POLITICS of GENDER EQUALITY: the Role of Men and Boys in Promoting Women and Girls Rights

ISSUE 60, JUNE 2016

AriseA Women’s Development Magazine Published by ACFODE

POLITICS OF GENDER EQUALITY: The Role of Men and Boys in Promoting Women and Girls Rights

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AriseA Women’s Development Magazine Published by ACFODE Issue 59, December 2015 Celebrating

sion fo as r a P J f u o s y t

e S n r o c u

i o

3030 Vision 1985 - 2015 A just society where gender equality is a reality Years Mission

To empower women and influence legislation and policy for gender equality in Uganda Editor In Chief Sandra Nassali, [email protected] Core Purpose: ACFODE Board of Directors Advocacy for gender equality and equity 1. Florence Tayebwa Muhwezi – Chairperson 2. Perry Aritua – Treasurer LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 3. Josephine Kasaija – Member 4. Richard Makumbi – Member 5. Gertrude Ssekabira – Member Congratulations ACFODE on your 30th Anniversary! What you shared with 6. Sidonia Angom - Member readers in ISSUE 59 of the Arise Magazine reflected what I already know to 7. Hilda Akabwai - Member be the excellent and quality of your work, as well as your care for women 8. Regina Bafaki – Secretary and development as whole. Many thanks to you for your continuing efforts 9. Yossa Daisy – Staff Representative and congratulations on thirty years of distinction! Here’s to the next 30!

Nanyunja Elizabeth Contributors to this issue Mukono Joan Kabayambi Gillian Nantume Brian Mutebi As a proud and grateful member of ACFODE, I congratulate ACFODE on Tumusiime K. Deo producing an exceptional magazine that celebrated her glorious legacy Bob G. Kisiki that continues to inspire many. ISSUE 59 shared an unbounded optimism Nancy Nandudu about the organisation’s continued impact and relevance in shaping and Kaviri Ali enriching the lives of countless women, in Uganda and beyond. Robson Okello Moses Otwanga Robert Kabale Kenneth Kabebasize Sub County Chief, Luweero District Local Government/ Long time Belinda Kyomuhendo ACFODE Member Roger Kiwanuka Nina Kulabako Dear ACFODE, the Magazine was well received. On behalf of the Health Unit at Kisoro District Local Government, we extend our heartiest con- Stacy Pearl Kerungi gratulations to your organization for 30 glorious years of success. You Sasha Mumbi have always been on the top of the list for serving the community with Sandra Kabagenyi your unselfish services.

Nick Muneza Editorial Team District Surveillance Focal Person, Kisoro District 1. Regina Bafaki 2. Helen Twongyeirwe 3. Julius Ocwinyo ARISE 60 3 CONTENT

6. 06 SITUATION OF WOMEN AND GIRLS’ RIGHTS IN UGANDA 08 IS THE GENDER MOVEMENT STILL ALIVE? 10 EXPERIENCES OF MALE GENDER EQUALITY ADVOCATES 10. 15 GENDER AT THE WORKPLACE: EQUALITY IN ROLES OR EQUALITY IN RIGHTS? 17 PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY IN THE WORKPLACE: FOUR ORGANISATION CASE EXAMPLES 20 FEATURE INTERVIEW WITH THE MINISTER OF GENDER LABOUR AND SOCIAL 15. DEVELOPMENT – THE HON. WILSON MURULI MUKASA 24 OPINION: Sorry women, your rights are unpleasant to us 20. 26 YOUTH RISING TO TAKE THEIR PLACE AS VECTORS OF GENDER EQUALITY 30 STREET TALK 35 BOOK REVIEWS 35 THE ROLE OF MALE LEADERS IN SUSTAINING DISCUSSIONS ON WOMEN & GIRLS’ RIGHTS 40 FANNING THE WRONG FLAME: 43 GENDER EQUALITYA FAMILY EXPERIENCE 45 THE TRUE NATURE OF LEADERSHIP 42 WHY RWANDA, NOT UGANDA, IS OFFICIALLY THE BEST PLACE TO BE A WOMAN 51 THE ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM THAT IS TRAMPLING EVERY ROAD TO WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS 53 GENDERRESPONSIVE SERVICE DELIVERY – WHAT IS THE STATUS QUO IN UGANDA? 51 INVOLVING MEN AND BOYS IN THE PROMOTION OF WOMEN AND GIRLS’ RIGHTS: THE UGANDAN CIVIL SOCIETY 42. 51. EXPERIENCE

4 ARISE 60 FROM THE EDITOR

Dear Readers,

Welcome to Issue 60 of Arise magazine themed “Engaging Men and Boys in Promoting Women and Girls’ Rights”. Today, it is widely recognised that improving women and girls’ status and advancing their rights yield benefits for the whole society. This is because women and girls are undeniably a valuable resource in the development and sustainability of a nation.

In Uganda, women and girls still do not have the same opportunities as men and boys. Society continues to turn a blind eye to the multitude of issues surrounding them, thus necessitating a redress. Some of these issues include early child marriage, land and property rights, education, maternal health and domestic violence, among others.

It is on the above grounds that women and girls should be highly appreciated and their needs put at the forefront. Indeed, it is high time society realised the political, social and economic contribution that women and girls make to the development of the nation and the world at large.

The emphasis of Issue 60 of Arise magazine is, therefore, to encourage men and boys to put a focus on women and girls. Not only does it look at uplifting women and girls’ status but also ensuring that their rights are observed and respected.

There is a broad scope of informative stories and experiences in this issue from men who have embraced gender equality and have zealously fought for it. Readers will be able to understand the current state of gender equality and the role of men and boys in guaranteeing its observance.

This particular issue, therefore shares the efforts in which men and boys have been involved towards supporting the human rights of women and girls in the various communities. It portrays how men and boys have been engaged as gender advocates to speak out as active agents and stakeholders who can transform social norms, behaviour and gender stereotypes that perpetuate discrimination, inequality and rights violation, especially against women and girls.

Achieving women and girls’ rights is about men and boys standing up to speak out and take action in support of their sisters, mothers, daughters and partners because silence and inaction by good men and boys only conspire against women. Thus, there is need to transform gender roles between male and female, to transform unequal power relations, and to challenge negative notions of masculinity.

It is time for men and boys to join forces and enhance their role in helping to achieve a more egalitarian society since they are equally strategic allies in the pursuit of gender equality. The result of this is a win for women, men and for our common humanity and society.

One cannot deny, therefore, that there is need to engage men and boys in the promotion of women and girls’ rights. Change is slowly taking place, and men and boys are increasingly working alongside women to support and empower women and girls.

Enjoy the magazine! ARISE 60 5 PHOTO CREDIT- EDWARD ECHWALU

SITUATION OF WOMEN AND GIRLS’ RIGHTS IN UGANDA JOAN KABAYAMBI fforts to change the situation of women in Uganda focusing on narrowing the gender gap have made remarkable progress over the past Gender bias against 30 years. However, the situation of women and the gender gap in social, E economic, health and political aspects remain dire and unacceptable. women arising from cultural and religious Progress has, for instance, been made in enrolments at primary, secondary and attitudes needs to be tertiary education levels. Considerable progress has also been made in women’s participation in leadership and politics. tackled by gender-parity promoting policies and Up to 40% of Members of Parliament (MPs) are women and, to a smaller extent, this legislation. is reflected at lower levels of leadership, in the private sector and in both public and private institutions. Very modest progress has been made in the area of economic

6 ARISE 60 RIGHTS

According to the UN 2015 Gender Gap Report, which scored a combined index of economic, education, health and political aspects of gender-gap The recently mooted indicators, Uganda emerged number 58 Uganda Women out of 145 countries assessed. Entrepreneurship The topmost countries (with the Fund with an initial narrowest gender gaps or with the annual funding of highest gender parity) were Iceland, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Ireland and USh. 243b for women Rwanda. The bottom six countries were groups countrywide is Yemen, Pakistan, Syria, Chad, Iran and a good initiative. Land Jordan. and asset ownership Rwanda scored better than the UK and security should and the USA, both of them developed be guaranteed by countries, whose scores stood at 18 and 28 respectively. This indicates that it legislation. is policy and not necessarily economic prosperity that determines gender annual funding of USh. 243b for women parity in a country. groups countrywide is a good initiative. Land and asset ownership and security To accelerate progress towards gender should be guaranteed by legislation. parity, Uganda will have to adopt or catalyse a number of policy measures. Policy and legislation should be made emancipation. Women’s participation in leadership and to ensure that women benefit from their in politics at all levels, but especially labour, particularly in agriculture. Four main obstacles hinder rapid at higher levels, must be strongly progress towards achieving gender promoted. To achieve the above, it is also parity in Uganda. important to recognise that women’s Gender bias against women arising from contribution is an integral part of First, poor or non-existent maternal cultural and religious attitudes needs to sustainable development, which is health services continue to cause high be tackled by gender-parity promoting critical to ensure gender balance in maternal morbidity and mortality. policies and legislation. decision-making at all levels, to share roles and proceeds in agriculture, and Second, there is poor quality education, Investment has to be made in women’s to ensure male involvement and active with a high dropout rate of especially health and in reducing domestic participation in agriculture. girls in primary schools. workloads and risks. In particular, simple technologies need to be made Finally, it is crucial to strengthen Three, there are cultural impediments to available for increasing access to safe women’s asset security, visibility and land, asset and property ownership and water and cooking-energy sources and influence on improving livelihoods. security for women. to reduce the risks of ‘smoky’ kitchens. These efforts should open the way for rapid attainment of gender parity in And four, there are cultural attitudes Efforts should be made to increase Uganda. and practices which have led to rampant women’s economic independence Source: Internet gender-based violence. through income-generating projects and supportive legislation. The writer is a public health On the global scene, Uganda is fairly professional and women rights well rated in the effort to reduce the The recently mooted Uganda Women activist. She can be reached at: gender gap. Entrepreneurship Fund with an initial [email protected]

ARISE 60 7 GENDER MOVEMENT

IS THE GENDER MOVEMENT

Ms Nakaye argues STILL ALIVE? it is a matter of ARISE REPORTER choosing the right time to engage the fter decades of gender targeted advocacy and lobbying. This p u b l i c . mainstreaming and wom- involves getting the attention, not She illus- en’s rights advocacy in of the general public, but of the indi- t r a t e s , A both the public and pri- viduals or key institutions relevant to ‘you can- vate spheres, it would the issues being raised. She calls this not advo- seem the gender movement has gone lobbying, which is a form of advocacy. cate for silent. Proponents of this argument something state that many of the women who Ms Nakaye adds that gender and women u n l e s s were influential and outspoken on rights advocates have discovered that it is the gender and women’s rights in the early radical strategies no longer work. ‘We r i g h t years of the movement have since gone found that when we make noise, peo- time. For silent or taken up other careers. Would ple become defensive, even when they instance, this be a fair assessment? do not understand the issues we are this is raising.’ not the right time to advocate for the Proscovia Nakaye, Exchange Programme passing of the Marriage and Divorce Officer, Isis-WICCE, says that gender The activists additionally assert that Bill by the newly-elected MPs. We have advocacy is still alive. ‘As activists, women’s organisations are doing a to wait until it comes up to the floor we have only changed the strategy of lot behind the scenes to advance the of Parliament, for us to begin engaging engagement. Instead of street dem- gender and women’s rights agenda. the different MPs, parliamentary com- onstrations and radical strategies, we ‘Currently, we are working on the mittees, and the public.’ engage the people directly involved implementation and sensitisation of in policy-making. For instance, when the different laws we advocated for, What progress has been made? we need to push for a policy at the such as the Domestic Violence Act, The women’s movement has definitely national level we will go to the gender and creating awareness in different registered significant progress in vari- committee in Parliament.’ communities about the international ous fields. Take, for example, the polit- conventions government ratified that ical field where the current Speaker affect women. That may not be vis- Working behind the scenes of the National Assembly is a woman. ible but it is good work. The women’s Sheila Muwanga, Deputy Executive That is a position of influence. Other movement is vibrant; maybe we are Director of Programmes at the women have also held powerful posi- just now working behind the scenes,’ Foundation for Human Rights tions in government. Examples include, shares one of them, who prefers ano- Initiatives (FHRI), agrees, adding that among others, the Hon. Irene Muloni, nymity. sometimes activists need to carry out who is Energy Minister, the Hon. Saida

8 ARISE 60 es, which are currently required to meet the country’s development needs. Indeed, many women’s It is further noted that the gen- organisations have taken der and women rights movement has the gender and women advocated for the abolition of retro- gressive socio-cultural practices that rights advocacy work to affect women. This includes the pass- the grass-roots level. There, ing of the Domestic Violence Act women and women’s (2009), the Trafficking in Persons Act, the Prohibition of Female Genital organisations are being Mutilation Act 2010 and the Succession trained to analyse budgets Act (2006). Women’s organisations and monitor government have also tremendously contributed to Uganda’s policy and development programmes on education, agenda. A number of these organisa- health and governance, tions participated in the development among others. of the first and the second National Development Plan (NDP), Uganda’s blueprint for development. women’s agenda.’ This view is shared by Mukono municipality MP, the Hon. Ms Nakaye reveals an interesting trend. Betty Nambooze Bakireke. She argues She says that more rural women are that oftentimes women MPs and those taking a lot of interest in gender holding significant positions in govern- advocacy as compared to their urban ment have been compromised to serve counterparts and, as a result, many are the interests of their political parties reporting, for example, domestic vio- but not the interests of the women lence as it occurs and are also engaged or the country at large. She gives the in economic activities to uplift them- example of the Marriage and Divorce selves and their families. Bill that failed to pass in Parliament Bbumba, who was a Minister of Finance, and wonders why most women MPs did Planning and Economic Development, Indeed, many women’s organisations not support the bill that was intended and Justice Irene Mulyagonja, who is have taken the gender and women to take care of the interests of women the Inspector General of Government. rights advocacy work to the grass- and their rights. roots level. There, women and women’s Because of gender advocacy, affirma- organisations are being trained to There are also complaints that compe- tive action in public universities and analyse budgets and monitor govern- tition among some gender and women’s in political spaces was achieved. In ment programmes on education, health rights organisations may retard the every public university girls are offered and governance, among others. progress or efforts towards comprehen- a 1.5 point bonus and in politics every sively delivering for women and girls. district has a woman representative in Weaknesses in the movement Nevertheless, the gender movement is Parliament. This, in turn, has led to a still alive and going from strength to rise in the number of women standing Like any other people centred drive, strength. There are opportunities and for public leadership positions. there are weaknesses noted. There has momentum for growth. The Sustainable been an argument that while the num- Development Goals and the 2030 Alfred Rwamirengo, Communications ber of women in the political space Agenda, for example, seek to advance Manager, Uganda Women’s Network has increased, their meaningful contri- justice and equality, and this will put (UWONET) says that more girls need to bution is yet to be realised. ‘At some the gender and women’s movement at be given scholarships to study courses point, it ceases to be about numbers the fore of the development agenda. in oil and gas and other science cours- and becomes more about driving the

ARISE 60 9 Male Gender Advocates EXPERIENCES OF MALE GENDER EQUALITY

ADVOCATES BRIAN MUTEBI

In the past decade, a virtual firestorm of controversy has erupted regarding the role of men in advocating for gender equality and women’s rights. As community, political or religious leaders, they often control access to most resources. And as heads of state and government ministers, as leaders of religious and faith-based institutions, as judges, as heads of armies and other agencies of force, as village heads, or indeed as husbands and fathers, they often wield enormous power over many aspects of women’s lives. It’s therefore, important that they are involved in all initiatives that are geared towards making gender equality a reality.

