.] justice peace ; removed J. A. A. London, and died on 19 Sept. 1862. He married Esther Pryce in June 1862. BURNES, JAMES (1801-1862), physi- Memoir in Burnes's Notes on his cian-general of Bombay, a kinsman of the [Laurie's Name and for poet Burns, was born at Montrose, where Family, Edinburgh, printed private circulation, 1851.] S. L.-P. his father, James Burnes, was provost, on 12 Feb. 1801, and after being trained for the medical profession at Edinburgh University BURNESTON or BORASTON, SIMON and and St. Lon- Guy's Thomas's hospitals, (jl. 1338), divine, presumably a native of don, arrived at Bombay, in company with his Burniston, near Scarborough, was a doctor brother Alexander [see BTJRNES, Sir ALEXAN- of divinity of Cambridge and a member of DER], in 1821. He filled various minor posts in the Dominican monastery at Oxford. The the Indian medical service, and was successful latter fact has led Tanner (Bibl Brit. p. 143) in the open competition for the office ofsurgeon to suspect that Burneston's ascription to Cam- to the residency of Cutch. He accompanied, bridge is an error. Burneston was distin- as a volunteer, the field force which, in 1825, guished as a preacher, and was chosen to be expelled the Sindians who had devastated provincial of his order for England. His ' Cutch, and had forced the British brigade to works consist of a Tractatus de Mutabili- ' retire upon Bhuj. The amirs of Sind then tate Mundi (dated 1337 in a manuscript of ' invited him to visit them as the most skilful Lincoln College, Oxford, Ixxxi. f. 29, COXE'S of and their best and the Catal < Tractatus de Unitate et Or- physicians friend, p. 42) ; ' cementer of the bonds of amity between the dine ecclesiastics Potestatis (written in two governments,' and on his return he was the Dominican house at Oxford in 1338); ' complimented by the government on the zeal Opus alphabeticum de Verbis prsedicabili- and ability he had displayed at Cutch and bus, cum Concordantia quorundamDoctorum/ ' ' Hyderabad. His narrative of his visit to which is identical with the Distinctiones sent in as an official Sind, report to the resi- mentioned by Tanner (/.c.) as a separate dent at is still the best account we work ' de Ordine and Cutch, ; Compilatio iudiciario,' possess of the country, and was a valuable some collections of sermons. Other writings ( contribution to the geography of India. It attributed to Burneston, namely the The- ' was republished in book form, with the title mata dominicalia (unless these be identical 1 ' Narrative of a Visit to Scinde,' in 1830. with his sermons) and a treatise, De postu- a visit to During England on sick leave landis Suffragiis,' are not known to be extant. Burnham 422 Burns

' ' of the Church. He com- his wife in & flood of tears,' he said, My minister Barony The menced medical at fourteen under his dear, don't let us part in a shower.' study ' ' who then lectured Pious Memorials were reprinted at Paisley brother, John Burns [q. v.], in In 1804 in 1788 with additions, and again enlarged in on anatomy and surgery Glasgow. to to seek medical service 1789. It was reprinted with a continuation he went London in the and was induced to to St. by the Rev. George Burder in 1820, forming army, go re- to take of a about a large octavo volume, and a stereotyped Petersburg charge hospital to be established the Catherine print is still on sale. by Empress in on the but the [Hervey's Account of Kichard Burnham, English plan ; finding position he returned to Scotland in a few the Memorials, 1753.] J. H. T. uncongenial, months. Burns now established himself as RICHARD (1749P-1810), BURNHAM, a lecturer on anatomy and surgery at Glas- minister, was born about 1749, of baptist gow, his brother having given up his lectures In his youthful days he re- poor parents. on anatomy, owing to a body-snatching sided at and attended the High Wycombe, scandal. He attained very considerable suc- "VVesleyan chapel there, and in his early man- cess, being both vivid in illustration and hood was solicited to He was after- preach. accurate in In 1809 he T. Davis of knowledge. published wards baptised by Reading,joined * Observations on Diseases of the Heart,' and a and was ordained ' baptist church, regularly in 1812 Observations on the Ana- for the He was then chosen as Surgical ministry. of the Head and Neck;' but from 1810 a few at but tomy pastor by people Staines, they his health to and his were so as to be unable to began fail, promising poor support career was cut short his death on 22 June him this led to his Staines. He by ; leaving 1813. removed to London, and in 1780 preached in Chambers's Eminent Scotsmen Green Walk, on the Surrey side of Blackfriars [R. (Thomson), i. G-. T. B. Bridge, where he stayed about two years, 251.] removing first to Gate Street, Lincoln's Inn D.D. theo- and afterwards to Soho BURNS, ISLAY, (1817-1872), Fields, Chapel Street, ; logical writer, brother of William Chalmers and when John Martin's people left for Store Burns v.], was born in 1817 at the manse Street in 1795, Burnham took the chapel in [q. of Dun in where his father Grafton Street vacated by them, where he Forfarshire, (after- wards translated to near remained till his death, 30 Oct. 1810, aged Kilsyth, Glasgow) was minister. 62. He was buried at Tottenham Court He received the chief part of his education at the school of Aber- Chapel. The inscription on his gravestone grammar under Dr. James a is given in full in Wilson's deen, Melvin, celebrated 'Dissenting teacher of and Churches,' with an account of Burnham. His Latin, at Marischal College and and the 'Funeral Sermon,' preached by William University, Aberdeen, university Crawford of for the he of Ewer Street, Southwark, in- Glasgow. Studying ministry, some account of was ordained in 1843 to the of St. cluding Burnham's life, was charge Peter's Free published in 1810. Burnham was the author church, Dundee, in succession of a small volume of ' ' to the Rev. R. M. a man of emi- New Hymns printed M'Cheyne, in it was nent and In 1863 he re- 1783; subsequently enlarged, and spirituality power. ceived the of in 1803 was reprinted with considerable addi- degree D.D. from the university of and in tions, numbering 452 hymns. Nine of these Aberdeen, 1864 was chosen to a in ' of professor's chair in the appear Songs Grace and Glory,' 1871. theological college Burnham also ' of the Free In published The Triumphs of church, Glasgow. this office Free Grace ' in he remained the rest of 1787, including an account during his life. Burns of his was remarkable for a experience and call to the ministry combination of evan- and in 1806 ' Five gelical fervour with width of Interesting Letters,' and culture and an ' on a Elegy the Death of Lord Nelson.' A sympathy, .strong aesthetic faculty and a portrait of Burnham highly charitable To the appears in some copies spirit. diligent and of his successful hymn-book. He was succeeded at discharge of his duties, first as a Lrraiton Street minister of the by John Stevens, afterwards gospel and then as a profes- of Meards sor, he added considerable Court, Soho. literary activity. His chief < [Crawford's Funeral Sermon for R. Burnham writings were : 1. A Series of 181 ( Burnham's on the own account of himself in his Essays Tractarian and other Move- of ments in riumphs Free Grace, 1787; and Wilson's the Church of < England/ published Dissenting iv. m the British and Churches, 25-9.] J. H. T. Foreign Evangelical Re- view.' 2. < of the BURNS, ALLAN History Church of Christ, (1781-1813), surgeon with special reference to the delineation an was born at of Si ,t Tf:' Glasgow on faith and life.' < 3. The Pastor of Kilsyth/ a sketch of BSept.l781,hisfather,Dr.JohnBurns,bemg the life of his father. 4. Me- Burns 423 Burns

moir of his brother, Rev. W. C. Burns, M.A., one of the earliest members of the Evangelical missionary to China. A posthumous volume Alliance, formed in 1845. In 1847 Burns paid ' of ' Select Remains was published in 1874. his first visit to America, as one of the two delegates from the General Associa- Memoir, prefixed to Select Kemains Baptist [Blaikie's tion of at the triennial conference of of Islay Burns, D.I)., London, 1874; personal England W. G. B. the Freewill Baptists of the United States. knowledge.] ' He published Notes of a Tour in the United BURNS, JABEZ, D.D. (1805-1876), non- States and Canada in the Summer and Au- conformist divine, was born 18 Dec. 1805, at tumn of 1847,' 8vo, London, 1848. He visited Oldham in Lancashire, where his father was America again in 1872. In 1869 he visited ' a chemist. He was educated at a school at Egypt and Palestine, and prepared a Help- and at the school of Old- book for Travellers to the East Chester, grammar ; including in ham, which he left to engage commercial Egypt, Palestine, Turkey, Greece, and Italy,' pursuits at York and Bradford. For about 8vo, London, 1870. Burns died at his resi- three years he managed a bookselling business dence in Porteus Road, Paddington, on Mon- at Keighley. His mother, who died in his day, 31 Jan. 1876. The Wesleyan University early childhood, was a Wesleyan, and named in Middletown, Connecticut, conferred upon him after Dr. Jabez Bunting. Burns early in Burns in 1846 the honorary degree of D.D., to life joined the Methodist New Connexion, and which the faculty of Bates' College, Lewiston, at the age of sixteen delivered his first public Maine, added that of LL.D. in 1872. address in a methodist house near York. In Burns wrote a vast number of religious 1824 Burns married Jane, the daughter of books year by year. In 1837 he issued a very ' Mr. George Dawson of Keighley. He re- popular work, entitled The Golden Pot of moved in 1826 to London. Here in the midst Manna or Christian's ; Portion, containing of hardship he commenced his career as a reli- Daily Exercises on the Person, Offices, Work, ' gious writer by the compilation of the Chris- and Glory of the Redeemer,' 2 vols. 8vo. In tian's Sketch Book,' 12mo, London, 1828, the fifth edition the title was altered to i The eighth edition 1835, &c., of which a second se- Christian's Daily Portion,' 1848. Similar issued in 1835 ' ries, with the same title, was ; works were entitled Christian Exercises for ' and the Spiritual Cabinet,' 18mo, London, every Lord's Day, morning and evening, in the 1829, and other editions. Previously to this Year,' 12mo, London, 1858, second edition date the Rev. Mr. ' he had been baptised by 1859 ; The Preacher's Magazine and Pastor's Farrent, the pastor of a general baptist con- Monthly Journal/ sixty-six parts, between at Suffolk Street in the 1839 and 1844 < One Hun- gregation Chapel, April September ; but he did not sever his relations dred Sketches and Skeletons of Borough ; Sermons/ with the Methodist New Connexion. After a 4 vols., London, 1836-9, which have gone few months in mission work on behalf fourteen editions ' Sketches of Dis- spent through ; of the general baptists in Edinburgh and courses for Sunday Schools and Village Leith in 1829, he was from 1830 to 1835 the Preaching/ 12mo, London, 1838, revised edi- ' pastor of a congregation connected with that tion, with three additional Sketches/ 1846, in Perth. He travelled over a ex- revised and 1860 body large new edition, enlarged, ; 1 tent of country during that period, preaching Sermons, chiefly designed for Family Reading on While at Perth Burns edited and 1842 temperance. Village Worship/ 12mo, London, ; ' ' the Christian Miscellany.' In May 1835 he One Hundred and Fifty Original Sketches accepted a call to the pastorate of the general and Plans of Sermons, comprising various Se- baptist congregation assembling in ^Enon ries on special and peculiar Subjects, adapted Chapel, New Church Street, Marylebone, and for Week Evening Services/ 8vo, London, in June removed with his to 1866 and ' Hundred Sketches and finally family ; finally Two London. His congregation at first was small, Outlines of Sermons as preached chiefly in but owing to his enthusiasm it increased so Church Street Chapel, Edgware Road, Lon- much that twice in the first twenty-five years don, since 1866/ 8vo, London, 1875. Burns ' of his ministry at Paddington it was found prepared and edited the Pulpit Cyclopaedia necessary to enlarge the building in which and Christian Minister's Companion/ 4 vols. it worshipped. 8vo, London, 1844. Burns had much influence as a preacher Less important books by Burns were : and public speaker, especially on temperance. The Mothers of the Wise and Good, or He is said to have been the first clergyman select Essays on Maternal Duties and In- ' of any denomination to preach teetotalism fluence/ 12mo, London, 1846 Christian from the pulpit. He delivered thirty-five an- Philosophy, or Materials for Thought/ 12mo, nual temperance sermons, beginning 16 Dec. London, 1845, second edition, revised and ' f 1839, many of which were published. He was enlarged, 1849, a book of ideas;' Doctrinal Burns 424 Burns

