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National Criminal Justice Reference Service DEPA~TMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Servic~\ Centers for Dis~,ase ------~~------~------., -""""------,,....------,-.::....------~~~ Memorandum nClrs Date Augus~ 16, 1982 (j From Assistant to Director for Field Activities Office of Center Director This microfiche was produced from documents received for inclusion in the NCJRS data base. Since)'~CJRS cannot exercise Subject Rape Preven~ion and Services Bibliography control over the physical condition of the--documents submitted, the individual frame quality will vary. The resolution chart on this frame may be used to evaluate the docum~nt quality. To . Project Officers, Preventive Health and Health Services Block Grants
To assist you in your efforts towards rape prevention and related
services, provided for in the Preventive Health and Health Services !l,g 2 5 ru,g I~~ 11111 . Block Grants to States, we have prepared this technical resource. 1.0 .~ .1 I!,lg W 11M Please note "that unless ot'iierwise indicat~d, the Centers for Disease ~ ~ II: J:: .~ ., "" " Control is not the source for obtaining the individual items listed in' ...~L::.'" 111111. ; this resource. The source of each item is provided with the abstract or 'on page v of the resource. 111111.25 111111.4 111111.6
We hope this item will be helpful to you.
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST ¢HART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS-1963-A
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OJ o National Institute of Justice ". o United States Department of Justice -, Washington. D: C. 20531 -"
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, ~\ .0 ~. I; .J 1 I'), ,. .1, RAPE PREVENTION AND SERVICES TO RAPE VICTIMS 1982 CONTENTS , INTRODUCTION iii HOW TO USE THE BIBLIOGRAPHY v OVERVIEW OF PREVENTION 1 , ° PREVENTION STRATEGIES 8 }} U.S. Department of Justice COMMUNITY PREVENTION National Institute of Justice APPROACHES .' 15 This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the .;- I' o person or organization originating It. Points of view or opinions stated Lf;GISLATION 18 In this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies 01 the National Institute of VICTIM SERVICES 19 '0 Justice. COMMUNITY INTERVENTION Permission to reproduce this ~ed material has been granted by APPROACHES 46 Public Domain/U.S. Department of Health and Human Services DETERMINING FACTORS 66 OFFENDER TREATMENT 68 to the N~lional Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). NATIONAL PROGRAMS, CLEARING- ~- ,. Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permis- HOUSES~ AND DATA BASES sion 01 the ~ owner. . 68 BIBLIOGRAPHIC RESOURCES 70 AUTHOR INDEX 73 " SUBJECT INDEX 79 '. ,<;, Q' '.",.,-. o (J .. - " ' __ e"_'"""."~'_'< INTRODUCTION "One of the program authorities within the Preventive Health and Health Se'rvices Block Grant is for rape prevention and services to rape victims. In almost ,all States, the official State health agency is responsible for administering these grants; ,yet, experience in dealing with this health problem varies from State to State. To assist State health agencies, the Centers for Disease Control, specifically its Offit:e of the Director and its Center for Health Promotion and Education, have collaborated to identify relevant literature, pro grams, and services that relay information which might be of technical assistance to these agencies and help ful as initial resources. C' (, The abstracts included were obtained by a review of Federally operated computerized data bases as well as some private sector data bases. Abstracts located from the Federal sources, principally the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) and the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), were included without change, whereas items located in private data bases wen': obtained, reviewed, and abstracted; Information is provided indicating where the full report may be obtained as well as whom to contact for additional data on programs. We hope this resource will be helpful. This re,l)ort was preper'ed by Herner and Company under Contract No. 200-81~0632 for the'Center for Hea I th PrOmotion and Educat Ion, Cen,ters for QlseaseControl, Public Health ServIce, U.S. Department of Heeltl) end Human SerVices. C('m tents should 'not be construed as ,The official po I I c:y of the Center for Hea I th Promot I O!'I an d Educatloncr any agency ·of the Federa.! Government. ,0 ill "': " ... ,,";~.~ '~/', . , ..".-,-",~,.,.~""",;",~:""-~~~:",-,-,---,-,--,-~-_-,-.."~":":",-'-,:~-,,,:,,-,-,-~,-,,,:,,,,-.:_.:.. __ ,.,:"""'_,.0,: __,--+ "., .:_,~_ ',c_ ,,:;, !' f) ~ .• "~. '_''''<_''_*'___ ''',-4'~ ,,:, ~ •..• ~:": ...!~~4_~ __ ".,~;... ,_,:,,-':",~:.':", ., ~_. '._~_ .,~" ..,_ •• ~..:." __ ,'.. HOW TO USE THE BIBLIOGRAPHY Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims contains two types of records: abstracts of published literature and program descriptions. These records are arranged.in chap,ters according to their major subject area. Within each chapter, citations and abstracts of documents appear first, followed by descriptions of programs. Document citations are arranged in alphabetical order by the primary author's name, and pro gram descriptions are arranged in alphabetical order by the title of the program. A sequential, three-digit aC;cession number has been assigned to each item. Program accession numbers are followed by a UP" to indicate that the item is a program. Each document is uniformly identified and described by the elements labeled in the sample below: Document Accession Number Document Title~' I - 003 Personal or ' - . '" . Sex Dlfferencesm University Students' Attitudes Toward Corporae~ t " A th ,," ______Rape. " , u ors Barnett, N. J. and Feild, H. S.- 'tat' I'" ____ Journal of College Student Personnel 18{2}:93-96, March Journa I CI lon...... --- 1977 ' or Publication : Source ,This .stud~ investigated the nature of sex difference:; among Abst t~ university students' attitudes toward rape. Results showed rac males were quite different from females in their attitudes and tended to support lTJany myths regarding rape. Implica tions of the results cO,ncerning the nature and prevention of Abstract. Source* rape on cdllege campuses are discussed. (ERIC) .' The distributor from" which a document is available to the public may be given as the last element in the, citation. The most commonly cited distributors and their acronyms are listed below. Price information may be obtained from the supplier at the address given by specifying the order or stock number of thedocu ment and the form, hard copy or microfiche, desired. If the document is available from a distributor other than those listed, the address of the alternate distributor is provided. Available from GPO: Document is sold by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gowrrnment Printing '\ Office, Washington, DC 20402, in hard copy. \ Q " Available from ERIC: '-\:.':::) Document is available from the Educational Re,!iQurces Information Center Docu ," ment Reproduction Service (EDRS), P.O. Box 190, Arlingtpn VA 22210, in hard copy or microfiche. " , I', Available from NCJ RS: Document may be obtained frqm the NCfRS MicrO,;fiche Program, Box" 6QPO, Rockville, MD20850, in mi~rofiche. Include a self-addressed mailing label. -- Available from NTIS:' Document may be purchased frolll th,~ National Technical Information Service, U.S~ Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161,in hard coPY or micro- fi~~ .' ' "'The abstract sourclt is provided if the abstract was taken without change from either the ERIC or NCJRS data, base.. . ' ,~ "a ",' ", ., " ' (\ c'- ~precedinOg page blank ...... v -----~~~. <------~ OJ'; , .< 4,. _ a .' ."~' ,., ~-~.-, ..... "...;-.<'- •• -,,-.~. ~ ... f) ,.,._.•. ~':"":':"-~~----"'~~- -,\ Each program description is uniformly identified and described by the elements labeled in the sample below: OVERVIEW OF PREVENTION tim services and treatment. Appendices present a list of written materials and films on rape and a brief discussion Program Accession on the issue of whether or not to resist rape. (ERIC) Number Program Title • OOi I Crime Prevention • . ~ 205P Atlanta, (Ga.), Metropolitan Atlanta Crime Commission, 003 progpra~or rmclpa ~Irel -ctor____ ~Central_ Maine Medical Center Rape Crisis. 