On the one hand, it’s exciting that people are paying attention to it. On the other hand, we also worry that if the controversy runs amok, it may confuse and thwart what would otherwise have been exciting opportunities for moving forward. We would hate to see this happen.

Being a male gender equality advocate – or any diversity advocate for that matter – can be a tricky business. But rather than scare folks off, we hope the voices below will inspire a desire to rise to the challenge. They are particularly relevant for men who want to take on this role but aren’t sure how; other suggestions are relevant for anyone interested in working with, or encouraging, male advocates.

My childhood orientation inspired us at home, if it was your turn to cook it my passion for gender equal- did not matter whether you were a girl or ity – Julius Mukunda, National boy. That kind of orientation taught me Co-ordinator of Civil Society that we are all human beings, what I can Budgetary Advocacy Group do my sister can also do.

My passion for gender equality emanates Outside our home, however, I saw a lot of from my family background. I grew up in discrimination and injustice in society. I a family of eight children and there was remember, for instance, in Primary 5, a no single day I saw Dad or Mum differen- girl was married off and could not come tiating our roles because one was a boy back to school. I asked why and I was or girl. Duties were assigned based on told her father wanted to save money he age. The older children grazed cows, the was spending in school fees. Such inci- younger ones calves. So I don’t under- dents inspired me to make a difference stand it when in some families cooking is in the world. And fortunately for the for girls and fetching water for boys. For last 15 years in my professional career, I

10 ARISE 60 have worked with a number of women’s programmes. rights organisations such as FOWODE and I can’t remember when exactly I started ACFODE, which did not only expose me to It’s been lots of ‘fights’, however. advocating for gender equality but it’s the causes and the consequences of gen- Sometimes you can’t understand why been a revolution since 2001 when I der inequality but empowered me with someone feels injustice is okay. You go was admitted to Makerere University for the tools to make a contribution in the to a meeting and people ask whether you a BA Social Sciences programme. I was promotion of gender and women’s rights. are a woman because you have talked to study three subjects: Gender, Political I have done research, attended meetings about gender and women’s rights. Some Science and Social Administration. and workshops both local and interna- people still don’t want to hear the word tional, which have given me a wealth ‘gender’. But if you face a challenge and Since Gender was a new subject at the of experience. When you attend an you know how to deal with it, it becomes university and because of the miscon- international conference there are many a milestone. Men should be participants ceptions that surrounded it, it wasn’t things you learn. I have been involved in this movement and appreciate that a rosy ground to study. In the minds of in activities of building coalitions and having gender equality is smart busi- many, gender was a subject for women management of campaigns. I have also ness and that women’s rights are human and by women, inappropriate for men. worked with UN Women in Zimbabwe, rights issues so that if one is told FGM or For heaven’s sake, they would say, why Brazil, Philippines, Zambia, USA, among domestic violence against women is bad, would a whole man study Gender, a other countries, as an international con- he understands it from a human rights course for women? sultant on gender budgeting. perspective, not a cultural perspective. But rather than despair, I took a lot of Interestingly I have never been in a The journey is not over, however. It’s interest in the subject. As we were being class that teaches gender. Nevertheless, something we shall die doing because ridiculed as men studying gender, we had I don’t think you first need to study gen- there are still challenges. We, for to make lots of explanations and those der to champion the rights of women. It instance, have only 40% women repre- explanations gave us a lot of insight begins with you. It is a question of look- sentatives in the National Parliament and into what gender is and is not. It was ing at human beings and their abilities, girls still drop out of school at tender the same situation back in my village not at whether they are male or female. ages. The journey is still long. of Rugando in Mbarara district. When For me I felt there shouldn’t be injustice I went for Semester One holiday, I was in society. I didn’t have to first go to asked by an old man what I studied at school to understand that. I qualified Misconceptions of gender inspired the university. I told him Gender. You in economics and my role is to see how my curiosity in gender studies – see, explaining gender in Runyankole is economics relates to gender relation- Amon Mwine, lecturer at Makerere not easy so the man took my explanation ships. I look at numbers and see who University and PhD student at for gender to mean studying women. He is benefiting and who is not. I realised Stellenbosch University, South couldn’t believe what I had told him. our resources allocation is not based on Africa He asked, “you mean you go that far in needs; otherwise our budgets should be the capital city and waste government engendered. That’s why I promote gender money studying women?” He said that budgeting. if I wanted to study women and who women are, I did not have to go to uni- There is progress in realising wom- versity but to him and he would tell me en’s rights and gender equality. Uganda all about women. enacted the Domestic Violence Act, the Anti-Female Genital Mutilation Law, and It was clear gender was misconceived Uganda is the first country in the world by all, both the rural illiterate persons to issue certificates of gender equity, the and university students. But that pushed policy that requires every sector to have me to be more inquisitive about what policies and programmes compliant with gender is all about. In my second year I the precepts of gender equality. Back majored in gender, and at the end of my then women’s rights were not a priority. programme I got a first class degree. My Today the orientation has changed. There first job, though, was an administrative was no gender budgeting, for example. It job but my interest was in writing and has since been adopted in government doing research in the field of gender so I

ARISE 60 11 Male Gender Advocates resigned after two years. resistance and it took a lot of explana- the fact that before God we are all equal. I enrolled for a master’s degree in tions. We argued our case amongst our I think the biggest role men can play in gender and consequently was offered a peers, church and finally it passed. But promoting gender equality is appreciat- non-remunerated position of research when the videographer was branding our ing each other, female and male. Men assistant. My master’s degree thesis was wedding tapes, he wrote ‘Amon weds need to appreciate that being male or on students’ accommodation spaces and Jovah’. We were not disappointed; it just female does not in any way make one how they are gendered. That was another points to what is in the society concern- superior or inferior, a commander, an unique area of study but I wanted to ing gender. oppressor and oppressed. This is a big explore unfamiliar angles. I am now a step in achieving gender equality. lecturer at Makerere University and a The other milestone concerns the course PhD student at Stellenbosch University, on gender and masculinity we introduced Traditional perceptions of gender equal- South Africa. I am investigating the role at Makerere University. The guidelines ity pose big challenges to the crusade of men in Parliament in passing gender- stipulate that for a given course to be for gender equality. Such perceptions are sensitive bills. introduced it must have a minimum ingrained in the assumption that one sex number of students. The course was first inferior to the other. But it is also true I have experienced interesting scenarios disapproved. People wondered why study that some men lack appropriate informa- about how people perceive the relations about men, what don’t we know about tion on gender issues, so such men need between man and woman. One was when men? We started with 12 students. In the information, for men have influence in my then girlfriend and I intended to second year of its running we had 50 as society and some have money so they procure a plot of land in Kampala. We students gained interest in the subject. can use that to promote gender equal- wanted a lawyer to transfer the title to Today we have 150 students. That shows ity. Those in decision-making positions both of our names. He objected even if the progress we are making. The future is can make good laws and policies that it was the two of us who called him for bright. It means more people are going empower women. This will help achieve business. He called me aside and said, out of the university with knowledge. gender equality. ‘Are you really sure you want to include In the past we had a theme for the this girl’s name on the title? What if International Women’s Day on bring- you don’t marry her?’ We laboured to ing both men and women in advancing convince him, three times altogether, gender and women’s rights. I think the until we told him that those were the stage has been set. Now we only need terms of his service; it was us employing to be more innovative and strategic in him so it was not up to him but us to our work. decide whose names should be on the title. I told him ‘this is our business. If we marry, that land will be our property. I use scripture to preach gen- If we don’t, the way we called you is the der equality – Monsignor Gerald same way we will call you back and say Kalumba, Parish Priest of Christ we want to dispose of this property.’ He the King Church, Kampala reluctantly accepted. We married and we have our home on that piece of land. Though a lot has been done to promote It’s a home that is proudly owned by gender equality, its ugly head still peeps two people. That incident, however, every now and then. I, for instance, shows the perception people have about witnessed my mother domineered over women and gender. by my father, how we boys domineered over our sisters, and this happens in very Yet that was not all. When my wife, many other places. I have also witnessed Jovah, and I were getting married, we how people misinterpret the scriptures to wanted our order of service not to read favour men. But as a leader in the Roman ‘Amon weds Jovah’ but ‘The wedding of Catholic Church, I have played my role in Amon and Jovah’ because we thought promoting gender equality by preaching neither of us was wedding the other but the equality of everybody. I emphasise it was our wedding, both of us. We faced

12 ARISE 60 A gender-sensitive man is a hap- the fact that it is at the core of society’s pier man – Richard Sewakiryanga, existence. There is no society without Executive Director of Uganda NGO relationships and gender is about rela- Forum tions. You cannot say I am a man (without a woman). You can only be a man in Gender equality is not something I relation to another person, a woman. If encountered as a job but it is a reality I people realised the importance of those lived since I was young. Our mother was relations, there would be no fighting a clear-headed woman who taught us to but valuing and respect for each other. understand that men and women are not Fighting a woman means fighting a per- different from each other. That’s what I son you should be in a relationship with. grew up knowing, so much that after my undergraduate degree in Social Sciences The first thing societies do is develop at Makerere University, with a number of rules and then play the game. Rules are options for my master’s degree, I offered important as they help structure our to do one in Women and Gender Studies. lives. Sometimes as you play the game That was in 1997. I considered my choice you may forget the rules but that doesn’t to be much more interesting as it would mean the rules don’t exist. Today we are teach me something new. I was in a class concerned about how men and women of two men and thirteen women. I loved should live but really why, when man reading and found writings on feminist and woman are the core of society? They studies very insightful. are supposed to live together in harmony in the first place. We ask: Should there I have, since graduating from university be marital rape, domestic violence and worked in many places. I started as a things like that? Should we be asking Research Fellow at the Centre for Basic so? We’re simply debating rules. We are Research before working on a govern- debating these things not because they ment programme on participatory poverty are the issues we should be debating but assessment. I then revised the National because we have broken the rules. Gender Policy in the early 2000s before I got involved in gender budgeting work. If you want to find comfort in your home, Working on gender equality programmes you need to be gender-sensitive. For has not always been smooth. There was instance, the men in polygamous mar- resistance. People would always question riages have more discomfort than those why. Today I work with the Uganda NGO in monogamous marriages even though Forum. I am still a Fellow at the Centre one may claim to be happy (in a polyga- for Basic Research and handle gender mous marriage). Such men live under and a lot more other things. daily pressures from their wives, being pushed here and there. A happier man is What 20 years have taught me is that we a gender-sensitive man. Going forward, become deceptive if we do not realise society needs to think about how men that men and women are equal. Societies and women relate, not only men with are not made up of one sex, given the women but also men and men, for there fact that the process of reproduction is are men fighting men. In schools boys by man and woman. Look at the concept fight boys. It’s abundantly clear that of a family. It all begins at the family men can be a problem to themselves. It level. Families are relational. They are is high time we intentionally targeted made up of children, mother and father, men on issues of gender. There is need at a minimum, so it is very deceptive for for such a solidarity movement. society to imagine that women are val- ueless. The value of gender is rooted in

ARISE 60 13 Male Gender Advocates

Promoting human rights is a cause, a conviction I must pursue.’ natural calling – Dr Livingstone Sewanyana, Executive Director, FHRI takes a holistic approach to human FHRI rights and Sewanyana says it is because human rights are about the dignity of Dr Livingstone Sewanyana is the founder the individual, all individuals. ‘Dignity and Executive Director of the Foundation is not exclusive of any gender,’ he says, for Human Rights Initiative (FHRI). He is ‘for inequality affects us all irrespective a lawyer and human rights activist with of whether you’re a man or woman. So over 20 years’ experience in promoting the issue is not about man or woman, the rights of vulnerable persons. He has but the individual, for equality and non- vast experience in legal research and discrimination are as important to a man analysis; advocacy for policy reform; as they are to a woman or children.’ human rights, access to justice and rule of law issues. Sewanyana is a decorated Sewanyana argues that promoting gen- human rights defender who has won der equality and human rights must be several national and international human a natural process because the bulk of rights awards, including the prestigious Uganda’s population is comprised of European Union Human Rights Award. women, so if one pursues justice and ignores the bulk of the population jus- He attributes his success to the pas- tice cannot be achieved. ‘One would be sion, sacrifice, humility and dedication naïve to think that one can deal with that he brings to his work. He says that rights without addressing issues of gen- the virtue of being tolerant is crucial der equality and parity,’ he remarks. ‘For to the promotion of human rights. ‘We me, promoting gender equality is not a work in an environment where people question but a settled matter. In fact, have divergent views so you have got at FHRI we don’t talk about equality but to be tolerant to succeed in working in equal opportunities and justice for all.’ such an environment,’ he says. Working in partnership is another. ‘I don’t work Sewanyana is a risk-taker and says that alone but in partnerships, with others. is what has made him break through At FHRI, we have worked in partnership barriers. ‘The prisons or elections work with all actors in the field of human we do involve risks but I am convinced rights at local, national, regional and it is a good cause so I am not deterred. international levels. Right from the local I want to see something happen; I community to the UN Human Rights want to exploit and explore. I pursue Council you will find FHRI presence. something to its logical conclusion.’ He We engage in constructive engagement also demands perfection from his team. with all stakeholders, particularly gov- ‘Our work is serious business. It is not ernment.’ different from private business where excellence is demanded. It is the same For Sewanyana, it is also about being here, only that we are non-profit. We are visionary. ‘I am a visionary person. You driven by the desire to see transforma- will find my fingerprints everywhere. tion and empowerment.’ I have had a hand in the founding of many organisations in Uganda, particularly human rights organisations. For instance, I am among the first pillars in The writer is a Features Reporter ACFODE. I was there in the reign of the with the Daily Monitor and a women Hon. Miria Matembe. For me, promot- rights activist. He can be reached at ing human rights is a natural calling, a [email protected]

14 ARISE 60 Rights GENDER AT THE WORKPLACE: EQUALITY IN ROLES OR EQUALITY IN RIGHTS? TUMUSIIME K. DEO

f the 1948 United It is imperative to note that a number Nations Declaration of of organisations are by law required What I find rather interesting (or is it!) Human Rights, and pos- to formulate their respective consti- is that even in institutions that are not I sibly the African Charter tutions prior to being allowed to necessarily for women only, there is a on Human and Peoples’ operate – and sometimes these are growing tendency of women getting Rights, were to be implemented pas- in the form of human resource manu- the jobs much more easily than their sionately to the letter, the question als. However, in this respect, in many male counterparts. The difference, of gender equality would never arise. organisations the gender provisions are though, is that in many instances, the The former, in Article 1, stipulates but merely mentioned in the booklets women are favoured squarely both for that all human beings are born equal and not much seems to reflect them reasons to do with suitability for the in dignity and rights; while the latter in real life. The coming up of women’s job and, in cases where the employ- emphasises, in Articles 2 and 3, that rights movements and, indeed, wom- ers are males, other non-job-related every individual shall be entitled to en’s organisations could have been the reasons may come into play. In both the enjoyment of the rights and free- right approach to furthering equality; instances, the women are still justifi- doms recognised in the charter. To this but these organisations also have a ably seen to face discrepancies in pay end, everything seems very good and tendency of employing only females, and the work environment in compari- on the right track. inadvertently causing inequality at the son with their male counterparts. expense of males. The argument put Many African countries have moved the out by such organisations is usually While it is easier from a rights per- above aspirations and others a step that males have for long taken the spective to argue in favour of gen- further by having them domesticated fatter jobs and now women have such der equality, many employers tend to in their constitutions. Unfortunately, an opportunity in their own organisa- struggle with balancing this with roles there persists a disparity between what tions – which, unfortunately, only has distribution from a gender perspec- is provided by law and what happens us going round in circles on the issue tive. In the course of their service, in real life. of gender equality. for example, women are likely to get

ARISE 60 15 Rights pregnant, meaning they must take leave of at least three months and bear an additional seven or so months of interruptions, at least until the children are able to comfortably stay home on their own without causing worries. During this time, male employees’ work life runs with little interruption and the employees are thus able to earn more from opportunities arising at the workplace.

