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REPUBLIC of GUYANA V. REPUBLIC of SURINAME

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REPUBLIC of GUYANA V. REPUBLIC of SURINAME ARBITRATION UNDER ANNEX VII OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA REPUBLIC OF GUYANA v. REPUBLIC OF SURINAME MEMORIAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF GUYANA VOLUME I 22 FEBRUARY 2005 Memorial of Guyana MEMORIAL OF GUYANA PART I 2 Memorial of Guyana TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I Page CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................1 I. Reasons for the Institution of Proceedings Against Suriname..............................1 II. Guyana’s Approach to the Presentation of the Case.............................................3 III. Structure of the Memorial.....................................................................................3 CHAPTER 2 - GEOGRAPHY AND EARLY HISTORY ...................................................7 I. Geography.............................................................................................................7 II. Early History.......................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 3 - EFFORTS OF THE COLONIAL POWERS TO SETTLE THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN BRITISH GUIANA AND SURINAME: 1929 TO 1966........13 I. The Fixing of the Northern Land Boundary Terminus between British Guiana and Suriname: 1936................................................................................14 II. The First Attempt To Fix a Maritime Boundary in the Territorial Sea: 1936 ....18 III. The Draft Treaty To Settle the Entire Boundary: 1939 ......................................20 IV. Unsuccessful Post-World War II Efforts To Settle the Boundary: 1949-1957 ..21 V. The United Kingdom’s Demarcation of the Maritime Boundary between British Guiana and Suriname by Means of an Equidistance Line: 1957-58.......22 A. The Extension of British Guiana’s Boundaries to Include the Continental Shelf .......................................................................................22 B. The Draft Articles of the International Law Commission on Maritime Delimitation ...............................................................................................22 C. The Application for an Oil Concession by the California Oil Company: 1957............................................................................................................23 D. The Decision To Use an Equidistance Line To Delimit the Maritime Boundary between British Guiana and Suriname, as well as the Eastern Limit of the Oil Concession Area: 1957.......................................24 E. The Oil Concession Granted by British Guiana to the California Oil Company: 1958..........................................................................................25 F. The Adoption of the Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea: 1958 ..26 Memorial of Guyana VI. The Netherlands’ Agreement To Delimit the Maritime Boundary by Means of an Equidistance Line, and Renewed Efforts To Conclude a Boundary Treaty: 1958-1966...............................................................................................26 A. The Netherlands’ Aide Memoire Proposing Maritime Delimitation in the Continental Shelf Area by Means of an Equidistance Line: 1958.......26 B. The United Kingdom’s Positive Response to the Netherlands’ Proposal of an Equidistance Line: 1958-1959..........................................................27 C. The Dutch Chart Showing a “Median Line” Dividing British Guiana and Suriname in the Continental Shelf: 1959 ............................................28 D. The Treaty Drafted by the United Kingdom: 1961....................................29 E. The Treaty Drafted by the Netherlands: 1962 ...........................................30 F. British Guiana’s Oil Concession to Royal Dutch Shell, Using the Equidistance Line as the Eastern Boundary of the Concession Area: 1965............................................................................................................32 G. The United Kingdom’s Final Effort To Draft a Boundary Treaty: 1965...32 H. Conclusions................................................................................................36 CHAPTER 4 - THE CONDUCT OF GUYANA AND SURINAME AFTER INDEPENDENCE: 1966-2004..............................................................................................37 I. Post-Independence Efforts To Settle the Maritime Boundary: 1966-1971 ........38 A. The Marlborough House Talks: 1966........................................................38 B. The Oil Concession Granted by Guyana to Oxoco: 1971..........................40 C. The Boundary Treaty Drafted by Guyana: 1971 .......................................41 II. Suriname’s Boundaries at Independence: 1975..................................................41 III. The Enactment of Maritime Boundary Laws by Guyana and Suriname: 1977-1978 ...........................................................................................................42 A. Guyana’s Maritime Boundaries Act: 1977 ................................................42 B. Suriname’s Maritime Boundaries Legislation: 1978 .................................42 IV. The Enactment of Petroleum Laws by Guyana and Suriname: 1980-1986........44 A. Suriname’s Creation of Staatsolie: 1980....................................................44 B. Guyana’s Petroleum Program with the World Bank and the Official Charting of Its Maritime Area: 1980-1985 ................................................44 ii Memorial of Guyana C. Guyana’s Petroleum Act: 1986..................................................................46 V. Oil Concessions Granted by Guyana and Suriname: 1966-1975........................47 A. Royal Dutch Shell’s Activities in Guyana and Suriname: 1966-1975 ......48 B. The Oil Concessions Granted by Guyana to Seagull-Denison: 1979-1981 ..................................................................................................49 C. The Oil Concession Granted by Guyana to LASMO-BHP: 1988 .............51 D. Guyana’s Protest of Suriname’s Proposed Concession to IPEL: 1989......52 E. The Meeting of the Presidents of Guyana and Suriname: 1989 ................53 F. The Memorandum of Understanding To Respect Guyana’s Concession: 1991.......................................................................................54 G. The Oil Concession Granted by Guyana to Maxus: 1997 .........................56 H. The Oil Concessions Granted by Guyana to CGX: 1998 ..........................56 I. The Oil Concession Granted by Guyana to Esso: 1999.............................57 J. Staatsolie’s Treatment of the Historical Equidistance Line as the Western Boundary of Suriname’s Offshore Concession Area: 1980-2004 ..................................................................................................58 VI. The Exercise of Fisheries Jurisdiction by Guyana and Suriname: 1977-2004 ...59 VII. Other Law Enforcement Activities by Guyana and Suriname: 1977-2004 ........62 CHAPTER 5 - SURINAME’S USE OF MILITARY FORCE AND THE CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO GUYANA’S INITIATION OF THIS ARBITRATION: 2000-2004 .................................................................................................63 I. Suriname’s Use of Military Force Against CGX: 2000......................................66 II. Guyana’s Decision To Invoke Its Rights under UNCLOS and Initiate These Proceedings.........................................................................................................69 CHAPTER 6 - JURISDICTION...........................................................................................73 CHAPTER 7 - THE LAW OF MARITIME DELIMITATION: AN OVERVIEW........77 I. Introduction.........................................................................................................77 II. Pre-1958..............................................................................................................78 A. Territorial Sea ............................................................................................78 B. Continental Shelf and Exclusive Economic Zone .....................................79 iii Memorial of Guyana III. 1958 to 1982 .......................................................................................................80 A. Territorial Sea ............................................................................................80 B. Continental Shelf and Exclusive Economic Zone .....................................81 IV. 1982.....................................................................................................................84 A. Territorial Sea ............................................................................................84 B. Continental Shelf and Exclusive Economic Zone .....................................85 V. International Judicial and Arbitral Practice ........................................................86 CHAPTER 8 - DELIMITATION OF THE TERRITORIAL SEA...................................91 I. Introduction.........................................................................................................91 II. The Conduct of the Parties in Relation to the Territorial Seas: 1936-2004........91 A. The Conduct of the Parties Concerning the Starting Point for the Maritime Delimitation ...............................................................................92 B. The Conduct of the Parties in Relation to Baselines..................................93 C. The Conduct of the Parties Concerning the Boundary Line To Be Followed from Point 61 to the Outer Limit of the Territorial Sea.............96
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