Stable Lead Isotope Studies of Central Taurus Ore Sources and Related

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Yener, K. A., et al. "Stable Lead Isotope Studies of Central Taurus Ore Sources and Related Artifacts from Eastern Mediterranean Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Sites." Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 18, no. 5 (Sept. 1991), pp. 541-577. © Academic Press, Ltd.

Journal ofArchaeological Science 1991 , 18, 541- 577

.,, Stable Lead Isotope Studies of Central Taurus Ore Sources and Related Artifacts from Eastern Mediterranean Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Sites

K. A. Yenera ,E. V. Sayre,a E. C. Joel,a" H. Ozbal b ,1. L. Barnes c and R. H. Brilld

(Received 1 March 1990, revised manuscript accepted 27 November 1990)

This is the first paper in a series presenting stable lead isotope studies of geological and archaelogical specimens obtained in 7 years ofarchaeometallurgical surveys in Turkey. The geological specimens presented here are ore and slag samples taken from ancient mining sites in the Central Taurus mountain range. The archae logical specimens are metal objects, dating to the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages, from Anatolia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Greece and the Aegean. The isotopic measurements on these speci mens have been made and statistically analysed as part ofa collaborative effort between the Smithsonian Institution Conservation Analytical Laboratory and the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). A comprehensive data base of approximately 1000 stable lead isotope measurements on such Eastern Mediterranean specimens has been formed QY combining the accumulated measure ments at NIST with analyses published in the literature. The overlap between speci mens in the overall data bank and the Central Taurus source specimens provides a realistic evaluations of the effectiveness of the use of stable lead isotope measurements for metallic ore source characterization and for the recognition ofexchange patterns of metal and metal artifacts in the formative periods of metallurgy.

Keywords: LEAD ISOTOPES, METALS, ARTIFACTS, CENTRAL TAURUS, EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN, CHALCOLITHIC, BRONZE AGE.

Introduction It has long been acknowledged that the highland regions of Anatolia were among the earliest environments in which metallurgy developed (Craddock, 1985; Tylecote, 1987). Scholars studying the early urban agglomerations of the Levant, Anatolia and Iraq have often cited highland Turkey as a likely source of raw materials such as metal, minerals and wood, critical to the populations in these relatively poorer environments (Muhly, 1973,

aConservation Analytical Laboratory, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A. bFaculty of Arts and Sciences, Bogaziyi University, Istanbul, Turkey. 'National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, U.S.A. (Deceased). "The Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, NY 14830, U.S.A.

1976; Charles, 1985; Moorey, 1985). This article will present thecharacterization ofmetallic ore sources within the central area of the Taurus mountains in Turkey through the determination ofelemental concentrations and lead isotope ratios. Ores from other source zones in Turkey will be similarly analysed and reported in subsequent papers. Artifacts belonging to the late Chalcolithic through the Bronze Age, which correlate with the Taurus sources, will also be discussed. Theapplication ofmultivariate statistics onthe isotopic data has enabled an assessment of the degree to which the Taurus ore sources can be discrimi nated from other ore sources throughout the Eastern Mediterranean through lead isotope ratio measurement, and an evaluation of the degree to which such data might provide eventual assessment of intra-site metal distribution patterns and large scale exchange processes, when more comprehensive source and artifact data are considered (Figure 1). The Taurus data base at our disposal stems from ores and slag samples from surveys in the years 1983-8 of the Central Taurus area for which data are included in this paper. In addition to this, 49 artifact samples with isotopic ratios consistent with well-defined Taurus ore sources are reported here, as well as 34 additional artifacts that have isotope ratios similar to Taurus ores for which only a few specimens have been analysed. They were extracted from an accumulated data base of isotopic measurements made on approximately 1000 specimens of Turkish, Greek, Cypriot, Caucasian, Syrian, Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Iranian ores and artifacts obtained by combining some 250, as yet unpublished measurements made in the Smithsonian-National Institute of Standards and Technology collaboration with the accumulated data in the published literature. A number of procedures were used to separate the Central Taurus source specimens into isotopically consistent groups, including the calculation ofordered isotopic similarity matrices, the generation of clustering dendrograms and correlation plots and the calcu lation ofmultivariate probabilities ofspecimens belonging to groups (Sayre, 1975; Barnes et at., 1988). When a group ofadequate size for statistical characterization was formed, the multivariate probabilities that other geological or archaeological specimens might belong to this group were calculated, with and without the Hotelling's T correction for small sample sizes. A surprising diversity oflead isotope ratios characterized the ores and slags taken from the Central Taurus region. Sufficient data are now in hand to define, reason ably well, four source areas with consistent ratios. These have been designated Taurus lA, Taurus lB, Taurus 2A, and Taurus 2B. Two specimens from the site ofEsendemirtepe had unique ratios similar to each other and four additional specimens of ores and a slag specimen were neither consistent with these data sets nor with each other. A map of the region showing sites from which specimens were obtained is shown in Figure 2. Each specimen has been given a technical examination. The examination usually included both compositional analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry and lead iso tope ratios by means of mass spectrometry. In some instances, samples were analysed by means of the scanning electron microscope (SEM), including X-ray emission measure ment, and by X-ray diffraction. Overall visual examination was made with a binocular microscope. Some of the ores were experimentally smelted (Ozbal & Ibar, 1990). The technical examination ofartifacts and ores was initially undertaken by K. Aslihan Yener, then with Bogazi<,;i University, Istanbul, and Hadi Ozbal, who did all the elemental analysis ofthe samples in the Chemistry Department ofthe same University. The isotopic measurements were carried out at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, formerly the National Bureau of Standards) by Emile Joel of the Conservation Analytical Laboratory of the Smithsonian Institution working with 1. L. Barnes of the Center for Analytical Chemistry at NIST. Edward V. Sayre of the Conservation Analyti cal Laboratory ofthe Smithsonian Institution collaborated with K. Aslihan Yener on the statistical analyses ofthese data. Before the inception ofthe Turkish ore project, R. J. Brill

~ l'to l'tTl tTl o;1> -oen o>-l '"0 tTl en >-l oc:::: tTl -en Z >-l c:::: i'::l ~ ~

Vl Figure I. Map of relevant Eastern Mediterranean archaeological sites. W"'"

of the Corning Museum of Glass and 1. L. Barnes ofNISTwere collaborating on a study of lead isotope ratios of ores and objects from the Near East, some of the data of which have been incorporated into this study.

The Lead Isotope and Elemental Analyses A sizeable number of chemical analyses, lead isotope analyses, and other laboratory studies have been carried out on Mesopotamian, Aegean, Anatolian, Syrian and other Near Eastern copper, bronze, lead and silver objects. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine both major and trace elemental components. However, these data were used only to characterize the deposits and the artifacts in terms of their basic compositions because, in most instances, it was not possible to obtain samples free of corrosion products and surface contamination, which might have grossly altered the trace component levels. Very few earlier analyses of prehistoric silver metal objects or of silver ores in Turkey have been published. The use of isotope ratios of lead to characterize sources and objects depends upon the fact that lead ores occurring in different mining regions differ from one another in their isotopic compositions (Brill & Wam~ler, 1965b, 1967; Barnes et al., 1973). Natural lead contains four stable isotopes 208Pb, 2 7Pb, 206Pb and 204Pb. The relative concentrations of all four of these isotopes are assumed to have been uniform throughout the earth at the time it was formed. Additional amounts of three of them, 208Pb, 207Pb and 206Pb have continued to be formed on earth from the radioactive decay ofuranium and thorium. The isotopes of 208Pb, 207Pb, 206Pb in any present-day ore body are, therefore, composed of a mixture from two origins, original terrestrial lead and radiogenically produced lead. For a particular ore sample, the present-day isotope ratios will be determined by the associ ations of the lead with uranium and thorium prior to the time when the ore was deposited and by the time of the deposition. The lead ore, after deposition, is usually no longer appreciably associated with uranium and thorium and retains its isotopic composition (Barnes et ai., 1973). Differences in the predepositional association of various leads with uranium and thorium and differences in the times at which depositions occurred, result in different isotopic signatures for different leads.

The Available Geological Data Most ofour present information about the geographical distribution ofmineral resources in Turkey stems from the Turkish Geological Research and Survey Institute (M.T.A.) and Etibank, the State Mining Institution, who extensively survey and operate the mineral reserves (M.T.A., 1964, 1970, 1972, 1984; English summaries in Ryan, 1960 and de Jesus, 1980; for earlier references see Forbes, 1971, 1972). A broadly based survey ofmajor regions ofmetal production in Turkey is being completed and integrated into a comprehensive data bank oflead isotope analyses ofores and slag at the Smithsonian Institution. This data bank includes unpublished ratios obtained at NIST and previously published ratios measured at Upton, N . Y. , Washington D. c., Mainz, Hannover and Oxford (Brill & Wampler, 1965a ,b, 1967; Barnesetal., 1974, 1986; Gale, 1978, 1980; Wagneret al., 1983/4, 1986; <;evrim, 1984; Pernicka et al., 1984; Seeliger et al., 1985; Stos-Gale et al., 1986). All of the contributing laboratories calibrate their measurements with the same standard SRM 981 and hence produce highly comparable measurements. Examples ofconsistency between samples from the same source, such as specimens from the same mine in the Keban in eastern Turkey, which were collected independently by teams from Bogazi9i and Heidelberg, confirms the comparability ofdeterminations from the different laboratories. The specimen source areas for the Central Taurus region include Bolkardag, Aladag, and the Nigde massif (Yener, 1986; Yener & Ozbal, 1986, 1987; Yener et al., 1989a). This region has been identified as a highly complex geological zone (Akay & Uysal, 1988). Lead

STABLE LEAD ISOTOPE STUDIES IN TURKEY 545

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+~~ 7161412 30 '+'.i" oOUoD 455 v NIGDE MASSIF '0: ". " .... p ' .... . 1172618 : 157

419 v KESTEL +AA463466'- ALADAG MOUNTAINS ''6.. ..~.. . yAMARDI 399 ...... : + " 434 A B

Aladag outlier .6. " ESENDEMIRTEPE Esendemirtepe 00 Taurus 1A 0 Taurus 18 A Taurus 2A 0 Taurus 28 + Outliers •

v o 10 km 80LKARDAG VALLEY -==---== • 1000 Horoz 4 Figure 2, Geological specimen location map of the Central Taurus,

isotope ratios were determined on some ore and slag samples from the area (Figure 2). Samples were taken from as wide an area over this region as feasible, as well as from a variety ofdepths within ancient mines. Care was taken to identify features, such as the age of the workings, whenever possible. For example, several 1 x 2 m archaeological sound ings were initiated inside a mine, Kestel, in the Nigde Massif (Yener et al. , 1989a). The accumulated deposit yielded late Chalco lithic and Early Bronze Age (late 4th- 3rd millennium Be) sherds as well as ore processing tools. Four charcoal samples from this

546 K. A. YENER ET AL.

mine gave radiocarbon determinations of 4020 ± 88-3830 ± 65 years BP, equivalent to a tree ring calibrated date range of 2874-2133 BC, which place the use of the mine firmly in the 3rd millennium BC. The principal areas in which lead mines were found and sampled were (1) along the slopes confining the Bolkardag valley, which is situated at the northern end of the Bolkar Daglari range of the Central Taurus Mountains, (2) at mines and streams in the Nigde massif and (3) in the Aladag region, which is situated in the Ala Daglari range of the Central Taurus mountains. The Bolkardag valley lies about 50 km north of the Mediterranean coast, north-west of the site ofTarsus, and the Aladag region is about 100 km from the coast, north-east of Tarsus. The Bolkardag and Nigde massif mines had not previously been sampled for lead isotope measurement or systematically surveyed archaeologically. A number of the Aladag mines had been sampled for lead isotope measurement by <;evrim (1984). This study has supplemented his data with iso tope ratio measurements ofa sample from an additional mine and ofa number of samples ofmetallurgical slag found in the mining area. The two sets ofdata will be combined in our analysis of the isotopic character of the ores of this region. The Central Taurus ores have often been described as polymetallic (Ayhan, 1984). The most prevalent metal in all specimens except for the Taurus 2A type, which is to be described, is iron. Iron is often present at the 40% level as hematite or magnetite. Many of the ores are lead rich, in the range of 10-30% lead, and the lead is consistently accompanied by a high zinc content that often runs at the 6-8% level, on the average about one half of the lead concentration. Arsenic tends to occur at somewhat the same level as zinc. The ratio ofzinc to lead is about the same in slags as in the ores to which they relate. Copper is present in some of the lead rich ores up to 1·5% and is found in 6·7% concentration-in mines within a few km oflead rich mines. We have found cobalt as high as 3·3% and tin as high as 1·5% in some mines of the region. The mining region, therefore, could have been a source of copper as well as lead, tin, gold and silver in the period with which we are concerned.