I have also observed from experience that in some workplaces, especially in the non-governmental organisations, staff tend to earn more from field activities than from their monthly sal- ary. It is quite tricky for most women to take part in these field activities, particularly those who are married and

or longest term, shall women and men be equal from a mathematical perspective. What is more feasible is that women and men should and must be entitled to equal rights – the right to education, the right to food, the right to play, the right to get employed, the right of speech, the right of association, and the right of recognition, among others. The situation should be akin to when it rains and when it shines. When it rains, it rains for us all, both male and female; and when it shines, it shines for us all, irrespective of sex. Similarly, both women and men with children to care for, as staying 2010, during which men and women should enjoy the world’s opportuni- out of home for a long time may only were affected differently. Men are said ties in equal measure as long as one work to strain families. In such situa- to have lost more jobs than women, possesses the qualification it takes to tions, employers often leave it up to but men experienced a much steadier perform a given responsibility. And in the women to decide whether to fol- recovery. One in five women are work- situations where our state of being, low company schedules or forego their ing part-time because they cannot find whether male or female, is of particu- jobs, an issue that can sometimes be full-time work yet, prior to the reces- lar importance, measures must be put quite traumatising. sion, the proportion was less than one in place to ensure that nothing works in ten women. This simply points to to the disadvantage of any member of According to the International Trade how gender disparities are quite unpre- staff by virtue of their sex. Union Confederation (ITUC), the global dictable, often untentionally skewed gender pay gap ranges from 3% to to disadvantage women – just because It is indefensible for an expectant 51%, with a global average of 17 %. they are women! mother to go on maternity leave with The ITUC also noted the impact of the conflicted feelings due to the fear that Great Recession between 2007 and Well, not in the short term or long term she will be disadvantaged in one way

16 ARISE 60 Equality

PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY IN THE WORKPLACE: FOUR ORGANISATION CASE EXAMPLES

ARISE REPORTER

or another in comparison with her INSTITUTE GENDER-FRIENDLY POLICIES male counterparts. Instead, organisa- AT WORKPLACES – GIDEON BADAGAWA, tions should establish mechanisms to EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, PRIVATE SECTOR ensure that women’s specific concerns FOUNDATION OF UGANDA (PSFU) do not work to their disadvantage, especially unavoidable situations like childbirth and child care. In fact, Female employees have a lot to deal with before they settle down at their work- women should even be allowed one places. Some may be mothers and have to take care of their children in the morn- week in a month to take it easy during ing before reporting to work. It could also be tending a sick child, which may, for the time they experience their monthly instance, cause them to get to work late, which may directly affect their productiv- periods. This is something only experi- ity. You have got to support them. enced by women, and male employers and colleagues may sometimes not At PSFU, we have developed programmes with our 190 members, that include understand or even appreciate women’s labour unions and the Federation of Uganda Employers, to address some of these mood changes during this period. The concerns. We have, for example, established friendly socio-economic policies. policy does not need to be explicit, but Having day care services, for example, helps a lot. It saves mothers time of run- women deserve such privileges. ning back and forth between home and the workplace to breastfeed. This is what is happening in the banks and other corporate organisations and it is helping to I believe that with increased education retain female employees while boosting their productivity at work. about these and other gender-related issues, we shall be able to make At the PSFU Secretariat, we have 60 employees of whom more than half are more headway in addressing an issue women. Many are young women of child-bearing age, meaning that we have to that has existed across generations. handle matters of maternity leave, among others, which have direct implications Each one of us has a responsibility to for the cost of labour and employee productivity. But as a manager, you plan with advocate for gender equality because your employees. If maternity leave is close, you might want to reschedule and, someone affected out there could be for instance, bring forward some activities or transfer some activities to other your sister, daughter, mother or even departments. You ought to find a way around it, especially if you cannot have brother, uncle or son – and soon it additional labour. could be even you!

I should also note that some female employees are understanding employees who

ARISE 60 17 Equality want to excel at work and who may be miss or ignore them because they The experience we have is that women willing to report back to work before still hold ancient and biased opinions can indeed excel, and I believe once their stipulated maternity leave period about women. men understand that, they will cooper- has elapsed. Others could put in two ate more with their female colleagues or three days of work a week during Men can become allies of women by at the workplaces instead of viewing their maternity leave, especially if letting women occupy positions of women who have risen up the cor- they had a normal birth. However, this influence and responsibility where they porate ladder as having given sexual is never forced but left entirely to the can excel. For example, a few years favours to their bosses in exchange for employee’s discretion. It is not manda- ago I worked with an organisation promotions. tory but voluntary. started by a man. In the first meeting I attended, I realised I was the only woman. All the other employees were GOOD LABOUR men. I questioned the manner in which LET WOMEN OCCUPY persons were recruited in the organ- LAWS MAKE THE POSITIONS OF isation. Gradually more women were DIFFERENCE AT INFLUENCE AND employed. Sometimes women ought to WORKPLACES – be the first to fight gender disparity at RESPONSIBILITY ATUKI TURNER, the workplace and then get men to be FOUNDER OF – CISSY KAGABA, their allies. EXECUTIVE THE WOMEN’S DIRECTOR, ANTI- More should be done to actualise the RIGHTS ADVOCACY CORRUPTION gender-friendly policies that have been ORGANISATION, put in place by government. Employers MIFUMI COALITION OF must make a conscious effort to ensure UGANDA that the men cooperate with and support their female counterparts. The reason why some men intimidate and Discrimination against women is evi- The biggest bottleneck to women sexually harass female employees is dent throughout the woman’s lifetime being heard and men refusing to coop- because they think they are superior exhibited in the kind of education she erate with women is culture. We have and women are the weaker sex. There is receives or is encouraged to pursue and the policies but we have realities. We need for sensitisation of men to treat ultimately the kind of job seen as fit- have the policies but we have culture. women as equals. ting for her. And at the workplace, she We have policies but we have religion. will further be discriminated against We need to bring on board cultural and There is also need for women’s for her need for maternity leave, which religious leaders in order for them to empowerment. At the Anti-Corruption might hinder her possibility for promo- understand these dynamics. We have Coalition of Uganda, we work with tion or a pay raise. The lack of flex- to address the root cause through women at the grass roots; we give ibility in some employment industries religious and cultural ambassadors in them skills to monitor service delivery, makes it easier for men and harder for every corner of the nation who will especially in the health and educa- women. Some jobs may not be flexible help address the male ego so that tion sectors; we work with the Budget enough to accommodate women during men can treat women as equals and Monitoring Accountability Unit of the maternity or the woman will miss out give them the respect they deserve in Ministry of Finance to acquire budget- on promotion and pay raises. These are homes and at the marketplace. ary information on key sectors of the some of the factors that perpetuate economy, which we relay to groups inequality in the workplace. A patriarchal mindset blinds some of women at the grass roots for them people to what women can do. In the to share through barazas and use to Uganda should adopt the tried-and- local council meetings, for example, monitor and demand commitments and tested practices that value women as sometimes men do not listen to women accountability from their respective equal partners in the workplace while yet some of them contribute sound duty bearers. responding positively to their roles ideas. Yet their male counterparts dis- as mothers and caregivers. Women’s

18 ARISE 60 careers stall because of their mother- DEVELOP TALENT a culture of celebrating the women hood roles. Maternity is the reason OF YOUR FEMALE around us like on the International why women are not promoted or paid EMPLOYEES – JOEL Women’s Day. We give expectant moth- as highly as men. The motherhood ORONI, MANAGING ers leave a month before delivery. role women play should be viewed Before that, as their pregnancy pro- as the parenting role of two people, DIRECTOR, gresses, we put such women on shorter not just one individual, the woman. INTERNATIONAL and flexible shifts. We, for example, There should be good policies to retain MEDICAL CENTRES avoid putting expectant mothers on women’s positions while on maternity night shifts. Then our hospital has a leave. crèche so mothers can come with their At the International Medical Centres children so they do not have to go When women ask for pay raises, they (IMCs) – 17 IMCs across the country – back home to breastfeed. The hospital are regarded as asking for a favour and the majority of our staff are women and provides food for the children and this has the risk of attracting sexual I have seen women who perform excel- employs attendants. harassment; whereas when men ask for lently at work. Women are often open pay raises they are seen as requesting to learning, are productive, loyal and We give equal opportunities for all so for an entitlement if not demanding have a comparatively higher degree men and women can compete favour- a right. Therefore, pay scales linked of integrity, humility and patience. ably. The women who qualify are given to skills, experience and qualification And when you employ young and fresh positions of responsibility. You should should be made transparent in the minds who do not have heavy family not doubt their talent. You should not workplace and applied equally to men responsibilities, they perform well and regard women as the weaker sex. That and women. their productivity is really high. is for the managers. Colleagues who work with women can also do some- It is also good practice to have crèches Women, however, have a downside. thing to support them. It begins with available for women in the workplace They have big responsibilities at home, respect for them and knowing that to enable them to breastfeed at work running home and family affairs, which women can perform as effectively as or keep children in day-care facilities. they tend to carry to the workplace. men at the workplace. Respect involves Where necessary, affirmative action They have their work at heart just like respect for their sex, humanity and should be applied to break the glass they do their domestic affairs. Their being. That helps avert things like ceiling for women. moods also tend to change, especially sexual harassment. Women can also be during menstrual periods, which affect supported in duties that require physi- Finally, it is important to note that their concentration and work. The cal energy. gender inequality begins at home and effect may even be greater where you progresses through school and that have many women working together in by the time it gets to the workplace, a unit. Nevertheless, the women who myths and prejudices about women have worked for a while know how to and their value are already dispelled in handle such situations. At the administrative level, we try to mix them people’s minds. So the fight for gender Women, however, have equality needs to start early, and in with other employees so as to break the homes. the ties. For the breastfeeding moth- a downside. They have ers, their attention too tends to be big responsibilities at divided between family, children and home, running home work, while the energy of the expectant mothers tends to wane towards the and family affairs, delivery date. which they tend to carry to the workplace. They What we do at IMC and what every manager should do is reassure your female have their work at heart employees. Believe in them and trust just like they do their their talents. We, for example, have domestic affairs.

ARISE 60 19 Interview FEATURE INTERVIEW WITH THE MINISTER OF GENDER, LABOUR AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT – THE HON. WILSON MURULI MUKASA

HON. WILSON MURULI MUKASA IS A UGANDAN POLITICIAN. HE HAS BEEN MINISTER OF GENDER AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN THE CABINET OF UGANDA SINCE 1 MARCH 2015. PREVIOUSLY HE SERVED AS MINISTER OF SECURITY FROM 27 MAY 2011 UNTIL 1 MARCH 2015. MURULI MUKASA ALSO SERVES AS THE MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT FOR BUDYEBO COUNTY, NAKASONGOLA DISTRICT. BRIAN MUTEBI, A REPORTER WITH THE ARISE MAGAZINE CAUGHT UP WITH HIM FOR AN INTERVIEW ON THE ROLE OF MEN AND BOYS IN PROMOTING WOMEN AND GIRLS’ RIGHTS.

‘MEN MUST Socially, you want to have people who CHALLENGE THE Q. Why is gender equality impor- feel secure, people who are partners in tant in Uganda’s context? society, not a society where some peo- PATRIARCHAL ple are superior to others. That breeds THINKING THAT A. Gender equality is not just an impor- conflicts and misunderstandings, which PERPETUATES tant issue but a necessity. It is a human erode away all the gains achieved in GENDER rights issue. There are obvious economic other spheres of life. INEQUALITY.’ advantages accruing from a society that observes gender equality. Take, for exam- Q. Is it important to involve men ple, where there are equal opportunities and boys in promoting gender for employment for both women and equality? If so, why? men, it is not only the individual persons A. It is important. We live in a patri- who benefit but the community and the archal society where men control many country as well. aspects of life. It is crucial to realise that men cannot exist without women or live

20 ARISE 60 in a society where one party (women) busy with home chores. Society ought the sector or programme where he works. is inferior. We need that appreciation of to understand that if a boy prepared a the symbiotic nature of the relationship matooke meal it would be as good and The ordinary man can do something too between man and woman. In any change delicious as when prepared by anyone – a lot. He can go out of his way and that is meaningful, both men and women else. The man should come out clearly assist his wife at home in all ways possi- have got to take part. This world is for and say if it is work, it is work regard- ble. He can go further by giving his chil- boys and girls, women and men. They less of whether it is in the kitchen or dren equal opportunities, say in school, both make the human race. You cannot in the field. We need to see a situation by spending on the education of girls as have only half of that and you think you where girls look after goats or the boy much as he does on boys. Girls and boys will have a full human race. helps the mother in the kitchen. Men must be brought up together, without ought to know that a change in mindset discrimination. He can be an agent of Q. What role(s) can men and boys is necessary and cautiously go for what change for gender equality by stopping play in promoting gender equal- that change requires, which is equal domestic violence against women and ity? opportunities. When this happens, these treat his wife as a partner whom he distinctions between men and women consults on home affairs because her A. The first contribution men can make will gradually become blurred. contribution is valuable. When it comes in promoting gender equality is the to property rights, why wouldn’t a man change of their mindset and attitude. The men in positions of influence can give inheritance to his wife and daugh- There is need for a change in the patriar- put in place mechanisms or institutions ters the same way he would with the chal thinking modelled by culture where that support and propel gender equality. boys? Give them property and put it in society assigns roles and responsibilities If one is a politician, for example, he can the will. I should say change is steadily to a particular gender. While growing make good laws that recognise gender taking course in this area. More girls up, boys will probably be told to go and equality as a human right, and fol- today inherit their father’s property. My look after the goats in the fields while low good principles such as affirmative grandfather, for example, made one of the girls are sent to the kitchen or to action. He must make sure that there are his young girls his heir. These are things the bush to collect firewood. When the functional institutions like local councils a man can do so we can gradually realise boys come back, they sit or chat with the that settle disputes. He can ensure that gender equality. father or go and play while the girl is till gender becomes a cross-cutting issue in