and the first ocean steamer sailed Conversations/ c., 12mo, London, 1849, new Maclvar, from edition, revised and enlarged, under the title Liverpool on 4 July 1840. Latterly of ' The Universal Love of God and Responsi- James Burns retired from the business to his estate of where bility ofMan,' &c.,12mo, London,1861 ; 'Light Bloomhall, Dumbartonshire, for the Sick Room: a Book for the Afflicted,' he carried out as a landed proprietor a system 12mo, London, 1850; 'Light for the House of of enlightened improvements. He was a liberal of Mourning : a Book for the Bereaved,' 12mo, supporter religious and philanthro- 1850 ' The various Forms of Reli- He died on 6 London, ; pic enterprises. Sept. 1871, ' : and was succeeded in his estates 'on,' 12mo, London, 1851 The Marriage by his only iff Book and Bridal Token,' 8vo, London, son, John William Burns. 1863; 'A Retrospect of Forty-five Years' 8 Old [Glasgow Herald, Sept. 1871 ; Country Christian : Public Work in other Ministry Houses of the Glasgow Gentry, p. 220.] Spheres of Benevolent Labour, and Tours T. F. H. in various Lands, with Papers on Theolo- gical and other Subjects in Prose and Verse,' BURNS, JAMES DRUMMOND (1823- 1875 and several works for minister 8vo, London, ; 1864), presbyterian and poet, was the young. born in Edinburgh 18 Feb. 1823, and edu- cated on the [Perthshire Advertiser, 4 Feb. 1876; the Bap- charitable foundation of Heriot's tist, the Freeman, and the Christian World, Hospital. He and two other lads got through 4 and 11 Feb. 1876; Burns'sEetrospect of Forty- the prescribed curriculum two years be- five Years' Christian and an ar- Ministry, 1875 ; fore the usual time of leaving ; whereupon ticle entitled The Late Kev. Dr. Jabez Burns the governor sent them to the rector's (Dr. Life and Labours, contributed by the Rev. Dawson Carson's [q. v.]) class at the high school, a Burns to the Baptist Magazine, March 1876, and never thing done before. His early religious reproduced in the Baptist Handbook, 1877.] impressions were to him at the New A. H. G. given Greyfriars church, of which Daniel Wilkie BURNS, JAMES (17th cent.), author of was minister. In November 1837 he entered the ' Memoirs of the the arts classes Civil War and during at the Edinburgh university as the from 1644 to a Heriot bursar he Usurpation 1661/ was born ; owed much to the influ- at the commencement of the seventeenth cen- ence of the moral philosophy lectures of John He was a merchant in Wilson tury. Glasgow, and (< Christopher North'). In Novem- for some time bailie of that ber 1841 he city. Little is proceeded to the divinity classes known of his history, but he is supposed to under Chalmers and David Welsh, and fol- be the son of one Robert is lowed them in 1843 Burns, who men- to the new divinity hall tioned in M'Ure's * History of Glasgow,' and established by the Free church. Early in whose name in < 1845 appears the List of Linen Chalmers sent him to preach at the and Woollen Drapers, called Free Dunblane commonly Eng- church, ; though he stuck in lish Merchants, since the year 1600.' The the morning sermon, he was at once called of his ' manuscript Memoirs is lost, but by the congregation, and was ordained at there is a of which is Dunblane in transcript them, evi- August. Overwork soon brought dently much on an mutilated, by George Crawford, alarming attack in the right and historian of lung, Renfrewshire. The 'Memoirs' he was advised to winter in Madeira. He are filled with detailed accounts was of the inci- appointed to the congregation atFunchal dents which befell the of under the Free nobility Scotland church colonial mission, and during the of which landed 21 stormy period they treat. Sept. 1847. His diary of this period, [Stevenson's Historical Fragments relative to though chiefly occupied with devotional and Scottish Affairs from 1635 to 1664, 1833.] N. G. theological matter, gives interesting glimpses of a nature. He left BURNS, JAMES poetic Madeira 27 May and (1789-1871), ship- arrived at Broadstairs 11 June owner third son of Rev. John 1848. Under Burns, minister medical advice he oi the was induced to return, with Barony parish, Glasgow, and brother of a view to take permanent charge of the thesurgeonsJohnandAllanBurnsfq.v.lwas pres- born on 9 June byterian congregation at Funchal. Set free 1789. into business Entering from Dunblane on 4 Oct. he sailed as a sh ipowner with his again on brother, George Burns, 6 Oct. and arrived on 1 he, with Nov. But his stay along him, began in 1824 to employ was not steam lasting. Owing to the failure of the navigation. Sixyears laterthey formed vintage and the diminished influx of 1 1 invalids, theMacIvars of his andpnT ^ Liverpool, congregation fell off. In the in ^?^18<39their business was summer of extended by the 1853 he left Madeira formation of the considerably famous Cunard for improved the Company m health. After at and establishment of a line of ocean preaching Brighton steamers 8t. he settled 22 The company included Heliers, (on May 1855) with Messrs. Cunard and the formed newly presbyterian congrega- Burns 425 Burns tion in Well Walk, Hampstead. His mi- Grammar/ was born in Glasgow in 1774. His father ordained nistry was successful, and a new church was was 26 May 1774, and died built. In 1863 a manse was added. Burns 26 Feb. 1839, in the ninety-sixth year of his a of catholic he and the of his mi- was man spirit ; admitted, age sixty-fifth Glasgow as a member of his church, one who frankly nistry. He wrote the account of Barony ' ' said he was not a strict presbyterian/ and parish for Sinclair's Statistical Account of ' who professed simply to be a Christian. His Scotland (HEW SCOTT'S Fasti, iii. 40). The son's intention to preaching was practical and emotional, rather original was become a manu- than its effect was much assisted but a disease of the dogmatic ; facturer, knee-joint having by a voice which is said to have resembled unfitted him for learning the loom, as was that of Maurice. His personal influence then the usual custom, he began the study of the was stronger than his pulpit work. In the medicine at Glasgow University. At open- man there was a vein of kindly humour, ing of the Royal Infirmary of Glasgow for the which never lighted up his preaching. He reception of patients in 1792 he was appointed was one of the examining board of the Eng- surgeon's clerk. Instead of commencing as lish Presbyterian Theological College. In a general practitioner, he began a course of church courts he took little but extramural lectures to students in part ; going anatomy. in 1863 to the English presbyterian synod His lectures soon became extremely popular, at Manchester, and thence on a deputation but it was discovered that he had made to the Free church assembly in Edinburgh, use of subjects for dissection which had not he contracted a severe cold. In January been procured in a legitimate manner, and 1864 he went to Mentone. In May he re- the magistrates agreed to quash proceedings sorted to Switzerland, but returned to Men- against him only on condition that he dis- tone in October, and there died on Sunday, continued his lectures on the subject. This 27 Nov. 1864. He married, in the autumn he accordingly did, but they were taken up while he himself of 1859, Margaret, daughter of Major-gene- by his brother Allan [q. v.], ral John Macdonald, of the Bengal service, commenced to lecture on midwifery. His and widow of Lieutenant A. Procter, of the earliest publication- of importance was the ' ' 1799. This same. He published : 1. The Vision of Pro- Anatomy of the Gravid Uterus/ l phecy, and other Poems/ Edin. 1854, 8vo was followed in 1800 by a Dissertation on ' ' raised (the Vision is poor, and its prominence Inflammation/ in two volumes, which injured the book, but it came to a second him to a high position as a medical writer. < edition, Edin. 1858, 8vo). 2. The Heavenly At an early period he became surgeon to the Jerusalem, or Glimpses within the Gates,' Royal Infirmary, and subsequently he began ' 1856, 16mo (poems). 3. The Climax, or a general practice, which in time grew to ' on Condemnation and no Separation, a ser- be large. In 1809 he published the Prin- mon [Rom. viii. 17, 18], with an Illustra- ciples of Midwifery/ which greatly extended tion by another Hand,' 1865, 8vo. Besides his reputation, and, besides reaching nume- ' ' these he contributed the article Hymns to rous editions, was translated into several ' the eighth edition of the Encyclopaedia foreign languages. In 1811 he published Britannica ' and a series of on the ' Directions for the Treatment of the ; papers Popular { cities of the Bible to the Family Treasury/ Diseases of Women and Children.' He was ' ' edited by Rev. A. Cameron. His ' Remains also a contributor to the Edinburgh Ency- of the (see below) consist of hymns and miscel- clopaedia.' On the institution profes- in laneous verse, thirty-nine translations from sorship of surgery in Glasgow University German hymns, versions of six psalms, selec- 1815, he was nominated by the Duke of Mont- ' tions from an unpublished poem called The rose for the chair. In this position he was Evening Hymn/ thirteen sermons, and two remarkably popular as a lecturer, but his 1 prose fragments. Principles of Surgery/ published in 1830, did not meet with much success. He also [Keminiscences of the late J. D. Burns (1864), l of Christian Philoso- from the 17 Dec. published Principles reprinted Weekly Review, ' in the wreck of 1864; Hamilton's Memoir and Kemains of J. I). phy (1828). He perished 1869 of British the Orion steamer to the Cunard Burns, (portrait) ; catalogues (belonging Museum and Advocates' of which his brothers were founders Library, Edinburgh ; Company, Gent. Mag. 1865, p. 120.] A. G. and partners), near Portpatrick, on 18 June 1850. He was a fellow of the Royal Society, of the Institute of BURNS, JOHN, M.D. (1774-1850), au- London, and a member ' France. thor of the Principles of Midwifery/ the eldest son of the Rev. John minister of Burns, [Old Country Houses of the Glasgow Gentry, the and the 219 2nd ser. xxiv. 332-3 Ander- Barony parish, Glasgow, grandson p. ; Gent. Mag. ; ' of John Burns, author of Burns's English son's Scottish Nation.] Burns 426 Burns

BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796), poet, A collection of eighteenth-century letters was the son of William Burness, or Burnes. inspired him with a desire to improve his on He read the l ' and The poet adopted the spelling Burns pub- style. Spectator Pope's in The Burnes ' of Allan lishing his first volume 1786. Homer,' parts Smollett, Ramsay, R. then out in had long been farmers in Kincardineshire. Fergusson's poems, coming Robert Burnes held the farm of Clockenhill, Ruddiman's 'Weekly Magazine' (HERON,

the sold \ on Dunnottar, the estate of the Earl Maris- p. 9), and songs by pedlars. He ' chal attainted for his share in the rebel- picked up French quickly, read Telemaque/ \

with little i lion of 1715. The poet always believed that and tried Latin, though success,

his own ancestors had suffered in the same His talents attracted the attention of the i his father that and i cause (CHAMBERS, Life and Works of Burns, neighbours, prophesied he had three sons would do 1851, i. 336). Robert Burnes ; something extraordinary (CHAM- l i. His first the eldest, James, settled in Montrose, and BERS, 29). poem, Handsome became the father of a second James, writer, Nell,' addressed, it is said, to Nelly Kilpa- a fellow-labourer in the and grandfather of a third James, provost of trick (ib. 30), fields, Montrose, and father of Sir Alexander Burnes was composed in his seventeenth autumn second son of Robert of v.] ; Robert, (1775). &.ockenhill, was a gardener in England, and Mount Oliphant proved a hard bargain, died in the house of his nephew, the poet, in and at Whitsuntide 1777 William Burnes 1789; William, third son of Robert, born took a farm of 130 acres at Lochlea, Tarbol- 11 Nov. 1721, went to Edinburgh in search ton. Burns was sent the same summer to of work, and thence to Ayrshire, where he live with an uncle, Samuel Brown, at Bal- leased seven acres of land in Alloway, near lochneil, and study surveying under Hugh the bridge at Boon, for a nursery garden. Rodger, schoolmaster at the neighbouring Here he built a clay cottage with his own village of Kirkoswald. Burns here made 1 hands. On 15 Dec. 1757 he married Agnes, acquaintance with some jovial smugglers, ' daughter of Gilbert Brown, a Carrick farmer learnt to fill his glass,' and fell in love / (b. 17 March 1732). Robert, eldest of seven with 'a charming fillette.' He scribbled children, was born at Alloway on 25 Jan. verses, engaged in country sports, argued 1759. In his sixth year he was sent to a vigorously with schoolfellows, and defeated 1 small school at Alloway Mill. Soon after- Rodger in a debate rashly provoked by the wards William Burnes, in conjunction with teacher. He returned with some of his rus- four neighbours, engaged John Murdoch ticity rubbed off, and afterwards took to read- to set up a small school, which Robert at- ing Thomson and Shenstone, ( Tristram tended with his younger brother Gilbert. In Shandy/ the 'Man of Feeling/ and 'Os- 1766 William Burnes took a ' poor farm at sian (letter to Murdoch, 15 Jan. 1783). He Mount ' ' Oliphant, two miles off. The boys' wrote Winter/ the Death of poor Mailie/ attendance became and irregular, Murdoch 'John Barleycorn/ and other songs, while the school after two a half. gave up years and still at Lochlea. In 1780 he joined in The children were then chiefly taught by their forming a 'Bachelor's club' at Tarbolton, father. In 1772 Robert attended the parish which held debates on such topics as the school at to his Dalrymple improve writing; rival merits of love and friendship, and was the next summer he three weeks with spent succeeded by a similar society at Mauchline. Murdoch, who had been appointed in 1772 About this time he fell in love with Ellison to teach the school at English Ayr. Murdoch Begbie, daughter of a farmer, who has been Burns one gave week's training in English and identified with his Mary Morison (CHAM- two in French. Burns had to return home at BERS, ii. 217), and wrote her some rather harvest-time. He threshed corn at thirteen, formal love-letters. She rejected him appa- and at fifteen was his father's chief labourer. rently on the eve of his departure for Irvine. An old woman named Davidson had Betty He went thither to enter a flax-dressing filled his infant mind with popular legends ; business with a relation of his mother's at at a later he to period managed pick up some midsummer 1781. Here he began his friend- reading. Murdoch lent him a life of Han- ship with Richard Brown, a sailor whose ap- nibal first book ' ' (his except school-books); proval encouraged him to endeavour at the Burns afterwards borrowed a life of Wallace ' ' ; character of poet (letter to Brown, 30 Dec. his father borrowed or bought some educa- 1787), but who also led him into vice. On tional and works: Salmon's 'Geo- theological 1 Jan. 1782 he was at a New Year carouse, the works of graphical Grammar,' Ray and when the shop took fire and was burnt to Derham, Stackhouse's < of the History Bible,' ashes, ruining his prospects of business. He the ' 'Boyle Lectures,' Taylor's Original Sin,' returned to and lived and ' Lochlea, frugally Hervey's and Locke's ' Meditations,' Essay.' temperately. He began a commonplace book Burns 427 Burns

in April 1783, which was continued at in- Burns, 1840). About the same time he ' tervals, and was used by his biographer, wrote Death and Dr. Hornbook,' satirising Currie. one John Wilson, a village grocer and dis-

i Various love affairs are more or less dis- penser of medicine, who afterwards settled ' tinctly indicated in his songs, and in 1781 in Glasgow, became a teacher and session- he became a member of a masonic lodge at clerk of the Gorbals,' and died in 1839. Tarbolton, where his social qualities made Theological controversy was rife in Burns's and soon raised him to a lead- the adherents of the old him popular, society ; Calvinism, l ing position. He remained an enthusiastic known as the Auld Licht,' were opposed mason to the end of his life, afterwards join- to the 'New Licht,' represented by the more ing lodges in Edinburgh and Dumfries. In rationalising school of which Blair and Ro- the beginning of 1783 his father's health be- bertson were conspicuous leaders. Taylor's ' gan to break. The farm was not prospering, Original Sin,' part of Burns's library, was and there was a prolonged litigation about the a favourite book of the New Light party. lease. The old man was a reserved, devout, Gavin Hamilton followed the New Light, and affectionate Scotch peasant of the same while William Auld, minister of Mauchline type as Carlyle's father. Murdoch calls him (from 1742 to 1791), was strictly orthodox. ' ' by far the best of the human race ever known In 1784-5 Hamilton was prosecuted by the ' to him. A little Manual of Religious Be- session, then before the presbytery of Ayr, ' lief composed by him was published in 1847, and finally before the synod, for alleged neg- from a manuscript by Murdoch in possession lect of the Sunday. He was defended by of the poet's son Gilbert. Robert had once Robert Aikin, writer in Ayr, also a friend of offended him (Gilbert Burns qualifies this Burns. Burns threw himself into the con- statement) by attending a dancing-school in troversy with characteristic vehemence, and defiance of the paternal wishes, and had produced some satires of startling vigour. ' otherwise given cause for some anxiety. He He had shown his sentiments in an Epistle never ceased, however, to respect his father, to John Goudie of Kilmarnock on the publi- who died on 13 Feb. 1784, and was buried cation of (the second edition of) his Essays' ' ' l at Alloway, where the headstone was in- (1785), attacking bigotry and supersti- { I scribed with an epitaph by his son. tion.' He then wrote the Twa Herds,' re- The brothers Robert and Gilbert managed ferring to a story of a quarrel between two to save enough from the creditors to start a of the Old Light Alex. Moodie and John farm of 118 acres at Mossgiel, near Mauch- Russell, minister at Kilmarnock about line. They had taken it at Martinmas 1783, April 1785. This, says Burns, was the first and settled there in 1784. The farm belonged of his poems which saw the light. It was ' to the Earl of Loudoun, but the Burnses circulated in manuscript, and created a roar ' were sub-tenants of Gavin Hamilton, writer of applause.' Holy Willie's Prayer,' a rough in Mauchline, who became one of Robert's but most pungent satire, soon followed, di- warmest friends. He became known to rected against one of Hamilton's opponents educated men at Mauchline and Kilmar- in the session. Burns represents the revolt nock, and his poetical genius began to assert of a virile and imaginative nature against a itself. He had a serious illness : he suffered, system of belief and practice which, as he as he had already suffered at Irvine, from judged, had degenerated into mere bigotry nervous depression, which showed itself in and pharisaism. He developed an unsyste- some religious lines expressive of penitence. matic scepticism which often shows itself The birth soon after of an illegitimate child, in his serious letters. His strong passions Elizabeth Paton, suggests some serious cause pushed his contempt for hypocritical and ex- for the sentiments expressed in these poems, ternal asceticism into a practical disregard of which were soon succeeded by livelier strains, the morality which it caricatured, and which ' such as Green grow the Rashes, 0,' and he continued to respect. The New Light ' epistles to poetic friends. The Epistle to party, however, applauded some outbursts of Davie,' a brother poet, dated January 1785, questionable decency from their ally. The ' is addressed to David Sillar, one of the Tar- Holy Fair,' written a year or two later, bolton club,who afterwards published his own was admired by Blair, who suggested the ' ' poems, encouraged by Burns's success. Gil- change of ' salvation to ' damnation in stanza bert told him that the poem would 'bear 12. That Burns, like Carlyle, who at once being printed,' and they talked of sending retained the sentiment and rejected the creed it to a magazine. The first two epistles to of his race more decidedly than Burns, could John Lapraik, another small poet, are dated sympathise with the higher religious senti- 'Cottar's April 1785 (accounts of Lapraik, Sillar, and ments of his class is proved by the . others are in the Contemporaries of Robert .Saturday Night/ also written in 1785. It Burns 428 Burns

tained Armour to make him describes his father's performance of family by give security succeeded for his child. He was, devotions, a duty in which Burns maintaining expected 3 i. back at Mossgiel on Sept. 1786, him, praying, it is said (CHAMBERS, 160), however, treatment of when Jean birth to Jmnjcr-a boy, most impressively. A playful gave at the same Robert, and a who soon died. popular superstition is adopted girl, ' While still Burns met i time in the 'Address to the De'il,' while the unsettled, Mary observations of a sailor from the width of the poet's sympathetic Campbell, daughter

of who had } of human nature is shown in the rollicking neighbourhood Dunoon, probably been known to him as a nursemaid in the vigour of his most dramatic performance, ' < * of Gavin Hamilton. He met her the Jolly Beggars (also of about this date). family on the banks of the Burns's poetical activity at this period (1785- (14 May 1786) Ayr. They bibles as a mark of 1786) was astonishing. Besides the poems exchanged betrothment, ' l and she to him as his wife already noticed, Twa Dogs,' the Vision,' agreed accompany * ' < bible came into the the Dream,' Halloween,' the lines To a to Jamaica. (Burns's l of a of who and To a Mountain Daisy,' and hands nephew Mary Campbell, Mouse,' |

i to where it was various songs, were written at Mossgiel. He emigrated Canada, bought and to the trustees of the Burns was beginning to think of publication, which presented j