275 p., 1977. Sex Differences in University Students' Attitudes To C ta t Maurer, J. ward Rape. on c ~Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston, ME 04240 This manual was designed to assist local police and com Barnett, N. J. and Feild, H. S. . . t . (207) 795-0111 Journal of College Student Personnei18(2):93-96, March Ad mmls erllig _. . munity groups in developing, implementing, and evaluat Organization d Contmumg. ing cooperative crime prevention programs. The 1977. methodology a police departm~nt or citizens group and Address #services offered by Central Maine Medical Center Rape 5hould use in identifying the extent and nature of their T I h N b Crisis in Lewiston, Maine, include a 24-hour hotline, the crime and victim problems is discussed. Also included is This study investigated the nature of sex differences e ep one urn er medical examination, counseling, and public and profes- a collection of some strategies -which have been deve~ among university students' attitudes toward rape. Results PDt sional education. This rape crisis team is composed of loped by various jurisdictions throughout the Atlanta met showed males were quite different from females in their rogram a es nurses, doctors, and social workers volunteering their time ropolitan area and the United States to initiate citizen attitudes and tended to support many myths regarding Abstract when not on duty at the hospital, in addition to detectives involvement in crime prevention. It is acknowledged that rape. Implications of the results concerning the nature and from the appropriate law enforcement agency. the report is not an exhaustive listing of all crime preven prevention of rape on college campuses are discussed. tion programs. Rather, it is a summary of some of the more (ERIC) successful programs.; First, a brief background statement The bibliography contains two indexes. The Author Index contains the names of personal and corporate familiarizes the reader with each particular program and authors of documents and directors of programs. The Subject Index contains subject descriptors, including its objectives. This is followed by a listing of key steps to geographic locations, for both documents and programs. Listed under each index item are the accession OO~ consider when implementing the program discussed. numbers of the pertinent abstracts or program descriptions. Relationsnip Between Degree of Sexual Assault, An There is also a description of some of the pamphlets, tecedent Conditions, and Victim-Offender Relation· brochures, forms, decals, and the like, which have been ship. ' used by several jurisdictions in association with the par Byers, E. 5., et al. ticular programs being considered. Some of the programs Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Ameri discussed have to do with the prevention of robbery, can Psychological Association (Toronto, Ontario, Canada, burglary, rape, auto theft, and larceny. Programs designed' ~ "gust, 1978), 14 p., 1978. to prevent prevalent crimes against women, xouth, and Available ·from: ERIC; Order No. ED-170 645 ..: senior citizens are also treated. The appendices include a bibliography, a list of crime prevention films and slides, "and a description of metropolitan Atlanta crime preven The incidence of sexual assault among 800 randomly se tion units. (NCjRS) lected university women is examined. Four degrees of sexual assault are defined: forceable intercourse, forcea ble attempted intercourse, forceable petting, and forcea 002 0 hie necking. The incidence of sexual assault, the The Problem of Rape on Campus. ;; antecedent conditions to the assault, and the type of vic Assodation"of American Colleges, Washington, D.C. Pro tirn-offender relationship prior to the assault are the par ject on the Status and Education of Women. ticular foci of the research. Thirty-eight percent of Washingt()n, D.C., _the Project, 9 p., 1978. respondents had been victims of sexual assault, of whom Available from: ERIC; Order No. ED-162 573. 77 percent reported one or more incipents of attempted intercourse or intercourse against their will. Of the offend This paper on rape on the campus addresses the following ers, 86 percent were previously knQwn to the victim. topics: _definitions of rape and sexual assault; the inci Sexual assault constitutes a serious societal and mental dence rate; .attitudes about rape; the impact of ,rape on health problem. Studies based on police reports and those women's educational opportunity; legal implications, in restricted to rape victims only are inadequate, due to the cluding Title"'iX of the Education Amendments of 1972; numerous 'inconsistencies with the present findings. institutio'nal responsibility and liability; the meaning of pre Suggestions are provided for research aimed at develop vention, guidelines for reducing rape on campus; and vic- ing effective preVention strategies. (ERIC) IIi ~ ~-~------.------~ 7 Overview of Prevention Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Overview of Prev€nti1on OM / program is described. A survey which interviewed female Acquaintance rape has been found to occur with disturb information about and understanding of rape; women's California--Rape: The Crime and Its Prevention. soldiers on post activities, rape prevention education, ing frequency in an adolescents' social world. Unlike subordinate relationship to men; women's socially rein California State Office of the Attorney General, Los An male attitudes, and accommodations is included, along stranger rape, acquaintance rape, particularly dating rape, forced physical weakness and passivity; women's isola geles. Crime Prevention Unit. with an extract from a paper on handling male soldiers takes place in the context of normal social activity. In tion from other women; and vvomen's isolation in the Los Angeles, Calif., the Office (Information Pamphlet No. who consider rape acceptable behavior. A rape preven 1978, 432 adolescents, ages 14-18, were interviewed in community. Preventing rapes means more than reducing 12), 24 p., 1978. tion program for support personnel as well as potential the Los Angeles area: half male, and half female, and the incidence of rape or providing security for some wom Available from: NCJRS; Accession No. 059572. victims is outlined and includes orientation for new re one-third drawn from each of the three major ethnic en. Prevention means eliminating rape so that all women cruits, semiannual training for soldiers and civilian em groups--Blacks, Hispanics, and other Whites. Attitude§ to will be free from the threat of assault. Strategies which all ward the opposite sex, sexuality, sex roles, rape, power, women can implement to reduce their vulnerability to A pamphlet directed to the public defines rape, the extent ployees, training for dependents, and a publicity campaign. The following materials which should be incor and violence, along with behavioral expectations, percep rape include redefining rape in terms of ~h~red knowle~ge and reasons for it, victim treatment, legal remedies, and tions and norms about dating were measured, as were sex and experience· and making rape a public Issue; changing prevention. Rape crisis centers are listed. Rape is sexual porated into various levels of training are provided: defini tions of rape, carnal knowledge, and sodomy; differences in the acquisition of attitudes and expecta the power-dependence relationship betwe~n men ~nd intercourse with a female not the wife of the perpetrator women in a patriarchal culture; developing punishments for sex offenses under military law; a discus tions. The results showed that boys and girls possessed p~yslcal when violence or threat of viQlence is present, the woman strength and skills; asserting feminist right.s;. learning to sion of false accusations; self-defense options; and myths different perceptions of what interpersonal cues .sig~~led gives no consent, or submlt5 believing that the person recognize feminist power as a group; organizing for com and facts about rape. Films and videotapes are suggested. sexuality, and when, if ever, sexual assault wa~ Justlfl~d. committing the act is her husband. The root cause of rape mon defense in neighborhoods; and making women's A bibliography contains 37 books and pamphlets with These differential perceptions pointed to potential conflict is the wish to humiliate or dominate, and involves not only safety a community project. Photographs illustrate the some annotations and over 30 articles and short studies. between possible dating couples, and were relate~ to sexuality but power and anger. Rape is usually planned; booklet. (NCJRS) A lesson plan is presented which covers the effects of views of sexuality, power, sex roles, and rape. Sugg~stlons opportunity and the vulnerability of the victim contribute were made as to possible research and intervention to rape, characteristics of the rapist, patterns of rapists, pre to success. Other contributing factors are living arr:mge facilitate positive socialization outcomes. (ERIC) ments, personality, lifestyie and the use of alcohol. Some vention tactics, and rape investigations. (NCJRS) of the common myths about why rape occurs are dis 911 Rape Stereotypes and Fear: A Control Paradox. cussed. The criminal justice system must respond to, and 007 support the rape victim. Investigative, trial, and correc 009 Heath, L., et al. ., The Sexually Assaulted Female: Innocent Victim or Rape Prevention: Everybody's Business. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Ameri tional procedures are outlined, and the options open to Temptress? rape victims are outlined. These range from doing and Gilpatric, P. can Psychological Association (87th, New York, N.Y., Geller, S. H. Military Police Law Enforcement journal 2(2):20-23, Sum reporting nothing to reporting the crime with inl"".'1t to September 1-5, 1979), 20 p., 1979. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Canadi prosecute. Specific suggestions for prevention are made mer 1975. Available from: ERIC; Order No. ED-193 548. an Psychological Association (Quebec City, Quebec, June '\'\ I: for the home, driving, walking, and hitchhiking. Rape cri \ 20; 1975), 4 p., 1975. \' sis center addresses and phone numbers in California are FollOWing discussion of problems attendant to handling \\1 The relatiollsnip between women's perceptions of rape \\ listed. Footnotes are included. (NCJRS) Available from: ERIC; Order No. ED-147 672. rape offenses, some prevention ~uggestions are ~ffered.for controllabiHiy and their fear, worry, concern, and per use in a sexual assault prevention program, With POints The Toronto Transit Commission employees were on ceived risk associated with rape is examined from in peculiar to programs conducted by militarY,P0lice. Pre strike for 23 days, producing a total shut-down of all pub person interviews with women (N equals"C8) in Chicago, vention hints are divided into three categories: steps to 006 lic transportation and a reSUlting increase in the number San Francisco, and Philadelphia. Women's respon~e. to prevent unnecessary sexual assaults; what to d.o if assault USACIDC (US Army Criminal Investigation Com~ of hitch-hiking females. The strike provided a novel and descriptions of the "typical rape" were used ~o diVide seems imminent; and what measures to take If a person o man d) Suggestions for Rape Prevention in Your Com unique opportunity to empirically examine two theories of them into those with high rape control perceptions, low mand. sexual assault and to evaluate the effects of hitch-hiking becomes a victim. (NCJRS) rape control perceptions, and indeterminate rape control Department of the Army Criminal Investigation Com upon' sexual offenses. During the strike the number of perceptions. Regression analyses showed that women mand, Falls Church, Va. Crime Prevention Div. sexual offenses against hitch-hiking females increased with low rape;! control perceptions--those who believed Falls Church, Va., the Division (Quarterly Crime Preven rapes happen anywhere, any time to nine times and accounted for 12.86 percent of all sexual 010 . f R P anyone--7ho~ed tion Report, Special Supplemef!~), 29 p.,.:~(19B-): offenses as compared to 1.59 percent during the pre-strike Freeing Our Lives: A Feminist AnalYSIS 0 ape re- higher fear, worry, and risk levels than th~se With high periods. The total number of sexual offenses was unaffect vention. . rape control perceptions. There was no difference be Graff, S.; MacCrate, E.; MacCarthy, K.; and Sparks, tween the amount of concern about rape shown by the Because the Army has experienced a steadily rising trend ed by the strike. The results disconfirm the theory that c., two control groups. Findings suggest that women can be in reported rapes since early 1979, this manual has been sexual offenses are victim-provoked, and supporuhe the eds. . - 78' alerted to the dangers of rape without having their fear prepared for commanders to use in their rape prevention ory that the female victim is not responsible for the of~ Colunibus, Ohio, Women Against Rape, 3~:?;, 19 . Available from: Women Against Rape,.P.O. B,px 02084, level raised unnecessarily. Rape education efforts need progr?':ns. Following a brief discussion of problems in fense. Five preventive measures were proposed to reduce not focus solely on totally uncontrollable in order to volved in investigating rape/the manual emphasized that the incidence and severity of sexual offenses. (ERIC) Columbus, OH 43202. ,~ rap~s re;:;.chaudiencesi they should address the entire spectrum longstanding Army attitudes toward women at all levels .,').. of rape experiences. (ERIC) must be changed in order to prevent increases in rape. 008 This feminist analysis of rape prevention probes the caus~~ Because of the anticipated increase in the Army female Adolescentt/ Cues and Signals: Sex and Assault. and consequences of rape and s.ugge.sts ways to ~revent population and the ineffectiveness of traditional appro Giarrusso, R., et al. it. This analysis of rape explains Its Widespread eXistence aches which focus on female victims, Army commanders Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Western as an outcome of a patriarchal social ,strlJct~re. Rape pre 012 . must assume a proactive role in combating rape. The role Psychological Association (59th, San Diego, California, vention thus calls for fundamental changes In the relatl~n Speak Out on Rape. that the Installation Crime Prevention Council can play in April 5-8, 1979), 12 p., 1979. ship between women and m~~. The factors. ~hlch Hyde, M. O. assessing the rape problem and designing a prevention Available from: ERIC; Order Ne. ED-176 161. contribute to women's vulnerability to r~e are lack. of New York, McGraw-Hili, 157 p., 1976. 2 3 , il " "1 "~ \Ii (/ , (I ',' .f,J __ ~~.'-.X\_ ! Overview of Prevention Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Overview of Prevention ,~,------~------ General information on the nature and causes of rape, the mechanism, although there appears to be no appropriate to combat violence in their schools. Programs recom outline for a suggested rape prevention workshop and a type of. persons who become rapists, and the types of tool available in rape prevention material reviewed in the mended by responding principals to deter violence were short paper on the impact of sexual assault on victims. preventive, deterrent, and victim-supportive actions that compilation of the information package. The manual has classified into four categories: community, faculty, stu (NCjRS) ca~ be taken or ~re already in effect. The book is designed seven sections and deals with the following: (1) sexual dents, and action. Community programs include policy to mcrease public awareness and to urge citizens to sup victims, child rape, crisis intervention, investigation of for community programs and school meetings with parents, port such measures as rape crisis centers, hotlines, reform cible rape, and incest fantasies; (2) rape prevention whil~ faculty programs involve monitoring the school's 017 of outdated laws, and improved emergency treatment. through the establishment of a national center; (3) princi lunch and play areas and periodic checks of lavatories. Sexual Attack and the Crime of Rape. The discussion included the problem of sexual abuse of ples and applications of public information developed by Students' programs include the requirement that all female Roucek, J. S. and Rahmas, D. S., eds. children as well as of adults. (NCjRS) the Texas Crime Prevention Institute; (4) assertiveness as students travel in pairs and establishment of student orien Charlotteville, N.Y., SamHar Press (Topics of Our Times; a function of rape prevention, changing sex role stereo tation and student safety patrols. Action programs include No. 13), 29 p., 1975. typ~s in primary rape prevention strategies, and self-pro the establishment of firm discipline rules and a one-half 013 tection for women; (5) block club organizers, anticrime hour lunch period to reduce free time. Tables and append An overview of the nature and scope of the rape problem Belief in Rape Myths: The Role of Gender, Attitudes task forces, whistle stop, and miniguard shrill alarms' (6) ed materials are supplied. (NCjRS) in contemporary society, emphasizing the problems of Toward Women and Knowledge of Rape. a home in.spection handbook prepared by the police'de prosecution and prevention. Also considered are the soci Latta, R. M. partment 10 Tacoma, Wash.; and (7) a bibliography on ological and psychological factors involved, trends, and Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwestern ~ap~ .prev:ntlon. Capacity for sentencing by individual 016 conceptual problems. (NCjRS) Psychological Association (51 st, Chicago, Illinois, May JudiCial ?ffl.c:rs, an.d sentencing by multidisciplinary tribu 3-5, 1979), 13 p., 1979. Ra,pe: Prevention and Assistance. nals of JudiCial officers and behavioral scientists are dis , Queen's Bench Foundation, San Francisco, Calif. Available from: ERIC; Order No. ED-176 184. ~us~~d as ~Iternatives to sentencing by single, unadvised San Francisco, Calif., the Foundation, 125 p., 1976. 