ARISE 60 21 Interview

Q. In your opinion, is it true that Uganda is embracing the change. There gender equity. If a plan, policy or pro- men are better placed when it is a good government, legal and policy gramme does not pass the test, then it comes to promoting women’s environment. Women are as important does not get funding from the Ministry rights and gender equality? and capable people as men. In busi- of Finance, Planning and Economic ness, for example, we have powerful Development. The Equal Opportunities A. Yes. Take, for example, the elders or businesswomen who are even the envy Commission is charged with the respon- grandfathers in the home. They are bet- of some men. There is also a conducive sibility of ensuring that all government ter placed to change the cultural rules, international environment, characterised policies take into account gender equal- for they hold influence in their cultural by international conventions such as the ity. The purpose is to plug the gaps, settings and are respected. And like I Convention on the Elimination of All wherever they exist. said, men in positions of influence – and Forms of Discrimination against Women men control many aspects of life – can (CEDAW) which Uganda is party to. This There are laws put in place, for example put in place mechanisms or institutions is making the gender situation in Uganda the Domestic Violence Act, the law on that support and propel gender equality. a lot better. defilement which states that, regardless The man in the home as a leader can of whether it is consensual, as long as pronounce himself and say if it is work, Q. Are there still issues that need the girl is below 18 years, the man can- it is work regardless of who does it, male our attention? not get away with it. We have a good or female. legal and policy environment for attain- A. Gender-based violence still happens ing gender equality and government has Q. What are some of those chal- both in the form of men beating their mobilised all stakeholders, such as civil lenges they are likely to face in wives and girls being forced into mar- society, religious and traditional leaders their bid to promote equality? riage. There is also female genital muti- to take the matter of gender equality lation. Girls are still denied the oppor- very seriously. A. It won’t be smooth. There will be tunity to stay in school and instead ridicule and rejection. Some people will married off. Some parents, because of We are also saying let the girls stay in say this fellow was bewitched by his wife cultural beliefs, think boys have higher school. Even if an accident happened and that sort of thing. But it should be chances of succeeding in education than and she got pregnant, she can produce understood in the history of change, girls. There are also issues of early her child and go back to school, for if such is inevitable. I am, however, con- pregnancies where girls find themselves she does not it will not only affect her fident that if there is good advocacy, vulnerable with teachers and other older but her child, the community and the which brings a good critical mass, the people who are supposed to protect country Editor’s note: The World Bank ridicule will sooner rather than later them. Yet, unfortunately when such girls estimates that Uganda’s productivity cease. I will give you an example. I have get pregnant, they are consequently would be USD15 billion higher if teen- a shaven head. Shaving hair in the past disowned by their families. Sexual and age girls delayed pregnancy until their was a sign of grief and people would ask reproductive health education is still a early 20s and got a skill and worked). you what went wrong, they would ridi- taboo in many of our societies. Education is important because with- cule you. Today shaving or plaiting hair out it, chances of being poor are high is a lifestyle, it is fashionable. People Q. What is government doing to and when one stays poor, chances are have embraced it. It is why I am confi- promote gender equality? that his or her children and grandchil- dent a time is coming, and it is not far, dren and the generations to come will where gender equality will be a reality, A. We have put up a national task be poor, causing a vicious circle of where people are informed and dedicated force for adolescent girls and made the poverty, and poverty breeds violence to this cause, of course with the help of issue of gender cross-cutting mandatory against women. good policies and laws. so that each ministry or government department is tasked to mainstream We are doing gender budgeting where Q. What is your assessment of the gender into their plans, policies, pro- gender concerns are integrated into gov- current situation of gender equal- grammes or activities. It is our deliber- ernment budgeting processes. Moving ity in the country? ate effort to ensure gender is integrated forward, we are working to consolidate into everything that government does. these gains and the good programmes A. It is a lot better than it used to be Every unit is assessed and when proved we have had. We are, for example, put- 20 years ago. It is improving. Gradually compliant issued with a certificate of ting particular interest on the Women

22 ARISE 60 Empowerment and Entrepreneurship ally, justice will prevail on the gender Q. Are there precautions that and Youth Livelihood programmes. question. must be taken while promoting gender equality? Q. Are there limitations to what Q. Well, let’s shift to you as an your ministry can do to realise individual. At a personal level, A. As we advocate for gender equality, gender equality? what has been your experience we need to be careful. Some activists as a male advocate for gender take gender to mean reversing the A. We do not get enough funds. Yes, we equality? roles, that once men ordered women ask and argue our case but decisions to carry out duties and now it is their are influenced by many factors. The A. I have not had problems settling turn to order men. I am talking about Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social here at the ministry. When you get this mentality of ‘I am the CEO! If I Development is not the only spending here, there are policies and plans and have been invited to New York, you do point of government. Government has targets that you must meet so it really not have to know but see me board a other equally important commitments, doesn’t matter whether you are a man plane.’ I think that does harm to the for example the energy and road infra- or woman. Anyone can excel here. crusade for gender equality. You know structure sectors, which have been There are targets – scientific targets – why? It is because men will see gender prioritised. Then you take into consid- worked out so you either achieve them equality as a licence for women to boss eration the current economic situation or fail. them around. Gender parity doesn’t in the country where resources are not mean substituting one tyrant with enough. But whatever we get from the However, I have met fellows who another! Rather, it means appreciating treasury we put it to its optimum use. think it is only women who can push and partnering with each other. It does issues of gender equality, and that is not mean hatred. Some women call for Q. Energy and road infrastructure where they go wrong. Gender is not the strangling of men. That is extreme. are prioritised; does that mean about women, it is about women and Gender parity does not mean you cease gender is not important? Good men. I have not had personal insults; to be a mother who cares about your roads, but when Q. women still though maybe one small incident that children and husband as he cares about suffer domestic violence, really? happened recently while I was in you and the family. There should be New York. Along with my Permanent respect for each other. A. Not really, as you state it. Some of Secretary who is a man, I was intro- these issues are interrelated. Energy duced as Minister for Gender and one Q. What are your gender best and road infrastructure are connected woman Member of Parliament from practices at home? to the wellbeing of the family. You Kenya shouted, ‘You men! What are know, for example, poverty to some you doing there?’ In other words, this A. There is gender parity in my home. extent contributes to gender-based being the ministry that co-ordinates Opportunities are the same for boys violence, for sometimes wife-beating gender matters, she expected women and girls. We discuss important issues is connected to the economic wellbe- to run it. Well, we said it does not mat- together as a family. There is mutual ing of the individuals. The thinking, ter whether you are a man or woman. support. I may not be cooking at home therefore, is that if we can have good Gender is not about women but human but the boys do. I clean the house, roads, it can act as a stimulus to the beings (men and women) working compound and we tend the garden economy, which reduces poverty and together to ensure gender equality and together as a family. consequently violence. It is a compli- equity. cated matter but we are trying our best Q. What future do you see for to ensure gaps are fixed, particularly The other interesting scenario is really gender equality in Uganda as far at the budget level. Yet gender is a a humble one where some colleagues, as men and boys are concerned? cross-cutting issue, so as we budget especially in cabinet, call me Namukasa here at the Ministry of Gender, Labour (Namukasa is a name for women). They Culture and attitudes are changing. It and Social Development, other sec- say, ‘You are there (at Gender Ministry), is a forward movement that is growing tors and ministries also budget (to you are now Namukasa.’ But that is an stronger and stronger. I see a partner- ensure gender equality). These efforts acknowledgement that I am in the ship for gender equality between men are co-ordinated by the Office of the right place doing something good. and women strengthened and gender Prime Minister and we trust, eventu- equality a reality.

ARISE 60 23 Opinion

OPINION: OP-ED AND COMMENTARY Sorry women, your rights are unpleasant to us

BOB G. KISIKI

ights. Listen to yourselves yet the one who made it did not inherit woman who beats up a man has bad – women’s rights. Rights it from anyone? Listen up, friends: manners. Where do such people grow to do what? Offered by Go out there, work your little ladylike up? So no, being beaten does not R who? And by the way, hands off and accumulate your own constitute the demand for rights. It is you need to give careful thought to property. We’re even taking too long already contained in human rights – this last question, about who gave on this subject. men, women and children. Just like (if these rights. Let’s do a simple bit of you will let me repeat myself) owning research: Go look up the attendance Just in case some of you get too miffed property – we all should: men, women list of the guys (oops!) who were at to proceed beyond this point, let me and children. Nothing like women’s the meeting where this talk of rights tell it to you straight: Your insistence right to own property or their right not started, and see how many women on getting your rights is repugnant to to be beaten up. were there. And while you’re at it, us. It offends us. It has an unpleas- you could also look out for how many ant odour to it. Rights are unisexual. Even dunces know that there is the of the rights they came up with are There are no men’s rights and women’s right age for women to get married. specifically addressed to women. Then rights. Now if we agree that this is so That sense is there even among non- you can come back and scream about (which we must do, you have no right primates. Which is why nobody should rights. Rights my little toe! to refuse universal facts), what then condone defilement of female human is this thing about women leaving beings. I say ‘female human beings’ This talk about rights has been going their home responsibilities to gather because, curiously, it is only humans on for way too long. The right to in town squares, shouting about wom- who are guilty of this grossest of vices. marry. You don’t marry, ladies, you get en’s rights? What are women’s rights? But back to you with your incessant married. The right to own property. Human rights, yes; women’s rights... I demand for rights. So I was saying that Who has stopped you from owning get a headache thinking this over. since we all know that pre-consent- property? As long as you work for it, age marriage is wrong, it does not go right ahead and own it. What I do Let me not be misunderstood: People require you to enact new laws grant- not quite understand is this talk of who beat up people are bad. They ing women the right to be married at women’s right to inherit property. Oh were badly brought up, if they were the right age. That is already a given, come on now, lasses. Inherit? Whose brought up at all. So a man who beats and the law, as it is, is rife with traps property are you going to take over, up a woman is a bad man; just like a for men who breach this requirement.

24 ARISE 60 Strangely, though, you might already After the Lord had looked at all of His rights. What we should be talking be aware that sometimes it is you, creation and declared everything good, about is you fellows returning to where women, with your knack for demanding He had a second look and said, ‘It is you all belong – at home, helping rights, who conspire with lascivious NOT good that man should be alone...’ those poor guys whom God said should men to marry off your underage daugh- Isn’t that the reason He added one not be alone. It goes against God’s ters. Ha, you’re lucky I am not an offi- item to creation – you? Else, the whole grain. But now just look around and cer of the law! If I just got a mother thing had ended with Adam. Anyhow, see who is suffering alone – driving before me, who is accused of giving I was saying that if you folks had back home from church; in the living away her daughter in marriage before maintained your God-ordained place room at home; pulling up weeds in the poor thing is ready – in body and as helpers, and not ventured out into the garden... And where is his mis- mind – for those things... Luckily, like the world of autonomy and competi- sus? At the women’s meeting, cooking they say, it is those with no teeth who tion, there would be no such concept up ideas on how to demand women’s find juicy meat. as women’s rights, because your only rights. Nkto! right from the beginning was to have And know what, this whole thing of a man to help. Period. You got the rights would never have arisen had man, you served him, the equation was The writer is a Senior Sub-Editor you ladies kept to your original place, complete. But now see where we got with the New Vision. as helpmates to your men. One, you to, just because you could not rest in Disclaimer: The views and opinions were created with specific terms of your God-given place! Women! expressed in this article are those reference. In fact, you are the only of the author and do not necessarily lot of God’s creatures who were tailor- So as I wind up, let us agree on this: reflect the official policy or position made – to sort out man’s inadequacies. There is no such thing as women’s of ACFODE.

ARISE 60 25 Youth

YOUTH RISING TO TAKE THEIR PLACE AS VECTORS OF GENDER EQUALITY

NANCY NANDUDU & KAVIRI ALI.

ganda, as the youngest is the most urgent need for a society account for over 70% of the popula- economy in the world, whose principles, both good and bad, tion and the number of women in has a record 70% of its could just as easily be wiped out in a leadership is far behind that of men. U population below 18 few years unless understanding of the In terms of political representation, years of age. It is now common knowl- importance of the equality between men occupy most of the mainstream edge that in our country, the future women and men, and girls and boys seats in Parliament and at local coun- truly belongs to the youth and, there- is inculcated into children and young cils whilst most women are elected fore, it goes without saying that all people who are the adults of tomorrow. on the basis of the affirmative action efforts to equip the next generation policy which takes women as a margin- for excellent citizenship and leadership Looking at Uganda’s situation, youth alised group. For instance, in the 2011

26 ARISE 60 general elections out of the 1,269 Access to information is a powerful As a result of this, a crop of young candidates nominated for the directly tool for influencing change. people with knowledge of the evils of elected seats in Parliament, only 46 discrimination is budding, marked by were women, accounting for 3.62%, In addition, young women and men youthful exuberance and talent, with whereas the men were 1,223, account- need to be mentored for social change. a passion for the correction of all evils ing for 96.38%. In addition to strengthening the brought about by gender inequality capacities of women and youth for and ushering the nation into a new era The situation in workplaces is no dif- decision-making and advancing issues of hope for the realisation of justice ferent, especially where top jobs are of gender equality in the political for all in every sphere. still occupied by men owing to stereo- arena, there’s also need to nurture types about women. In homes, many feminist visions and values among The women at the forefront of this new women are still viewed as kitchen young people who will come into breed of youth who have been edu- wives who are incapable of even man- public institutions with ‘a critical eye’, cated on the urgent need for redress of aging the financial resources of the especially with regard to pressing soci- the wrongs against women in Uganda home. Many cultures still believe that etal issues such as social injustices and include the likes of Ms Jaqueline women are incapable of making proper gender inequalities. Cherotich, a social worker who started decisions without questioning men’s fighting against the evils of gender- behaviour. In such an environment, More importantly, there’s need to based violence (GVB) in her home dis- which is highly patriarchal, many peo- begin empowering women from child- trict, Bukwo, the hub of female genital ple have internalised male dominance hood by instilling in them concepts mutilation (FGM). In the story below, and have not advanced the gender of leadership, emotional intelligence, Jackie explains her journey to leader- equality agenda, and hence influencing critical thinking, effective interperson- ship of youth in gender issues: public policy, especially from a gender al communication and public speak- perspective, has become a daunting ing, among others. These will enable task for women who wish to see women to learn leadership roles at change. Those who may be willing to a tender age and, therefore, practise take up leadership positions have been them while growing up. impoverished by the cultural wing of society that believes that women are This will enable them to be bet- My name is Jackline Cherotich only meant to do production, whereas ter focused in their undertakings and and I am proudly Sabiny the management of the finances is left positively influence those they interact from Bukwo district in east- to the men who deny women access with, thereby improving the situations ern Uganda. My homeland is to and budgeting of the money. The in which they operate. well-known for FGM and I have over-dependence of women on men always known at the back of my for financial assistance hinders women It is only by infusing transformative mind that there was something from seeking leadership positions since leadership skills into youth’s overall wrong with our culture. Ever the procedure usually requires robust leadership through mentorship that the since I was a little girl I heard financial muscle. realisation of social change that leads stories about the painful prac- to gender equality will be attained. tice and how it was an expected This state of affairs means that empow- rite of passage for all Sabiny erment of young female and male lead- However, to say that rights-based girls into womanhood. I person- ers is crucial for the achievement of organisations have not started to home ally never underwent the ritual gender equality and social justice. Such in on this fact would be doing grave because my grandfather halted leaders need to be empowered socially, injustice to the grand efforts made by the practice in our family tree economically and politically. There is men and women across the country when he refused to circumcise need to increase access by women who have trained and equipped young his daughters. and young leaders to information to men and women from primary school to empower them to become advocates of university in their roles, responsibili- While I am relieved to have sur- change. An informed woman or young ties and rights as citizens of Uganda. vived, I can’t help but remember leader will lead to an informed society. a holiday from school when I

ARISE 60 27 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

was in high school that my sister and I escaped out of our father’s village house during the circumcision time. Out of curiosity we ran to witness a mass circumcision of about 100 girls at a nearby circumcision ground. The experience traumatised us because of the sheer brutality of the process and the unsanitary way that the female surgeon who was an old woman used one curved knife to circumcise up to 100 girls at once. She just went from one to the next, mindless of the risk of transmitting diseases across the entire gathering.

I shoved this experience to the back of my mind because it made me feel like I was the one being mutilated remorselessly; but I remember praying to God that I’d get to pursue a course in humanities when I went on to university. So naturally I was excited when I was admitted for Development Studies at Kyambogo University and I thoroughly enjoyed the course.