soon became desirable for a new reason. At , monument on 25 Jan. 1841.) The passion ' Mauchline he had fallen in love with Jean I is apparently commemorated in The High- ' i Armour 27 Feb. one of the six land Lassie,' Will ye go to the Indies, my (b. 1767), j ' ' ? and in his most proper young belles of the place celebrated ; Mary especially pathetic ' ' a master i To in Heaven October ', in his rhyme. Her father was poems, Mary (about ' ' mason at Mauchline, and one of the Old 1789), and Highland Mary (14 Nov. 1792). Some time in the of 1786 it this passion to have made the Light. spring , They prove became evident that Jean was about to give most enduring impression upon him. Mary, birth to a child by Burns. Burns hereupon after spending the summer with her parents her a written that she at a fever from a brother gave acknowledgment , Campbelton, caught was his wife to the whom she nursed at and died ; and, according prevalent Greenock, morals of their class, there was nothing very there in October 1786. (A monument'IbTter' unusual in this order of events. Burns's farm, in the Greenock churchyard was raised by however, was not prospering, and Jean's subscription, and consecrated on 25 Jan. father, indignant at the connection with a 1842.) Burns was very reticent in regard to man who was at once idle and poor and this connection. After his betrothal to Mary heterodox, declared that the marriage must he still speaks of loving Jean to distraction be dissolved. All D. Brice 12 June in of parties, including Aikin, (to 1786) ; and, spite the writer of Ayr, appear to have thought his melancholy, he could write humorous of course erroneously that the destruc- and sentimental poems. Some verses of fare- ' tion of the paper would be equivalent to a di- well to Eliza, said to be one of the belles vorce. Jean, to Burns's indignation, gave way of Mauchline,' seem to imply other flirta- and surrendered the document (April 1786). tions. Burns, disgusted with his position, resolved Burns attributes his abandonment of the to emigrate, and obtained from a Dr. Dou- East Indian expedition to a letter from a glas place of 30/. a year as overseer of an Blacklock (dated 4 Sept, 1786), the blind estate in Jamaica. Hamilton now advised poet, to whom the poems had been sent by Burns to publish his poems in order to ob- Mr. Lawrie, minister of Lowdon. Blacklock tain the necessary passage-money. They expressed delight and astonishment, and sug- were accordingly printed by John Wilson of gested a second edition. Other inducements Kilmarnock, and appeared at the end of July co-operated. Dugald Stewart had read three 1786. His friends had subscribed for 350 of the poems to Blacklock, his attention 28 copies. On Aug. 599 had been disposed having been drawn to them by Mr. Mackenzie, of, leaving only fifteen on hand (CHAMBERS, surgeon at Mauchline. On 23 Oct. Mackenzie i. 349). Burns made about 20/., and his re- took Burns to dine at Stewart's villa at was putation rapidly spread. Meanwhile, he Catrine, on the Ayr. Burns commemorates still contemplated emigration. He made over this meeting, at which he was much pleased the of his copyright poems to Gilbert Burns with Stewart and another guest, Lord Daer, f in trust for his illegitimate daughter, E. Pa- son of the Earl of Selkirk. Meanwhile his l ton. In and July August he did penance in printer at Kilmarnock refused to undertake the church at Mauchline, in order to obtain a second edition unless Burns would advance a certificate from the minister that ' he was a 27/. for the paper. This, he says, is out of bachelor. For some time he had to keep out my power.' A friend, Mr. Ballantyne of Ayr, of the in way consequence of a warrant ob- offered to advance the money, but advised Burns 429 Burns him (according to Gilbert Burns) to go to and others, who appear in his verses and cor- Edinburgh for a publisher. He decided upon respondence. this plan, and just before starting made ac- His behaviour in the higher society has quaintance with Mrs. Dunlop of Dunlop, been described by Dugald Stewart (letter to ' who had been greatly struck by the Cottar's Currie) and one of his biographers, Josiah Saturday Night.' (Mrs. Dunlop died 24 May Walker. They agree as to his uncorrupted 1815, aged 84.) She remained his friend and simplicity, and the extraordinary force and of his correspondent through his life, with the excep- versatility conversation. With the tion of a coolness in its last year. Through dress and manners of a plain farmer, he took Mrs. Dunlop he became a correspondent of his proper position among social superiors, ' Dr. Moore, author of Zeluco,' to whom he who were all his inferiors in intrinsic power. wrote (2 Aug. 1787) the autobiographical Burns's genuine independence of spirit made letter which (with the statements of Gilbert him rather over-sensitive to any appearance Burns and Murdoch, all printed by Currie) of neglect. He was occasionally led into ' is the main authority for his early life. breaches of decorum' from this cause or Burns left Mossgiel on 27 Nov. 1786, riding from inexperience. But he made himself on a borrowed pony to Edinburgh, which he respected among men, while his manner to ' reached next day. He shared the lodgings ladies is said to have been extremely defe- ' of John Richmond, previously a clerk of rential and perhaps a little over-strained in G. Hamilton's, in Baxter's Close, Lawn- the direction of gallantry. The Duchess market. He took off His hat before the of Gordon said that he was the only man * house of Allan Ramsay, and visited the who carried her off her feet.' Scott, then grave of the poet Robert Fergusson (1751- a lad of sixteen, saw him at Dr. Ferguson's, 1774), to whom he obtained leave to erect a whither he was brought by Stewart. Burns monument in February 1787. He finally was affected to tears by some lines from paid the bill for this (51. 10s.) in February Langhorne under the print of a dead soldier. 1792. On 7 Dec. he attended a masonic meet- Scott was rewarded by a kind look and word ing and was introduced to Henry Erskine, for identifying the quotation. Scott speaks ' the dean of faculty, by his friend, Mr. Dal- of Burns's dignified plainness and simplicity/ rymple of Ayr. Dalrymple was also a cousin and says that his most remarkable feature < ' of Lord Glencairn, for whose patronage Burns was the eye, which literally glowed when ' always expressed the warmest gratitude. he spoke with interest. I never saw such ' Glencairn had read the poems, and at once another eye,' says Scott, in any human head/ induced the members of the Caledonian Hunt John Pattison, some years later, speaks of ' to subscribe to a second edition. Henry Mac- his matchless eyes,' and his friend Syme says ' ' kenzie, the Man of Feeling,' published an that they were like coals of living fire' ' ' enthusiastic review of them in the Lounger (CHAMBERS, iv. 157, 174). The second edition ' (9 Dec. 1786), calling him a heaven-taught of his poems appeared on 21 April 1787, ploughman.' They had been already favour- with a preface expressive of sturdy self- ' ' ' ably noticed in the Edinburgh Magazine respect : I was bred to the plough and am for October, and extracts had been given in independent.' There were 1,500 subscribers the November number. Mackenzie's critical for 2,800 copies. He ultimately received utterance was authoritative, and Burns was about 500/., but his publisher (Creech) was welcomed by all the literary celebrities of dilatory in payment, and Burns waited many the place. The Duchess of Gordon, Lord months in suspense as to his plans. He ex- ' ' Monboddo (whose daughter, Eliza Burnett, presses the belief that his meteor-like he specially admired), Robertson, Blair, Gre- success would only last while it had the gory, Adam Ferguson, and Fraser Tytler charm of novelty (letter to Blair, 3 May received him into their society. Burns re- 1787). He had told Lord Buchan in the mained at his humble lodgings, and made previous February that he should return to 1 acquaintance with less exalted circles. He woo his rustic muse ... at the ploughtail.' belonged to one of the convivial clubs com- In the spring of 1787 Burns made an agree- mon at the time, called the 'Crochallan ment with James Johnson, an engraver, who Fencibles,' which met at the house of one was preparing a collection of Scotch songs. Douglas, famous for singing a Gaelic song The first volume appeared in May, with two ' ' called Crochallan (see Memoirs of W. songs acknowledged by Burns. He continued Smellie, ii. 255). Burns contributed some during the rest of his life to contribute verses, not worthy of his better moments, to original songs and to collect others, many of a collection of the imaginable kind, and be- them modified or completely rewritten by came intimate with W. Nicol, of the high himself. He undertook this from patriotic school, Srnellie, Dunbar, A. Cunningham, motives, and neither asked nor received Burns 43 Burns

some tours in the sum- wards a friend of Scott's, at Ochtertyne in payment. He made farms and Menteith. He returned by Kinross and mer, during which he inspected has been on 20 Oct., collected songs. Their chronology Queensferry, reaching Edinburgh ii. whence he wrote to Miller ex- matter of some dispute (see CHAMBERS, immediately from 5 his desire for one of his and 315). His first tour was May pressing farms, App. p. that he desired a small farm with Robert Ainslie, a sensibly saying to 9 June, young ' ' about a at a fair rent. He writer who was very intimate with him at ploughgang who died now with a Mr. William Cruik- this time (for account of Ainslie, lodged a of at 2 St. James's 11 April 1838, in his seventy-second year, shank, colleague Nicol's, travelled see Land of Burns, p. 87). He Square. the Burns at to through Dunse to Coldstream, crossing lingered Edinburgh, seeking obtain from Creech, and to bridge to be in England, Kelso, Jedburgh, payment trying for some settlement. and after rambles about the Tweed to Aln- arrange permanent He wrote verses to his ' the wick, "Warkworth, Newcastle, Carlisle, Dum- rosebud,' twelve-year- to look old of his host Cruikshank. He fries, whence he visited Dalswinton daughter Mr. wrote letters to Miss Chal- at a farm already offered to him by admiring Margaret 14 Jan. a connection of G. whose Patrick Miller (letter to J. Ballantyne, mers, Hamilton's, Here he he had made at Blacklock's. 1787), and finally to Mauchline. acquaintance saw her and her Charlotte Hamil- was at first disgusted by the servility of the He cousin, his tour with Dr. Adair Armours, but soon renewed .his old relations ton, on (afterwards to Miss at with Jean. During the latter part of June married Hamilton) Harveiston, he visited the West Highlands, writing a Clackmannanshire, and greatly admired both ladies. celebrated Miss Chalmers as bitter epigram upon the worship of the Duke He < ' in a of He tells her of Argyll at Inverary, and returning by Peggy couple songs. at he of another visit which he had to Dum- Paisley. After spending July home paid returned to Edinburgh, partly to see his fries in order to settle upon a farm. He had decided to leave in publisher, on 7 Aug. Richmond having Edinburgh December, to his taken a new lodger, he now chummed with when he was detained by an injury a W. Nicol, a self-taught teacher at the high knee from the upset of coach. He had been to drink the school, conspicuous for roughness and almost invited tea next day (8 Dec.) with a Mrs. and he had written to savage irascibility. With Nicol he started M'Lehose, letter the (25 Aug.) for a tour in the East Highlands, her a accepting invitation, which first a by Falkirk and Stirling, where he gave became the of remarkable correspon- grievous offence by a Jacobite epigram on dence. Mrs. M'Lehose (b. April 1759) had a window of the inn; thence to Crieff, been a Miss Agnes Craig, daughter of Andrew and where he was she was first cousin of Lord Dunkeld, Blair, kindly Craig ; Craig, received by the Duke of Athole, in whose judge of the court of session, and her mother family his friend Josiah Walker was then was niece of Colin M'Laurin, the mathema- tutor. He went by Dalwhinnie, through tician. In 1776 she married James M'Lehose, to Aviemore and Dalsie thence who deserted and was settled in the Strathspey, ; her, now by Kilravock to Fort George and Inverness, West Indies, while she was living in Edin- and returned by Nairn, Forres, and Focha- burgh with three infants, supported chiefly bers. At Gordon Castle Nicol took offence by Lord Craig and a small pittance from her upon not being immediately invited with husband's relations. Burns was introduced his friend, and forced Burns to drive off. by a common friend, Miss Nimmo. Burns They next visited Aberdeen, saw Burns's was laid up six weeks by his accident, and relations at Stonehaven, and went by Mont- was unable to see Mrs. M'Lehose in person rose and Perth to until 4 when he out in a chair. Edinburgh (16 Sept. 1786). j Jan., got They A correspondence followed with John Skin- afterwards met several times till he left Edin- ' ' ner, author of Tullochgorum which Burns burgh on 18 Feb. Their letters are signed ' extravagantly called the best Scotch song Clarinda and Sylvander. They write high- ever saw' Scotland whom he had accident- flown sentiment, exchange poetry, and indulge ally missed seeing. A final tour with Dr. in religious discussions. Mrs. M'Lehose tries James Makittrick Adair [q. v.] took place, ac- to convert him to Calvinism. She has to re- cording to Chambers (Adair writing to Currie mind him at starting that she is a married this in to woman she warns him to erroneously places August), Stirling ; keep strictly with- where he smashed the old again, inscription, in the bounds of delicacy, begs him to be and to Harveiston, Clackmannanshire, where satisfied with the l warmest, tenderest friend- he was detained by heavy floods, making ship,' and consults a spiritual adviser, Mr. excursion to Sir W. Murray's at Ochtertyne Kemp, minister of the Tolbooth church, and in Strathearn, and visiting Ramsay, after- afterwards offends two unnamed friends by Burns 431 Burns