Mines and Slag Discovered in the Bolkardag Valley The Bolkardag valley ofmines is 15 km long. The major ore deposits are located on a 6 km horizontal extension and 550 m vertical width on the northern slopes of the ENE- WSW anticline (Blumenthal, 1956; Ayhan, 1984; Demirtasli et al.,1984). Porphyritic dikes are numerous and, due to natural processes and mining activities, the mountain range is full of very irregular caves, cavities and tunnels, some penetrating the mountain up to 4 km. Many of these show signs of having been worked in antiquity (Yener & Ozbal, 1986, 1987). There are massive secondary and detrital deposits of oxidized ores in the caves and cavities of the limestone mass. Some of these are layered like sedimentary deposits with gold content between 1-1 00 ppm and silver content at times higher than 6000 ppm, the majority falling between 100-1000 ppm. Since the deposits are quite soft and easily mined, it is suspected that the earliest mining activity in the region would be the utilization of simple panning methods by means of which metals such as gold could be easily recovered (Yener & Ozbal, 1986; Yener et al., 1989b). Of the 24 specimens from the Bolkardag valley for which lead isotope ratio measure ments were made, 16 formed a set with highly consistent ratios. This group of isotopically matching specimens will be referred to as Taurus lAo The distributions of all such Central Taurus groups, on a 208Pbpo6Pb versus 207Pbpo6Pb plot, is shown in Figure 3. Two of these samples (AON078 and AOB 152), which were primarily galena, with some sphalerite, were taken from ancient mines, one (AANl19) was from an alluvial deposit, nine (AONI29, AON103, AON109, AONI06, AONI25, AONI34, AON135, AON137 and AON141) samples of reddish-brown soils, rich in iron oxides but containing significant concen trations of galena with some sphalerite, chalcopyrite, gold and silver, were taken from

STABLE LEAD ISOTOPE STUDIES IN TURKEY 547

2·09r------,

+ Esendemirtepe + 2'08

2·07 Taurus 1B .0 Aladag Outlier (L *

2'05 X Bolkardag Outliers

2·04 X

0·820 0·824 0'828 0·832 0'836 0·840 0·844 207Pb/206Pb Figure 3. Isotope ratio distributions of the Central Taurus ore and slag specimens.

deposits that had accumulated upon the floors or within wall cavities of other mines. The occurrence ofworkable copper, as well as lead deposits within these mines may be inferred from a sample AONlll (1·51 % Cu) taken from the same mine as sample AONI03. Four (AON040, AON041, AON042 and AON046) were slag samples found at ancient metal working sites within the valley. The coincidence between the isotopic signatures of the slags and the ores provides evidence that metals were indeed being won from these ores. A significantly different isotope signature consistently characterized ore samples from three other mines and an outcropping vein within the Bolkardag valley. Each of these four sources were situated at higher altitudes than the mines from which Taurus lA specimens were taken. Although these sites were as widely spread over the valley as the Taurus lA mines, their consistently higher locations suggest that there might have been a degree of stratigraphy in the deposition of lead throughout the valley. The ores from these sources tend to be mineralogically diverse and they may have served as sources ofseveral different metals. The specimen from the outcropping vein (AON116) was predominantly galena (30·9% Pb), and six other specimens from the same outcropping show similarly high lead. One of the three specimens from mines near Esendemirtepe (AONI59), contained only a modest amount oflead, 1·2% with significant concentrations of magnetite and cobaltite and the remaining two (AON428, AON429), contained large concentrations ofthe copper ore, malachite (6·74 and 1·16% Cu respectively). Of course, the sampling of the last mines may have missed the lead deposits, the mines are situated only 10 km from the isotopically matching lead rich outcropping. The lead isotope ratios would suggest that these malachites had been in contact with solutions similar to those that had deposited lead in the other matching source areas. The polymetallic nature of this set of ores is manifest. The agreement in isotope ratios among these diverse ores raises the possibility that copper, as well as lead and silver objects, with matching isotopes ratios might have

548 K. A. YENER ET AL.

been derived from them. Itis for this reason that such comparison will be considered in the artifact section. An interesting aspect ofore AON116 and other specimens from the same outcropping, is that they contain tin to thelevel ofa few tenths ofa percent (<;agatay et at., 1989). About 25 km north-east of the Bolkardag valley at another high altitude site, 1800 m, in the Nigde massif, we have sampled a mine site, Kestel (AON463, AON466 and AON399), that appears to have been a possible source of the tin ore, cassiterite (Yener et at., 1989a; Willies, 1990). The extent and concentration of this finding has been the subject of a 5-year Turkish Geological Survey (M.T.A.) project (Pehlivan & Alpan, 1986). The tin is present in haematite-bearing and cassiterite-bearing quartz veins, and it measures between 0·1 - 1·5% in several samples analysed by the geological survey (<;agatay & Pehlivan, 1988) and H. Ozbal. Individual cassiterite grains have been extracted from ore specimens inside the mine, from the floor detritus and from the alluvium stream deposits below this mine. In addition to the tin-bearing veins at Kestel, alluvial deposits containing cassiterite are extensively present in three major streams of the Nigde Massif. The lead isotope ratios ofthese Nigde Massif sources, for which readings could be obtained on only three specimens, because of very low lead concentrations, agree in isotope ratios to those of the Bolkardag sources. It is possible that the same lead-bearing solutions could have reached this far. Furthermore, a slag sample (ASN459), found in the area of Yahyali Denizovasi, which is some 50 km north-east of the Bolkardag valley, has a similar isotope signature. It is possible that ore might have been transported this far before processing or that a more northern source of this type may have existed. Thus, we have isotopically analysed eight specimens from within the Central Taurus region which match the isotope ratios of the specimens from the higher altitude sites of the Bolkardag valley. All of the mines from which specimens were taken were at high altitudes and some contained tin rich ores (see Table 3). However, they were a mixed group as to the major components encountered in the specific specimens taken. We have decided to consider them as a mixed metals source group with a characteristic set oflead isotope ratios, Taurus IB. One sample, AON411, from near Esendemirtepe in the <;iftehan-Muradiye area north of Bolkardag, matches another in the same area, sample AONIOOl, a lead-barite ore. These samples come from the same geographical zone between Esendemirtepe and Ba~mak~i villages as the Taurus IB sample AON159 but differ in isotopic signature. The Bolkardag valley also provided lead oxide ore samples from two more mines (AON070 and AON108), a sample of slag containing 7% lead (ASN147), and a galena from the Horoz valley on the south facing slopes of the range (AONlOOO), whose isotope ratios neither match those of the Taurus lA or Taurus IB, nor do they closely match each other. Indeed, the isotope ratios of these four samples are eccentric to all Turkish ores yet measured. Clearly there is a great diversity in leads throughout this area, and considerably more samples for this area must be run before a clear understanding of the complexity of the situation here can be obtained.

Ore and Slag Samples from the Aladag Area The ores are located in a mining zone stretching from the town of Develi in the Kayseri province, to 15 km west ofthe Zamanti river in the east and to the Ecemi~ Fault in the west. The Ala Daglari range, a part ofthe eastern Taurids, contains massive lead-zinc deposits. The alpine mountain elevations vary from 1000-1600 m in the north to the higher elev ations up to 3000 m further south (Ayhan, 1984). In his study of ores from Aladag mines <;evrim (1984: 158) reported lead isotope determinations on eight galena ore specimens (his specimen numbers: Bl, B7, B12, B14, B16, B17, B18, B26) that formed a closely matching set. In this study, an additional galena specimen was found in this immediate region (AON455) that matched the group. Three more matching galena specimens from

STABLE LEAD ISOTOPE STUDIES IN TURKEY 549

more distant sites were obtained, two (AON461 and AON456) from mines situated about 15 km to the north-west, near Yahyali, and a third (AON157) from a mine situated a few km south-west of the mine group that was investigated by <;evrim. All of these mines with matching lead isotope ratios are located close to the south-eastern side of the Ecemi~ Fault, an extensive subduction fault line dividing this area. These data would indicate that this ore body has a considerable extension east and parallel to this fault. In our data handling, all 12 matching specimens have been combined to form a consistent cluster of data points, Taurus 2A. <;evrim also reported isotope measurements on a set of three galena ores from mines (his specimen numbers B22, B24, B30) that were situated close to the Ecemi~ strike-slip fault, which were in agreement with each other but differed significantly in isotope ratios from the Taurus 2A specimens. In this study, the lead isotope ratios in the body of a specimen of slag and in a metallic prill within it (ASN434 and AMN434) were found to agree with this set ofgalena ores. The slag was found in <;amardi about 15 km south-west of the mines and its discovery confirms that metals were being won locally from these ores. A sample ofhaematite ore from a mine close to where the slag was found (AON419) also had matching lead isotope ratios as did a sample ofgalena ore (AON442) from a mine near the village of Arapsun (Giil~ehir), 15 km north-west of Nev~ehir, which is some 85 km north-west of the original group of mines. The presence of this last mine would indicate that this ore deposition may have extended well to the north-west of the Ecemi~ Fault. These seven specimens are designated Taurus 2B. Another sample (AON457) came from iron works at Karamadazi, 25 km north-west of the town ofYahyali. The ratios from this ore are uniquely different, and it is considered to be an isotopic outlier of the Aladag source area.

Comparison to Other Near Eastern Ore Sources The degree to which a match in lead isotope ratios between a metal sample from an artifact and one of the Central Taurus ore fields can be used to infer that the metal was derived from the Central Taurus is limited, ofcourse, by the degree to which the lead isotope ratios characterizing the ore fields are unique. To determine whether the fields of isotope ratios for the four reasonably well-characterized source groups from the Central Taurus region overlap significantly with isotope ratios of other ore sources from eastern Mediterranean sites we have compared these groups to all of the published isotope ratios for geological site samples from throughout this region that we have found. In this comparison, an interesting relationship was encountered between the Taurus 2A field of specimens from the Aladag region and the Cypriot field, that has been defined by the Gales (Stos-Gale et aI., 1986). The Cypriot field primarily represents copper ores, although it does contain one galena specimen, and that the Taurus 2A field is formed of lead ores and slags, and we realize that the comparison of sources of essentially different metals is moot. The Central Taurus ores are polymetallic in nature, however, and may well have served as multimetal sources. Moreover, the problems of isotope ratio comparisons that arise between these two fields are general ones that merit consideration. In a conven tional 208PbFo6Pb versus 207PbFo6Pb plot of these data (Figure 4), it appears as if the two groups overlapped considerably. However, in a 208PbFo6Pb versus 204PbFo6Pb plot (Figure 5), the two 8-roups are shown to be well-resolved from each other. Similar resol ution occurs in a 2 7Pb/206Pb versus 204PbFo6Pb plot. The ellipses shown in Figures 4 and 5 are not arbitrarily drawn, but are the two-dimensional 90% probability limits for containment within the groups, based upon the assumption that the groups conform to Hotelling's T distributions. This situation ofapparent but not true group overlap, is similar to the example cited by Gale & Stos-Gale (1989) oftheir Kythnian field, which also appears to overlap the Cypriot

550 K. A. YENER ETAL.

2 ' 090~------,

2'086

2·082 • •

.0 0..

2·070 • ••

2'066~~--~--~--~--~--~~--~--~--~--~--~~--~--~--~~ 0·833 0·835 0'837 0·839 0'841 0'843 0·845 0'847 0·849 207Pb / 206Pb Figure 4. Conventional distribution plot of the Taurus 2A and Cyprus isotope fields, showing overlap.

2'090~------~

2·086 0 0 0 0 0 0 2'082 • • • Taurus 2A 0 • .0 0..

2'066~--~--~----~--~----~--~--~----~--~----~--~--~--~ 0·0532 0·0534 0·0536 0·0538 0·0540 0·0542 0·0544 204Pb / 206Pb Figure 5. ,o'Pb/,o'Pb versus 2IJ4Pb/,o'Pb plot ofthe Taurus 2A and the Cyprus isotope fields, showing resolution.