I was unexpectedly forced to dredge up my memory of FGM at an eye-opening leadership camp organised by the Forum for Women in Democracy (FOWODE) where, during one particular session, we were each asked to share a negative cultural practice from our home area. I think my story was the most popular one, eliciting lots of questions and discussions among the other youth at the camp. I am forever grateful for that discussion, which opened my eyes to the fact that not only was the situation dire but it needed to be addressed and, as a ‘daughter of the soil’, I was

28 ARISE 60 YOUTH probably the best person to set tunity allowed me to interact facilitator at DOT Uganda. I the ball rolling. with women and youth groups also nominated myself for the from all corners of the coun- UK-based ‘Queens Young Leaders Immediately after the camp try concerning entrepreneurship Award’ around the same time closed, I headed back to my and gender issues. This eventu- and came in second as the first home village armed with new ally brought me to the conclu- runner-up. I was awarded a knowledge, skills, confidence sion that, except for FGM, many 10-month leadership course at and resolve to get involved in SRH issues affect all women in Cambridge University, which I the process of change in my Uganda. completed online in December community. I spent several 2015. months out in the community I felt a stirring on the inside interacting with girls of school- to do something about it but Right now I believe that the going age, some of whom were I didn’t know what or how. I greatest challenge to youth unit- still attending school while the teamed up with three other col- ing against GBV is the imbal- majority of others had dropped leagues who had attended the ance in exposure and awareness out due to early marriages and leadership camp and after a between urban and rural youth. early pregnancies. We talked lot of discussion, we pioneered While urban youth are regu- at length about their sexual the Youth Equality Centre. Our larly furnished with informa- and reproductive health (SRH) aim was to increase awareness tion about basic human rights and it became apparent to me about gender issues and capac- issues, rural youth cannot even that they didn’t have the same ity among the youth and women access Straight Talk or Young information about it that I had across Uganda to prosper eco- Talk magazine so they are left received, while growing up. nomically and be able to access out of the most basic platforms all the rights and privileges that for the discussion of youth I also met with women in the are theirs as citizens. issues on development. community, most of whom were survivors of FGM. Their greatest Amid all this, my colleagues I propose only one solution for issues were the repercussions nominated me for Ms FOWODE, youth and that is to train them of FGM during childbirth, which an initiative that encourages as trainers to be able to mentor were over-bleeding, delayed young enterprising, confident one another in key development recovery from pregnancy and a and passionate women to build and gender issues that affect high risk of death from infec- on their passion for women’s them. I know that this will tions. Others were concerned rights. Despite my reservations, cause a ripple effect of change that their husbands refused I won! smoothly across the nation. to let them use contraceptive methods, thus exposing them to Being Ms FOWODE uplifted me I also believe that in order for great risk. to the status of role model stakeholders under the women’s for the youth in gender issues, movement to work well together, When I met with the men, I something that I have not taken we need to build a strong net- realised that they simply didn’t lightly. I have purposed to get work under women empower- know how the family planning more learning and experience ment with a joint strategic plan methods worked and were gov- and be able to lead young peo- that governs our key actions erned by mythical stories about ple in cohesive efforts to end according to our strengths. Only them when they denied their violence against women and then will we be able to share wives the chance of using them. build a society where everyone cohesive, useful information prospers. with the neediest populations When I returned to Kampala, as opposed to duplicating proj- I was employed by Digital This opened doors for recogni- ects within urban to peri-urban Opportunity Trust (DOT) Uganda tion of my hard work. Early circles that have already been first as an intern and then in 2015, I was awarded the approached. as a Field Officer. The oppor- prize for most innovative field

ARISE 60 29 Street Talk

STREET TALK

ROBSON OKELLO

MOSES OTWANG KENNETH KABEBASIZE BRIAN MUTEBI

Should men and boys be involved in efforts aimed at promoting women’s rights and 1. gender equality?

The Lango sub-region, just like any Africa society, is a patriarchal family system where all the decisions are by clan and local council courts which are dominated and presided over by men. Therefore, it would be a very big mistake to ignore men in the struggle to achieve women’s emancipation. The approach of Women in Development (WID) failed in Uganda because men who are decision-makers were left out. Besides, they became saboteurs of women’s economic empowerment because they interpreted the approach to mean women will rule over them. Okullu Geoffrey, Programme Manager, Apac Anti- Corruption Coalition

30 ARISE 60 y involving men in the promotion Bof women’s rights we ensure that they involve women and girls in decision-making processes right from the family to the community level because their perceptions about women will have been changed in the process. Connie Atto Ogwang, ACFODE CEDAW

Connie Atto Ogwang, ACFODE CEDAW Committee member, Oyam district Committee member, Oyam district

t’s important that men are put at Ithe forefront of the women’s movement because they wield power over most of the resources. Thus, it would be difficult for the women’s movement to achieve its core objective of eman- cipating women if men are not at the centre of it all. Obote Tommy, Carpenter/ACFODE male role model, Apac dstrict Obote Tommy, Carpenter/ACFODE male role model, Apac dstrict

nvolving men is imperative as it Iwill accelerate women’s economic empowerment because if men become gender-sensitive, they will allow women to access, control and even own resources such as land and also engage in income-generating activities such as baking. Ms Magret Ewany, newly elected councillor for PWDs, Apac district Ms Magret Ewany, newly elected councillor for PWDs, Apac districtdstrict

ARISE 60 31 Street Talk

nvolvement of men and boys in advo- Icating for the rights of women and girls helps streamline gender issues in the community. This will also see cases of SGBV reduce since men are the perpetrators. The men also understand the need to respect women’s rights once they are involved. Mahiirwe Kellen, Community Development Officer, Nyakabande sub-county, Kisoro district Mahiirwe Kellen, Community Development Officer, Nyakabande sub-county, Kisoro district

ights do not exist in a vacuum and Rwomen do not survive in a unique environment. Men are women’s partners and so have to be involved to understand why the women’s empowerment. Therefore, with sensitisation, men can help uplift the status of women.’ C/ASP Alum Carol, O/C station, Kisoro Police Station C/ASP Alum Carol, O/C station, Kisoro Police Station

ale involvement in advocating for Mthe rights of women and girls helps to promote partnerships. These partnerships are what will help families to cater for their children, value the education of girl children, and help in planning and transparency within the homes. These partnerships also lead to equal property rights. Ndinumukiza Charles, ACFODE Community Agent of Change, Kisoro Ndinumukiza Charles, ACFODE Community Agent of Change, Kisoro district. district.

32 ARISE 60 promote gender equality, otherwise gender equality may be hard to realise. There are more male CEOs than women, 2. so it is the responsibility of the male What role can the men CEOs to use their positions to make the world a better place. play in achieving this?

USE THEIR POSITIONS OF INFLUENCE TO PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY – PROF. VENANSIUS BARYAMUREEBA, FORMER PRESIDENTIAL DON’T FIGHT WOMEN, CANDIDATE AND UGANDA EMPOWER THEM – ISSA TECHNOLOGY AND SEKITTO, SPOKESPERSON HAVE TRUST IN WOMEN’S MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY OF KAMPALA CITY TRADERS CAPABILITIES – MOHAMMED VICE CHANCELLOR ASSOCIATION KIRUMIRA, DISTRICT POLICE COMMANDER, OLD KAMPALA POLICE STATION ender equality starts from home Gand a man can model his daughter en need to understand that they into the superwoman he wants her to cannot exist in solitude but in romoting gender equality faces M be, but this can be achieved only if we unison, thus need to realise the many challenges, such as gender P believe in gender equality. Perceptions importance of respect for each other. stereotypes. Other times women are like boys are superior to girls derail Men should work towards empowering given a platform to serve in posi- efforts of achieving gender equality. women economically by, say, provid- tions of influence but misuse such For example, I have two daughters ing them with educational opportuni- positions, which leads some people and I have met many people tell- ties and, where necessary, financial to make general conclusions about ing me to produce more children so business support. When women are women and what they can or cannot I can get a boy, which, of course, is financially independent, the road to do. This can be overcome by sensi- being disrespectful to my daughters. gender equality becomes smoother. tisation of the masses about gender It is intended to mean my daughters Men ought to know they are the equality. Both men and women need are not valuable enough. I adore my majority in spheres such as politics, equal opportunities, and my view is daughters and I will not waste time law and academia so they can utilise that men should be at the forefront of in the name of trying to father a such positions to enact laws and ensuring that this happens. It begins son. Men can also support women to policies that promote gender equal- with having trust in women’s capabili- advance in their career and I have ity. They can also do so by support- ties and backing them for positions of made my contribution. Before I was ing women in positions of influence influence, for over time, women have head of the School of Computing at rather than fighting them. Cultural been tested with powerful positions Makerere University, we had very few beliefs about women in society are and have excelled in their work. In the women lecturers. I came up with poli- an impediment to attaining gender Uganda Police, for example, we have a cies of quotas for education scholar- equality. Many times, men are held big number of women in powerful posi- ships for women. Today there are many back by tribal and cultural norms tions, like Assistant Inspector of Police women PhD holders at the school. and beliefs. This needs to change. and Deputy Police Spokesperson, Polly It is difficult for women to perform Other men are simply ignorant of Namaye, who have performed well. My to their best without education and the importance of gender equality, considered opinion, therefore, is that mentorship. And since this has finan- which should be addressed through when people are given the opportunity cial implications, as a CEO you have sensitisation. At Kampala City Traders to deliver on an assignment, success to allocate a budget for it and come Association, we take gender equality should be measured on performance, up with gender-sensitive policies and seriously and give both women and not sexes. programmes that empower women and men equal opportunities.

ARISE 60 33 Street Talk Take, for example, the case of Uganda. the polls, I was not just a woman but a The president of the country is a man true politician. I was voted into office and most of the positions of influence not because I am a woman but because are filled by men, meaning that men are of what I promised I would deliver. the majority key decision-makers. The ball is thus in their court to advance the ince this is a patriarchal society gender agenda. Swhere some people are yet

here is a lot men can do to sup- Tport gender equality efforts. Fathers MEN, THE BALL IS IN YOUR COURT TO ADVANCE THE GENDER AGENDA – BETTY NAMBOOZE BAKIREKE, MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT, MUKONO MUNICIPALITY

ver time, some men have treated Owomen as second class citizens. Therefore, for men to appreciate that NO EXCUSE FOR NOT DOING SOMETHING – STEPHEN women are equally important is a cru- SSENKAABA, AWARD- cial step in attaining gender equality. GIVE INHERITANCE TO WINNING JOURNALIST There should be a change in attitude, YOUR DAUGHTERS – ADEKE where men look at women as partners as ANNA EBAJU, NATIONAL opposed to objects or assets. Economic FEMALE YOUTH MEMBER OF to embrace gender equality, soci- empowerment is also important. Men PARLIAMENT AND FORMER ety will look at men who promote should provide their children, both boys MAKERERE UNIVERSITY gender equality as effeminate. It and girls, with equal opportunities, GUILD PRESIDENT won’t be easy for them; they will for example in education and in the meet resistance. But that shouldn’t distribution of wealth. They can also be a deterrent. Men in managerial contribute to shaping their daughters can empower women by treating their positions can deliberately cham- into being independent-minded. I also children, both girls and boys, equally. pion gender equality by coming up think boys should be sensitised early This can be done by giving the same with quotas for women to achieve in life on the importance of gender opportunities, like education, to both gender equality. They can advo- equality, otherwise ignorance will be a boys and girls. Fathers should also cate for friendly gender policies big obstacle to achieving gender equal- give their daughters inheritance. This that empower women like training, ity. We are forced to believe society is will help address the gender inequality mentoring and providing an atmo- and will continue to be a patriarchal question. Gender inequality is some- sphere where they feel accepted. one where there are separate roles for thing that I witness on a daily basis in Men should stop looking at women men and women. This is a mindset all spheres of life, but the most vivid as subordinates but rather equals. issue which entrenches the status quo. one was when I stood for the guild This can help talent development As a leader, I have experienced this presidency at Makerere University. Very and prosperity. There is no excuse though in a subtle manner. I remem- few believed in my capability. They for not doing something. We can ber when I announced plans to stand said I was not as vigorous as men and all use every platform available to for Mukono municipality Member of that I was soft in approach and so I us to promote the cause for gen- Parliament (MP), there were voices that would easily be compromised simply der equality. As a journalist, for I should instead go for district woman because I am a woman. Some even example, I have written extensively MP, implying I would not win a directly dismissed my candidature, saying I about gender equality and raised elected MP seat because I am a woman. was standing because I am a woman. awareness on the subject. My job is I, however, stood firm and went on to Fortunately, such talk did not derail me to tell stories to the world. win. I think men have an advantage to from pursuing my goal. I stood firm in advance the gender equality agenda. my conviction and when we went to

34 ARISE 60 Book Reviews

BOOK REVIEWS

ENGANGING MEN IN BUILDING GENDER EQULITY REVIEWER: BELINDA KYOMUHENDO

Men’s roles in building gender equality are currently on the public agenda. Across the globe, there are growing efforts to engage men and boys in building more equitable relations with women and girls. The last decade has seen the emergence of national and global campaigns, initiatives by international agencies and local NGOs to involve men in the work towards gender parity.

Programs with men have increased in fields such as violence prevention, sexual and reproductive health, politics, parenting, education, and work. Engaging In these contributions, leading contemporary scholarship on men Men in Building Gender Equality writers in the field explore how to and gender, on the one hand, brings together the key discussions understand men and masculinities – and practical work with men and evaluations of this field. how to make sense of the meanings on the other. The book will be Some chapters’ contributions are given to manhood, the lives men of interest to a wide range of practical, exploring the promise lead, and the changing patterns of researchers, advocates, educators, and problems of this work. These men’s and women’s relations. and professionals from universities, chapters are authored by educators, governments, local and international activists, and researchers, and The book has a global reach. organizations, and community highlight valuable or innovative Some chapters offer frameworks agencies. It offers a timely programs and initiatives and and insights applicable to work examination of an area of policy, the lessons learned from these. regarding men and gender across programming, and research which is Other chapters’ contributions are the globe, while other chapters growing rapidly. more conceptual and political, present case studies from particular inviting more thoughtful and countries or regions. critical understanding of men, masculinities, and the question of Engaging Men in Building Gender men’s involvements in feminism. Equality bridges the gap between

ARISE 60 35 Book Reviews

BOOK REVIEWS

WE SHOULD ALL BE FEMINISTS REVIEWER: BELINDA KYOMUHENDO

“You know, you’re a feminist.” It was not a compliment. I could tell from his tone—the same tone with which a person would say, “You’re a supporter of terrorism

I looked the word up in the dictionary, it said: Feminist: a person who believes in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes. My great-grandmother, from stories I’ve heard, was a feminist. She ran away from the house of the man she did not want twenty-first century—one rooted U.S., in her native Nigeria, and to marry and married the man of in inclusion and awareness. She abroad—offering an artfully nuanced her choice. She refused, protested, shines a light not only on blatant explanation of why the gender spoke up when she felt she was discrimination, but also the more divide is harmful for women and being deprived of land and access insidious, institutional behaviors men, alike. What I liked was how because she was female. She did that marginalize women around the direct she is. She simply lays out not know that word feminist. But it world, in order to help readers of the facts, and asks the pertinent doesn’t mean she wasn’t one. More all walks of life better understand questions. of us should reclaim that word…” the often masked realities of sexual politics. This is such an important speech, What does “feminism” mean today? full of enlightening wisdom, wit and That is the question at the heart This book is perfect for those who personality. Adichie’s voice is an of We Should All Be Feminists, don’t know much about feminism invaluable voice of today, and for a personal, eloquently-argued and are looking for a place to the generations to come. essay—adapted from her much- begin. It’s also perfect for those viewed TEDx talk of the same who aren’t new to the ideology We should all read this book. We name—by Chimamanda Ngozi and need a reminder about why we should all be feminists. Adichie, the award-winning author still continue to fight for gender of Americanah and Half of a Yellow equality. Sun. With humor and levity, here Adichie offers readers a unique Throughout, she draws extensively definition of feminism for the on her own experiences—in the

36 ARISE 60 BOOK REVIEWS

THE SECRET LIVES OF BABA SEGI’S WIVES REVIEWER: BELINDA KYOMUHENDO

“Wipe your eyes,” she said, passing me a rag. “It has been a month since your parents died. This is not your home and it will never be. A girl cannot inherit her father’s house because it is everyone’s prayer that she will marry and make her husband’s home her own. This house and everything in it now belongs to your uncle. That is the way things are.” – from The Secret Lives of Baba Segi’s Wives, page 135 –

Bolanle is Baba Segi’s fourth wife in a polygamous marriage. She is educated and young, and is a threat to the manipulative and vengeful. It makes other wives in more ways than one. Iya Tope is the second wife, a woman you wonder how accurate the novel When she fails to conceive a child, whose compassion is silenced by fear. is with regard to women in African Baba Segi is bereft and begins to Forced into an arranged marriage to society. Ultimately, Shoneyin provides seek answers which may uncover the Baba Segi, Iya Tope has learned to be for some redemption and forgiveness biggest secret his wives have kept humble and silent in the face of wrong in her book about family secrets, from him yet. Told in multiple and doing. betrayal, and disloyalty. alternating viewpoints, The Secret Lives of Baba Segi’s Wives explores Thematically, the novel probes the This is an easy book to read. The the polygamist society of Nigeria by rights of women in a polygamist individual stories are laced with humor, gradually revealing the secrets of the society and in Africa in general. Baba parables and folk lore. I enjoyed the women who people the novel. Segi is a self-important, chauvinistic gradual revealing of each character’s man who sees Bolanle’s inability to secret – a bit like peeling the layers Iya Segi is the first wife – large and conceive solely her fault. His view off of an onion. Baba Segi’s character outspoken, she is the unofficial power of sex is all about his own pleasure; who is so stereotypical at the outset, beneath Baba Segi’s roof. Her plan to it is represented as a wifely duty for managed to grow into a person who humiliate Bolanle and drive her from the women with the point being to had depth and empathy by the end of their home gets lukewarm support produce children. the book. from Iya Femi, the third wife who has vengeance on her mind and who would Shoneyin shows the inequality of The Secret Lives of Baba Segi’s Wives rather see a quicker solution to the women in her book, and all but was nominated for the 2011 Orange problem. Bolanle are portrayed as conniving, Prize for Fiction.