013 JudiCial officers. Suggestions are also offered for the train Victims of Rape. ing of judicial officers in sentencing. (NCjRS) Degree of belie! in rape myths as determined by partici Scarpitti, F. R. and Scarpitti, E. C. pant gender, attitudes about the role of women in contem This report is the result of Queen's Bench Foundation's Society 14(5):29-32, July-August 1977. porary SOciety, and factual knowledge of rape was research into the circumstances of rape, the modes of investigated in a sample of 118 male and 126 female 015 rapists, and the strategies used by rape victims and at The evolving attitudes toward the crime of rape and its ~ollege students. The re~ults support the general assump School Violence Survey, Fall 1978. tempted rape victims to resist sexual assault. The Queen's victims are discussed. Concern about rape and its effects tion that a rape ideology exists which involves compo New Jersey School Boards Association, Trenton. Bench Foundation is a non-profit organization of women may be growing because of three interrelated factors: nents of belief in rape myths, factual knowledge of rape Trenton, N.J., the Association, 61 p., 1978. attorneys and judges who received United States Depart changing standards regarding the depiction and discussion gender! and attitudes toward women as a group. Specifi~ Available from: ERIC; Order No. ED-188 321. m.ent of Justice.Funding in 1974 to explore the psychologi of sex and violence; a dramatic increase in the number of cally, liberated peopl~ were found to disagree with rape cal and sodai impact of rape on victims and to evaluate rapes that are being reported to police; and a rising con myths more than unllberated people, females disagreed the. San Francisco agencies which respond to them. This sciousness about rape on the part of women. Also, rape more than males, and knowledge of rape was negatively This report presents a study into the nature and extent of report presents the results of two studies conducted by the is being viewed more frequently as a c'rime of violence relat.ed to degree of belief in rape myths. Experimental ~iolence in the New Jersey public schools, including find foundation: one of rape victims and one of rape offenders. rather than a crime of passion. The changing public atti studies. of the effects of ~ducation about the facts of rape lOgs and recommendations. A mailed questionnaire elicit In both the major focus was the same: what are the conse tudes toward rape are also being reflected in the a<;tions on beliefs and assumptions about rape is called for to ed 1,387 responses from 56 percent of the schools' quences of victim resistance to rape? The Foundation was of jurors. In 1975,42 percent of the adults prosecuted for validate these findings. (ERIC) , pri~cipals. T~e first section of the questionnaire sought an interested in the circumstances under which resistance rape were found guilty, while 12 percent were convicted mdepth p~of"e of th~ reporting school concerning enroll deterred the rape attack, the particular kinds Cof resistance of offenses of a lesser degree. The rape victim need no ment, socioeconomic status, community type, and other that were successful, and the circumstances under which longer assume that she will be humiliated, shamed, or 014 factors. Data wer~ also sought on record keeping practices certain kinds of resistance provoked increased violence. disbelieved in her attempt to seek justice. It is argued that Rape Prevention--Information Package. for reports of Violent acts, and judgments about the The victim study presents information on the behaviors of present rape laws are sexist because they emphasize a Na~ional Crime Prevention Inst., Louisville, Ky. change in the nU':lber of violent acts over the last 2 years. women who have faced rape attacks, the characteristics woman's sexuality rather than her rights as a person. It is Louisville, Ky., the Institute, 177 p., (19--). The second section asked about the exter!ll and site of of the attack situations, and the, response of the assailants. suggested that rape be viewed as one of many types of reported violence in the categories of sex'"offenses, rob Differences between the victim of completed rapes and sexual violations that are equally reprehensible and not bery, assault, weapons possession, drug abuse, and al attempted rapes were compared in an effort to measure sex-specific. A comprehensive, sex-neutral offense might This m~nual with information on how to conduct rape cohol abuse. AI~o requested was an estimate of suspected the effectiveness of various resistance techniques. While be termed sexual assault, sexual battery, criminal sexual prevention programs contains material from a wide varie or unreport~d Violence. The data ~ere analyzed in terms the offender study had the same primary goals, rape was conduct, or criminal sexual contact, and would focus at t~ of sources. Producing a specialized program requires a of frequencies, means, and percent. Specific findings are analyzed from the perspective of the offenders. The ra tention on a person's being criminally' assaulted rather hIgh degree of piOfessional expertise and special knowl presented and analyzed according to grade plan and pist's aims, his selection of a victim and;planning of the than on a woman's body being defiled by rape. Rape edg~. The information package is based on this premise school characteristics variables. The study found that the attack, his perception of provocation of the attack, and his within a marriage is still not a crime in the U.s., although and IS mtend.ed to be an educational and planning tool in ext~nt of violence reported in New Jersey public schools response to victim behavior during the attack were con laws in Australia have made women equal partners in prevention. Components of a successful rape preven r~pe ?u~mg the survey period increased from an average of 4 sidered. In addition, offenders' ideas about prevention of marital sex who have the right to deny intercourse. It is tion pro~ram are the.academic. tre~tment of issues in rape mCldents per year per elementary school to 13 per middle rape were solicited. Based on the results of these studies, sllggested that the most effective means of combating and . ~hlld molestation, public mformation, programs or junior high school, to 22 per year per secondary cond'usions are presented on the common patterns of rape is to educate the public against sexism. The incidence related to rape prevention, neighborhood"or spe~lflcally school. Recommendations include the sqggestion that pssault, the differences between rapes and attempted of rape will not be significantly altered unless .there is a gaOlzations, and residential security. An additional com boards of educ~tion with secondary'schools establish as rapes, the frequency and causes of victim injury, and the ,meaningful change in the public values which determine ponent of a successful program is an evaluation a high prio~ity an investigation and promulgation of means methods of preventing rape. The appendi~es include an the role of women in society. (NCJRS) 4 5 £ PC ~- 11~ ----.~ I Overview of Prevention Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Overview of Prevention 019 indicated 332 rape victims in one campus community Rape in the United States. able target is the woman alone at any time of day or night during 1976. Although numerous other studies have been 023 Schiff, A. F. in any circumstance. The rapist is most often an emotion conducted to ascertain the extent of rape on campuses, Rape--Research, Action, Prevention: Proceedings of Journal of Forensic Sciences 23(4):845-851, October ally unstable man who appears to function in a reasonably the imperative to a strong case based on evi the Sixth Alabama Symposium on Justice and the 1978. do~ument normal and competent manner. He generally has difficul dence remains. Individualized approaches to primary and Behavioral Sciences. ty in establishing long-term relationships, and his victims Walker, M. ed. secondary prevention are needed., Primary prevention re J., are often those with whom he had some contact. Rape is (S.I.), University of Alabama, 200 p., 1975., Reasons for the increase in the number of 'in fers to acts a potential victim may take to prevent being rape~ ~liE:: more a crime of aggression stemming from frustration and Available from: NCJRS; No. 028708. raped. Secondary prevention means acts a victim may Acce~sion U.S., 1967-1977, are suggested, and changes in pUb'\;;: insecurity than a means of sexual gratification. Rapists take to prevent recidivism. A sound sex education pro attitudes toward the victim, official attitudes toward the wish to humiliate and degrade their victims and must al gram in schools at the" beginning of adolescence is ad Included in these conference proceedings are the texts of rapist, and legal attitudes towards both are traced. After ways be considered potentially violent and dangerous. vocated, along with assertiveness training for college papers presented at the conference, summaries of the a review of statistics concerning rape in the United States While rape can and does occur virtually anywhere, the females. Sexual liberation is also viewed as one way of conference workshops, and summaries of the discussion it is concluded that the rising number of rapes carl b~ largest single grouping of reported incidents is either in the making sex more available ,and thereby reducing the need groups. Among the topics addressed in this conference attributed to a complex combination of sociocultural and home of the victim or the home ·of the assailant. Other to use force in sexual ac:tivities ..With regard to services for were treatment of the rape victim, measures of rape vic socioeconomic factors, including a transient population, potentially haza~dous areas are listed. Preventive meas victims and potential victims, the rape prevention and timization, rape laws and rape investigations, treating the weakening laws, and the general rise in crime rates. The ures in the home, car, and on the street are outlined and treatment movement has involved the establishment of, rape offender, rape prevention, and the effect of victimi public change in attitude toward victims is trac.ed from general precautions are stated. Alternative