her continued intimacy. Burns raves in 28 April). A legal ceremony was performed rather stilted phrases, and declares that he in Gavin Hamilton's house 3 Aug. (Land of 'loves to madness and feels to torture.' Hums, i. 23). On 5 Aug. the pair acknow- Burns apparently considered that his marriage ledged their marriage in Mauchline church, to Jean Armour was dissolved, and intimates when they were duly admonished, and Burns a vague hope that Mr. M'Lehose may cease to gave a guinea to the poor. to his wife but the natu- Clarinda was be an encumbrance ; naturally indignant. Burns ral end of such a correspondence must have made such apology as he could a year later been obvious to both parties. Meanwhile Jean (letter of 9 March 1789), and wrote a few /Armour was again expecting to become a letters to her in 1791-2, in one of which I mother. She had been turned out (or, as she (27 Dec. 1791) he encloses the fine poem, ' ii. fond says, WADDELL, vol. App. xxii., prevented Ae kiss, and then we sever.' The first from returning from a visit to Mr. Muir at of these letters tells her that during their first ' Tarbolton Mill) by her father. Burns, still intimacy he was not under the smallest confined by his accident, wrote to a friend to moral tie to Mrs. B.,' and could not know ' help her. On 16 Feb. Burns went to Glas- all the powerful circumstances that omnipo- gow, and thence to Mauchline. He reconciled tent necessity was busy laying in wait for Jean to her mother. He again looked at Mil- him.' ler's farm at Ellisland, and returned to Edin- Burns was now resolved to lead the life of burgh, where he announces (to Miss Chalmers, a steady farmer at Ellisland. It consisted 14 March 1788) that he has finally taken the of one hundred acres in a beautiful situation lease. He soon afterwards settled with Creech, on the south bank of the Nith, six miles from receiving, it seems, about 500/. (CHAMBERS, Dumfries. Allan Cunningham, whose father ii. 248). (He says only a little over 400/., was factor to the estate, says that Burns made letter to Moore, 4 Jan. 1789. Creech, ac- a poet's choice, not a farmer's. He took a to for cording to Heron (p. 31), professed have lease seventy-six years, at a rent of 50. paid Burns 1,100/. The copyright was sold for the first three years, and afterwards 701. for 100/., and Burns had, therefore, no interest Mr. Miller was to give him 300/. to build a in later editions, to which he gratuitously farm-steading and enclose the fields. Burns contributed some new songs.) He at once ad- came to reside on 13 June, and set about vanced I8QL to help his brother Gilbert, who building his house, his wife meanwhile stay- The at was still struggling on with Mossgiel. ing Mauchline, forty-six miles off, where debt was finally repaid by Gilbert from the he visited her occasionally. He refers to her in ' a' profits of an edition of his brother's works more O the airts the wind can blaw,' and ' than thirty years afterwards. Just before this O were I on Parnassus' hill.' He settled Burns had finally obtained a qualification for his wife in the new house in the first week ' the excise. The advisability of obtaining such of December. The songs, I hae a wife o' ' ' a place the only piece of patronage easily my ain,' Auld Lang Syne,' and My Bonnie ' accessible had been discussed by his friends Mary (the last two sent to Mrs. Dunlop as before he first came to Edinburgh (letter to old Scotch songs), belong to this time. On R. Aiken, October 1786), and he applied for 18 Aug. 1789 a child was born to him, named it to his patrons, Lord Glencairn and R. Gra- Francis Wallace (in honour of Mrs. Dunlop, ham of Fintry, apparently in this January. a descendant fromWilliam Wallace's brother). He hesitated for some time between farming The farm was not doing well, while his family and the excise, and finally decided to take the was increasing, and Burns thought, according farm, keeping the appointment as something to Allan Cunningham, that by working it to fall back upon. The order to give him the chiefly for the dairy he could leave the super- necessary two weeks' training as an exciseman intendence to Mrs. Burns and her sisters, was issued to an officer at Tarbolton 31 March while he could take up his appointment in 1788. By the end of March Burns, who had the excise. He accordingly obtained from continued his letters to Clarinda declaring Mr. Graham an appointment to his district. that he would love her for ever, was back at It brought in 50/. a year, from which 10/. or Mossgiel, making arrangements for his new 12. expenses were to be deducted, with a life. When at a distance from Edinburgh the pension for widow and orphans. It involved influence of Mrs. M'Lehose apparently de- the duty of riding two hundred miles a week clined, and he was moved by the older claims over ten parishes. Burns seems to have dis- of Jean. About this time (the date is un- charged his duties vigorously, though judi- certain) Jean gave birth ciously shutting his eyes to occasional pecca- of who died in a few days, and in the course dilloes of poor neighbours (CHAMBERS, iii. 83). April Burns had privately acknowledged her The work left him little leisure for poetry, as his wife (see a letter to James Smith, and exposed him to some temptations. Though Burns 43 2 Burns

about tember of that settled in London occasionally out of spirits (he composed year, having ' in as a with an introduction from Burns this time the pathetic verses to Mary saddler, his humours have left to his old teacher, Murdoch (letters between Heaven '), more jovial 1789 he the brothers and Murdoch were first permanent traces. About September published wrote * Willie brew'd a peck o' maut,' cele- in CKOMEK'S Reliques). with Allan Mas- The farm was never successful. brating a convivial meeting enterprise terson and his old chum Nicol, then on a visit Burns's various distractions are enough to to Moffat. Nicol soon afterwards bought a account for a failure, and he was apparently careless master and not skilful small estate at Laggan, not far from Burns, a very in the where other meetings were probably held. business (CHAMBERS, iii. 139). One of the ' last notices of Burns at Ellisland is a Another famous song, the Whistle,' describes story told to Currie two a drinking contest held 16 Oct. 1789 (CHAM- by English tourists, who found him the summer of BERS, iii. 67-71), where three gentlemen, (in 1791) angling in the Nith with a foxskin a Captain Riddel of Friar's Carse, Fergusson cap, loose drank and an ' enormous of Craigdarroch, and Sir Robert Lawrie, greatcoat, highland broad- each other for a whistle accor- sword.' He entertained them against won, hospitably ding to tradition, by a similar contest of a with boiled beef and vegetables and barley with in a previous Sir Robert Lawrie against a gigantic broth, and whisky punch bowl of Dane. Burns looked on to see fair play, Inverary marble, a marriage gift from his writing his poem, and keeping himself tole- father-in-law, for which, according to Cham- bers a later 1 rably sober. Fergusson won, and Lawrie (iii. 191), possessor refused 50/. never quite recovered the contest. In the Carlyle disbelieves this anecdote, which is same season Burns made the acquaintance of also disputed by Mrs. Burns, who ridicules Francis Grose, then visiting Friar's Carse upon the 'broadsword,' and adds that he never an antiquarian expedition, and addressed to angled (WADDELL, ii. App. xxiv.) He always ' him the lines beginning Hear, Land o' Cakes loved animals and detested field sports (see ' and brither Scots.' Burns asked Grose to verses on the wounded hare and the Brigs make a of as the of this drawing Alloway Kirk, Ayr '). By time Burns had resolved his to * burial-place of family, and Grose consented throw up his farm. In a third epistle to ' on condition that Burns should give him a Mr. Graham of Fintry (assigned to the sum- ' witch story. This was the occasion of Tarn mer of 1791), he hints a desire for a further o' Shanter,' written (as Mrs. Burns told Lock- appointment. He had hoped for an advance in one in his hart) day favourite walk by the to a supervisorship, and was put on the list Nith. to the Tarn for such an but his According country story appointment ; interest had and Kate represent one Douglas Graham and suffered by the death of Lord Glencairn his Helen wife, M'Taggart, whom Burns had (January 1791) (see letter to Dr. Moore, known at Kirkoswald. A letter to Grose, in 28 Feb. 1791), upon whom he now wrote his which Burns a gives version of the legend, fine 'Lament.' He obtained, however, through was first in ' printed Brydges's Censura Lite- Graham, an appointment as exciseman in raria' The first (1796). poem appeared in Dumfries, at a salary of 70/. Patrick Miller Grose's ' of Antiquities Scotland,' published was willing to part with the farm, and Burns and it was April 1791, immediately received settled at Dumfries in December 1791, first with applause. (till May 1793) in the Wee Vennel, now At the end of 1790 Burns appears as ac- Bank Street, and afterwards in the Mill one Alexander Crombie with commodating Vennel, now Burns Street. A third son, \ a bill for 20/., and about the same time he William Nicol, had been born 10 April 1791, and a few days before an illegitimate daugh- ter by Anne Park (the result of an unfortu- nate amour during Mrs. Burns's absence at 'Roderick Gar- seph Andrews,' Random,' Mauchline), whom Mrs. Burns brought up rick's and Gibber's works, some collections of with the other infant. Like Burns's other the 'Marrow of essays, Modern Divinity,' two she was christened ' daughters Elizabeth, Blair's Sermons,' two or three and theological afterwards became Mrs. Thomson, living works, and a of Scotland. On at map settling Pollockshaw, Renfrewshire (CHAMBERS, i. at Ellisland Burns had set afoot a scheme for 260). A final visit to Edinburgh took place a local of which he sent an library, account just before the departure to and a to Sir John Dumfries, Sinclair, published in the third final interview with Mrs. to whom ' M'Lehose, volume of the Statistical Account of Scot- soon afterwards he sent 'Ae fond Kiss,' 'Wan- land.' In October 1790 Burns also paid for dering Willie,' and some other At the funeral songs. expenses of his younger brother Dumfries Burns made with some AVilliam acquaintance (b. 30 July 1767), who died in of the Sep- higher families, and especially with Burns 433 Burns