STABLE LEAD ISOTOPE STUDIES IN TURKEY 551

field in a conventional plot but is resolved from it in discriminate analysis plots that include 204Pb measurements. These examples make it ~uite clear that the simple overlap of a specimen with a source field in a conventional 2 8Pb/206Pb versus 207PbFo6Pb plot, although necessary evidence that the isotope ratios of the specimen are indeed consistent with those of the field, does not provide adequate proof that the metal in the specimen might have been derived from that source. To draw such inference, the individual speci mens must be related to the source fields either by a multivariate technique that takes into account the full three-dimensional set of measurements or by considering the overlap in plots of each of the three independent pairs of isotope ratios. A multivariate technique that takes fully into account all three isotope ratio measure ments, the spread of each of them within a group and the correlations between them is a calculation of the multivariate probabilities of various individual specimens belonging to an internally consistent source field group of specimens. Such multivariate probability calculations can be made (a) upon the basis of the Hotelling's T distribution, which, like the Student's t-test for one dimension, takes into account the added uncertainty that arises when the group is composed of a relatively few specimens, or (b) upon the basis of a multivariate normal distribution, which provides the probabilities that would apply if the group were large. If the group is small, it is more accurate to use Hotelling's T, but, in practice, with it one usually obtains relatively large values for the probabilities of speci mens which become progressively smaller as additional members are added to the group. As the size of the group increases, if the initial group specimens represent the group reasonably well, these probabilities will tend to converge to the smaller probabilities obtained by using a normal distribution. We have found it useful to calculate the prob abilities both ways, and to base our judgement of probability of belonging to the group upon consideration of both values. Accordingly these probabilities are recorded in the following text as (PI-P2), where PI and P2 are the % probabilities calculated without and with Hotelling's T respectively. Such calculations show that one, but only one, of the Cypriot specimens shows a significant probability of belonging to Taurus 2A group. It is the specimen labelled PER2 by Stos-Gale et al. (1986: 138), a pyrite/chalcopyrite ore from Perevasa with probabilities ofbdonging to Taurus 2A at (11'8-25·8), the first calculated without and the second with Hotelling's T. The overlap of specimen PER2 with the Taurus 2A field is not highly significant, however, as it is clearly an extreme outlier among the Cypriot specimens. In general, there is no problem differentiating between Cypriot and Taurus 2A specimens, even though this deviant specimen does lie ambiguously between the two fields. The occurrence of the ambiguous specimen, however, makes it clear that to compare the overlap of two source fields rigorously both source fields must be well-defined with an adequate number of specimens to establish the spread in values that characterize the fields. With this caveat in mind, one notes the further overlap of the Taurus 2A field by a galena ore from Euboea (Gale, 1980: TG59c) that shows a small but significant prob ability (9'5-23'0). Another overlap of the Taurus 2A field is by two copper ores from eastern Turkey near Siirt (Seeliger et al., 1985: 641) TG185 and TG183A with probabili ties (55,9-65' 3) and (8'9-22' 3), and by a galena specimen obtained by Brill from the Pontic area of Akdagmadeni, AOB836 with probabilities of (30'6-44·5). These indicate possible overlaps with ore fields in these regions that have yet to be fully characterized. Chandra & Terry Reedy (1988) have made some quite worthwhile observations con cerning the overlaps between source fields in the Aegean Region and the problems of resolving such interactions statistically. They have particularly stressed the need to con sider the full three dimensions of isotopic data available by multivariate techniques and the need to have individual source fields defined by an adequate number of specimens. They express the opinion that data for at least 20 specimens are necessary to properly

552 K. A. YENER ET AL.

2·065

2·063 • o

2·06 1

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2·055

2'053 0·829 0'831 0'833 207Pbl 206 pb Figure 6. Conventional distribution plot of the Taurus 2B and Laurion isotope fields, showing overlap.

define the position and spread ofa source group. Our remarks in the preceding paragraphs make it clear that we are in full agreement with them that multivariate techniques are desirable and that many of the source areas throughout the Eastern Mediterranean area, for which only a few data points are presently available, are too poorly defined to draw any conclusions. We do not, however, believe that source groups must include as many as 20 specimens before valuable inference can be drawn from them. The use of Hotelling's T distribution, of course, is an accepted procedure for estimating the limits of additional uncertainty introduced by working with less than an optimum number of specimens, and we favour using it to evaluate the imperfect data sets we must contend with because it is one of the few statistical procedures that do so relate uncertainties to sample size. ,one reason for reporting probabilities derived both with and without Hotelling's Tis that this provides a direct estimate of how much of the uncertainty is related to sample size. The other ore source field from Aladag, Taurus 2B, has a relationship to the Laurion field in mainland Greece that is similar to that between Taurus 2A and the Cypriot field. We have encountered 40 stable lead isotope measurements on specimens from Laurion reported in the literature (Barnes et ai., 1974; Gale & Stos-Gale, 1981, 1982; Stos-Gale et ai., 1986). Ofthese, six are far outliers, quite exceptional to the main body ofspecimens. We have considered the remaining 34 specimens to constitute a core group representing the Laurion field. When one compares this Laurion core group to the Taurus 2B group, in a conventional 208PbFo6Pb versus 207Pb/2o6PbElot (Figure 6), it appears that they overlap extensively. However, a 208PbFo6Pb versus o4PbFo6Pb plot (Figure 7) shows that the overlap is truly rather small. As one would expect, the multivariate probabilities reflect the modest degree of overlap shown in the plots including 204Pb. Three specimens of the Laurion core group show significantly high probabilities of belonging to the Taurus 2B

STABLE LEAD ISOTOPE STUDIES IN TURKEY 553

2·065 • 2'063 •

• 0 Taurus 28 0 0 2·061 • ..a 0 § 0.. 0

0 0 2'055

2·053 0·0526 0·0528 0·0530 0·0532

Figure 7. ,o'Pb/lO'Pb versus '04Pb/,o'Pb plot of the Taurus 2B and Laurion isotope fields, showing near resolution.

field. Conversely, only one of the Taurus 2B specimens, a slag in which both a metal prill (AMN434) and the matrix (ASN434) were measured with probabilities (1-4-3'0) and (4'3-7'2) respectively, shows any probability ofbelonging to the Laurion core group. The three overlapping specimens from Laurion (Gale, 1980; Gale & Stos-Gale, 1981) are KK8, a cerrusite, A5, a lead metal and S 12, litharge, with probabilities of (14·3-41·7), (21,9 48'6) and (34·0-58·0). This is again an instance in which consideration ofall ofthe isotopic data is required to determine realistically to which of two source fields a specimen might best be assigned. Actually, so few specimens ofeither group show significant probabilities of belonging to the other, that it is to be expected that an intermediate specimen will almost always have a much higher probability of belonging to one of the two source fields than to the other. A much more serious degree of overlap appears to exist between the Taurus 2B group and specimens from the Aegean islands ofAnaphi, Kythnos and Seriphos. Although these three islands are separated by some 150 km, they have remarkably similar lead isotope signatures. Isotope ratios have been measured on only three galena specimens from Anaphi (Gale & Stos-Gale, 1981: ANAl, ANA2, ANAPHIl), a galena from Kythnos (Gale, 1978: 1.K.), and four galenas from Seriphos (Gale, 1978: 52Ajl; Gale & Stos-Gale, 1981: SER I, SER3, and SER4), but all eight of these specimens show significant prob abilities of belonging to the Taurus 2B group, the average probabilities for the Anaphi specimens being (32'7-55'7) and for the Seriphos specimens being (21'0-43·1). The numbers of the Anaphi, Kythnos and Seriphos specimens are too small for one to be confident that these sources have been well-characterized or for one to use them for quantitative statistical computation. However, the probabilities of them belonging to

554 K. A. YENER ET AL.

Taurus 2B are so consistently high that we can only conclude, that upon the basis of the current information, one could not differentiate lead from the Taurus 2B field from lead from Anaphi, Kythnos or Seriphos upon the basis of lead isotope ratios alone. Possibly archaeological, stylistic or compositional information might provide such differentiation. The Taurus lA field from Bolkardag shows an overlap with an oxide lead ore from Isparta in the western Taurus (AON438) for which the probabilities of belonging are so high (92·8- 93 ·8) that we would expect that further specimens from this region would also match. Since both lead ores are in the Taurus range, there may have been some geological relationship in their formation. Small overlaps with Taurus lA were found for an isolated copper ore, one specimen out ofseven from Ergani (Seeliger et al., 1985: 641, TG176A-5.1, secondary copper mineral) with probabilities of (8·6-17·9). Four analysed samples from Thera in the Aegean (Gale, 1978: 538 nos PH91, PH30, 360B, and GX) have probabilities of matching Taurus lA of (7·5- 16·6), (15 ·9- 26·3), (6·3- 15 ·0) and (1·1- 5·7) respectively, which indicate possible, but not yet well-established, peripheral overlap with this ore field. The Taurus 1B field is very seriously overlapped by a group of 13 specimens from lead mines near ancient Troy in western Turkey which were published by Wagner et al. (1983/4) and Gale (1980: 168, 1978: 538) (their numbers TGI4, TGI5, TGI7A-2, TG13A-2, TGI6A-2, TGI42H-l, TGI44D-l, TGI45A-l, TGI46A-l, TGI47A-l, TG150, TG151-1, TG152-1). The mining sites are along the eastern edge of the Troad, which we will refer to as the Troad 1 field. Eleven of the specimens from this site have significant probabilities of belonging to the Taurus IB group, and the overall average probabilities of entire Troad 1 group specimens belonging to Taurus 1 are (27·5-45·7). If these western specimens are considered as a core group, the Taurus IB specimens have average probabilities of belonging to it of(7·68- 14·9). The overlap, although not total, is, nevertheless, a serious one. Two specimens from the Aegean island of Syros, SYR3 and SYRI7, reported by Gale & Stos-Gale (1981) have average probabilities of belonging to Taurus IB of(62·3- 74·1). Also two ore specimens, Tsl4 and Ts16, and two slag specimens, Kyt2 and KytlO, from the Aegean island of Kithnos (Stos-Gale, 1989) have average probabilities of belonging to Taurus 1B of (28·8-47·4). These fields have yet to be fully defined, but there will clearly be some problems in differentiating them from the Taurus 1B field . One lead ore from Akdagmadeni near the Black Sea (Brill & Wampler, 1967, Pb85) has (20·7-43·7) probabilities of belonging to Taurus IB ores.

Archaeological Specimens Compatible with Taurus Ores The analytic data of artifact samples dated from the Chalcolithic (3800-3000 BC) through the Bronze Age (3000- 1200 BC), which are isotopically similar to the Taurus sources, in general, define some of the pro blems and limi ts ofinferring their origins from lead isotope data, and, in some instances, confirm that metals from the Central Taurus were used throughout this period in fabricating objects and indicate the possible extent and nature of their distribution. We have found a total of 52 excavated artifacts from south-western Asia, pertaining to these periods, that have isotope ratios that are consistent with one of the four well-defined Taurus ore fields (Figure 8) .Ofthat group, 22 analyses stem from our own unpublished collections, while 30 specimens, from Anatolian, Aegean, Greek and Mesopotamian sites have previously been published. We will also comment upon a group of 34 artifacts which have isotope ratios similar to the poorly-defined Esendemirtepe and Aladag outlier sources. Our unpublished specimens are identified with specimen numbers starting with AAN, SAN or MAN, depending upon whether they come from Anatolian, Syrian or Mesopotamian sites. To avoid interrupting the text with extensive bibliographic references and specimen descriptions these have been relegated to an Appendix. The archaeological sites are shown in Figure I.

STABLE LEAD ISOTOPE STUDIES IN TURKEY 555

2·090

2·085

2·080

2·075 ... ~...... 0 0.. 2·070 Taurus 1 B "'~ " .0 0.. 0 2·065 '" 2·060

2·055

2·050

2·045 0·823 0'827 0'831 0·835 0·839 0·843 207Pb /206Pb

Figure 8. Isotopic overlap of Chalco lithic and Early Bronze Age artifacts with Central Taurus source fields. CD), Chalcolithic; C.), Early Bronze Age.

Artifacts found in Cilicia and the Amuq Valley Two lead objects excavated at Tarsus and a copper alloy pin found at Mersin, have been found to have lead isotope signatures compatible with Taurus sources. Of these, the metal of a lead fragment from Tarsus dated to the Cha1colithic period (AANI70) had prob ability ofbelonging to Taurus IA of(54·4-61·6), a lead coil (AANI74) from Tarsus, dated to the Early Bronze III level, had ratios closely similar to those of the Aladag outlier AAN457, and the copper based pin found in Middle/Late Bronze Age levels at Mersin (17913) had (5'3- 30'4) probabilities of conforming to the Taurus 2B ores. Within the Amuq valley, to the east of Tarsus, six metal objects have been found to be compatible with Taurus ores. Four of these objects are ofthe Cha1colithic period and were excavated at Tell Judeidah. The metal of AAN953, a copper blade from level F, and a copper pin (AAN908) from level G have probabilities (21'4-30'0) and (13'8-24,1) of belonging to Taurus lA ores respectively, and the isotope ratios of AAN907, a silver/gold helmet on a nude male statuette, and of AAN919, silver torque, from level G are closely similar to those of the Aladag outlier AAN457. The other two matching artifacts from the Amuq were taken from Middle to Late Bronze Age levels at Tayinat. A t-shaped lead pendant (AAN951) had modest probabilities of belonging to both Taurus lA and 2B, (6'0-14·6) and (4'6-29'1) respectively, and a scale of silver armor (AAN947) had (2'7-20·8) probabilities ofmatching Taurus IB. Both Tarsus and the Amuq Valley, which are located within the local periphery of the Bolkar Daglari range, had fluctuating connections with each other, previously discerned from ceramic evidence. This is especially evident at Tarsus, which is located in the alluvial Cilician plain, 70 km to the south of the Taurus sources. Situated in a well-populated

556 K. A. YENER ET AL.

fertile lowlands, it is one of a number of coastal settlements that have been surveyed and excavated over the last 50 years (Mellaart 1954, 1961, 1963; Goldman, 1956). Further along the route to the east is the Amuq valley, which is situated on a well-travelled east west route approximately 250 km to the south-east of Bolkardag. The periodic relation ship between the Cilician sites and the Amuq is interwoven with on-again, off-again ceramic ties with central Anatolian sites, throughout the Chalco lithic and Early Bronze Age (Mellaart 1961, 1963; Mellink, 1962). The lead isotope ratio data, particularly that of the Chalcolithic lead object from Tarsus and the similarly early samples from the Tell ludeidah, suggest that as early as the 4th millennium BC, Taurus ores had been utilized by these local lowland settlements along the Mediterranean coast. It is very logical that the local mines would have been exploited during early periods, and relatively unlikely that the ores of much more distant mines, e.g. those of Isparta or Thera, whose isotope rates are similar to Taurus lA, would have been utilized.