tactics that rape crisis centers. Rehabilitative !Jervices are offered to all zation on the rape victim. (NC)RS) unsympathetic attitudes prevailing before the 1960's might be used in the event of attack must be selected on through the establishment of rape-crisis centers and the rape victims, including medical assistance, counseling, the basis of the situation in which the threat occurs. Some emergency transportation, and supportive assistance. provision of female officers to secure the victim's testimo times, screaming "firei' or "call the police" (not "rape" or There are also some treatment programs that have been 024 ny in the 1970's. Changes in attitudes toward the rapist "help") or blowing a whistle may frighten an assailant. But are also documented. The present emphasis is on treat successful in reducing recidivism by rapists. These pro Use of Pamphlets in Rape Prevention Programs. it may only incite the rapist to a more violent attack. ment for offenders. In virtually aliSO States laws governing grams aim at humaniZing the sexual drive, teaching emo Whitehead, L. V. . Running away or talking calmly to the offender so he may rape have their roots in English common law. This com tional. release through physical contact with therapists, Military Police Law Enforcement Journal 3(3):50-53, Fall perceive his yictim as a person rather than an object are mon law is examined and the relationship to present-day using androgen-depleting hormone treatment, using the 1976. alternative tactics to avoid attack. Fighting should be the rape law traced. Since 1974 many States have revised sexual furlough and conjugal 'Jisiting, using video tapes of last resort, and the tactic chosen should severely incapaci their rape laws to obtain convictions more easilv and to rape victims and rapists,.. hiring more female workers in This article underscores the importance of pamphlets in tate the assailant. Such tactics are offered. Postassalt extend the definition of rape to include both males and prisons, and establishing sexually-integrated prisons and helping to educate about the rape issue. The contents of procedure~ for victim treatment and aiding the police in females, thus eliminatirig the old sodomy statutes. The special prisons for homosexual lifestyles. Governm~ntal most pamphlets tend to present information on how to catching the rapist are described, and a message to fami Florida law is examined in detail and examples are also programs designed to assist victims of crime in general prevent rapes, or on what should be done if a rape has Ii~s and friends of rape victims is given. It is noted that included from Michigan's new rape law. Revisions'lin the may have special relevance to campus rape victims. Po occurred, or on the crime of rape, including facts about boys and occasionally men are also victims of rape. This statutes of New York and Ohio are briefly mentioned. lice response to rape preventioo has encompassed inser rapists and their victims. The author found that some pam document is intended for general distribution to the citi Important components of all these laws are the elimina vice training, crisis intervention, sensitive, interrogation, phlets vary in their opinion of whether resistance should zens of Florida. (NC)RS) tion of the need for corroborating testimony, protection of more use of female officers, and more effective evidence be used in case of rape. The pamphlets put out by wo the victim's right to privacy, and the broadening of the collection techniques. Under reformed rape laws, victims men's groups are generally more comprehensive than need not prove resistance, the victim's previous sexual rape definition to include assorted acts which are called 022 . those produced by police departments. Pamphlets should "sexual battery." These changes are explained briefly. conduct is in most cases inadmissable, taxpayers bear the always include the most up to date information and advice References are included. (NC)RS) medical costs of rape, and a second conviction of rape re Sexual Assault: the Victim and the Rapist. for the pote6tial rape victim. (NC)RS) - sults in 'mandatory sentencing to a correcti,qnal institution. Walker, M. J. and Brodsky, S. L., eds. The use of litigation is an effective means of social change Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath, 196 p., 1976. 020 and social policy formulation and imple01entation. Ways A collection of15 articles ~hich raise the complex issues 025 , of better protecting the university setting are suggested. of causes and prevention of rape and show the range of Men Against Rape--Wh~t You Should Know. Control of Campus Rape: An Overview of Individual Footnotes are inclUded. (NCJ RS) Tactics and Envirc;mmental Design. current developments in dealing with the victim and un Wickenkamp, C. K. and Rausch, D. K. Schultz, L. G. derstanding rape. This book contains a selection ofassays Long Beach, Calif., Direct Mail Advertising and Printing, 10 1977. " Paper presented af'ihe 84th Annual Convention of the 021 .by leading figures in this field and the texts of several p., American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.,' Sexual Assault. presentations made at a 1975 conference on rape re Available from: Direct Mai!Advertising and Printing, 2461 Gardena Ave., Long Beachj CA 90806. September 3-7, 1976, 19 p., \1976. Sheehan, Phinney, Bass and Green Professional Associa search and prevention. An examination of assumptions Available from: ERIC; Order No. £D-137 666. tion. .about the nature of sexual assault and how they are relat 23 p., 1977. ed to preVention strategies is first presented. The ways in Misconceptions regarding rape, frequency, how to recog which the criminal justice system defines, perceives, and nize a rapist, rape prevention rneasures, and supportive The incidence of campus rape is analyzed with regard to handles sexual assaults are then discussed. Several articles Profiles of the victim and the rapist are' presented the actions to be taken with the victim of rape are discussed victims, primary and secondary prevention, direct care of on the victiins of rape examine the consequences of rape typical reasons for and locations of rape considered' and i in this brochure. Rape i~. the act of sexual intercourse victims, programs for rapists and victims, rape law reform, . , , for most victims and review some innovative approaches committed by man against anothe( person without his preventive measures and defensive tactics suggested a lawenforcement,and litigation. A survey of 20 university to lessening these traumas, Th~ prevention of rape, treat or her consent. Rape call. occur between strangers, ac along with postassault procedures; All females, regardles~ I police departments on predominantly large campuses re- .-, ment of the rapist, and possible causes of rape are also quaintances, and friends. 'Several misconceptions about of race, age, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, orapp~ar 1 vealed a total of 76 reported rapes in 1974. Another study discussed, Finally,innovative laws and methods of dealing rape persist despite convincing evidenc::;e. First, studies .ance, are potential victims for the rapist. The most vulner- I with the victim and rapist are explored, (NC)RS) . have shown that the prJmary motiveJor rape is aggression 6 j 7 a4 Prevention Strategies Rape P.revention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Prevention Strategies and not sex. Second, the rapist is a despicable criminal, 027 Confrontations and decisions to resist the rapist or the 031 and sexual assault is not a sign of masculinity. Third, be Simulation and Baselinf;! Research in Rape Prevention. mugger is discussed as an important decision by the vic Rape and Older Women: A Guide to Prevention and coming a victim is not related to a person's dress or Brodsky, S. L. and Klemmack, S. H. , tim( who has weighed the consequences and direction of Protection. "provocative" manner. Fourth, a woman's health, size, or Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American the attack in his or her head. Methods of fighting back and Davis, L. J. and Brady, E. M. strength have little bearing on rape prevention although Psychological Association (84th, Washington, D.C., Sep types of appropriate "weapons" are suggested for those Philadelphia, Pa., Philadelphia Geriatric Center, 179 p., preparedness can help overcome the paralyzing effects of tember 3-7, 1976), 15 p., 1976. that make these decisions. Tourist rip-off prevention is 1979. terrol'. Fifth, most rape victims have good reputations in Available from: ERIC; Order No. ED-142 876. covered and includes assuring that luggage is carried by Available from: GPO; Stock No. 017-024-00849-4. their communities. Sixth, women do not enjoy rape. In the official air carrier employees, guarding passports, showing United States, a rape case is reported every 2 minutes. The This paper begins by describing an 'organizational model suspicion toward strangers in resort areas, and keeping FBI estimates that 80 to 90 percent of all rapes go un , valuables in the hotel safe. Screaming, other natural weap As a guide to prevent rape and to reduce fear of such reported. The typical rapist can