ARISE 60 37 Male Leaders

THE ROLE OF MALE LEADERS IN SUSTAINING DISCUSSIONS ON WOMEN & GIRLS’ RIGHTS ROGER KIWANUKA

ll over the world women strong partnership. to enhance the power of collective recognise the value of action. collective action as a However, male politicians haven’t starting point to effectively been fully engaged in this thriving Undeniably, the existing systems for A activate positive outcomes venture, despite the fact that they participation have been so choked up for gender equality. The journey to are the custodians of the patriarchal by discrimination and selfish ambition this has been heightened with a lot system that women are forced to that they cannot presume to offer of capacity-building and information survive under. Granted, the gradual satisfactory opportunities for women sharing, which all culminated in an emergence of male champions in the way they ought to. Systems such as unwavering resolve to garner as much Parliament has shed a glimmer of multi-party politics, which resurrected support as possible for equity and hope for positive partnerships between in 2005 following a national equality for all genders represented in female and male politicians in Uganda. referendum, originally left space wide the citizenry of the nation. These influential male legislators have open for women to participate in been fundamental in the passing of politics. In fact, since the onset of So far, the women’s movement has gender-sensitive legislation, such as multi-party politics, three women have successfully epitomised collective the Prevention of Trafficking in Persons been able to contest the presidential action as a tool to partner with Act (2009), the Domestic Violence seat in 2006, 2011 and 2016. women politicians and influence the Act (2010) and the Prohibition of legislative agenda of Uganda. The Female Genital Mutilation Act (2010.) Nonetheless, political parties passing of laws on Domestic Violence Female politicians, however, should be continue to restrict the number of and Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), cautious not to always depend on this women candidates fielded for open such as the Domestic Violence Act type of male support, and instead use or mainstream seats. For instance (2010), bear witness to the power of the temporary support as a springboard in 2006, out of the 808 candidates

38 ARISE 60 So far, the women’s movement has successfully epitomised collective action as a tool to partner with women politicians and influence the legislative agenda of Uganda.

research by UN Women, the dominant political parties in Uganda, that is, the National Resistance Movement (NRM), Uganda People’s Congress (UPC), Democratic Party (DP) and Forum for in the race for mainstream seats in the Social and Economic Planning Democratic Change (FDC), are governed Parliament, only 33 candidates were Commission. Unfortunately, none of by gender-sensitive constitutions that women, constituting only 4.1 % of the these commissions are designated support equal treatment and increased aspirants. Thus, despite boasts about to promote gender equality, equity, participation of female party members. numerical success at the time, Uganda’s equal opportunities or the interests of For instance, Article 38A of the 2010 record of 35 % female parliamentarians special groups identified in the NRM amended NRM constitution states that was chiefly the result of reserved seats constitution. ‘in electing the leadership of the designated for women. organs of NRM, 40 % of the positions Add to this the pressure of a highly shall be reserved for women except The party system in Uganda has also sexualised political space, and the in cases where it is impracticable to promoted a system of patronage, in odds are unevenly stacked up against do so...’, while Article 2.10 of the which female leaders who are elected women politicians. A study conducted UPC constitution (2008) declares the through affirmative action seats are by Isis-WICCE highlighted sexual party’s commitment to support women’s made to feel inferior and incapable harassment in Uganda’s political arena emancipation and advancement by of effectively lobbying for gender as one of the hurdles faced by women mainstreaming and integrating women sensitivity and responsiveness in political leaders. The report indicated and women’s issues effectively into policy-making and implementation. that persistent and repetitive acts of the party and party leadership and This calls for male leaders to sexual harassment, comments, jokes, advancing gender equality in party strengthen structures within the party statements or other related practices programmes, structures and decision- system and accommodate the views of by male colleagues severely dampen making processes. these women leaders as legitimate and women’s confidence and effectiveness. worthy of acting upon. This, therefore, calls for male politicians In conclusion, Ugandan politics ought to directly address the unacceptable to strive to be governed primarily by Furthermore, contrary to their very own situation by holding the perpetrators an innate culture of mutual respect for constitutions, parties have undermined accountable. each participant in decision-making the importance of internal programmes processes. Without a concerted effort to promote women’s participation. For In the light of this, ample party reference to value the opinions and needs of instance, the ruling NRM party has to the gender-sensitive constitutions both men and women, the desired end installed commissions with specialised that govern their structures would of a democratic society shall remain a functions, such as the Electoral go a long way in establishing male distant dream for our nation, causing Commission, Ethics and Discipline politician support for women’s society to diminish into silence and Commission, Finance Commission and participation in politics. According to intolerance.

ARISE 60 39 Gender Inequalities

FANNING THE WRONG FLAME: THE MISTAKES SOCIETY CONTINUES TO MAKE WHILST HARBOURING GENDER INEQUALITIES NINA KULABAKO

40 ARISE 60 n the past, African societies superior abilities of both males and that the males in our society still nurtured folks to believe females in the same social, academic harbour unbalanced views of the roles that every culture had to and economic spheres, fanned the of women and men. The cloak is still uphold certain key practices flames of stigma against the socially draped over many an eye, with regard I to mark social transitions, defined ‘weaker sex’. to whether women have the same achieve community cohesion and rights and respectability as men to pass on traditional values to the next So over time, the generations that make key decisions that affect society. generation. This system of social ensued have been privy to more of education so deeply entrenched itself the same cultural delinquency in an Male celebrities, whose actions are in the minds and hearts of communities evolving journey of prejudice. Where mirrored by even younger male fans that, despite the apparent evolution of in the past girls were dragged off to in society, still think that a women’s societal infrastructure and systems, be circumcised, the recent enactment place is to look pretty and stand the resultant developmental forums of international and local laws against silently by their side like a trophy that that they encountered, such as school, this has seen a reduction in female they can flaunt whenever they are in government and workplaces, simply genital mutilation in the targeted the public eye. became spaces for them to exert these communities and, in its stead, a rise customs in their behaviour towards in cases of rape and defilement of Workplace politics still has its cold each other, with keen emphasis on the girls who are considered prostitutes fingers firmly draped around women’s establishment of parallel relationships because they aren’t circumcised. Where necks. Should a woman start to rise between men and women, and girls the past held little promise for girls in the ranks over her male peers, and boys. For some reason this became attending school, now, with the help the notion that she had sex with a really popular practice, which, even of affirmative action, schools are her bosses to attain her position will with the enlightenment that education bursting at the seams with female become the automatic consolation for brought and exposure to the equally students. Unfortunately, though, the counterparts who don’t believe that likelihood of all these girls finishing she could ever genuinely merit such their education is lowered by early authority over them. marriages/pregnancies, and for those who persevere to the end, marketplace Even the media continue to contradict stigma awaits them as they go head themselves in their coverage of the to head with the dominant males that issue. On one hand, we are treated control the sphere. to exposés on the ill treatment and representation of women in society Thankfully, with time the gradual while, on the other hand, we are amplification of women’s voices assailed with sexualised images and through the women’s movement has stories about women that are definitely opened the eyes and ears of society to staged to undermine the image the apparent crisis of survival facing of women in society. Tabloids and women across Africa. Seemingly, men, mainstream media alike are awash with women and children across all spheres pornographic material, thus fomenting have been reached with information sensational coverage of women and about the rights and privileges of nullifying the entire framework of women as equal contributors to dignity that the women’s movement community. At last! All is well with the has struggled to build over time. world…or is it? Can it possibly be true that about three decades of advocacy This overt disrespect of women has and communication against the carelessly spilled over into the minds mistreatment of females has suddenly of younger, more impressionable turned the tide of prejudice that goes children who are being raised by the back many centuries? Are today’s youth cynical media! Gone are the days in one accord against gender-based of innocence, when children were violence? Can we confidently count introduced to sexuality through down the days to the dawn of a biology charts in sex education class violence-free society where women at school. Now, with the constant and men work respectfully alongside parade of ‘sex tapes’ and lewd stories one another? shared on social media, there no longer exists a veil of ignorance over children While we definitely all hope that of any age. Little boys are erroneously is the case, it is widely apparent being raised to view little girls as sex

ARISE 60 41 Gender Inequalities objects and, unfortunately, the careless trend of information sharing that is running rife in our communities continues to evolve into simpler ways for anybody to access information.

Clearly, the legacy of gender discrimination still runs deep in our society and it is not enough to bury our heads in the sand with programmes that continue to address shallow issues. It is high time the women’s movement and its partners dug deep to the root causes of the negative attitudes in society against women. It is time that focus is directed onto the media; yes, they are partners in the sharing of developmental information, but they represent the most popular forum for influence on the next generation and they need to be held accountable on that account.

It is also time to prioritise the moral aspects of gender discrimination. While religious and cultural leaders have only been marginally engaged in the discussion in the past, their role as the bedrock of societal norms and beliefs can no longer be denied. These leaders are the only true influencers of male attitudes and beliefs. Therefore, if true and consistent change in the hearts and minds of generations to Male celebrities, whose come is the goal, the women’s movement ought to forge and maintain strong partnerships with this group. actions are mirrored Gender equality and equity are not simply an end to aspire by even younger male to, but a hope to cling onto for the preservation of society. Therefore, it is time for every stakeholder in the fight to fans in society, still abandon all reservations and do exactly what is required of them for the survival of positive relationships. think that a women’s place is to look pretty and stand silently by their side like a trophy that they can flaunt whenever they are in the public eye.

42 ARISE 60 GENDER EQUALITY- A FAMILY EXPERIENCE TUMUSIIME K. DEO

ou have heard it time and again that charity begins I am perhaps one of the luckiest of at home. Similarly, gender guys, being a father to two girls. What equality is best appreci- this ideally means is that I am a lone, Y ated and inculcated within only man in my home, living happily in a home setting; that smallest unit the company of females. And even if I of society where we all grow up in were to claim more importance than the absolute love of our parents and the females in my household, they siblings. It is at home where as little could use their numerical advantage children we are taught how to live first to put me where I belong. However, with each other, and later with the what is rather true is that I have learnt wider community. to set an example to my wife and my daughters; that being male does not My remote understanding of the ques- necessarily put me anywhere ahead of tion of gender equality is certainly the females. not so much about girls being literally equal to boys; otherwise this would be I started off when we got our first an attempt to undermine the divine daughter, Nichol, in 2006. My wife reason why God created us different and had been operated upon and the doc- with distinct characteristics. Rather, tors discouraged her from doing any I am more interested in the fact and strenuous work. I was like: Why should blunt reality that what Phionah can she even strain herself at all when I do, Daniel can do in case the two are am around? Of course she would occa- subjected to similar conditions. sionally want to stretch a bit, fearing

ARISE 60 43 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

what people would say on seeing the tribute and we would build it together. ability as they grow up, and not to be husband doing all the housework, but Traditionally, many ladies are brought bulldozed by their male counterparts. I asked her to take it slow. We had up to rely on men, believing that only Hopefully, by the time they are out no ‘house-help’ at the time, and this men can have enough money and only of home, bullying by boys will have is a term that has come to be largely men, therefore, should build homes. In stopped; but even if it still prevails associated with females. I washed the the end, we both contributed money then, I believe our daughters will be in baby’s nappies daily before heading to to buy our piece of land, and from the a better position to stand tall in every work and on return; I bathed the baby, very first brick, we’ve both contributed circumstance. and I sometimes did the cooking. It to putting up our home. And I actually was during this time that I actually know some ladies in Uganda today who If we can learn to look beyond this discovered my other talents because I have even singlehandedly built their African ego that fronts boys and men had never been exposed to women so personal homes. ahead of girls, surely the notion of closely, and certainly not to babies. By gender equality can be realised. I know the time we had our second baby, Tia, Sometimes my wife laughs at me when- pretty well that I am not alone in the in 2010, I was very comfortable with ever I do not inspect the doors before world of men who share my personal all the housework, which I still do sleep, wondering what kind of a man belief. But it is also very true that to-date. I believe so much that this is I am. I usually remind her that what where we are is still grossly at baby- one of the reasons that have ensured a man can do, a woman can do, and steps stage. The issue of gender equal- stability in my marriage that is now I insist that she does the inspection. ity must be moved away from being a coming to a decade. Yes, because when I have travelled and women’s campaign because that’s what she’s at home alone, then she’s able many in the population perceive it to When my wife and I had just wedded, to be in full control, undertaking roles be. In reality, gender equality is part any contemporary girl could have said which are traditionally reserved for me and parcel of our human life whichever of me that I was not romantic at all. I as a man. way we look at it and must, therefore, would encourage her to contribute to be critically observed at family level if our bills; and when she once said we In living a life like this, we have we are to make headway in making it a needed to build a home, I remember comfortably grounded a foundation dream come true. telling her that we would have to con- for our daughters to appreciate their

44 ARISE 60 Leadership THE TRUE NATURE OF LEADERSHIP: RESPECTING EACH ONE’S STRENGTH TO ACHIEVE A COMMON GOAL STACEY PEARL KEIRUNGI

e live at a time when battle for the same privileges seems stay afloat as competent leaders in the the marketplace is to have overridden reason and caused marketplace. increasingly becoming a departure from mutual dependence. conscious about team- We need to acknowledge that women’s The thing is, unless the men and W work and virtually all success still depends largely on men women at the top of our society strate- organisations and entities agree that because they have been the custodians gically decide that equality at the top leadership teams should be made up of culture and its norms, and as such is the right goal to achieve, it simply of both men and women. At the have had the opportunity to establish won’t be happening any time soon. same time, however, there seems to themselves in the highest positions of For real change to occur, and in order be much more confusion concern- authority. And, like it or not, women to achieve a stronger balance, today’s ing how exactly men and women can do constitute the highest percentage leaders must have a strategy to achieve work well together. Society has for of the consumer market and, thus, equality for men and women. This calls a long time believed that men and bring to the table a greater under- for a willingness to ensure that there women are gifted differently and thus standing of what makes good business. are ample numbers of female and male ought to maintain specific roles and An aspect that men need in order to candidates for all available leadership responsibilities in society. Some extremists have gone to the extent of asserting that the differences between men and women are so great that it is virtually impossible to understand each other, let alone work well together. Thus a wedge has been driven between the sexes, pitting us one against the other, locked in perpetual competition that has developed a pattern of dominance; if either a man or woman is in leadership, the other may not be a partner, but instead a follower in order for a successful result to ensue.