An eastern artifacts group overlapping the Aladag outlier The lead coil from Tarsus and the silver and gold helmet and torque from Tell ludeidah in the Amuq, that were cited above as having isotope ratios similar to the Aladag outlier, were but 3/25 artifacts from seven sites surrounding the Aladag mining area that isotopi cally matched the Aladag outlier. The locations ofthese sites relative to Aladag are shown in Figure 1. The two most distant sites, Mahmatlar in north-central Turkey and Hassek H6yiik, just east of the upper Euphrates in Turkey, are 325-350 km from Aladag. Two sites are in northern Syria, Tell el-Qitar and Tell Selenkahiyeh. The remaining site, Acemh6yiik, is about 70 km west ofAladag. The isotope ratios of these 25 artifacts match each other with about the same spread as encountered in ore source groups, and it is reasonable to conclude that they were derived from a common ore source. Considering them as a statistical group characterizing this source, one calculates the probabilities of (31·4-37·7) that the Aladag outlier AON457 might be a member of this group. The isotopic compatibility of the Aladag outlier with the artifact group and the closeness of Aladag to the artifact find sites make it probable that the Aladag outlier is indeed an isolated sample of an ore field which was the source of the metal for these artifacts. The eastern artifacts of this group that have been analysed at NIST include, in addition to the three Chalcolithic specimens from Tarsus and Tell ludeidah already cited, a silver fragment from Acemh6yiik (AAN184), that was part of a Middle Bronze Age hoard, six samples from a 3rd millennium BC hoard of 16 silver ingots found at Mahmatlar (AAN404, AAN405, AAN406, AAN407, AAN408 and AAN409), an Early Bronze Age lead weight from Tell Selenkahiyeh (SAN904) and a Late Bronze Age silver fragment (SAN989) from a hoard found at Tell el-Qitar. Thirteen artifacts from Hassek H6yiik, that belong to this group, (HDMl142 through HSKI·83-01) have been analysed at Mainz. They include two lead wires, two copper needles, and a copper axe, pin and ring, all dated to EBI, and three copper axes and a copper chisel, needle and ring, dated to EBI/II. Only three other specimens, from more distant sites, were compatible with this artifact group. One (Pb 1095), a Late Bronze Age fragment ofyellow faience from Nuzi in north eastern Iraq, might well be considered to be a member ofthe artifact group. The other two from distant western sites, an isolated ore specimen from the island ofMel os (IGMR) and a copper ax found at Troy IIg, are more likely related to each other than to the eastern artifacts.

Other north-central and eastern Anatolian specimens Inland to the east near the Black Sea (Pontic) Mountains, a rich outpouring ofsilver, gold, iron, and copper artifacts typify the output of north-central Anatolian centres such as Alaca Hiiyiik, Horoztepe, Mahmatlar and Ali~ar. Although most ofthe metal assemblages

STABLE LEAD ISOTOPE STUDIES IN TURKEY 557

from these Pontic sites show local stylistic idiosyncrasies, arguments have also been made linking this area with Troy and Mesopotamia (Mellink, 1956; Maxwell-Hyslop, 1971). Alaca is located about 325 km due north of Aladag, near to Mahmatlar, and was system atically excavated by the Turkish Historical Society since 1935. Thirteen Royal tombs as well as four levels (period III: 8-5) are dated to the 3rd millennium BC. Replete with ritual artifacts, the metal assemblage from the tombs include examples ofgold and silver vessels, jewelry, "sun disks", stylized animals on staffs, castanets or cymbals and sistrums with separate attached elements on open-work geometric disks. We have sampled a silver vessel (AAN007) decorated with coiling snakes in relief(Ko~ay, 1951: 71, pI. 178) from tomb K, one ofthe richer graves. This object has (5· 3-26·0) probabilities ofbelonging to Taurus IB ores and only (0·1-2·3) probabilities of belonging to the Troad 1 field that overlaps Taurus 1B. In addition, from Hassek Hoyiik a Chalcolithic copper needle (HDM 1148) and an EBI copper needle (HDMI184) have probabilities of(8·9-18·4) ofbelonging to Taurus lA and (26·9--49·1) of belonging to Taurus 1B, respectively, and from Ali~ar an EBII lead pendant has (2· 5-20·4) probabilities ofconforming to Taurus 1B. Mention should also be made of an imported ore specimen excavated from a Chalco lithic context at Nor~untepe (Tii36f), located in eastern Turkey near Elazig, that has probabilities (19·5--46·6) ofconforming with ratios from Taurus 2B ores. The Nor~untepe site is not a mining site and it is assumed that the ore was brought in from elsewhere. The Max Planck group has noted an isotopic similarity between this specimen and both an ore from the copper source of Ergani Maden (their number TG176C-l) and an ore Kisabekir (their number TG177A-l) near the Black Sea (Seeliger et at., 1985: 646-7). They may well be correct in suggesting that the Nor~untepe ore may have come from one of these sources, but neither site has yet been characterized sufficiently well to allow probabilities of the sample relating to them to be calculated. We note that their Ergani specimen nearly overlaps our Taurus 2B group. None of the fields within the Aegean that overlap Taurus 2B, such as Laurion, Seriphos and Anaphi, make archaeological sense as alternative sources, but the Central Taurus itself is close enough to Nor~untepe to be an alternative source worthy of consideration.

Artifactsfrom more distant sources All of the specimens of the Chalcolithic period with isotopic ratios compatible with the Central Taurus ores were included among the Central Anatolian specimens cited above, and accordingly are specimens that were excavated at sites with ready access by land to the Taurus ore sources. There is archaeological evidence that the relatively local exploitation of ore sources in the Chalco lithic period throughout Anatolia gave way in the 3rd millennium BC, to more distant connections. A discernible feature of Early Bronze Age mining throughout Anatolia (Giles & Kuijpers, 1974; Kaptan, 1986) is the diversity of metals being exploited, and the distance to which they travelled. Among the Bronze Age artifacts with isotope ratios consistent with the Taurus mines some have been from sites as far west as mainland Greece and as far east as central Mesopotamia, and these may provide indications of this later more widespread dispersion of metal and metal objects. However, the Aegean region is particularly rich in metal ore sources, some of which overlap, in varying degrees, the Taurus Sources. Obviously, therefore, the closer the find site of an object that matches the Taurus is to the Aegean the greater is the likelihood that the object may have been derived from a more local source that also matches the Taurus. In some instances the alternate sources have been sufficiently well-characterized, e.g. Laurion, Cyprus and the Troad, that indepenaent probabilities of specimens relating to them can be calculated. The probabilities relative to two or more sources will sometimes strongly favour one source, and help resolve the question of origin. Unfortunately many

558 K. A. YENER ET AL.

alternate sources are characterized by too few samples, sometimes only one, to allow anything more than a guess to be made as to whether a specimen might relate to them.

Artifactsfound on Cyprus and along the south-west Anatolian coast The middle Cypriot tombs of Laxi tou Riou have yielded a lead bracelet (C486) with isotopic ratios consistent with Taurus 2A ores (47·7-58·7), and a lead net sinker from Sultan Tekke in Cyprus (NI424) shows consistency with Taurus 2B ores (6·0-31·5). Taurus 2B overlaps the Laurion field somewhat, but specimen N1424 has nil, (0·0-0·0), probability of being derived from it. Cyprus lies so immediately off the Cilician coast that it seems more probable that Central Taurus leads were used in these objects than leads from other more distant overlapping sources. More difficult problems ofevaluating overlapping ore fields arise for the consistency of isotope ratios of a silver headband (Mellink, 1962- 72; Bordaz, 1973) from Karata~ (AAN298) with the Taurus 2B group (9·6-36·5). Located in south-western Anatoliajust upland from Antalya at Elmali, Karata~ has often been linked to Troy and Tarsus archaeologically through architectural, metal and ceramic similarities (Podzuweit,1979; Broodbank, 1989; Mellink, 1986). However, the Taurus 2B field overlaps with Laurion, Seriphos and Anaphi, all serious contenders for supplying the site. The probabilities of this specimen overlapping with Laurion are lower, (6·7-10·4), and too few samples from Seriphos and Anaphi have been measured to permit probabilities to be calculated. There fore, none can be ruled out as possible sources upon the basis of lead isotope ratios. In a previous publication (Yener et al., in press), it was suggested that a set ofsilver rivets from Karata~ correlated with two source specimens we now include in Taurus IB. However, these rivets show little probability ofbelonging to our more completely formed Taurus IB source field. Equally difficult is the assignment oforigin to two lead fishnet sinkers found in the Late Bronze Age shipwreck off Ka~-Uluburun, about 120 km west of Antalya (Bass et al., 1989). One, AAN808, has high probabilities (77·3-80·7) of belonging to Taurus lA and the other relatively low probabilities (3·0-9·8) of belonging to Taurus lA. Taurus lA is overlapped by ore sources on Thera and by an ore source in the western Taurus mountains at Isparta, both ofwhich are closer to Ka~-Uluburun than the Central Taurus. Only when sources have been better characterized will it be possible to consider eliminating them as alternate sources.

Specimensfrom Troy Seven specimens ofsilver jewelry found at Troy, AANOI4, AANOI5, AANOI9, AAN021, AAN027, AAN028 and AAN034, have significantly similar isotope ratios to Taurus IB. These samples stem from Schliemann's excavations in the late 19th century and now are housed in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum. They come from some groups of fused jewelry, consisting of solid silver coils, silver tube beads, gold earrings and gold beads melted together by the conflagration of Troy level II. The artifacts were found in a vase, north-east of House D of the second city (Schliemann, 1881 : 607- 21 ·621 : no. 925). They are described in the Appendix. The matching ratios of the silver jewelry with the Taurus IB ores carry with them the caveat that the ores of the eastern Troad, Kythnos or Syros, which overlap Taurus IB, may also have been used. Intuitively, one might conclude that an ore of the eastern Troad, being so much more accessible, would have been used. However, Table 1, which compares the probabilities of these specimens belonging to the Taurus 1B and to the eastern Troad shows four specimens, AANO 14, AANO 15, AANO 19 and AAN021 , that have significantly greater probabilities of belonging to the Taurus IB than to the Eastern Troad source. In fact, three ofthem have negligibly small probabilities of matching the Troad ores. These four specimens share an uncommon compositional

STABLE LEAD ISOTOPE STUDIES IN TURKEY 559

Table i. Early Bronze Age objects/rom Troy isotopically compatible with the Taurus iBfield

Specimen Probabilities of belonging to: % Zinc ID Taurus IB Eastern Troad in specimen

AANOl4 (6'8- 28'3) (0·0-0·1) 0·90 AANOl5 (22·2-45·1) (0'0--2·1) 1·27 AANOl9 (9'5- 32,1) (304-12'9) 2·15 AAN021 (18·6-41·8) (0'0--1 ·71) 3·63 AAN027 (5 ,2- 25,9) (19-6-32·9) N .D. AAN028 (514-69'1) (80' 7- 84' 3) N .D. AAN034 (55·2--69'8) (88·6-90·7) N.D.

N.D. = Not detected.

characteristic, a high zinc content offrom 0'9- 3'6 (see Table 1). As has been noted, Central Taurus lead ores have a high zinc content, averaging about 7% zinc. In contrast, the zinc concentrations for the Troad 1 site ores which have been reported average to less than 1% (Pernicka et ai., 1984; Wagner et al., 1986). Therefore, the zinc present in these silver artifacts support the relative probability calculations in indicating the Taurus to be the more probable source for the silver ofthese artifacts. The overlapping ore specimens from Syros and Kythnos are too few to permit probabilities to be calculated relative to them. The remaining four silver objects from Troy show greater probabilities of matching Eastern Troad ores and are more likely derived from them. A copper blade from the Troy II levels has probabilities of matching Taurus 2A of (6'1 - 18·4). A previously published graJ;h of Cypriot and Laurion ore fields (Pernicka et ai., 1984: HDM260) indicated that 20 PbF06Pb and 207Pbj206Pb ratios lie on the bound ary of both fields. However, we calculate only probabilities of (5,1 - 9·8) and (0·0-0·0) of the blade matching these fields. Other possible source regions that cannot now be so tested are Euboea, Siirt and Akdagmadeni. A silver earring from Troy level IIg (AAN023) had isotope ratios similar to the Esendemirtepe matching pair of specimens AONlOl and AON41 1. More Esendemirtepe specimens must be run, however, before this similarity can be properly evaluated.

Specimens from Greece and the Aegean Seven Mycenaen or Late Helladic silver or lead objects from sites on mainland Greece, Mycenae, Athens, Perati and Menidi, have isotope ratios consistent with Taurus ores, as have 13 silver, lead or copper objects from the Aegean islands of Syros, Amorgos, Kythnos and Thera. None of these artifacts could be assigned unambiguously to a Central Taurus source, because, in each instance, a possible local source exists who's ratios might . also be consistent with those of the artifact. A more full isotopic characterization of all of these more local sources might resolve some ofthe ambiguities, as might other methods of characterization. Because of this situation we are relegating the description ofthese speci mens to the Appendix. We do expect that eventually some ofthese artifacts may be judged to be indicative of early trade between Central Anatolia and the Aegean.