be any man, and there is for the disciplinary study of rape--the University'of Alaba assaults among elderly women, discussion centers on the ma's Rape Research Group. It outlines the structure, func 'ons, and techniques to overcome choking are described no way to recognize him before the attack. The typical to help women protect .themselves. Methods of coping process of aging, the vulnerability of older women, and rape victim becomes afraid of being alone, of crowds, of tion, and some techniques of the study group, including the impact of rape on such women. The guide examines the use of simulations and prototypical situations. In one with pickpockets, P!Jrse snatchers, and auto and other men, and of anything reminding her of the rapist. She may thieves focus on proper property protection and conceal the special vulnerability of older women living in neigh have difficulty relating tf) others, expressing affection and study, verbal,responses of rape vicflms were classified into borhoods that have become high-crime areas, in terms of seven categories. Actors and actresses were used to ment, alertness to the favorite haunts of thieves and redefining her sexuality. She may have feelings of a~ger, awareness of occupational techniques of thieves and bur the developmental concept of aging, physical changes helplessness, and embarassment. Those persons closest to videotape samples of each response type. The role-played glars. Federal crime insurance is recommended for col!ege and health status of older women, their shared historical the victim should be supportive, listen to the victim, and scenes were shown to a number of groups: convicted students to protect their property, and techniques are ou experiences, social roles and family relationships, and the not pry for details and specifics. Rape prevention efforts rapists, staff members in a sex offender treatment pro tlined to avoid the bicycle thief. Precautions for children urban environment. It is shown that although older wom should focus on encouraging women to take the threat of gram, and individuals attending a national conference on in guarding against the child molester and typical confi en may not become victims of rape as often as their rape seriously, helping women reject social conditioning rape research and prevention. Given no clue about dence games are also described. (NCJRS) younger counterparts, they are profoundly affected by a that passivity and weakness are feminine, and assisting whether or not the victim was actually successful in pre constant fear of becoming victims, causing them to reduce women in implementing appropriate safety precautions. venting the rape, the audiences were asked to rate the their social activities and their independence. To instill deterrence potential of the various strategies. Preliminary (NCJRS) 029 confidence in older women, the guide suggests specific results suggest two "types" of rapist: (1) an aggressive, avoidance behaviors that older women can practice in antagonistic one who is best deterred by crying,' signs of Rape: It Can't Happen to Me. Chu, W. and Fong-Torres, S. their homes, in buildings, on the streets, while traveling, weakness and bodily difficulties; and (2) a tentative more Bridgei An Asian American Perspective 7(1 ):39-42, Spring and while banking. These recommendations are also ap polite type who may be actively rejected with ve;bal or 1979. plicable to younger age groups and men. Physical design physical attack. A seconct study, in progress, uses similar and hardware specifications for increasing the safety of techniques to investigatE: different categories of rapists and Cultural factors such as the family system, communication dwelling units are provided, as well as descriptions of changes in citizen attitul:!Js toward sexual assault. Other special activities entailing community involvement in a PREVENTION STRATEGIES work in progress, includes an annotated bibliography of patterns and institutional racism make the impact of rape on Asian women different from its impact on other wom rape prevention program. Two successful community sexual assault literature (the proposed'taxonomy is includ security programs located in Philadelphia, Pa., illustrate ed) and an attempt to identify pS}/chological and social en. In this article suggestions for avoiding a rape attack on the street and at home are offered. (ERIC) different approaches toward crime prevention. In addi factors underlying rape. (ERIC) tion, resources for education and training programs are provided for those seeking audiovisual and written aids or 026 030 further information on existing prevention and crisis inter Bay Area (CA) Women Against Rape: Information 028 vention programs. Some statistical data, a glossary of Packet. Common Sense Self-Defense: A Practical Manual for Protecting You. . Students and Teacherfl. terms, and a bibliography are provided. (NCjRS) Bay Area Women Against Rape, Berkeley, Calif. Burns Security Inst., Ne~)York, N"v. Conroy, M. and Ritvo,. E. R. Berkeley, Calif., author, 30 p., 1976. New York~ the Institute, 24 p., 09--). Saint Louis, Mo., Mosby, 159 p., 1977. 032 A guide for women in self-defense stressing the recogni Mugging--You Can Protect Yourself. The 10 articles in this booklet describe personal security tion, avoidance, and elimination of dangers to personal CollectIon of the Bay Area Women Against Rape (BA Griffith, L. R. techniques as they relate to burglary, rape theft child safety, as well as fighting techniques requiring minimal WAR) handouts explaining services provided by the Englewood Cliffs, N. J., Prentice-Hall, 223 p., 1978. ~olestatio~, confidence games, campus crirr:e, muggings, physical conditioning and practice. The textbook contains group, me!hods of preventing and defending against rape, plckpocketlng, and purse snatchings. Ways to discourage numerous photographs that illustrate various tactics and and legal and medical information for victims of rape. a burglar, Without the L!se of expensive alarm systems or strategies that are suggested for dealing with assailants. Methods of preventing mugging, rape, and assault are Rape prevention techniques for home car and street are electronic d~vices, ind~de lighting homes at night, locking Areas covered in the narrative portion indude precautions suggested, and verbal and physical techniques of self outlined and prevention and for hitch hik def~nse tacti~s ?oors at all tImes, keeping ,a loud-barking dog, and refus that can be taken in" the home; weapons for defense; protection in the course of an incident are described. ers are set forth as are general defensive tactics. California Ing to allow strangers inside the home. Homeowners defense an assailant's weapon; dealing with gangs, Muggers are categorized as IImodel" muggers (Le., des laws of self-defense, categories ,of rape, and victim com ~gainst should use sturdy dead-bolt locks on their 'doors locks violent women, and murders; strategies for dealing with perate, for money or professional muggers because of the pensation ar~, review~d. Information on testing for preg that work with keys for windows and metal r~ds or rape; and aiding police by accurately identifying an assail relative unlikelihood of getting caught), "predators" who nanc.y and venereal dIsease and for obtaining abortions is broom sticks that secure patio sliding doors. Rules for ant. Also included in the text are some exercises for wish to frighten or injure their victims, or young status prOVided as well as steps to be taken by,rape victims who p~ysi avoiding being m~g~~d focus on walking techniques, al cal conditioning that would be beneficial to those who use seekers. Means~bf avoiding the danger of bgcoming a are not planning to report the attack to police. (NCjRS) ertness, and cautIon In subways,elevators, and in cars. the techniques described in the text. (NCjRS) likely target forla mugger are discussed. Self-protection ~ ~~ , 8 9 ~-~-~------.....--.------~--~---- .1 Prevention Strategies Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Prevention Strategies measures are described for situations when prevention 034 for defense; disengagement techniques when the hair, 038 has failed; overcoming fear and taking steps to deter or Principles and Applications of Public Information arms, or body are grabbed; and methods of handling as Crime Prevention for Senior Citizens. disable an assailant are emphasized. Actual incidents of Focus: Rape Prevention--Project Summary and Team saults by groups. Further advice covers how to secure New York City Dept. for the Aging, N. Y. and New York attempted muggings are offered as examples of methods Recommendations. houses and apartments; how to minimize risks whiie walk City Police Dept., Kew Gardens, N. Y. Crime Prevention to thwart the mugger. Photographs are used along with Horwitz, D. S. and Duggan, K. V., eds. ing, driving, hitchhiking, or visiting public places; and Section. 