Although society may have come a long way in setting the scene for women and men to access the same opportunities and prospects, the

ARISE 60 45 Leadership positions, with relevant mentoring programmes to build their capacity. In order to do this, we must hold leaders accountable for specific actions that signify diversity and strength at the workplace.

Building Authenticity The key proponents of unbalanced societal politics presume that there are fundamental differences in the way women and men think and behave. ‘Men compete, women converse’; ‘men think sequentially, women think in a more random way.’ Are women and men truly so different? One school of thought teaches women to respect men by not interrupting them as women do with each other, while another believes that women need to learn to interrupt men to get their point across – as men do all the time – otherwise they will not be heard. So who are the ‘natural’ interrupters, men or women? Could it possibly be more to do with personality and experience than with gender? The danger in being too aware of possible gender differences is that we can overlook the things we have in common, the task we have to complete, building opportunities for each of independent decisions made by man- and also the real differences between them to enhance their performance agement, the establishment of open us as people. So perhaps a better at work. spaces that build on innovativeness is way of thinking in our relationships, important in sending out signals to the whether we are supervising, working Building and Strengthening Mutual staff that all their ideas are essential with or reporting to someone of the Support Systems for enhancing the effectiveness of the opposite sex, is to see and treat them As important as it is for women to build organisation. The notion that men as an individual, with respect and care. internal groups to support one another are the only natural born leaders will to succeed in male-dominated spheres, always be put to rest in such instances, Amplifying Individual Strengths leaders should also be held account- giving way for acceptance of the fact According to Google (www.google- able for stretching such support sys- that everyone can have a brilliant idea forentrepreneurs.com), women-led tech tems to include male colleagues. This and contribute to positive change if companies achieve 35% higher returns would go a long way in ensuring that given a chance. on investment, and when backed by women are no longer looked at as infe- venture capital, deliver 12% more rev- rior to men, but instead it would build All in all, the fact remains that improv- enue than their male counterparts. A a mutual nurturing environment where ing gender equality in the world today woman’s power of perceptiveness and both men and women learn to lean on means improving joint decision-mak- emotional intelligence far outshines each other to effectively get the job ing. The only way to ensure this is that of any man, irrespective of her done at all times. for management to guarantee that all position in a workplace. Great leaders hands are on deck when it comes to recognise and optimise this strength Building Synergy for planning and implementation of the societal mandates. This way, every while selecting team leaders and plan- Innovativeness individual feels like a useful part of a ning to grow their businesses. So, Recognition of the need for a complete growing system, and teams are able to rather than worrying about the skills team effort to build cohesive, strong respect one another, regardless of sex, they don’t have, leaders should focus ideas for the good of any society is a because of the apparent contribution their energy on identifying individual key attribute of a strong leader. So, of each team player to the overall suc- strengths of all employees regardless rather than allowing the citizenry to cess of any given community. of their sex, and arranging capacity- get obsessed with complaints about

46 ARISE 60 Rwanda WHY RWANDA, NOT UGANDA, IS OFFICIALLY THE BEST PLACE TO BE A WOMAN SASHA MUMBI

ccording to Ms Saadia Zahidi, Head of the Gender Parity Programme at the World Economic Forum and lead author of the Gender A Gap Report, ‘A lot of the progress on gender equality over the last 10 years has come from more women entering politics and the workforce.’ According to global statistics at the World Economic Forum, there are now 26% more female parliamentarians and 50% more female ministers than nine years ago.

The case of Rwanda stands out as a key milestone for Africa’s progress in attaining gender equality. Ranking sixth in the world in the World Economic Forum (WEF) Global Gender Gap Report 2015, Rwanda is the only country from sub-Saharan Africa to be ranked in the top 10 countries whose highest priority is the extension of gender equality throughout its economy. Although the report cited a growing global gap in political empowerment at 21 %, this was one of the areas where Rwanda excelled.

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One of the reasons that inspired land policy framework far outweighs Rwanda’s performance was the coun- those of the rest of Africa in so far as try’s leadership that advocated for it respects women as the pillars of the legal frameworks that would give sector. women more opportunity. Among these is the 2003 constitution, which pro- On the other hand, Uganda ranks 88th The case of Rwanda vides for 30 % automatic representa- globally in gender equality. ‘Why is stands out as a key tion of women in decision-making that?’ you may ask. For all intents organs. The quota has since surpassed and purposes, we have also increased milestone for Africa’s this percentage in various organs, female participation in politics, with especially Parliament, where 64 % of excellent laws that uphold the rights of progress in attain- the seats are occupied by women, and minorities through affirmative action ing gender equality. the executive, where women constitute at both local and national levels. Our 36 % of cabinet ministers and minis- 1995 constitution allots room for one Ranking sixth in the ters of state. woman representative in Parliament for every district while the Local world in the World In addition to this, Rwandan policy Government Act (1997) stipulates that Economic Forum (WEF) stipulates that every public entity put the population quota of women rep- in place a gender budget that empha- resentatives shall be determined by Global Gender Gap sises capacity enhancement plans for the requirement of women constitut- women in the economic sector. This ing a third of any local council being Report 2015, Rwanda has led to an increase in the number considered (Part X, Article 109 (3)). is the only country of women wielding senior positions in Section 11 of the constitution reserves the mainstream marketplace. seats for women in the composition from sub-Saharan of district councils; in paragraph (c) A distinct focus on rural women’s two councillors, one of whom shall be Africa to be ranked in empowerment, however, may be the a female youth representing the youth the top 10 countries most productive initiative for Rwandan in the district; in paragraph (d) two gender indices to-date. By acknowl- councillors with disabilities, one of whose highest priority edging the centrality of the agricul- whom shall be female; and in para- tural sector as a backbone of the econ- graph (e) women councillors forming is the extension of gen- omy and land as the cause of gender one-third of the council such that the der equality through- disputes and fashioning the National councillors elected under (b), (c), (d) Land Policy to allot women equal rights shall form two-thirds of the council. out its economy. with men in land inheritance, Rwanda’s

48 ARISE 60 Rwanda Despite all this, however, the nature of the Ugandan model of women’s inclu- Taking into consideration these key sion in political leadership has raised issues, it is, therefore, imperative questions about the fact that despite for the women’s organisations across an increase in numbers, women politi- Uganda to unite into a strong advo- cians do not seem to be at the centre cacy unit in one colossal effort to of debate with their male counterparts, strengthen the resolve of women in preferring instead to compete amongst politics and design key strategies for themselves for space to raise gender promoting gender equality through issues. their renewed efforts.

Also, though the Local Government Act In order for the women’s movement to of 1997 provision for decentralisation achieve this, a critical mass of women to ensure good governance and demo- leaders wielding the skill and charisma cratic participation created an expan- to engage with men in positions of sion of participation, including that influence is of the essence. Therefore, of women on the reserved seats, the a long-term nurturing environment for African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) aspiring female politicians of all ages Country Review Report of 2009 depict- in the form of women’s leagues to pro- should be established in all areas of ed low-level participation of women mote women’s political participation, influence, from schools to the work- in district structures and platforms for their effectiveness is questionable. place. This will serve to build much debate. With 47 % representation as A survey on women’s participation needed confidence, skills and knowl- councillors in district local councils, in politics conducted by UN Women edge in diplomacy and advocacy that 1.4 % of chairpersons in sub-counties revealed low activity by women’s are currently lacking in most female and district local governments, men leagues. According to Norbert Mao, political representatives at all levels of continue to dominate the decision- the Democratic Party (DP) president: leadership. making process. … here in Uganda, I have never seen With regard to existing women pol- Furthermore, although the existing or heard the women’s league leader of iticians who have been known to political party constitutions, includ- NRM. I don’t even know who she is. sideline gender issues on the floor ing those of the National Resistance There is only women’s league leader of Parliament in favour of ‘national Movement (NRM), the Uganda you hear but even then, her voice does issues’, further exposure to the imbed- People’s Congress (UPC), the Forum not really come out on issues of gender ded gender issues in each national for Democratic Change (FDC) and the concern. They are always complaining area of interest may serve to return Democratic Party (DP) provide for spe- about general policy issues like the these vocal mouthpieces to a place of cial organs within the party structures rest of us. holistic political debate, which views gender as a key aspect of the success of the general nation’s focus.

Furthermore, the effectiveness and overall importance of continuous research and documentation of evidence and supportive frameworks should not be underestimated. This should be scaled up in academia and CSOs in order to constantly keep women political representatives up-to-date with data that would directly influence legislative processes in favour of gender equality. Finally, although the above changes are far-reaching for Uganda’s economy and culture, clearly much still needs to be done regarding improving women’s political participation in Uganda. Therefore, it is imperative that the pace of change be accelerated in the above critical areas.

INTERNET SOURCES

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Rebecca Alitwala Kadaga first female to be elected Speaker in the history of the Parliament in Uganda.

50 ARISE 60 Politics THE ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM THAT IS TRAMPLING EVERY ROAD TO WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS

ARISE REPORTER

In conversation with the Speaker, Pader district

Q: Do you think it is possible for women to stand and win on open seats?

A: Possible and not possible. Possible because some women have proved to be better performers. Like now if the incum- bent (county) and district MP stand for election the woman would sail through. However, we should note that women don’t support women. People think that big things can only be done by men and yet women perform even better. We need to prepare the minds of the people to know that women can lead at all levels. In Latanga sub-county, there was a woman who acted as the interim chairperson after the creation of Latanga from Awere sub-county and she performed very well. People even encouraged her to stand for the post of chairperson. When it came to election time, she lost. We

ARISE 60 51 Politics were all surprised that she lost and yet institutional challenges everybody seemed to like her. still exist that hinder Source: Ahikire 2007; Kwesiga et al. the effectiveness of 2003; Tamale 1999 women elected through reserved seats. This indi- There is growing disgruntlement with cates a growing need for the slow progress in the advancement of increased civic education women’s rights in Uganda. This is fuelled among the electorate on by fear within the women’s movement of the roles of woman par- possible regression in the gains women liamentarians. of Uganda have made over the years. Four burning questions linger in the Q. Do female min- minds of the electorate: isters still support women? Q. Who do women MPs represent? A. Female ministers are A. After years of growth in women repre- seen to be increasingly sentation, it is still unclear who exactly detached from the wom- the women leaders on reserved seats en’s agenda due to the represent. The apparent absence of a fact that they no longer clear mandate for women leaders has left argue issues of gender in them grasping at straws to prove their Parliament, and are not relevance. This has often pushed them often seen to promote movement in Uganda by working togeth- to extreme actions, such as furnishing the gender aspects of the key offices that er and optimising the strengths of the health centres with equipment and medi- they represent. However, the fact that individual players within the movement cine, disseminating farming equipment the amount of female support diminishes to strategically reach women politicians and providing educational scholarships, as female ministers go up the rungs of at their points of need. among other roles that far exceed the the political ladder is often overlooked. remit of an MP. In fact, most women MPs The challenge is, therefore, to devise a This calls for the women’s movement have been put under pressure to believe means of bringing women ministers into to galvanise support for dialogues and that simply representing women is too the sphere of the women’s movement by briefings immediately after the elec- narrow a focus for them and that they identifying mechanisms that can maxi- tions with the new female leaders – MPs should represent national issues on the mally utilise their current capacities to and councillors – through the Uganda floor of Parliament. The challenge with promote gender issues on the existing Association of Women Parliamentarians this school of thought is that it under- political terrain. (UWOPA) with the aim of rekindling the mines the social responsibility naturally connection between women leaders and appended to a woman MP and raises Q. Is the women’s movement solid the key purpose of the women’s move- unnecessary queries on role duplication. enough? ment. This will go a long way in addressing the challenge of limited political Q. Is affirmative action still rel- A. The evident lack of co-ordination influence among female leaders. evant? among women’s NGOs has eroded their credibility as genuine facilitators of posi- Furthermore, more attention should be A. Now that the number of women repre- tive change for women in development. accorded to increased research and docu- sentatives in politics at local and nation- The duplication of activities and projects mentation by women’s rights organisa- al levels has increased to 35%, and more across the organisations has left female tions. This will facilitate the establish- girls are accessing university education MPs fatigued with repetitive workshops ment of an up-to-date resource centre through the quota system, many people and trainings and filled them with a on the status of gender relations and believe that affirmative action may have sense that NGO activities are not meant society’s visions geared towards gender- outlived its relevance. Many believe that to cater to their interests and issues equitable governance to support women women should by now be able to con- but instead those of donors. Overall, it leaders in influencing the legislative test open seats exclusively, even though is necessary to re-energise the women’s agenda.

52 ARISE 60 Services GENDER- RESPONSIVE SERVICE DELIVERY – WHAT IS THE STATUS QUO IN UGANDA? ARISE REPORTER

With a citizenry that is more aware of public and the private sectors leaves are important at policy and implemen- their rights and privileges, the quality many questions unanswered. tation levels. Decisions made at such of service delivery offered in the coun- levels are reflected in how gender- try has improved greatly. However, the Given that women constitute 52 % responsive the services offered can be. extent to which gender equality is being of the population (UBOS Population Therefore, failure to include the major- promoted in service delivery in both the Census Report 2014), women’s voices ity voice would distort democracy and

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amount to infringement on the fundamental rights of women.