Mesopotamian artifacts The alluvial plains ofMesopotamia are virtually devoid ofsources ofmetal. Traditionally, sources in Iran, the Caucasus, central Asia or eastern Turkey are said to have been the highland mining areas for Mesopotamia. Recent research characterizing Iranian and Oman ores utilizing extensive compositional analyses has investigated source zones for

560 K. A. YENER ET AL.

Table 2. Lead isotope ratios of Central Taurus source specimens and unpublished artifacts

Specimen Isotope ratios Specimen Isotope ratios Id 208/206 207/206 204/206 Id 208/206 207/206 204/206

Taurus lA source specimens AANOl9 2·07509 0·83570 0·053234 AAN021 2·07125 0·83452 0·053222 AOBI52 2·05940 0·82712 0·052632 AAN027 2·07291 0·83606 0·053321 AON078 2-05578 0·82615 0·052601 AAN028 2·07383 0·83535 0·053312 AONI03 2·05836 0·82658 0·052583 AAN034 2·07458 0·83569 0·053296 AONI06 2·05495 0·82525 0·052721 MANI68 2·07416 0·83600 0·053292 AONI09 2·05762 0·82605 0·052767 MAN277 2·07105 0·83425 0·053187 AONI19 2·05487 0·82562 0·052631 AAN947 2·07159 0·83399 0·053296 AONI25 2·05820 0·82729 0·052666 AONI29 2·05652 0·82623 0·052801 Bolkardag Valley outliers AONI34 2-06105 0·82723 0·052673 AONI35 2·05645 0·82593 0·052568 AON070 2·05995 0·82345 0·052718 AONI37 2·05380 0·82471 0·052578 AONI08 2·04931 0·82728 0·052691 AONI41 2·05674 0·82694 0·052668 AONIOOO 2·03978 0·82066 0·052234 ASN040 2·05699 0·82703 0·052583 ASNI47 2·05643 0·83054 0·052618 ASN041 2·05650 0·82669 0·052601 ASN042 2·05519 0·82657 0·052706 Archaeological specimens near Esendemirtepe ASN046 2·05857 0·82702 0·052708 AAN023 2·08110 0·83826 0·053355 Average 2·05694 0·82640 0·052655 MAN914 2-08091 0·83925 0·053599 S.D. 0·00188 0·00075 0·000071 MAN942 2-08147 0·83842 0·053451 SAN96 I 2-08044 0·83744 0·053522 Taurus IA compatible archaeological specimens SAN962 2·08140 0·83786 0·053481

Taurus 2A source specimens \ ~ AANI70 2·05769 0·82658 0·052692 '\,' ~ AAN808 2·05539 0·82589 0·052696 AAN809 2·05580 0·82622 0·052853 AON157 2·07759 0·84066 0·053432 AAN908 2·06114 0·82800 0·052649 AON455 2·08295 0·84073 0·053489 AAN951* 2·05978 0·82790 0·052791 AON456 2-07569 0·83999 0·053551 AAN953 2·05694 0·82553 0·052595 AON46 I 2-08346 0·84285 0·053657 <;:evrim BI 2·08239 0·84057 0·053393 <;:evrim B7 2·07575 0·84003 0·053234 <;:evrim BI2 2·08045 0·84060 0·053525 Taurus IB source specimens <;:evrim BI4 2·07880 0·84068 0·053462 <;:evrim BI6 2·07913 0·84036 0·053464 AONI16 2·07179 0·83342 0·053137 <;:evrim B17 2·08478 0·84135 0·053419 AONI59 2·07364 0·83496 0·053225 <;:evrim BI8 2-08510 0·84199 0·053490 AON399 2·07224 0·83435 0·053218 <;:evrim B26 2·08441 0·84153 0·053356 AON428 2·07220 0·83449 0·053238 AON429 2·07511 0·83620 0·053275 Average 2·08087 0·84094 0·053456 AON463 2·07242 0·83547 0·053263 S.D. 0·00344 0·00084 0·000105 AON466 2·07260 0·83450 0·053253 ASN459 2·07394 0·83511 0·053322 Taurus 2A compatible archaeological specimens MANI91 2·08043 0·84047 0·053626 Average 2·07299 0·83481 0·053253 MANI94 2·08331 0·84245 0·053703 S.D. 0·00113 0·00083 0·000053 MAN943 2·08036 0·84057 0·053400 Taurus IB compatible archaeological specimens Taurus 2B source specimens

AAN007 2·07503 0·83703 0·053359 AON419 2·06339 0·83334 0·052830 AAN008 2·07196 0·83357 0·053271 AON442 2-06019 0·82932 0·052753 AANOl4 2·07012 0·83324 0·053187 AMN434 2-06196 0·83100 0·052824 AANOl5 2·07121 0·83441 0·053220 ASN434 2·06117 0·83048 0·052860

*Also compatible with Taurus 2B

STABLE LEAD ISOTOPE STUDIES IN TURKEY 561

Table 2_(Continued)

Specimen Isotope ratios Specimen Isotope ratios Id 208/206 207/206 204/206 Id 208/206 207/206 204/206

<;::evrim B22 2-06405 0-83229 0-052888 Archaeological specimens near Aladag outlier <;::evrim B24 2-06011 0-83098 0-052637 <;::evrim B30 2-06373 0-83129 0-052754 AAN174 2-06954 0-82968 0-052735 AAN184 2-06973 0-83057 0-052812 Average 2-06208 0-83124 0-052792 AAN404 2-06801 0-83008 0-052868 S_D_ 0-00166 0-00128 0-000085 AAN405 2-06795 0-83051 0-052855 AAN406 2-06721 0-83175 0-052943 Taurus 2B compatible archaeological specimens AAN407 2-06733 0-83089 0-052888 AAN408 2-06620 0-83181 0-052872 AAN298 2-06515 0-83264 0-053000 AAN409 2-06895 0-83135 0-052777 AAN95I See Taurus IA SAN904 2-06892 0-83036 0-052760 AAN907 2-06827 0-83103 0-052839 Aladag outlier AAN919 2-07033 0-83007 0-052882 SAN989 2-06964 0-82980 0-052891 AON457 2-06790 0-82997 0-052807

Esendemirtepe specimens

AON411 2-08209 0-83660 0-053170 AONIOOI 2-08437 0-83652 0-053173

copper based artifacts from southern Mesopotamia (Berthoud, 1979; Berthoud et al_, 1980), but these studies did not include isotopic studies_ Brill & Wampler (1965a,b, 1967) have determined lead isotope ratios ofsome Iranian ores, and Russell & Farquar (1960) have published such data for some Caucasus ores_ None of these ore specimens over lapped with the Taurus sources, and hence the only ancient mines from the traditional sources that have been found to have isotope ratios overlapping Taurus ores are ones at Siirt in eastern Turkey and Akdagmademi in north-central Turkey, both of which are consistent with Taurus 2A_ One cannot expect the situation to remain this uncomplicated_ Surely some more mines with isotopic signatures close to those of the Taurus will be discovered in western Asia_ However, it is not to be expected that the situation here will ever be as complex as it is in the Aegean, with its multitude ofancient ore sources_ There is evidence that ores from the Taurus may have been the source of some 3rd millennium BC Mesopotamian artifacts_Tello and Assur in Iraq, excavated during the last phases of the Ottoman empire, yielded considerable metal assemblages, now partly housed in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum_ An unpublished fused mass ofsilver rings were found in a Gudea context (2143- 2124 Be) at Tello ("Ie palais" Tell A, cf: Cros, 1910; Parrot, 1948)_A sample from these rings (MAN277) shows a significant correlation (16-6-39-8) with Taurus IB ores, but not with the overlapping eastern Troad ores (0-0- 0-6)_ An Ur III copper pendant, MANI68, fo.und at Assur, however, had equally high probabilities of having been derived both Taurus IB (55 -1- 69-7) and eastern Troad (56-9- 65 -3) ores_ Also from an Ur III to Old Assyrian context at Assur a silver bracelet, MANI94, was found that conforms to the Taurus 2A field (8-8-22-2)_ A sample (MAN943) was taken ofa closed coil ofsilver from the Early Dynastic levels (c_2700 Be) at Khafaje (Delougaz, 1940, 1942, 1967)_ Made from wire with a round diameter and tapering edges, the source for this sample has high probabilities (94-3- 95-4) ofbelonging to Taurus 2A ores as did a silver cup, PG800, dated 2800 from Ur with probabilities of (3-3- 13-7)_ A surprising numberofartifactsamples from 3rd millennium Be Syriaand Mesopotamia had isotope ratios which are similar to Esendemirtepe ores AON411 and AON100 1. The

Table 3. Concentrations ofmetals (weight %) in Central Taurus source specimens and correlating artifacts

Specimen Pb Zn Cu Fe Sn Ag Co As Sb Mn Ni Cd Au

TAURUS lA-ore and slag source specimens isotopically analysed AON078 21·1 8·30 0·46 38·5 N.D. 0·0580 0·02 5·96 0·18 1·22 0·01 0·26 0·00069 AONI03 9·95 4·00 0·16 43·1 <0·034 0·0659 0·02 6·56 0·04 1·07 0·04 0·05 0·00107 AONI06 9·27 7·74 0·11 37·2 N.D. 0·0414 <0·01 5·57 <0·02 1·27 <0·02 0·07 0·00101 AONI09 22·8 6·90 0·56 40·6 <0·033 <0·0245 0·02 6·81 0·08 0·86 0·06 0·10 0·00076 AONI19 13·0 4·27 0·15 23-4 0·050 0·0369 0·01 0·94 0·04 1-42 0·10 0·06 0·00059 AON125 13·1 8·72 0-49 38·9 0·040 <0·0172 <0·01 1·03 <0·02 1·32 <0·03 0·05 0·00030 AONI29 9·26 8·27 0·21 47·7 0·117 0·0630 0·03 6·51 0-49 1·34 0·05 0·10 0·00080 AON134 23·0 6·92 0·18 45·3 0·060 0·1605 0·02 3·08 0·14 1·34 0·03 0·05 0·00153 AON135 5·96 . 2-48 N.D. 42 ·3 0·060 <0·0392 0·02 1-41 0·10 1·47 0·15 0·10 0·00642 AONI37 6·09 9·82 0·11 46·1 0·042 0·0819 <0·01 1·05 0·04 4·29 0·Q9, O'll 0·00133 AONI41 8·86 6·24 0·08 48·5 <0·030 0·0529 0·01 2·68 0·26 4·70 0·06 0·06 0·00262 ASN040 18 ·5 < 0·30 0·67 21·4 0·055 <0·0364 N.D. 4-43 0·51 0·02 0·06 N.D. 0·00032 ASN041 1·52 1·34 0·30 38·6 <0·019 <0·0129 N.D. 3·15 0·33 0·34 <0·03 N.D. 0·00062 ASN042 5·56 1·29 0·28 28·7 0·071 0·0596 N .D. 3-44 0·21 0·41 <0·02 N.D. 0·00036 ASN046 4·93 2·58 0·07 28·2 0·080 0·0991 N.D. <0·02 0·01

Other specimens from the same mine as AON078 AON075 22·3 9·64 0·11 34·3 0·022 0·0153 N.D. 2·64 0·14 4·85 0·04 0·37 0·00026 AON076 0·52 9·75 0·60 45·7 0·011 0·0251 0·02 6'77 0·07 3-44 0·02 0·10 0·00027 AON077 19·2 9·87 0·16 27-4 0·046 0·0714 N.D . 0·72 0·07 2·86 0·03 0·49 0·00019 AON079 20·1 8·35 0·51 37·6 0·034 0·0300 0·01 0·86 0·10 1·02 0·01 0·10 0·00322 AON080 26·3 5·81 0·15 43-4 0·015 0·0035 0·03 2·00 0·03 0·08 0·02 0·10 0·00020 AON081 0·38 3·97 0·55 38·7 0·037 0·0824 0·02 8·25 0·25 0·85 0·01 0·05 0·00243 AON082 0·31 8·85 0·70 47-8 N.D. 0·0012 0·03 6·62 0·03 0·90 0·05 0·07 0·00002 AON083 0·62 4·74 0·16 45 ·0 0·022 0·0212 0·02 3·34 0·02 2·59 0·02 0·06 0·00023

Other specimens from the same mining site as AONI03 and AONI09 AON069 0·57 9·17 0·66 33 ·3 N.D. 0·0086 0·01 4·55 0·04 2·95 0·04 0·26 0·00056 AONI03 9·95 4·00 0·16 43·1 0·034 0·0659 0·02 6·56 0·04 1·07 0·04 0·05 0·00107 AONI04 0·18 9·59 0·05 35·1 N.D. 0·0016 0·01 2·98 N.D . 1·90 0·05 0·06 0·00048 AONI05 0·61 8·81 0-41 38·3 0·027 0·0087 N.D . 6·34 0·01 2-49 0·03 0·09 0·00011 AONI06 9·27 7·74 0·11 37·2 N.D. 0·0414 0·01 5·57 0·02 1·27 0·02 0·07 0·00101 AONI07 0·06 1·98 0·85 45·1 N.D. 0·0024 0·04 3·54 0·02 1·92 0·03 0·02 0·00003 AONI08 18·7 9·56 0-46 38-4 0·022 0·0206 0·01 4·11 0·01 1·32 0·03 O'll 0·00025 AONI09 22·8 6·90 0·56 40·6 0·033 0·0245 0·02 6·81 0·08 0·86 0·06 0·10 0·00076