16 p., 1978. detailed explanations to present easy-to-Iearn techniques San Marcos, Tex., Southwest Texas State University, 61 what to do if rape has occurred. lIIu3trations are included. Available from: NCJRS; Accession No. 050587. for combating an assailant who is unarmed or armed with p., 1976. (NCJRS) a gun or knife. Although the use of force against a mugger Available from: NCJRS; Accession No. 039107. is extensively discussed, force is considered a last resort when other means have failed to divert an intention to do Standard tips for preventing crimes against persons are Report of Public Information School of Texas Crime Pre 036 bodily harm. Concluding the incident without injury is Handbook on Community Crime Prevention. provided, along with information on the criminal court given highest priority, and avoiding the loss of property vention Institute presents do's and don'ts in a rape situa processing system and victim services available in New tion. Avoid hitchhiking and shortcuts through parks and Lakewood Dept. of Public Safety. and apprehending the criminal are considered secondary 104 p., (19--). York City. Details on how to prevent purse-snatching are vacant lots. Those are just two or the many recommenda goals. Checklists of safety measures and self-evaluation Available from: NCJRS; Accession No. 025047. followed by suggestions to consider when away from tests are provided. Interviews with ex-offenders give in tions that women can take to avoid the likelihood (;f rape. home and while at home, especially for those who live These recommendations are the result of an. April 1976 sights into the motivations, reactions, and operational This booklet offers a series of crime prevention tips for the alone. Tips on how to avoid becoming the v;ctim of a methods of muggers. The safety measures discussed are Public Information School anti-rape project. The school mugging or rape and procedures to use upon discovering broke down into teams that probed the dissemination of protection of the individual, the family, the home, and considered applicable for women, children, and the elder businesses against a wide range of criminal activity. an intruder in the home are provided. Umbrellas, rolled ly. (NCJRS) rape prevention material through TV, radio, and newspa Suggestions are offered for the prevention of such crimes newspapers, or a set of keys are recommended over car per media. The report explodes many of the myths sur rying a gun or using one to repel an intruder. The proce rounding the rape issue, such as who gets raped and why as burglary, robbery, kidnapping, auto thefts, thefts, sho plifting, assaults on females, and child abuse. Also dis dures for processing perpetrators of crimes against rapes occur. Advice is given on the two methods of frus persons in New York are examined and offense classifica cussed are telphone security, drug abuse, juvenile crime, trating an attacker. These include measures and passive tion (misdemeanor or felony), station house or central and. child molestation. Suggestions are also included on resistance methods. (NCJRS) booking, court custody, arraignment, preliminary hearing, 033 recognizing and preventing con games, and on reducing and indictment are mentioned. A criminal court process Estimation of Danger and Endorsement of Self-Protec losses from fraudulent checks. Such community oriented ing chart and a diagram of a typical courtroom layout tion Strategies: A Study of Locus of t:ontrol. crime prevention programs as the Neighborhood Watch accompany the discussion. The role and function of the Heath, L., et al. 035 program and Operation Identification are described. family court is reviewed. The addresses, phone numbers, Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Ameri Safe Within Yourself: A Woman's Guide to Rape Pre (NCJRS) can Psychological Association (Toronto, Ontario, Canada, vention and Self-Defense. and operating districts and hours are pr~vided for the August, 1978), 20 p., 1978. Kaufman, D. A.; Rudeen, R. D.; and Morgan, C. A. victim-witness assistance programs availab.le within the Available from: ERIC; Order No. ED-173 729. Alexandria, Va., Visage Press, 119 p., 1980. various boroughs in the city. The three major functions of Available from: Visage Press, Inc., 1 08A S. Columbus St., 037 crime alert committees, small groups of senior citizens Alexandria, VA 22314. Fighting Back: A Self-Defense Handbook. working closely with public officials in the areas of crime McKinley, S.; Graff, S.; and McCrate, E. prevention and victim assistance, are discussed. They are: Columbus, Ohio, Women Against Rape, 16 p., 1977. (1) to keep abreast of the latest crime prevention informa Contradictory predictions concerning control over nega This'handbook informs women about rape, rape preven Available from: Women Against Rape, P.O. Box 02084, tion, being dispensed by public and private agencies and tive e~ents exist in Wal~ter's self-protective attribution tion, and self-defense. Defensive techniques appropriate Columbus, OH 43202. to assist other senior citizens in obtaining such informa theory; which maintains that on-lookers in negative situa to the nature of rape attacks and the average person's tion; (2) to help the members of senior citizens centers and tions are apt to seek control by convincing themselves that physical and mental capabilities are described. Women A woman with confidence' and basic knowledge of self other similar organizations put crime prevention strategies such/a situation couldn't happen to them, while Shaver's find it difficult to resist rape beca,l-Jse they are raised to be defense can enjoy the freedom of living alone, walking at into action; and (3) to assist others in acquiring the ser defensive attribution theory suggests that in a comparable passive and to avoid fighting and hurting others. Contrary night, and hitchhiking. Because women's lack of self de vices offered to crime victims by public and private situation people are more likely to attribute the responsi to popular opinion, rape is not a crime of passion but a fense skills heightens their fear of rape and sexual assault, groups. Services available for older victims of crime are bility to change. A field test was utilized to survey women means of acting Ollt anger and aggression. Rapists are this illustrated handbook produced by a women's com identified, including senior citizen referral services, crime in three cities, by telephone, about rape prevention. divided into two categories: those who know their victims munity action group offers suggestions for women to bet victim's compensation, and conflict resolution and media Hypothesizing from the two theories, Walster would pre and those who do not. However, all rapists attack unex ter protect themselves in dangerous situations. tion. The addresses and phone numbers for these services dict that the respondents feeling more likely to be' victi pectedly, taking advantage of a breakdown in their vic Suggestions include becoming aware of surroundings that are provided. (NCJRS) mized will be more likely to attribute effectiveness to tim's protecting social structures (such as absence of offer either danger or safety, and. detailed instructions for control-maintaining strategies, while Shaver would pre family) and seek to emotionally isolate themselves from how to hit and hurt an attacker. Home defense instruc dict the opposite. Assessment of risk by the subjects sup the victim and the victim from ,)0 11 .- ------,.------~ , -, :',0- ~-'--- __ ,", ~~"_. ~_,._ .. ~'-_""'-" ___ "_";:_~' ,,~~. k-.,J L:.:c~"~_" ..:? __ .~,~~._- ~ ___ ~. "~ ... -,.-.,_ ... I Prevention Strategies Rape p-~'evention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Prevention Strategies This booklet of preventive self-defense measures can help A telephone survey of adults in three cities showed that rape prevention attitudes: (1) beliefs about measures call even in adverse situations and could help them ward off individuals reduce the likelihood of being raped by help attitude_~toward restrictive and aggressive rape prevention ing for restrictions in women's behavior, and (2) beliefs rapists looking for easy targets. Physical self-defense ing them understand what rape is, how and when it oc _measures varied according to age, sex, race, and income. about measures involving changes in the environment, or strategies have a preliminary goal--to cause physical pain curs, and how to prevent or resist rape. Every rape Most preventive strategies advocated for rape focus on assertive actions by women. Two-way analyses of vari to the attacker. Physical defense has three basic compo situation is different, implying that every woman will hi!ve the victim, not the rapist, and ignore cultural factors which ance of restrictive measures and of assertive measures nents: (1) an absolutely committed response to attack, (2) to be guided by her own commonsense and self-knollyl support or even promote rape. Previous studies have re each showed significant main effects for race and sex, but a combination of effective target and technique, and (3) edge to combat the crime. In some instances, resisting the vealed that perceptions about rape and rape prevention no significant interactions. In both instances, women and trust in intuition. The attacker's most vulnerable parts are attacker may not work while in other situations giving in depend on sex, race, and marital status. This study sur blacks rated restrictive and assertive measures as more