Maria a Miss at Burns wrote a letter to Mr. Graham Riddel, originally Woodley, I painful 1 this time wife of Walter Riddel, younger bro- of Fintry, stating that an inquiry had been ther of Riddel of Glenriddel a ordered into his Captain (at | political conduct, declaring house called for the time Woodley Pack, and that he was afraid of dismissal, owing to l before and afterwards known as Goldielea). the dark insinuations of hellish groundless Mrs. Riddel, still under twenty, was a beauty envy,' avowing his attachment to the British and a poetess. She and her husband welcomed constitution, and saying that he was unnerved Burns to their house, where there was a fine by the thoughts of his family. From a letter library, but where Mr. Riddel appears to have written 13 April 1793 to Mr. Erskine of encouraged excessive drinking. Mar, who had heard that Burns was actually to The strong political animosities excited dismissed, and had offered head a subscrip- by the French revolution were now begin- tion for him, it appears that the dismissal had ning to show themselves, and Burns incurred only been prevented by Graham's interest. the suspicion of the governing party. He Burns speaks eloquently and indignantly of had previously passed for a Jacobite, and by the possible injury to his fame, and declares his epigram at Stirling (which also insults that he will preserve his independence. He had ' George III, then suffering his first publicly been told that his business was to act, not to 'known attack of insanity), and by some pas- think,' and though not dismissed, his pro- sages in his poems, provoked an indignation spects of promotion seemed to be blasted. which seems strange at a period when Jacobi- Although his superior, Alexander Findlater, tism was little more than a fanciful sentiment. thought that he had exaggerated, it is plain Burns, it is clear, had none of the political that he was deeply stung by the rebuff, and principles generally connected with the name. was no doubt placed in a humiliating position. His Jacobitism was composed of patriotic A reprimand for some trifling neglect of duty Scotch sentiment, a romantic feeling for the seems to be confused with this political re- exiled Stuarts, common in the anti-Calvinistic buff. Burns belonged to a small club with a classes of Scotch society, and a pretty hearty John Syme, distributor of stamps, who after- contempt for the reigning family. But his wards helped Currie in preparing a memoir, strongest political sentiment, so far as he was Maxwell, a physician, and others. They ap- at all a politician, might be rather called re- pear to have held secret meetings, and Burns ' ' publican. It was the proud sentiment of per- produced political squibs, the Tree ofLiberty sonal for social in the edition of 1 independence and contempt (first published people's 840) , others for the distinctions, so strongly marked in his be- and suppressed time. He j oined in haviour and writings from first to last, and the volunteers formed 1795, and wrote a which he afterwards embodied, with his as- spirited invasion song in order to show his tonishing power of condensed utterance, in loyalty. He was, however, nearly forced ' ' the famous lines, For a' that and a' that into a duel for giving an ambiguous toast, ' (January 1795). This tendency led him to May our success in the war be equal to the ' sympathise with the hopes of the revolu- justice of our cause ! A toast to Washington tionary party then shared by so many ardent as a greater man than Pitt also gave offence, young men in England. to Burns's annoyance. Miss Benson, after- On 27 Feb. 1792 Burns was despatched to wards Mrs. Basil Montagu, met him at this watch an armed smuggler, who had got into time at a ball, and tells of the disgust which shallow water in the Solway Firth. He was he expressed for the 'epauletted puppies' left on guard while his superior officers went who surrounded her. Lockhart tells a to Dumfries for some dragoons. While wait- story from a Mr. M'Culloch who saw Burns ( in of ing he composed the spirited song, The the summer 1794, when he was gene- Deil's awa' wi' the Exciseman,' and on the ar- rally avoided by the respectable attendants rival of the soldiers led them to the assault, at a county ball, and quoted Lady Grizel Baillie's * His stood fu' and was the first to board the ship. Lock- verses, bonnet ance his brow.' in his hart first tells this story, which has been sub- fair on Scott, review of ' ' in ' stantiated by W. Train (BLACKIE'S Burns, i. Cromek's Reliques the Quarterly,' told ccxliii). The ship was condemned and her a story on the authority of Syme, according stores sold. Burns bought her guns, four to which Burns, in a paroxysm of shame, first a his carronades, for 3/., and sent them as a present drew sword upon friend, and then to the French dashed himself on the floor but the legislative body (CHAMBEKS, ; story iii. 22). (The convention was not in existence apparently refers to a mere bit of mock- till September, and war was not declared till heroics (see PETEKKIN'S Review, &c.) There January 1793.) The suspicion which such were other causes than political suspicions for conduct might suggest seems to have in- Burns's decline in public favour. He so far sur- creased soon after, and in December 1792 mounted this, in fact, that he appears to have VOL. VII. Burns 434 Burns

for the of Scotch manu- had some prospect of preferment. After the tees encouragement j first outbreak of the war, the extreme suspi- factures, had designed a new collection of | cions declined, and though he wrote election Scotch songs, to be more carefully edited and | than Johnson's ' ballads on the whig side, he seems to have more elegantly got up Mu- been at least tolerated. A supervisorship, he seum.' Thomson and his collaborator, An- from drew to Burns to write says (letter to Heron, 1795), would bring Erskine, applied songs to 2007. a and he look for- for melodies which would send him. 1207. year ; might they ward to a collectorship, which varied from Burns took up the project enthusiastically. a de- He wrote at intervals and sent them 200/. to 1,000/. year. This, however, j songs with pended on the very doubtful possibility of to Thomson many interesting letters the same time he in the fourth volume of political patronage. At originally published | to indulgences of a dis- Currie's work. Among them are some of clearly gave way j ' creditable kind. His friends, James Gray, I his most popular songs. Scots, wha hae wi' ' a schoolmaster, and Findlater, his superior Wallace bled is said by Syme to have been officer, declare (in letters first published by composed during a tour which they made at A. Peterkin in 1815) that he never became I the end of July 1793, while riding in a storm reckless or across the wilds of Kenmure. Burns sends openly degraded. Gray speaks j of his extreme interest in the education of it to Thomson in the following September, j ' his children. Burns had formerly been made saying that he composed it in my yester- of and was walk.' It an honorary burgess Dumfries, | night's evening seems, however, now allowed the privilege of sending his sons to have been already in the hands of John- to the school on the footing of a real freeman son : and the last statement may refer to of the town. He was also admitted a mem- a final redaction. As Burns occasionally in- ber of the town to which he in little library , presented dulged mystifications, the date must some books. Burns was often received on remain uncertain. ' Auld Lang Syne ' had equal terms, by the respectable inhabitants, been sent just before, as taken down from his friends that never and testify they saw 'an old man' singing. Other songs, such him drunk. He continued to his as * Luve's like a Red perform 0, my Red, Rose,' and ,' ' official duties with zeal and regularity (see A Vision/ the last of which refers to a fa- iii. 147 ii. CHAMBERS, 83, ; WADDELL, App. vourite walk of Burns, near the ruins of Lin- xxxi.) But his friends have also to admit cluden Abbey, appeared in the fifth volume that he went the bounds ' ' frequently beyond of Johnson's Museum (December 1796, after of and he was often in prudence ; apparently Burns's death), but had been sent to John- of a company disreputable kind, and gave son in 1794. Several songs addressed to to mischievous On way very indulgences. Chloris were written in 1794-5. Chloris, 31 Dec. 1792 he tells Mrs. that hard- Dunlop or the 'Lassie wi' the lint-white Blocks/ is ' the devil to him.' He has drinking given was a Mrs^Whelpdale, daughter of a farmer up taverns for the time but the private namedLorimer, who had been married and the parties among hard-drinking gentlemen deserted at the age of seventeen. The hom- of the do the mischief. At the end in country age this case appears to have been purely of 1793 he was at such a at Walter party poetical. Burns adopted the phraseology of Riddel's, became scandalously drunk, and a lover in celebrating any woman ; even was rude to Mrs. Riddel. brutally Although Jesse Lewars, who helped to nurse him in lie expressed the bitterest remorse next his last day, illness, and to whom (in 1796) he the Riddels broke with him for some addressed < time, Oh, wert thou in the cauld blast/ and Burns wrote some bitter on lampoons written on the spur of the moment to a tune the The extended to the Rid- lady. quarrel which she played to him, and which was dels of Glenriddel. Riddel Captain died the afterwards set to music by Mendelssohn. next April (1794) still when For all these unreconciled, poems Burns absolutely re- Burns wrote a sonnet his expressing regret. fused to accept money. He told Thomson A year or so later Mrs. Walter Riddel be- at ' starting that his songs were either above { came partly reconciled. She saw him before or below price/ and only kept 57. sent to him his and wrote an death, appreciative obituary by Thomson in 1793 because a return would ' notice of him soon after in the Dumfries ' savour of affectation/ declaring that, if any Journal.' It is clear Burns that, though was more were sent, he would be henceforth a neither so nor so as is poor neglected some- stranger. He had some with times his correspondence said, weaknesses had his London ' injured journalists, having sent to the Star/ reputation, and were trying his constitution. then edited Peter by Stuart, a letter, dated Burns's poetical activity slack- 8 Nov. occasionally 1788, protesting against a sermon in ened, but never ceased. In quite Septem- which a Mr. Kirkpatrick of Dunleath had ber 1792, George Thomson, clerk to the trus- spoken ungenerously of the Stuart dynasty, Burns 435 Burns

' and in 1789 Delia, an Ode.' Stuart asked autumn of 1795, the death, at Mauchline, Burns to contribute to the paper, offering, of his daughter, Elizabeth EiddeL(6. 4 Nov. says his brother, Mr. Daniel Stuart {Gent. 1703), greatly distressed him. He was laid ' with Mag. July 1838, p. 24), a salary quite as up an accidental complaint from Octo- large as his excise emoluments.' Burns ac- ber 1795 till the following January. When cepted an offer of a gratuitous copy of the recovering he fell asleep in the open air on paper in some humorous verses, but declined returning late from a carouse at the Globe to write. Perry, in 1794, offered him a re- Tavern, and an attack of rheumatic fever fol- ' gular salary for contributions to the Morn- lowed. His state of health soon became alarm- ing Chronicle.' Burns again declined, say- ing. A young revenue officer named Hobie ing that he thought of offering some prose took his duties, when his incapacity to work essays, but that a copy of the paper would would have deprived him of half his salary. be sufficient reward. Probably known con- He managed to attend masonic meetings on tributions would have destroyed his pro- 28 Jan. and 14 April, but his health rapidly spects in the excise, which were now improv- declined. He was taken on 4 July to Brow, ing. Burns's refusal to take money has been on the Solway, to try sea-bathing. A de- contrasted with his wrath against Creech for mand for 71. 4s. on account of his volunteer * not paying him. I'll be damned if I ever uniform greatly distressed him, and he was. write for money,' he said to a friend (see driven to ask loans of 101. from his cousin, CHAMBERS, iii. 173, 316). His indignation James Burnes of Montrose, and of 51. from against the delay of Creech in handing over Thomson. Both sent at once the sums re- the of the was natural Mrs. Burns had been left at produce subscription ; quested. Dum- and fries her Burns apparently saw nothing degrad- expecting confinement, and Burns's \ ing in such a reward for poems not originally last letter was to his father-in-law, requesting written for gain. But it was a different Mrs. Armour to come to her daughter. He to himself to write returned from Brow 18 sank thing pledge regularly July, rapidly ,. for money. His contempt for mercenary work and died 21 July 1796. A great concourse was thoroughly honourable, and he was in attended his funeral on the 25th, when the all probability right in thinking that such volunteers fired three volleys over his grave. a practice would have been fatal to the A posthumous son, called Maxwell in honour / spontaneity which marks all his best work. of his medical attendant and friend, was