Rakow Research Library, The Corning Museum of Glass - http://www.cmog.org Yener, K. A., et al. "Stable Lead Isotope Studies of Central Taurus Ore Sources and Related Artifacts from Eastern Mediterranean Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Sites." Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 18, no. 5 (Sept. 1991), pp. 541-577. © Academic Press, Ltd. AONIIO 0·03 34·5 0·02 7·17 N.D. 0·0022 N.D. 0·70 N.D. 0·32 N.D. 0·66 0·00003 AONlll 0·39 3·96 1·57 48 ·1 0·026 0·0131 0·02 5·66 0·01 1·94 0·05 0·02 0·00064 AON112 9·54 3-91 0·18 36·6 N.D. 0·0541 0·01 2·26 0·04 1·37 0·04 0·04 0·00284 AON113 0048 8·94 0·61 32·0 N.D. 0·0178 N.D. 3·56 N.D. 9·39 0·05 0043 0·00015 AONI14 0·54 5·32 0·86 45·3 0·040 0·0558 0·01 6·66 0·02 0·67 0·03 0·03 0·00202

Other specimens from the same mine as AON119 AON048B 22·0 20·2 0·39 2·84 N.D . 0·0667 N.D. 0·36 0·24 0·30 0·01 0·29 0·00006 AON118 2·70 0·5 5·41 N.D . 0·0098 N.D. 0·16 0·02 0·20 0·01 0·12 0·00004 AON122 6042 22·2 0·63 3·52 N.D. 0·0186 N.D. 0·12 0049 0·11 0·01 0042 0·00003 AON131 4·14 4·08 0·18 4404 0·026 0·0143 0·02 1·16 0·03 0·87 0·04 0·04 0·00092 AON222 11·6 8·73 0·60 11·9 N .D. 0·0767 N.D. 0·15 0·16 0·13 0·02 0·15 0·00023 AON364 0·11 24·0 0·04 56·5 0·0001 N.D. 0·09 N.D. 0·72 0·01 0·36 0·00003 AON373 72-4 11·0 0·16 1·30 0·005 0·0775 N.D. 0·21 0041 0·03 0·01 0·13 0·00016 AON376 0·05 0045 0·15 4804 0·0031 N.D . 4·62 N.D. 0·03 0·03 0·01 0·00001

Other specimens from the same mining area as AONI29, AONI34, AON135 and AON141 AONI20 0041 0·82 0·03 46·5 N .D. 0·0022 N.D . 0·27 N.D. 0·03 0·01 0·01 0·00006 AON133 11·8 2·51 N.D . 8·79 0·005 0·0032 0·01 0·01 0·05 0·01 N.D. AON137 6·09 9·82 0·11 46·1 0·042 0·0819 0·01 1·05 0·04 4·29 0·09 0·11 0·00133 AON138 5-48 2·65 0·60 36·8 0·012 0·0208 N.D. 1·71 0·11 0·05 0·01 0·04 0·00009 AON140 8·23 6·87 0·04 34·0 N.D. 0·0288 N.D. 0·60 0·03 10·5 0·06 0·07 0·00132 AONI43 15·9 3-48 0·02 7·29 0·037 0·0045 0·02 0·01 2·94 N.D. N.D. 0·00016

ESENDEMIRTEPE archaeological specimen with isotopic ratios similar to AON411 and AON1001 AAN023 0041 0·01 7-66 0·16 0047 90·0 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 00480

BOLKARDAG VALLEY OUTLIERS-ore and slag source specimens isotopically analysed AON070 21 ·05 2·89 0·06 19·5 <0·026 0·0497 N.D . 2·99 N.D. 0·15 N.D. 0·13 0·00243 AONI08 18·7 9·56 0046 3804 <0·022 <0·0206 <0·01 4·11 <0·01 1·32 <0·03 0·11 0·00024 ASN147 7·03 <0·20 1·16 35·3 0·093 0·0501 N.D . 11·3 1·12 0·03 <0·01 N.D. 0·00177

BOLKARDAG VALLEY OUTLIERS- other specimens from the same mine as AON070 AON062 0·23 8·69 0·01 4·61 N.D. 0·0015 N.D . 0·05 N .D. 0·01 N.D. 0·01 0·00014 AON065 0·09 5·26 0·03 10·5 0·022 0·0506 0·01 0·36 0·01 0·07 0·03 0·08 0·00005 AON068 0·53 9·39 0·20 16·2 0·011 0·0137 N.D. 1·15 0·01 1·29 0·07 0·09 0·00014

TAURUS IB- ore and slag source specimens isotopically analysed AON116 30·9 8·31 1·27 25·9 0·340 0·0922 <0·01 3·01 0041 0·10 N.D. 0047 0·00331 AONI59 1·21 < 0·05 0046 15·8 N.D. <0·0121 3·30 5·27 N .D. 0·10 <0·03 N.D. 0·00006 AON399 <0·01 < 0·02 N.D. 9·8 <0·028 <0·0013 N.D. <0·01 0·06 <0·01 N.D. 0·00009

Table 3. (Continued)

Specimen Pb Zn Cu Fe Sn Ag Co As Sb Mn Ni Cd Au

AON428 < 0·04 <0·03 6·74 49·9 <0·0019 0·13 0·18 N.D. 0·10 <0·03 N.D. 0·00015 AON429 < 0·01 <0·01 1·16 42-6 <0·027 <0·0002 0·02 <0·04 N.D. 0·29 <0·01 N .D. 0·00003 AON463 < 0·03 <0·01 <0·01 5·13 <0·015 <0·0008 N.D. <0·02 N.D. 0·04 N.D. N.D. 0·00004 AON466 < 0·01 <0·01 <0·01 8·83 <0·015 N.D. N .D. 0·12 N.D. 0·04 <0·02 N.D. 0·00007 ASN459 <0·06 <0·02 N.D. 42A N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 1·88 N.D. N.D . 0·00005

Other specimens from same outcropping vein as AON116 AON126 5-41 35·6 1·13 7·21 0·244 0·0300 N.D. 0·32 0·02 0·09 0·01 0·51 0·00023 AON130 17-4 9·83 0·54 8·48 0·155 0·0362 N.D. 0·53 0·51 0·03 N.D. 0·15 0·00101 AON377 42·2 27-8 OA3 5-41 0·097 0·0105 N.D. 0·21 0·26 0·10 0·01 N.D. 0·00006 AON378 14·7 23·7 0·33 9·37 0·331 0·0828 N.D . 0·16 0·06 0·12 N.D. OA8 0·00009 AON379 28·2 25·3 0·73 6·57 0·250 0·1009 N.D . 0·22 0·13 0·06 N.D. 0·47 0·00015 AON380 55·6 14·2 0·61 8·70 0·127 0·0245 N.D. 0·78 0·32 0·03 0·01 0·13 0·00018

Other specimens from the same mining site as AONI59, AON428 and AON429 AON224 0·06 1·92 23·5 39·3 N.D. 0·0024 N.D. 0·01 0·01 0·10 0·02 0·01 0·00020 AON427 2·18 0·09 0·47 15·2 0·035 0·0219 0·14 13-3 N.D. 0·33 0·03 N.D. 0·00013 AON430 0·01 0·01 0·61 33·7 0·052 0·0004 0·01 N.D. N.D. 0·26 0·01 N.D. 0·00007

Archaeological specimens with isotopic ratios consistent with Taurus 1B AAN007 0·15 0·18 <0·16 <0·12 N.D. 70A N.D. 0·10 N.D. N.D. < 0·01 N.D. 0·237 AAN008 95·0 2·13 N.D. 1·15 N.D. 0·08 0·05 N.D . 0·13 0·02 0·25 0·02 0·0384 AAN014 0·62 0·9 <0·14 2·29 N.D. 78·7 N.D. N.D. N .D. 0·06 0·25 N.D. 3·75 AAN015 < 0·08 1·27 0·70 . 2·34 N.D. 7101 N .D. <0·01 N .D . 0·01 <0·05 N.D. 0·349 AAN019 0·17 2·15 1·71 <0·50 N.D. 84·5 N.D . N.D. N.D. < 0·02 N.D. 0·577 AAN021 0·33 3·63 0·53 <0·04 N.D. 7105 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0·18 N .D . 0·542 AAN027 0·17 N.D . 0·83 <0·26 0·290 90·0 N.D. N.D. 0·01 0·20 N.D. 1·27 AAN028 0·73 N.D. 2·08 1·89 N.D. 94·9 N.D. N .D. 0·05 0·30 N.D. 1·63 AAN168 < 0·03 <0·08 90·1 1·67 N.D. 0·009 N.D. 1·21 0·07 N.D . 0·56 N.D. 0·0003 AAN277 1·74 <0·03 OA6 N.D. N.D. 80·9 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D . N.D. N.D. 0·0549

TAURUS 2A-ore source specimen AON157 31·2 14·3 0·11 0·38 N.D . <0·0047 N.D. 0·14 N .D . N.D. N.D . 0·11 0·00002

Artifact with isotopic ratios consistent with Taurus 2A AAN194 0·51 < 0·09 17·1 < 0·24 N.D. 73·5 N.D. 0·03 0·03 N.D. < 0·02 N.D. 0·295

TAURUS 2B-ore, metal (slag prill) and slag source specimens isotopically analysed AON419 < 0·12 N.D. < 0·01 37·0 0·037 < 0·0003 N.D. <0·02 < 0·01 0·01 <0·01 N.D. 0·00009 AMN434 95·2 0·90 0·02 0·27 N.D. 0·020 N.D. 0·02 0·06 0·01 0·06 N.D. 0-412 ASN434 10·1 5·11 < 0·01 38·5 N.D. < 0·0031 N.D. 0·07 N.D. 0·03 <0·01 N.D. 0·00002

Archaeological specimen with isotopic ratios consistent with Taurus 2B AAN298 0·35 < 0·08 0·49 < 0·51 <0·21 74-4 <0·01 0·01 < 0·02 0·0693

ALADAG OUTLIERS archaelogical specimens with isotopic ratios similar to AON457 AAN174 92·7 0·06 0·05 0·06 N.D. 0·012 N.D. N.D. 0·06 N.D. N.D. N.D. 0·00017 AAN404 0·13 0·01 1·06 0·08 N.D. 95·3 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0·077 AAN405 0·11 0·02 1-41 0·05 0·30 90·0 N.D. 0·01 N.D. N.D. N.D. 0·152 AAN406 0·21 6·22 2-42 0·12 0·77 90·0 N.D. 0·02 N.D. N.D. N.D. 0·018 AAN407 0·15 13 ·1 2·00 0·17 0·62 90·0 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0·089 AAN409 0·12 0·08 1·72 0·02 0·24 90·5 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0·268

N.D. = Not detected. - = Not determined.

566 K. A. YENER ETAL.

Syrian samples include a slag fragment (SAN962) and a copper pin (SAN961) from Tell Raqa'i (Curvers & Schwartz, 1990). From Khafaje in Mesopotamia, there are a silver ring fragment (MAN942), a silver lump (MAN914) sampled by Yener, as well as a copper statue of a priest (PRIEST) from Khafaje published by Dayton. The ores will have to be characterized more fully, however, before this similarity can be quantitatively evaluated. The interaction between Mesopotamia and Anatolia in the 3rd millennium (Yener, 1982, 1983; Yener et at., in press), as reflected in the Gudean silver correlations between Tello and the Taurus, is not surprising, knowing the earlier Akkadian "King of Battle" legends (Guterbock, 1969; Gadd, 1971; Lewis, 1980). However nebulous the Old Babylonian and Hittite versions of these legends may be, there are 3rd millennium inscrip tions of Gudea himself, indicating Mesopotamian knowledge of these northern regions in his use ofgeographical terms usually associated with the Anatolian environs to denote the source of his raw materials (Falkenstein, 1966: 46-54). The relative and potential value of these epigraphic sources is that they allow a view of the complex interrelationships among the regions in question through the eyes of the lowland centers which needed the critical raw materials, assuredly localized in Turkey. Whether the transfer of metal was direct (see Mellink, 1963 for an Akkadian campaign; Canby, 1965), or indicative of other modes of exchange (Yener, 1980), such as transit exchange, is not yet known. Samples taken from Mesopotamian sites dated to the subsequent early and mid 2nd millennium Be also show consistencies with the Taurus. A lead pin from Tell al-Rimah in northern Iraq (PIN) dated to c. 1500 Be is compatible with Taurus 2A ores (78·4-82·8), a lead block from Assur (BLOCK) dated to 1300 Be shows consistency with Taurus 2B ores (25·7-51·8) and a middle Assyrian lead plaque from Assur shows (11·4-25·3) probabilities of belonging to Taurus 2A ores.

Conclusions The discovery, in stratified context, within soundings inside the ancient mines of the Central Taurus of late Chalcolithic and Bronze age pottery sherds, mining tools and charcoal with 14 C dates of the 3rd millennium Be has confirmed that these mines were indeed exploited during these early periods. The further discovery, near the mines, of ore processing tools and of metallurgical slags that isotopically match the ores within the mines has established that metals were being won from these ores, and the determination that the isotope ratios in Chalcolithic and Bronze Age metal artifacts found at sites reasonably close to the mines were also compatible with these ores has provided additional confirmation that these metals were being used during these periods. The accumulation of a data bank of some 1000 lead isotope analyses of geological source specimens and ancient artifacts from throughout the Eastern Mediterranean region has allowed, for the first time, a truly realistic evaluation ofhow well such measure ments actually will serve to differentiate between ore sources within such an extended region and hence to determine the provenance of artifacts. The degree of overlap between the isotope fields of the Central Taurus source groups and other sources has been moder ate but significantly extensive to require that all measures be taken to maximize the resolution between source fields. Such methods include using multivariate statistical methods of data analysis that take into account all three independent isotope ratio measurements and the characterization of all pertinent ore sources with a reasonably adequate number of measurements. Ideally, there should be approximately 20 measure ments for each source, however, realistically, it will be many years, if ever, before such an extensive data bank will be available. At present we feel that multivariate probabilities calculated with and without the Hotelling's T estimate of uncertainty arising from small sample sizes allows one to cope reasonably well with the limited data now available.