Statistics, though, tell a different story. In 2011, the Ministry of Public Service, Payroll Monitoring Unit, reported that there were more men (77%) in public sector jobs than women. In the senior management positions, there were 78% men holding positions as compared to only 22% of women. This, therefore, begs the question: Are women’s voices really necessary in making and implementing policies that affect service delivery? delivery need to be addressed, integrat- Parliament are women and most of them ed and implemented in national bud- stood on affirmative action.’ Women’s voices are crucial gets. At a later stage, the implemented Patricia Munabi, Executive Director, programmes have to be monitored and Munabi notes that the women already Forum for Women in Democracy at all these stages, women have to be in positions of influence need to be (FOWODE), argues that it is important in the processes.’ encouraged. ‘We need to work with to have women in positions of power. them, even with their inefficiencies, to She asserts, ‘These women should not Naomi Kabarungi, Communications strengthen and improve them. We need only be in positions of power but also Co-ordinator at WaterAid Uganda, adds, to bring the influential men on board be able to influence decision-making. ‘When women are empowered to be to understand gender equity in service This way, they can bring the concerns of leaders and entrepreneurs in service delivery.’ women to the fore, to be debated, and delivery, when spaces are open for make sure the policies that arise out them to participate in decision-making, Service delivery in the health and of those debates get into the national to speak out and hold their leaders education sectors budgets. This is because policies need accountable on minimum standards of In terms of service delivery in health- financial resources to be implemented.’ service delivery, access, quality, afford- care, a woman in a decision-making ability and sustainability of services can position would know what it feels like The lack of women in positions that be guaranteed.’ to have low service delivery. influence service delivery results in unfair allocation of resources which, in The accrued benefits of women’s inclu- ‘She will feel this because she is the turn, leads to poor service delivery. sion are essential to building a prosper- caregiver of the patient who cannot be ous economy. treated because there are no drugs in ‘Most chief executive officers and dis- the hospital,’ Munabi says, adding, ‘or trict planners are men and they are the The glaring gaps because she does not have the money ones in charge of making budgets and One would argue that the political envi- to take the patient to a better hospital.’ allocating funds,’ Munabi says, adding, ronment is now conducive for women to ‘Because women are not in those posi- stand in elective politics and influence Rural women bear the burden of walking tions, it is not easy for their concerns policy. But be that as it may, not many long distances to fetch water and often to be heard.’ women stand and win competitive elec- the water is not safe, thus exposing tive positions. their families to health hazards. Perry Aritua, Executive Director, Women Democracy Network Uganda (WDN-U), ‘Of course there is still a gap because ‘Girls miss substantial learning time at argues that the interests and needs of policies are made by elected leaders,’ school and drop out sometimes because women differ from those of men. says Aritua, adding, ‘Only 147 out of there are no safe and private sanita- the 458 members of incoming 10th tion facilities or sanitary materials for ‘The issues that affect women in service

54 ARISE 60 positions and in administration. Men sive service delivery systems. One such are found in a broader range of jobs, action is affirmative action in terms of from medical doctors and dentists to employment. allied health to support staff jobs. ‘Affirmative action on employment Without women in decision-making should be legislated through institut- positions, a hospital may function, for ing specific quotas for the different instance, without anyone realising the sectors,’ argues Spera Atuhairwe, head need to have an incinerator attached to of Programme Effectiveness, WaterAid. the labour wing. ‘For instance,’ she explains, ‘recruitment and placement of teachers in schools In the tendering process should ensure that a certain number The Public Procurement and Disposal of females are recruited in each school of Assets Act 2003, section 44 states and incentives provided to ensure their that a bidder shall not be excluded from retention. This would make it easy for them during their menstruation period,’ participating in public procurement and girls in schools to approach female Kabarungi says. She adds, ‘In this case, disposal on the basis of nationality, teachers and get guidance on issues of the service deficiency in water and sani- race, religion, gender or any other crite- menstruation and reproductive health.’ tation directly impacts on the quality of rion not related to qualification, except education services.’ to the extent provided for in this Act. Men should also be deliberately involved in efforts to ensure effective gender- Pregnant women in rural communities However, when one considers the ten- responsive service delivery because they walk long distances to access health- dering process in the public sector, control resources and hold positions care services. Unfortunately, in most especially when it comes to service of power. Also, women need to be health centres there are no drugs, there delivery, there is gender inequality. deliberately empowered to demand for are long lines, and in case they develop accountability from their leaders. complications during labour, they can- ‘When it comes to bidding to provide not receive proper treatment. This has services to the community, most of ‘The most important thing now is been known to lead to newborn and the companies that bid are owned by to ensure that the citizens are more maternal deaths. men,’ Aritua says, continuing, ‘This is empowered to know their roles and because the way our economy is struc- hold their leaders accountable,’ Munabi Kabarungi adds, ‘Clearly, service deliv- tured, fewer women are able to compete says, adding that a population that is ery issues are women issues: they have favourably. For instance, in Kampala, aware of their roles is crucial to gender- the first and direct encounter with the most market vendors are women, yet responsive service delivery. service centre as primary users as well men win the tenders to run these mar- as shock-absorbers for the rest of the kets.’ ‘There is need to develop gender- family.’ responsive performance measurement You can be sure that in case a woman indicators to be used to assess progress In a 2012 report by USAID and wins a tender to run a market, the pro- at the different levels,’ Atuhairwe says, IntraHealth, Gender Inequality and posal will be structured around ameni- adding, ‘these could be included in the Discriminatory Analysis, it was reported ties that make life easier for women, performance contracts of public officers that the extent to which the health such as toilets with running water, and used to measure progress made in sector is actually promoting gender cleanliness as a priority, or even small terms of policy provisions, planning, equality at operational levels (as mea- nurseries to take care of the toddlers of budget allocation and actual services sured by perceptions of political will, the market women. reaching women and related outcomes.’ accountability and organisational culture) was perceived by health managers Way forward – enhancing equi- Lastly, negative cultural perceptions to be only moderate. table service delivery about women as managers, tagged to It was found that women are most A number of options can be explored to their traditional gender roles as moth- concentrated in nursing and midwifery improve or enhance a gender-respon- ers, must be reversed.

ARISE 60 55 Civil Society

INVOLVING MEN AND BOYS IN THE PROMOTION OF WOMEN AND GIRLS’ RIGHTS: THE UGANDAN CIVIL SOCIETY EXPERIENCE ARISE REPORTER

egionally, Uganda is known to be one of the leading countries with good policies on gender equality, having gender equality high on the R political agenda and in political statements over the years. However, ACFODE notices that the involvement of men and boys in attaining gender equality is often missing from country policy dialogues and that in-country gender expertise and tools to mainstream it have not been suffi- ciently utilised in this regard. If the momentum is to be sus- tained, this has to be tackled. We bring you the experiences of some of the renowned civil society organisations that have succeeded in using this approach:

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WE TRAIN MEN TO lence against women and girls is the know these issues? We include them HANDLE POWER imbalance of power between men and and start with the boys because it’s women and, therefore, if we must stop the boys that become men. WELL – CEDOVIP it, our focus should be on the root cause, the power imbalance. In our community mobilisation model The Centre called SASA, we identify men and for Domestic Gender imbalances happen between women and train them to reach out to V i o l e n c e men and women, meaning that if their colleagues in various places like Prevention you target one group, you will have homes and drinking joints, sensitising (CEDOVIP) is reached half the group and that won’t them on creating the much needed a local non- be effective. CEDOVIP works to make change and supportive environment governmen- a shift in the issues that perpetuate that promotes peace and discards tal organisa- violence – the social norms, the belief violence in homes. Where we have tion whose mandate is to prevent systems, traditions and practices – community activists, for example, we violence against women and girls. and we involve both women and men, ensure that half the number are men. We believe the root cause of vio- for if you exclude men, how will they We train men to handle power well by

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emphasising the fact that relations tive peer influence on the treatment We work to provide a platform for between men and women should be of women. In many circles women various women leaders to empower marked by mutual respect and fair- are still treated unfairly. When, for other women to pursue leadership ness. example, a woman commits adultery, roles. We work with women and men she is condemned mercilessly. But in political parties, academia, media We have seen impressive outcomes when a man does the same, they say and government. The involvement of with relationships between men and omusajja,asajjalaata (a man has the men is crucial for you can’t have a women improving in the communi- right to commit adultery). Where is just society without having men on ties where we work. As husband and the fairness? Shouldn’t the principle board who share the same convic- wife learn to trust each, their bond is of fairness be exercised? tion. Gender is about men and women strengthened. They make joint deci- sharing opportunities, benefits and sions instead of one party ordering So yes, we have seen impressive responsibilities. We empower women the other around. There is unity and results in engaging men in gender who are aspiring for leadership roles. harmony in the home. And as parents equality promotion, but there are We give them information through jointly take care of their children’s still challenges that we continue to training. In working with political needs, their children’s performance confront. parties, the first set of training is for in class improves. Their incomes women’s leagues, followed with train- also improve because, among other Interview conducted with Tina ing of all party leaders. This is where things, the husband and wife jointly Musuya, Executive Director, CEDOVIP men are involved because many lead- plan expenditure and talk about their ers of political parties are men. health in terms of HIV/AIDS prevention, for example, something which, WE EMPOWER MEN We work with six universities in if couples do not guard themselves TO UNDERSTAND the country. These are Kyambogo against it, will increase their expendi- THE IMPORTANCE OF University, Kumi University, Uganda ture on health. GENDER EQUALITY Christian University Mukono, Muteesa I Royal University, Mbarara University That is not to say that there are no – WOMEN’S of Science and Technology and Gulu challenges. There are still violations DEMOCRACY University. We hold dialogues for of women rights. We, for example, NETWORK – UGANDA young men and women and in all documented the case of a 72-year- CHAPTER those platforms, invitations are old woman whose husband duped her extended to women and men. We used into signing bank loan documents to get questions like: If these sessions and instead of doing business with are about empowering women for the borrowed money, the man built political leadership roles, why invite a house for his new, younger woman both men and women? The answer was and deliberately did not pay back the always: who elects women to political loan. The bank eventually evicted At Women’s Democracy Network – offices? It’s both men and women. So the old woman. You wonder where Uganda Chapter (WDN-U), we have it is important that both women and a 72-year-old woman can go! There embraced the concept of involving men are sensitised. is so much unfairness! Men punish men in achieving gender equality, for women for even a natural phenom- we know having men on board is cru- We have learnt that the way you com- enon like age, in which case when the cial to realising the vision for which municate or approach the concept wife becomes old, she is replaced. WDN-U exists. WDN-U is a national of gender from the onset determines affiliate organisation for the global whether people will listen to you or The problem of domestic violence Women Democracy Network operating not. And that determines whether you is deeply rooted in traditions and in 14 countries around the world. Our succeed or not. If it is perceived as beliefs. There is still resistance to vision is a just society where gender a women’s issue, of course the men gender equality. For example, some equality is the norm rather than the will become disinterested, but if it people use religion to suit their exception. is perceived as a development and purpose. This is in addition to nega- peace-building issue, which is about

58 ARISE 60 sharing opportunities, you will be on cess they had started. That is how The experience is a mixed one, the right track and will see positive FOWODE was born. The organisation depending on where you find the results. This is particularly impor- worked with women in politics at men to work with. In some districts tant at grass-roots level where the all levels because we thought it was progress has been made, while in misconception that gender is about important for them to be effective others there is still much to be done. competition between man and woman in their legislatures. We did a lot Take, for example, Karamoja where is prevalent. of work on gender budgeting, youth women are still viewed as being unfit and leadership development. In the for the public space. We notice this In the communities where women process we realised the importance from the challenges and the language were considered subordinates, you of working with men because, unless women face from their opponents on need to get ‘buy-in’ from the leader- we brought men on board as allies, the political campaign trails. That is ship dominated by men. If men do it would be difficult to pursue the why in advancing the gender equal- not understand the importance of gender agenda. Yes, we might have ity cause, we need to go out of our gender equality then you have lost made progress but the process would way to bring men on board. When it, for they are the people in deci- be very slow. you have men as messengers and sion-making positions and many lead role models, the message is digested households. This realisation is very In 1998, for instance, we trained faster. important. women councillors, but after training and empowering them, the feedback We also need to reach out to more Interview conducted with Perry we got was that the men occupying women because not all of them are Aritua, Executive Director, WDN(U) the influential positions were not gender-aware. You still find some gender-aware and women’s efforts women who do not think that the were being thwarted. We started public space is for them. We need WE INTENTIONALLY training men in strategic positions more women and men on board – WORK WITH MEN TO in politics and civil service, such as women to appreciate their rights and ACHIEVE GENDER Chief Administrative Officers, District men to be part of the advocacy for Education Officers and Planners. You gender equality, so that together we EQUALITY – FOWODE have got to work with men, for it can forge a good future. And we need is they who occupy a big number of to do that at the various levels – these positions. In Parliament, for household, community and national example, most of the technical com- levels. At institutional level, we have mittees are headed by men who need to work on laws and their imple- to understand and appreciate the mentation. We have good laws but importance of gender budgeting. implementation is still a challenge. Born out of the 1994-1995 Constituent We need to translate what is on Assembly (CA) process, Forum for At the local level, we have the Village paper to the ground or fix the gaps Women in Democracy (FOWODE) has, Club Models where ordinary citizens that exist. It is multiple approaches, right from the onset, engaged men in are part of the advocacy group to not individual efforts. The future is gender mainstreaming. At the time, a track the allocation and distribu- bright. The change we desire to see group of originally nine CA delegates tion of resources. These clubs are may take some time to come, but I formed the Gender Working Group comprised of both men and women. am confident it will. (GWG) comprised of interest groups Working with men at this level is par- such the youth, workers and gender- ticularly important because it is here Interview conducted withPatricia sensitive men with whom they would where negative perceptions about Munabi, Executive Director, FOWODE work to ensure gender issues were gender equality are deeply ingrained integrated into the constitution- and women’s space is limited. So we making process. have become more intent on working with men in achieving gender After the CA process, the group equality. agreed to continue with the pro-

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women’s rights. in it. That’s where the future is. I will WE COUNT NOT We need the boys to listen to the not count on men to do that, though. ON MEN, BUT discussion that stresses the fact that MEMPROW have chosen to work with WOMEN TO REALISE girls have rights. The boys have got girls. That one we will do well. But GENDER EQUALITY – to understand that women are human if someone elsewhere can work with MEMPROW beings just like men. Men need to boys, it is okay. MEMPROW cannot do unpack the system, literally. The everything. problem is not men; it is the system, for you will find even girls and women Interview conducted with Dr Hilda who, because of the system, censure Tadria, Director, MEMPROW themselves. For instance, on the issue of intimate partner violence, a The Mentoring Programme for Young young woman may tell you why the Women (MEMPROW) focuses on boy has to beat her into submission. empowering girls to have a voice and It is the system, the culture we have make informed choices. We believe got to work on so that both women this is important so that young and men are treated equally. And women do not have to ‘fight’ with that requires collaboration between men. In other words, girls should men and women so that the system understand that just because they works for everybody’s good. are empowered, they do not have to fight with the system, the environ- We know this work is for life, and ment. that men will not do it. They still Women in love their privileges and entitle- We focus on girls because culture ments that they would not want to leadership empowers boys. We do not spend give up on. We can work with men, much time empowering those who involve them, but I don’t trust men are already empowered. For example, to promote this gender agenda. I cannot cry culture teaches boys to be assertive, hope they will change but I won’t communicators and decision-makers, count on them to change the bal- whereas the girls are told ‘your father ance. Many are still double-minded. without or husband will decide for you’. Even They may sound feminists in public her uncle decides how much bride but privately speak otherwise – their raising a price will be paid. At MEMPROW, language, the way they communicate we believe that empowerment must is different from what they profess focus on girls. However, we reach in public. storm of out to boys, too, so when there is a mindset shift for girls, the same hap- The future lies in having a movement pens with the boys. of young people with the voice and commentary courage to promote the gender agen- When we do joint dialogues for girls da, young people who have knowl- and boys, we emphasise that girls edge, the independent-thinkers. It Madeleine have rights that must be upheld, is important to equip them with M Kunin and it is important that boys listen marketable skills and the ability to to the girls and the girls hear what analyse the environment – a patri- the boys have to say. Our work is archal society – and see how to use mainly in Kampala and Zombo dis- the system well enough to make sure tricts. We invite boys and men in our they don’t conform to it, they who community training so they under- can see the bad and the good things stand issues of gender equality and

60 ARISE 60 ARISE 60 61 WORKING WITH MEN IN THE PROMOTION OF GENDER-EQUALITY HAS PROVED TO BE A UNIQUE AND ALL- INCLUSIVE APPROACH IN THE REALISATION OF OUTCOMES THAT ARE GEARED TOWARDS PROMOTING WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND GENDER EQUALITY

62 ARISE 60 ARISE 60 63 For more information contact: The Executive Director Action For Development ACFODE House, Plot 623/624, Bukoto P.O.Box 16729, Kampala – Uganda Telephone: +256 414 531812 Email: [email protected] URL: www.acfode.org