His patriotic interest in Scotch song was a born during the funeral service. A mauso- : motive for his contributions to Johnson and leum was raised by public subscription, to Thomson which he honourably considered which his remains were transferred, 9 Sept. as a sufficient reward in itself, and desired 1815. The building was completed in 1817. to left be mixed with no lower motive. Thomson Burns only a few trifling debts. Syme behaved honourably, though he was attacked and Maxwell started a subscription for the for his share in the matter. Only six (out of family, which finally amounted to 700/. over sixty) songs given to him had appeared James Currie, a Liverpool physician, an old before Burns's death. He immediately gave college friend of Syme, who had once met up his rights in order that the songs might Burns in 1792, undertook, with the help of appear as new in the collection of Burns's Syme and Gilbert Burns, to prepare a me- works published for the benefit of the family, moir and edition of the works. This appeared and also handed over the correspondence. He in 1800, and realised a sum of 1,400/. for died in February 1851, aged 94. Over 180 the family. Kobert, the eldest son, a boy of songs had been contributed by Burns to much promise, studied at Edinburgh and Johnson's 'Musical Museum,' but of these Glasgow, and got a place in the stamp-office only forty-seven were admitted by Currie as in 1804. He lived there, eking out his in- wholly composed by Burns. come by teaching, till he was superannuated Burns's income at Dumfries, including in 1853, and returned to Dumfries. He various perquisites (seizures of smuggled died 14 May 1857, aged 70. Two other sons, so forth rum and were divided among the Francis Wallace (b. 18 Aug. 1789) and the officers), has been calculated at 90/. a year posthumous son, Maxwell, died early, the (CHAMBERS, iv. 124). His second house first 9 July 1803, the second 25 April 1799. was an he a servant and Two William Nicol 9 improvement ; kept others, (b. April 1791) lived in substantial comfort. His indul- and James Glencairn (b. 12 Aug. 1794), re- gences and a life of constant excitement of ceived cadetships through the Marchioness various kinds had told upon his great natural of Hastings, and rose to be colonels in the strength. On 25 June 1794 he tells Mrs. Dun- East India Company's service. James died ' ' lop that a flying gout is likely to punish 18 Nov. 1865, and William 21 Feb. 1872. him for the follies of his youth. In the The widow received a pension of 501. from F F 2 Burns 43 6 Burns

and in Blackie's edition the Lord Panmure in 1817, an attempt to raise (1843), gives of his It failed. She gave it up a best impression appearance. closely a subscription having relation between children were resembles No. 1, but the year and a half later, when her died 26 March 1834. them seems to be uncertain. 5. A portrait able to support her. She of David Allan was introduced in an il- A is given in the Land Burns, by portrait with lustration of the Cottar's Saturday Night' p 70 The mother, Agnes Burns, lived died 14 Jan. in (1795). Burns tells Thomson (May 1795) her son, Gilbert, and 1820, that some think it better than Nas- the of her age Gilbert people eighty-eighth year he was not known lived at tiU 1797 ; though personally (b. 28 Sept. 1760) Mossgiel myth's, to Allan. 6. In the same letter Burns he afterwards took a farm at Dinning, then speaks Mrs. near of a miniature then being executed as a one belonging to a son of Dunlop, became factor of * most remarkable likeness.' A portrait, iden- Haddington, and finally Here he lived tified with this by Dr. Waddell, together Lady Blantyre at Lethington. 8 Nov. 1827. He with a pendant, said to be the poet's son, twenty-five years, dying are in Waddell's edition of married a Miss Breckonridge, and had six Robert, engraved Burns's where a statement of the evidence sons and eight daughters. sister, Burns, became a Mrs. for their authenticity is given (WADDELL, Isobel, born 27 June 1771, about her ii. The evidence is lived to give information App. Ixvii-lxxx). very Begg, unless the and brother to Chambers for his work published weak, and, painter engraver 1858. Another were or Burns's skull be- in 1851, and died 4 Dec. utterly incompetent, on 2 March came distorted, and his nose became aquiline sister, Annabella, died, aged 67, of in this likeness 1832. instead straight eight years, a caricature. 7. Dr. Burns was 5 ft, 10 in. in height, of great is, at best, grotesque with a Waddell also a said to re- strength, and rather heavy build, acquired portrait * His features were ra- at Irvine, at the of twenty ploughman's stoop.' present Burns, age than or Notes and 4th ther coarse (Scott says more massive twenty-two (see Queries, and his dress often iv. 392, 395, his portraits suggest), series, 274, 318, 543). often and Criticism of Burns is to slovenly. His air was melancholy only permitted face be- of blood. Admirable rather stern, but in conversation the Scotchmen pure appre- and of ciations be found in the of came singularly animated expressive may essays Carlyle and sublime and Nichol Yet it be said pathetic, humorous, emotions, (see below). may if there are more and subtle and was lighted up by eyes of unequalled that, elegant is a list of his in the no one even brilliancy. The following song-writers language, 1. most authentic is that Burns in masculine or portraits: The approaches strength in 1787. It concentrated utterance of painted by Alexander Nasmyth passion. Though he reflects was first engraved by John Beugo for the all his writings are occasional, Edinburgh edition. The original picture is every mood of the national character, its in the National Gallery, Edinburgh. A re- tenderness, its sensuous vigour, and its pa- ' is in the fervour. he wrote plica, touched upon by Kaeburn,' triotic Like Byron, always National Portrait Gallery. Another copy at a white heat, but, unlike Byron, he had the to the Cathcart of Auchin- and, if he sometimes belongs family, I highest lyrical power, dilution. drane, Ayr. A small cabinet picture by Nas- fails, he does not fail by excessive myth, an engraving of which is a vignette He is only insipid when he tries to adopt * in Lockhart's Life,' is at Marchmont. 2. A the conventional English of his time, in obe- to the to Dr. and portrait, by Peter Taylor, belonged dience foolish advice from Moore painter's widow, and was bequeathed to Wil- others. The personal character of Burns liam Taylor of Linlithgow, who exhibited it must be inferred from his life. Its weaker at the Crystal Palace centenary, 25 Jan. 1859. side is well set forth in an essay by Mr. R. L. ' It was engraved by Horsburgh in 1830, and Stevenson in the Cornhill' for October 1879. published by Constable with attestations of His coxcombry, however, seems to be there its fidelity. Though recognised by various a little exaggerated. Though it may be friends, it is said to resemble Gilbert Burns granted that in his relations to women he rather than Robert. 3. A silhouette was showed an unpleasant affectation as well taken by one Miers in 1787, of which Burns as laxity of morals, it must be said that sent copies to his friends (see Address to he was never heartless, that he did his best William Tytler). An engraving is given in to support his children, that he was a good Hogg & Motherwell's edition. 4. An ad- father and brother, and that, if his spirit of mirable chalk A. was rather self- drawing, by Skirying, now independence irritable and in possession of Sir Theodore Martin (Notes conscious, his pride was, at bottom, tho- and Queries, 6th series, iv. 426, 476), en- roughly honourable. In spite of overwhelm- graved in Belfast editions of 1805 and 1807, ing difficulties and many weaknesses, and Burns 437 Burns

rash he hard Robert's brother and much impulsiveness, struggled Burns, younger ; some ' ' to act a manly part through life. There poems. Collective editions of Burns's works is less to be forgiven to him than to most of have appeared in almost every year since his those whose genius has led to morbid develop- death. Some of them include new poems. ' ments of character. The most important are : 1. The Works of Burns's works were: 1. 'Poems chiefly in Robert Burns, with an account of his Life, the Scottish and a criticism on his to which Dialect,' Kilmarnock, printed Writings ; ' by John Wilson, 1786. 2. Poems chiefly are prefixed some Observations on the Cha- in the Scottish Dialect,' Edinburgh, printed racter and Condition of the Scotch Peasantry,' for the author, and sold by "William Creech, Liverpool and London, 1800. This is Currie's the first with edition the first 1787. This includes collection, ; volume includes the life, ' ' additions. 3. Poems,' &c., third edition,' the second his correspondence and poems, the was in London in 1787. The third the fourth published . formerly published poems, Edinburgh edition was reprinted in Phila- correspondence with Thomson and new delphia and New York in 1788, and in Bel- poems. A second and third edition followed fast (1788, 1789), and Dublin (1788, 1789). in 1801, a fourth in 1803, a fifth in 1805, a 4. 'Poems,' &c. (2 vols.) (second edition), sixth in 1809, and a seventh in 1813. Currie's Edinburgh and London, 1793 (includes name was not given. In 1820, the copyright ' twenty new pieces). 5. Poems,' &c., 2 vols. having expired, the publishers brought out The second edition, considerably enlarged, an eighth edition, edited by Gilbert Burns. Edinburgh and London, 1794 (a reprint of He was to receive 500/. for two editions, No. and the last in Burns's but his notes were ' few and ' the 4) published meagre ; ' lifetime. 6. The Scots Musical Museum, edition failed, and he only received 250/., humbly dedicated to the Catch Club, insti- from which he at last repaid his brother's tuted at Edinburgh, June 1771, by James loan. 2. 'Works of Robert Burns, with Johnson.' The six volumes of this book, Life by Allan Cunningham,' 8 vols. foolscap dated 1787, 1788, 1790, 1792, 1796, and 8vo, London, 1834, with many additions. A 1803, include 184 songs written or collected convenient edition in 1 vol. imperial 8vo by Burns. This work was republished in 1839 was published by Tegg in 1840, and has ' in 4 vols., with notes by William Stenhouse since been reprinted for Bohn. 3. Works and Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, edited by of Robert Burns by the Ettrick Shepherd David Laing, who edited another edition in and William Motherwell,' 5 vols. foolscap ' 1853. 7. A Select Collection of Original 8vo, Glasgow, 1836. Hogg supplied the Scottish Airs for the Voice, . . . with Se- memoir in vol. v. The editors claim to lect and Characteristic Verses,' both Scotch have added 180 pieces to Currie's collec- ' ' and English, adapted to the airs, including up- tion. 4. Poetical Works of Robert Burns wards of 100 new songs by Burns. Six vols., (PiCKEKiNG, Aldine Edition ofBritish Poets}, folio, London and Edinburgh. This work London, 1830 and 1839. Memoir by Sir was brought out in parts between 1793 and Harris Nicolas, who expresses regret in the 1805. Burns contributed nearly seventy songs, 1839 edition at being now compelled by of which only six appeared before his death. publishing considerations to give 200 new, The second part appeared in August 1798, or partly new, letters or poems from ma- the third in July 1799. In 1799 Stewart & nuscript which will not add to the poet's ' Meikle of Glasgow issued the 'Jolly Beggars,' fame, and in contradiction to his earnest ' Holy Willie's Prayer,' and other suppressed and pathetic injunctions.' The manuscripts poems in a series of weekly tracts. They thus used were sold in London on 13 Dec. ' were reprinted in (8) a volume called Poems 1854, and are now in the British Museum. ' ' ' ascribed to Robert Burns (Thomas Stewart, 5. Works of Robert Burns (with many il- Glasgow, 1801). 9. 'Letters addressed to lustrations and documents, 2 vols. imperial Robert Burns first Blackie & edited Clarinda,' by ; printed 8vo, Sons), 1843-4; by by Stewart of Glasgow in 1802 from copies Alexander Whitelaw and regularly reprinted. obtained. edi- 6. In ' surreptitiously An authorised 1838 R. Chambers edited a people^ ' ' ' tion, with a notice of Mrs. M'Lehose, who died edition of Currie's Life' and of the Poeti- on 22 Oct. 1841, was published by her grand- cal Works,' and in 1829 of the prose works, ' son, W. C. M'Lehose, in 1843. 10. Re- with additional material. In 1851 he pub- ' liques of Robert Burns . . . collected and lished The Life and Works of Robert Burns' published by R. H. Cromek,' London, 1808. ( W. & R. Chambers, 4 vols. 12mo), in which ' This includes seventy-two letters, stric- all the writings are inserted in chronolo- tures on Scotch songs and ballads,' written gical order, with indications of the origi- Burns in a of the ' Musical Museum ' nal sources and with a narrative. by copy ; connecting books letters from William The to were commonplace ; profits, amounting 200/., given Burns 438 Burns