The archaeological inferences to be drawn from the isotopic correlations observed between the Taurus ores and archaeological specimens will be discussed in a subsequent paper. The correlations have been cited in this technical paper primarily because they clearly define and exemplify the problems oftheir interpretation. Despite the uncertainties arising from overlapping source fields, we feel they demonstrate an early distribution of objects made of metals derived from the Central Taurus throughout Cilicia and provide tantalizing examples ofpossible transport ofthem as far west as the Aegean and as far east as Mesopotamia. They may illuminate Anatolian connections that have long perplexed archaeologists.

Acknowledgements The lead isotope studies have represented ajoint undertaking between several institutions both in Turkey and the United States. The primary institutions presently supporting the project include The Conservation Analytical Laboratory of the Smithsonian Institution, The United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Geo graphic Society, the Turkish Ministry of Culture, Department of the Preservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage. Funding was also provided by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences Bogazi~i University, and the Directorate General of the Turkish Geological Research and Survey (M .T.A.). We would like to thank all of the above for their support. We would also like to thank Hector Neff for his extensive help with computer graphics.

References Akay, E. & Uysal, S. (1988). Post-Eocene tectonics of the Central Taurus Mountains. MTA Bulletin 108, 23-34. Andrae, W. (1922). Die archaischen lschtar- Tempel im Assur. Wissenschaftliche Veroffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 39. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs. Andrae, W. (1935). Diejungeren lschtar-Tempel. WVDOG 38., Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs. Ayhan, A. (1984). Genetic comparison oflead-zinc deposits of Central Taurus. In Geology ofthe Taurus Belt. Proceedings 26-29 September 1983. Ankara: M.T.A., pp. 335-342. Barnes, I. L., Brill, R. H., Deal, E. C. & Piercy, G. V. (1986). Lead isotope studies of some of the finds from the Serce Liman Shipwreck. In (1. S. Olin & M. J. Blackman, Eds) Proceedings ofthe 24th International Archaeometry Symposium. Washington D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 1-12. Barnes, I. L., Chase, W. T., Holmes, L. L., Joel, E. c., Meyers, P. & Sayre, E. V. (1988). The technical examination., lead isotope determination and elemental analysis of some Shang and Zhou Dynasty bronze vessels. In (R. Maddin, Ed.) The Beginning ofthe Use ofMetals and Alloys. Boston: M.I.T. Press, pp. 296-306. Barnes, I. L., Murphy, T. J., Gramlich, J. W. & Shields, W. R. (1973). Lead separation by anodic deposition and isotope ratio mass spectrometry of microgram and smaller samples. Analytical Chemistry 45, 1881- 1884. Barnes, I. L., Shields, W. R. & Murphy, T. J. (1974). Isotopic analyses oflaurion lead ores. In (c. W. Beck, Ed.) Archaeological Chemistry. Advances in Chemistry Series 138. Washington D.C.: American Chemical Society, pp. 1-10. Bass, G. F., Pulak, C., Collon, D., & Weinstein, J. (1989). The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign. American Journal ofArchaeology 93,1-29. Berthoud, T. (1979). Etude par l'analyse de traces et la modelisation de la modelisation de lafiliation entre minerai de cuivre et objets archaeologiques du Moyen-Orient (IVe et IIIe millenaires avant notre ere). These de Doctorat Paris: Universit Pierre et Marie Curie. Berthoud, T., Bonnefous, S., Dechoux, M. & Francaix, J. (1980). Data analysis: towards a model of chemical modification of copper from ores to metal. In (P. T. Craddock, Ed.) Scientific Studies in Early Mining and Extractive Metallurgy. London: British Museum Occasional Paper No. 20, 87-103.

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Technical Notes on Analytical Methods (I) Drillings from artifacts were taken with the use of a tungsten steel hand drill. Since lead isotope ratios determined on corrosion products or on the pure metal of the same object usually are found to be in good agreement, every opportunity was used to gather artifact samples, even corroded ones. The artifact samples were dissolved in 6 N nitric acid for the determination of most metals. The remaining residue was dissolved in aqua regia for the determination ofgold. All elemental concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy, carbon rod atomization is utilized for gold and flame for other elements (N20-C2H2 flame is used for tin). The analytical measurements are within a 95% confidence limit but the results were often obtained on corroded samples which may well differ significantly in their concentrations from the metal from which they were derived. (2) The procedure followed for elemental analysis of ore and slag samples is the following: first the samples are crushed and concentrated by hand picking before being pulverized to 100 Mesh. Two parallel samples (about 200 mg) are digested in a

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hydrofluoric- perchloric acid mixture, heated to dryness and repeated if necessary. One of the samples is dissolved in aqua regia for gold determination and the other in 6 N nitric acid for other elements. Arsenic and gold are determined by carbon rod atomization, others by flame atomization (NzO-C2H2 flame is used for tin). Gold is concentrated by extracting its chlorine complex with methyl isobutyl ketone. Correction for non-atomic absorption is made for all determinations. Standard solutions are prepared with a matrix similar to that of the samples. The results given for ores and slags are the average of the two sample runs. (3) Our current analytical method in lead isotope analysis uses chemical separation techniques ofacid dissolution, ion-exchange chromatography, and electrodeposition pro cedures designed for the separation of micro and submicrogram quantities of lead. The method's efficiency for lead recovery is approximately 95% . The lead isotope ratios are determined using a NIST thermal ionization mass spectrometer designed for high pre cision measurements (Shields, 1967). The sample loading procedure uses the silica gel/ lead/phosphoric acid technique (Barnes et al., 1973). The isotopic ratios are calibrated and corrected for the effects of fractionation using NIST standard reference material 981 for lead and are generally accurate to 0·1% (95% limit oferror). The type ofprecision one can obtain is shown in the seven analyses ofSRM 981 , which were run over a period of3 days and show a standard deviation of 0·016% for the 208/206 ratios and 0·007% for the 207/ 206 and 0·028% for the 204/206 (Joel et al. , 1988).

Appendix Descriptions and Citations of Artifacts Artifactsfrom Cilicia and the Amuq AAN170 TARSUS, lead object. Chalcolithic. Excavation No. 37.757, Goldman (1956: 303:no. 12. Adana Museum, sampled in 1984 (Taurus lA) AAN174 TARSUS, lead coil. Early Bronze Age III. Excavation No. 38 .971, Adana Museum, sampled in 1984. Goldman (1959: 435, no. 3) (Aladag Outlier) 17913 MERSIN, copper based flat pin. Middle/Late Bronze Age IXb. Gale et al. (1985) (Taurus 2B) AAN907 AMUQ G/JUDEIDAH, helmet ofnude male statuette. Chalcolithic. Excavation No. TT20 XIV 3. Oriental Institute Museum No. A24198, Braidwood & Braidwood (1960: figure 241, plate 58) sampled in 1987 (Aladag Outlier) AAN908 AMUQ G/JUDEIDAH, Copper pin. Chalcolithic. Excavation No. X 2742A, TK-3 under B. Braidwood & Braidwood (1960: 298, 314, figure 239:7, plate 53 :15) Oriental Institute Museum, sampled in 1987 (Taurus lA) AAN919 AMUQ/G/JUDEIDAH, silver torque from a female figurine. Chalcolithic. Excavation No. x5105x, Braidwood & Braidwood (1960: plate 58) Oriental Institute Museum, sampled in 1987 (Aladag Outlier) AAN951 AMUQ/T A YINAT , lead t-shaped pendant. Late Bronze Age. Excavation No. T3737, Braidwood & Braidwood (1960: figure 371 : 4) second mixed range. Oriental Institute Museum, sampled in 1987 (Taurus lA and Taurus 2B) AAN953 AMUQ G/JUDEIDAH, copper/nickel blade. Chalcolithic. Braidwood & Braidwood (1960: 124, figure 185:5) Excavation No. 3816, Oriental Institute Museum no: A27429, sampled in 1987 (Taurus lA) AAN947 AMUQ /TAYINAT, silver scale armor. Late Bronze Age?, Excavation No. T97, Oriental Institute Museum, sampled in 1987 (Taurus IB)

Eastern artifact group overlapping the Aladag outlier AANI74, AAN907, AAN919 See Artifacts from Cilicia and the Amuq AAN184 ACEMHOYUK, silver fragment, part of a hoard. Middle Bronze Age. Ozgiiy 1963, Nidge Museum, sampled in 1984

STABLE LEAD ISOTOPE STUDIES IN TURKEY 573

AAN404 MAHMATLAR, silver ingot. Early Bronze Age. Anatolian Civilizations Museum No. 112-14-64, Excavation No. 10.424 g (grams), sampled in 1986. Ko~ay & Akok (1950) AAN405 MAHMATLAR, silver ingot. Early Bronze Age. Anatolian Civilizations Museum No. 112-22-64, Excavation No. 18 . 394 g, sampled in 1986. Ko~ay & Akok (1950) AAN406 MAHMATLAR, silver ingot. Early Bronze Age. Anatolian Civilizations Museum No. 112-10-64, Excavation No.6. 416 g, sampled in 1986. Ko~ay & Akok (1950) AAN407 MAHMATLAR, silver ingot. Early Bronze Age. Anatolian Civilizations Museum No. 112-8-64, Excavation No.4. 426 g, sampled in 1986. Ko~ay & Akok (1950) AAN408 MAHMATLAR, silver ingot. Early Bronze Age. Anatolian Civilizations Museum No. 112-5-64, sampled in 1986. Ko~ay & Akok (1950) AAN409 MAHMATLAR, silver ingot. Early Bronze Age. Anatolian Civilizations Museum No. 112-11-64, Excavation No. 7. 428 g, sampled in 1986. Ko~ay & Akok (1950) SAN904 SELENKAHIYEH, lead weight. Early Bronze Age. Aleppo Museum No. 10.354. Excavation No. SLK 72-485. EB IV (2400-1900 Be), sample from Mauritz van Loon. van Loon (1977) SAN989 EL-QIT AR, a silver fragment, part of a hoard. Late Bronze Age. Excavation No. QIT23. Sample from T. McClellan in 1988. McClellan (1986) DM1142, HDM1l52, HDM1154, HDM1157, HDM1158, HDM1159, HDM1191, HDM1196, HDM1213, HDM1214, HDM1216, HSKI·80-104 and HSKI·83-01 HASSEK HOYOK, various lead and copper artifacts. Early Bronze Age. Schmitt Strecker et al. (1989) Eastern Artifact Group compatible specimens from more distant sites. HDMI0l TROY, copper blade Early Bronze Age. Pernicka et al. (1984) IGMR MELOS, sample of galena ore from the island. Gale (1978) Pb1095 NUZI, Yellow faience fragment. Late bronze Age. Brill (unpublished)

Additional specimens/rom north-central and eastern Anatolia AAN007 ALACA HOYUK, silver relief bowl, Ko~ay (1951: 71, pI. 178), Grave K: K 41, Ankara Anatolian Civilizations Museum, sampled in 1982 (Taurus IB) AAN008 ALISAR HOYUK, lead pendant. "Copper Age", van der Osten (1937: figure 197) Tii36fNORSUNTEPE, imported ore specimen. Chalcolithic. Seelinger et al. (1985: 642n) (Taurus 2B) HDMI 148 HASSEK HOYUK, copper needle. Chalcolithic. Schmitt-Strecker et al. (1989) (Taurus lA) HDMI184 HASSEK HOYUK, Early Bronze I. Schmitt-Strecker et al. (1989) (Taurus IB)

Specimens/rom Cyprus and south-west Anatolia C486 CYPRUS/LAXI TOU RIOU, lead bracelet. Middle Cypriot. Stos-Gale et al. (1986) (Taurus 2A) N1424 CYPR US/SULTAN TEKKE, lead net sinker. Stos-Gale et al. (1986) (Taurus 2B) --AAN298 KARATAS, silver headband, Trench 78A-1966, burial 164, 25/3/66. Vol. XIII p. 87f, Antalya Museum, sampled in 1986 (Taurus 2B)

574 K. A. YENER ET AL.

_ - AAN808 ULUBURUN-KAS SHIPWRECK, lead fish-net weight, Excavation No. KWlO09, Late Bronze Age, sample from e. Pulak in 1989 (Taurus 1A) _ AAN809 ULUBURUN-KAS SHIPWRECK, lead fish-net weight, Excavation No. KWl159, Late Bronze Age, sample from e. Pulak in 1989 (Taurus 1A)

Specimensfrom Troy AAN014 TROY, silver bracelet (several fused together with gold beads), Schliemann Excavations. Istanbul Archaeological Museum No. 700M, sampled in 1982 (Taurus 1B) AAN015 TROY, silver beads in a group, Schliemann (1881: 621- 2, No. 928) Istanbul Archaeological Museum No. 699b M, sampled in 1982 (Taurus 1B) AAN019 TROY, silver coil bracelet, Schliemann (1881: 617-21 No. 925) Istanbul Archaeological Museum No. 699 M, sampled in 1982 (Taurus 1B) AAN021 TROY, silver earring with overlapping ends, Schliemann excavations Istanbul Archaeological Museum No. 669 M, sampled in 1982 (Taurus 1B) AAN023 TROY, silver earring with overlapping ends, Schliemann excavations Istanbul Archaeological Museum No. 614 M, sampled in 1982 (Esendermirtepe) AAN027 TROY, silver ring, Dorpfeld excavations, Istanbul Archaeological Museum no. 837M, Dorpfeld (1902), sampled in 1982 (Taurus 1B) AAN028 TROY, silver lunate earring, Schliemann Excavations, Istanbul Archaeological Museum No. 609M, sampled in 1982 (Taurus 1B) AAN034 TROY, silver earring, Dorpfeld excavations, Istanbul Archaeological Museum No. 838M, sampled in 1982 (Taurus 1B) HDM260 TROY, copper blade, Troy II. Pernicka et al. (1984: 578) also Stos-Gale et al. (1984: 38)(their sample No. 9879) (Taurus 2A)

Specimensfrom Greece and the Aegean GRAVE CIRCLE A MYCENAE, silver object. Dayton & Dayton (1986: 28) (Taurus 2A) SHAFT GRAVE IV MYCENAE, silver cup, Late Helladic I. Gale(1980) (Taurus 1B) AM220, AM351 ATHENS, two lead vessels, Mycenean IIIB. Gale & Stos-Gale (1982) (Taurus 2B) NM8290/B, NM8290/C PERA TI, two silver rings, Late Helladic IIIe. Gale & Stos-Gale (1982) (Taurus 2B) NM1932 MENIDI, lead wire, Late Helladic. Gale & Stos-Gale (1982) (Taurus 2B) AE253, AE254 AMORGOS, two silver bracelets, Early Cycladic II. Gale & Stos-Gale (1981) (Taurus 2B) AE240, 1927.1359, 1927.1360 AMORGOS, three daggers, copper-based alloy, Early Cycladic/Middle Cycladic. Gale & Stos-Gale (1982) (Taurus 1B) 1927.1357 AMORGOS, chisel, ECIII-MB. Stos-Gale (1989) (Taurus 1B) AE235 AMORGOS, dagger, copper-based alloy, Early Cycladic. Stos-Gale (1989) (Taurus 2A) NM5240 "lead patch", NM5240 "lead clamp" SYROS, Gale & Stos-Gale (1981) (Taurus 1B) KYT691, KYT3, KYT4, KYT8 KYTHNOS (?), four copper axes, Early Cycladic. Stos Gale (1989) (Taurus 1B) 1303 THERA, lead weight, Late Minoan IA. Gale & Stos-Gale (1981) (Taurus 2B)

Mesopotamian artifacts MAN168 ASSUR, copper pendant, Excavation No. 20573, Grab 5 (UR III), Andrae (1922). Istanbul Archaeological Museum No. 12522, sampled in 1982 (Taurus 1B)

STABLE LEAD ISOTOPE STUDIES IN TURKEY 575

MAN191 ASSUR, lead plaque, Excavation No. 11306, Middle Assyrian period, Ishtar Temple, Andrae (1935) Istanbul Archaeological Museum, sampled in 1984 (Taurus 2A) MAN194 ASSUR, silver bracelet, Excavation No. 20504, Grab 20, (Old Assyrian), Istanbul Archaeological Museum, sampled in 1982 (Taurus 2A) MAN277 TELLO, fused silver rings, Istanbul Archaeological Museum No. 517, Gudea, Palais A levels, Genouillac (1936) Sampled in 1982 (Taurus IB) MAN914 KHAFAJE, fused silver objects found together 1933/34 in bitumen. Oriental Institute Museum No. A 17125, Excavation No. Kh. V/300, sampled in 1987 (Esendemirtepe) MAN942 KHAFAJE, silver ring fragment. Oriental Institute Museum no. A 11559, Excavation No.9. K-42; Kh III 754, sampled in 1987 (Esendemirtepe) MAN943 KHAFAJE, silver ring. Excavation No. 9. K-42, KH III 753, Oriental Institute Museum No. A 1126, sampled in 1987 (Taurus 2A) PRIEST KHAFAJE, copper statue of a priest, Dayton & Dayton (1986: 28) (Esendemirtepe) PG800 UR, silver cup, 2800 Be Dayton & Dayton (1986: 30) (Taurus 2A) PIN TELL AL-RIMAH, lead pin, c. 1500 Be Dayton & Dayton (1986:29) (Taurus 2A) BLOCK ASSUR, lead block, 1300 Be Dayton & Dayton (1986: 25) (Taurus 2B) SAN961 RAQA'I, copper pin. Excavation No. 8742 190-11:14. Burial M-16. Third millennium Be levels, sample from Glenn Schwartz (Esendermirtepe) SAN962 RAQA'I, slag? Excavation No. FAQ8748/90-21:1. M-14, lower floor in room, sample from Glenn Schwartz (Esendemirtepe)

Catalogue of Ore Specimens Taurus lA ASN040 Bolkardag / Giimii~k6y, metallic slag from massive heap near Giimii~k6y village. Sampled jointly with M.T.A. in 1983. 8·5% Pb ASN041 Bolkardag/Yediharmantepe. Slag (metallic) sampled jointly with M .T.A. in 1983. Location adjacent to archaeological site (B5) furnace remains. 1·5% Pb ASN042 Bolkardag/Yediharmantepe. Slag (metallic) sampled jointly with M .T.A. in 1983. Location adjacent to archaeological site (B5) furnace remains. 5·6% Pb ASN046 Bolkardag/Madenk6y village. Large slag deposit (B7) from cuppelation factory in operation until the end of the Ottoman Empire period in the 1920s. Sampled jointly with M.T.A. in 1983. Spongy slag with Pb prill. 4·9% Pb AON078 Bolkardag/S ariba~ / Bekar lojmani. Soft, yellowish-brown ore from mine. Sampled jointly with M .T.A. in 1983.21.1 % Pb AON103 Bolkardag/Karbogazi. Mines (B8) on west slope of stream. Sample reddish brown ore from inside mine. Sampled jointly with M.T.A. in 1984.9·9% Pb AONI06 Bolkardag/Karbogazi. Ore outcrop above mines (B8). Sample ofreddish-brown ore from inside mine. Sampled jointly with M.T.A. in 1984. 9,3% Pb AON109 Bolkardag/D-5 mine. Sample reddish-brown ore from inside mine (B20). Sampled jointly with M.T.A. in 1984.22'8% Pb AON119 Bolkardag/Sulucadere (B6). Placer sand deposits from M.T.A. ore soundings 500 m below sample AONI16. Sampled jointly with M.T.A. in 1983. 13·0% Pb AONl25 Bolkardag / D6~eme yolu. Surface sample. Dark grey ore Sampled jointly with M .T.A. in 1983. 13 .1% Pb AON129 Bolkardag / A~iboyasi Magara. Sample reddish-brown ore from inside mine. Sampled jointly with M.T.A. in 1984.9,3% 'Pb AON134 Bolkardag/Bistirganli Bogaz iistii. Reddish-brown soil, sample taken near rock-cut drawings. Joint survey, M.T.A. in 1984.23,0% Pb

576 K. A. YENER ET AL.

AON135 Bolkardag/Okiizgonii Mine (B31). 3300 malt. Surface sample, reddish-brown ore. Sampled jointly with M.T.A. in 1984. 6·0% Pb AONl37 Bolkardag/Okiizgonii Mine (B31). 3300 m altitude southern slope. Reddish brown ore. Sampled jointly with M.T.A. in 1984.6·1 % Pb AON141 Bolkardag/Esme Gavur1ar yurdu. Sample reddish-brown ore from mine (B32). Sampled jointly with M.T.A. in 1984. 8·9% Pb AOB152 Bo1kardag. Brill sample from "Bolgarmaden" unpublished N.I.S.T analysis, galena

Taurus 1B AON428 Esendemirtepe/U1uki~la, K09ak. Polymetallic ore with malachite and chalcopyrite. Mine surveyed jointly with M.T.A. in 1987. <0·04% Pb AON429 Esendemirtepe/Uluki~la, K09ak. Polymetallic ore with malachite and chalcopyrite. Mine surveyed jointly with M.T.A. in 1987. <0·01 % Pb AON463 <;amardi/Kestel-Sarituz1a mine (C2) located at 1800 m altitude and 200 m above the cassiterite-bearing Kuru9ay stream. Soil from 1987 test trench, sounding S.l in mine. Cassiterite, magnitite, haematite. Survey locations 35 km south-east ofNigde and 2 km from the village ofCelaller. Open pit mines and galleries. <0·03% Pb AON466 <;amardi/Keste1-Sarituz1a mine (C2) located at 1800 m altitude and 200 m above the cassiterite bearing Kuru9ay stream. Soil from 1987 test trench sounding S·2 cassiterite, magnitite, haematite. < 0·01 % Pb AON116 Bo1kardag/Sulucadere (B6). vein located at 1570 m altitude crossing of tso fault lines, calcite matrig. Sample from pocket, 110 em x 20 em along the fault line. Mineralogical analysis (M.T.A.) identified as stannite associated mainly with sphalerite and galena. Joint survey with M.T.A. in 1984. 30·9% Pb, 3400 ppm Sn AON159 Esendemirtepe/Uluki~la, Kocak. Polimetallic ores, copper, magnitite, cobaltite ore. North of the Bolkardag area. A number ofcollapsed mine entrances were observed in this metalliferous zone. Sample from M.T.A. in 1984.1·21 % Pb ASN459 Aladag/Yahyali-Denizovasi, Komiirocagi, slag collected 1987. Surveyed jointly with M.T.A. 0·06% Pb AON399 <;amardi/Kestel, cassiterite. Among the placer deposits ofcassiterite sampled by the M.T.A. in the Nigde Massif, the highest concentration was found at Kuru9ay stream. Sampled 1986 by the M.T.A. (Pehlivan and Alpan) and 1987, panned and concentrated. <0·01 % Pb

Taurus 2A B1 Aladag/ Delikkaya,/ 2715 m altitude, galena and oxide ores, <;evrim (1984) B7 Aladag, galena, mine, <;evrim (1984) B12 Aladag/ Delikkaya, 2805 m altitude, galena and limonite, mine, <;evrim (1984) B14 Aladag/ Delikkaya, 2785 m altitude, galena and cerrusite. mine, <;evrim (1984) B16 A1adag/Tugrul, galena, mine, <;evrim (1984) B17 Aladag/Tugrul, galena, mine, <;evrim (1984) B18 Aladag/Goktepe, galena, mine, <;evrim (1984) B26 Aladag/Tugrul, galena, mine, <;evrim (1984) AON157 Aladag/Ispir. Demirkazik polimetallic lead/zinc deposit mined by the Dedeman company. Survey, 1984.31·2% Pb AON455 Aladag/Yahyali, Survey jointly with M.T.A. in 1987. Galena, zinc from mine AON456 Aladag/Yahyali-Denizovasi area, Roma madeni mine. Survey jointly with M.T.A. in 1987. Galena ON461 Aladag/Yahyali, Survey jointly with M.T.A. in 1987. Galena from mine

STABLE LEAD ISOTOPE STUDIES IN TURKEY 577

Taurus 2B B22 Aladagj Tekneli mines and massive galena deposits, <;evrim (1984: 147) B24 Aladagj Tekneli mines and massive galena deposits, <;evrim (1984: 147) B30 Aladagj Tekneli mines and massive galena deposits, <;evrim (1984: 147) AON419 <;amardijKestel-Sarituzla, from tin-bearing hematite vein 20 m above mine entrance. < 0·12 Pb ASN434 <;amardijdowntown, slag from massive slag heaps. Joint 1987 survey with M.T.A. 10.1 % Pb AMN434 <;amardijdowntown, prill from sample 434A. Joint 1987 survey with M.T.A. 95·2% Pb AON442 NigdejArapsun, mine sample from M.T.A. in 1987. Galena

Bolkardag Valley Outliers AON070 BolkardagjKarbogazi. K-H Gallery (B8) opened 1930s. Sample from mine. Joint survey with M.T.A. in 1984.21.1 % Pb AON108 BolkardagjKarbogazi. Sample from mine (B8). Joint survey with M.T.A. in 198418·7% Pb AON147 Bolkardag j Tav~anli. Slag sample from archaeological site (B25) Slag and furnace remains on south facing slope near Alihoca Key village. 7·0% Pb AONI000 BolkardagjHoroz. Galena from Horoz valley. M.T.A. sample from their 1988 survey

Esendemirtepe Outliers AON411 <;iftehanj<;iftehan-Muradiye. Area, north of Bolkardag galena-barite ore. sample from mine, M.T.A. in 1986 AONIOOI Esendemirtepe j Ba~mak9i villages. Galena, sample from mine, M.T.A. in 1988 survey season

Aladag Outlier AON457 AladagjYahyali-Denizovasi area, Karamadazi. Iron rich ore. Survey jointly with M.T.A in 1987

"B" and "C" designations are survey codes (Yener, 1986; Yener et ai., 1989)

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