to Mrs. Begg and her family. A library Letters series (1879). Among other books bear- Burns be mentioned : Sermons edition of the same, in 4 vols. 8vo, appeared ing upon may by in 1856. 7. ' Life and Works of Robert John Dun (Kilmarnock, 1790), in which Burns is satirised for Burnomania Burns/ by P. Hately Waddell (Glasgow, impiety ; (Edin- burgh, 1811), written by W. Peebles, attacked 1867), with some new biographical material in the Kirk's ( by Burns Alarm and the Holy Fair in appendix to vol. ii. 8. Works of Robert Memoirs of William Smellie (Edinburgh, 181x Burns/ 6 vols. 8vo, 1877, demy Edinburgh, R. Kerr, a with. edited William Scott by including correspondence 1878, 1879, by Douglas ; Burns Letter to a Friend of Robert Burns the works in ; arranged chronological order, (James Gray), by William Wordsworth (Lonr with references to sources original ; portraits, Lectures on the don, 1816) ; English Poets, by and illustrations. facsimiles, maps, W. Hazlitt (1819); Specimens of the British Poets, * ' An elaborate of Burns was Thomas of Bibliography by Campbell (1819) ; Memoir James James at published by McKie Kilrnarnock Currie (Burns's biographer) (1831); TheWidow of in also a list of Burns's Burns of the sale of her 1881, containing (account goods) (1834) ; ' manuscripts, relics, monuments, &c. A Bi- Contemporaries of Burns, by James Paterson ' bliotheca Burnsiana by the same, in 1866, (1840); The Land of Burns illustrations by. D. 0. gives editions in his private library. Hill, letterpress by Professor Wilson and R. Chambers (1840); A Winter with R. Burns [The main authority for Burns's life is his own (by James an account of his life in correspondence. The first Life, by Eobert Heron, Marshall), ; notes on his name and a personal friend, appeared in Edinburgh in Edinburgh (1846) James F.R.S. 1797. It was a reprint from articles in the family by Burnes, K.H., (pri- vately Memoirs of Monthly Magazine and British Kegister for printed, 1851); Genealogical the Family of Robert Burns, Charles 1797 (vol. iii.), and was reprinted in Chambers's by Rogers ; Some Account of the Glenriddel MSS. Scottish Biography (1832). Currie's Life first (1877) the . . . edited appeared in 1800. The commonplace book used (in Liverpool Athenaeum) by A. . L. by Currie is now in possession of Mr. A. Mac- Henry Bright (1874).] S. millan, and was first fully printed by Mr. Jack in D.D. Macmillan's Magazine in March to July, BURNS, ROBERT, (1789-1869), writer and church was born 1879-80 (vols. xxxix. xl.) David Irving's Lives theological leader, at Bo'ness of the Scottish Poets contains a Life of Burns in in 1789, educated at the university of vol. ii. The publication of Cromek's Keliques in Edinburgh, licensed as a probationer of 1808 a produced review by Jeffrey in the Edin- the church of Scotland in 1810, and ordained Review for 1809 and in minister of burgh January by Scott the Low church, Paisley, in 1811. the Quarterly Review for 1809. In He was a man of February great energy and activity, 1815 Alexander Peterkin a Review of published a popular preacher, a laborious worker in his the Life and Writings, &c., state- containing parish and town, a strenuous supporter of ments by Syme and letters from Gray and Find- the evangelical party in the church, and one later, replying to some of the statements in these of the foremost of reviews. A Life by Josiah Walker was opponents lay patronage. prefixed In 1815, with the wants to a collection of his poems in 1811 and impressed spiritual sepa- of his in the he rately printed. A Life by Hamilton Paul was countrymen colonies, helped to form a colonial for prefixed to his poems and songs in 1819. The society supplying Life them with by Lockhart appeared in 1828 as vol. xxiii. ministers, and of this society he of Constable's continued the Miscellany, and was also reprinted mainspring for fifteen years. separately. It was reviewed by John Wilson in Joining the Free church in 1843, he was sent Blackwood (May 1828), and by Carlyle in the by the general assembly in 1844 to the United Edinburgh Review for December 1828. The States, to cultivate fraternal relations with Lives Allan by Cunningham (1834), Hogg (1836) the churches and in 1845 he Chambers there, accepted (1851), Waddell (1867) have been an invitation to be minister of Knox's church, mentioned in connection with the works. Cham- Toronto, in which he remained till bers's contains the charge only thorough investigation 1856, when he was of facts. There are appointed professor of also Lives without new church materials history and apologetics in Knox's Col- by George Gilfillan in Nichol's library edition of lege, a theological institution of the British Poets (1856); by Alexander presby- terian church. Burns took a most Smith, prefixed to an edition of the poems by lively Macmillan interest in his about with (1865) ; by William Gunnyon in an church, moving edition Nimmo great over the by (1866); by W. M. Rossetti, activity whole colony, and m an edition by Moxon (1871); and an ad- becoming acquainted with almost every con- mirable Summary of Burns's Career and Genius gregation. He died in 1869. He was the Professor by Nichol, printed for the subscribers author of several works: 1. 'A Historical to ' the library edition See Dissertation (1877-9). also Some i on the Law and Practice of Aspects of Robert Burns, R. L. Great by S./ in the Britain with regard to the 1819. Cornhill for Poor/ Magazine October 1879; and Pro- 2. On 1824. < lessor Pluralities/ 3. The Gareloch Shairp's Robert Burns in the Men of Heresy tried/ 1830. 4. 'Life of Stevenson Burns 439 Burrant

1842. Besides these hood but it was his to leave these Macgill, D.D./ writing ; practice works, lie edited in 1828 a new edition of to the care of others, and always press for- ' Wodrow's History of the Sufferings of the ward to occupy new ground. Leaving that Church of Scotland, from the Restoration to part of China, he went to Shanghae, Swatow, the Revolution,' in 4 vols., contributing a life and then to Pekin and Nieu-chwang. Burns ' ' of the author; and for three years (1838-40) translated the Pilgrim's Progress as well as he edited and contributed many papers to the many of our best hymns into Chinese. He was 1 Edinburgh Christian Instructor,' which had remarkable for his simple and self-denying been a very powerful organ of the evangeli- ways. On his mission tours he took little cal party in the church when edited by Dr. with him but tracts and bibles, trusting to Andrew Thomson, and was conducted by the hospitality of the people. Often he was Burns for the advancement of the same annoyed, once arrested and imprisoned, and cause. sometimes robbed ; but he bore all with the meekness. To avoid stared [Memoir of Dr. Burns, by his son, Eobert F. greatest being Scotia Dis- at as a foreigner, he ultimately adopted the Burns, D.D., now of Halifax, Nova ; Worthies Notice of Dr. his Chinese dress, and lived like a native. ruption ; Burns, by Having a chill at nephew, J. C. Burns, D.D., Kirkliston.] caught Nieu-chwang, an out-of-the- W. G. B. way place to which he went simply on account of its destitution, he died there on 4 April BURNS, WILLIAM CHALMERS 1868. Burns won in a most unusual degree (1815-1868), missionary to China, born in the esteem both of British residents and of 1815 at the manse of Dun, Forfarshire, was the natives of China, and of all friends of mis- educated along with his brother Islay [q. v.] sions, and is universally regarded as having at the grammar school of Aberdeen and at been, one of the most devoted missionaries Marischal College and University. His first since apostolic times. training was in an Edinburgh lawyer's office, [Memoir of the Eev.W. C. Burns. M. A., by the the of such but in 1832 he became subject Kev. Islay Burns, D.D., Professor of Theology, intense religious impressions that he resolved Free Church College, Glasgow, London, 1870; to be a minister of the gospel, returned to the Blaikie's Leaders in Modern Philanthropy, G. B. university, and was licensed as a probationer London, 1884.] W. the tery of Glasgow in 1 839. His pur- by presby BURNSIDE, ROBERT (1759-1826), pose was to be a missionary abroad, but, there baptist minister, was born in the parish of then no vacancy in the mission field, he being Clerkenwell on 31 Aug. 1759, and educated occupation at home. His accepted temporary at Merchant Taylors' School and at Aberdeen first labours were at Dundee, where he took University, where he graduated M.A. In 1780 of the of the Rev. R. M. charge congregation he was appointed afternoon preacher at the his absence in Palestine. McCheyne during Seventh-day Baptist church, Curriers' Hall, Burns with extraordinary earnest- preached London, and in 1785 pastor of that congre- ness and of conviction a revival depth ; great which removed in 1799 to Redcross of life followed, much as in the days religious fation,treet, and thence to Devonshire Square. As of Whitefield and Burns then Wesley. spent a teacher of languages he amassed a consider- some different of Scotland years visiting parts able fortune. He died in Snow's Fields, Ber- and the north of England, and with corre- mondsey, on 19 May 1826. His works are : results. He tried Dublin, but had ' sponding 1. The Religion of Mankind, in a Series of little success there. to Canada, he < Going Essays,' 2 vols., London, 1819, 8vo. 2. Tea- made a where the great impression, especially Table Chat, or Religious Allegories told at Scotch but the scenes did not abounded, equal the Tea-Table in a Seminary for Ladies/ those which had taken in his native land. * place 3. vol. i., London, 1820, 8vo. Remarks on It was not till 1846 that he set for China put the different Sentiments entertained in Chris- as a in connection with the missionary pres- tendom relative to the Weekly Sabbath/ terian church of His first efforts by England. London, 1825, 8vo. the Chinese were among very discouraging, Sermon J. B. Shenston [Funeral by (1826) ; and his faith and perseverance were put to Ivimey's Hist, of the English Baptists, iv. 326, great trial. Ere long, however, the results 327 ; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus. ; Ko- were much more In 1854, at encouraging. binson's Merchant Taylors' School, 134.] T. C. Pechuia, near Amoy, began a remarkable harvest, which in various places he continued BURRANT, ROBERT (fl. 1553), trans- to reap. A marvellous spiritual power ac- lator, is spoken of by Tanner as either an companied his words, and numberless hearts Englishman or a Scotchman. It is, how- were touched. Many native congregations ever, evident from his preface to Sir D. of Christians were formed in the neighbour- Lindsay's poem (see below) that he was an