discussed. Various techniques for using body parts as does not guarantee that victims will not be beaten as well veyed a random sample of 1,618 adults in San Francisco, effective than did men and whites. When the effective weapons are covered (e.g., the palm-heel strike, finger as raped. Women should be aware of themselves as po Philadelphia, and Chicago in November 1977. Respond ness ratings of the two types of measures were compared and thumb gouge, and knee raise) as well as combination tential victims and every man as a potential rapist. Preven ents were asked to assess the effectiveness of 21 items within race-sex groups, three of the groups endorsed ass techniques (e.g., front and side grasps, hair grabs, and tive measures designed to guard against the Ukelihood of describing rape prevention strategies which were charac ertive measures as more effective, while one group, black choke holds). Women are advised to wear shoes and being raped are offered f()r situations occuring at home; terized as assertive actions and environmental changes or females, rated restrictive strategies as more effective. It is clothing that allow mobility and accessories not easily in an apartment; while riding an elevator; during visits by as restrictions in a woman's behavior. Examples of restric concluded that rape prevention indices are useful in sum grabbed or used as choking devices. Rape prevention repairmen -or deliverymen in the home; telephone calls; tive items were having women avoid going out alone and marizing and organizing people's beliefs about preventing strategies that offer positive alternatives rather than prohi and while on the street, in a car, or hitchhiking. Women stopping the push for women's rights, while assertive ac rape. The results support a multidimensional concept of bitions are emphasized. Notes are included on studying living in apartment buildings should be especially wary of tions were fighting an attacker and increasing men's re rape-prevention beliefs, in accordance with the multidi martial arts and rape prevention, photographs illustrate elevators, laundry areas, and garages. Suggestions are of spect for women. Data were analyzed according to sex, mensionality of rape attitudes reported by Feild (1978). the text, and the appendix contains instructions for using fered to encourage women to become more able and different age groups, race, and income. Black and older The two dimensions of rape prevention appear to operate this workbook with special groups--adolescents, lesbians, willing to fight off rapists through the use of such weapons women rated restrictive measures as more helpful than differently in subpopulations that vary in the likelihood of battered wives, previous rape victims, and older, black, as bottles, pens, and mace. In addition, women can scare assertive ones, while the opposite patterns held for other victimization. Black females, the group with the highest Hispanic, rural, white, and Asian women. (NClRS) off some rapists and attract help from others by yelling. A race-sex groups and for young and middle-aged women. risk of rape, rate restrictive measures as more helpful than recommended reading list is included. (NClRS) The assertion that the likelihood of victimization affects assertive ones, whereas groups with lower risks of victimi beliefs about rape was only partially supported. Statistical zation rate assertive strategies as more effective. Thus, 044 ly, black females and young women are most vulnerable there may be differences in the meaning and dynamics of Black Women, Crime and Crime Prevention. to rape. Nevertheless, black women give the highest en rape beliefs for vario\)s race and sex groups. Eleven refer Scott, E. L. 040 dorsement of all groups to restrictive measures, while Paper presented at the National Conference of Black ence!>, two footnotes, and two tables are provided. How to Combat Rape in Your Home, on Your Streets, young women demonstrated the lowest support for this Political Scientists Uackson, Mississippi, April 1978), 22 (NClRS) . in Your City. strategy. The findings indicate that polidc;; aimed at re p., 1978. Post, M. M. ducing rape will receive varying degt¢es of acceptance Available from: ERIC; Order No. ED-167 682. Indianapolis, Ind., Indianapolis Women United Against from target groups, particularly if restrictive measures are Rape, 100 p., 1975. suggested. Public education about rape prevention may 043 Several factors indicate that there is a relationship be Available from: NClRS; Accession No. 035657. be needed after the effectiveness of various approaches In Oeferi'se of Ourselves. tween economic conditions and crime among black has been determined. Tables, footnotes, and 13 refer Sanford, L. T. and Fetter, A. women. Crime statistics show that outside of the mis ences are included. (NClRS) Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 186 p., 1979. demeanors of drunkenness and disorderly conduct, black This kit contains newspaper articles and brochures on le women tend to be arrested for larceny and prostitution, activities and operation of "Women United Against Rape" both economic crimes. The fact that black women are at (WUAR), an Indianapolis (IN) antirape program, plus pub This workbook for women on rape prevention and de the bottom of the economic ladder lends more support to lic information pamphlets on raR~ prevention. Included 042 fense aims to change the reflex of fear into action by the economic theory of crime causation. In spite of the are professionally written pamphlets on the rapist and the Structure of Rape Prevention Beliefs. preparation and practice of verbal, attitude, and physical attempts of some authors to explain black crime through Riger, S. and Gordon, M. T. victim, rape legislation in Indiana, legal and court proce self-defense and attention to commonsense. Societal be the theory of aggression, statistics show that black female Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 5(2):186-190, dures for sexually assaulted persons, Indianapolis police liefs that women who are raped want it or provoke it, that criminality is substantially different from black male crimi April 1979. procedures for sexually assaulted persons, and handling only men can be violent, or that rapists are sexually unful nality in that it is less violent. Studies also indicate that the the alleged sexual assault victim. Also included is a !i~t of filled men wanting to satisfy their appetites are discredit victimization rate for black females is much less than the pertinent films. (NClRS) 1_" --::- ed. Not all rape can be prevented, and victims should rate for black males, but is much greater than the rate for Attitudes toward various rape prevention tactics are ex understand that they are truly the victims and their being white females. The two most prominent areas of victimi amined; the relationship between the likelihood of victi'm . raped does not lessen their value as persons. The picture zation are rape and spouse abuse. Several programs ini ization and beliefs about the effectiveness of those of the rapist runs along a contilluum--from the man known tiated or supported by black women (the Multi-Area Rape 041 measures is investigated. Eleven rape prevention items to the victim who suddenly attacks to the unknown sur Crisis Council of Atlanta and the Coalition of Concerned Public Opinion arid Public Policy~-The Case of Rape developed as the result of a telephone survey pretest of 21 prise attacker. ExerCises are" presented for developing a Women of Chicago) demonstrate that crime prevention is Prevention. rape prevention items were included in a subsequent tele not the exclusive domain of the police and that black Riger, S. and Gordon, M. positive .and strong selkoncept, defensive .body lan phone survey about crime that was administered to 1,600 guage, ability to maintain eye contact, an assertIve tone of women can serve as a potential resource for crime pre Paper presented at the American Psychological Associa adults in 3 cities: San Francisco, Philadelphia and Chica voice and sentence structure, quick decision making capa vention programs. However, as long as black women are tion Convention, Toronto, Canada, August 1978, 18 p., go. Factor analyses of the responses of random samples on the bottom rung of the economic ladder, are heads of 1978. bility in troublesome situations, and hostile and assertive of men and women from the three cities indicate the responses. They are meant to combat the conditioning of households and are subjected to racial oppression, they Available from: ER/Ci Order No. ED-173 728. presence of two relatively independent dimensions of American women to be polite, timid, and compassionate will continue to commit economic crimes. (ERIC) 12 13 .- "f Community Prevention Approaches Prevention Strategies Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims For over 1 2 years the Memphis Police Department has Actual cases of rape are described, and the author ex by some juries, some wom~n send out conflicting verbal or 04$ upon invitation performed its public relations program plains how it would have been possible to avoid rape in nonverbal messages, and that passive techniques combined Protecting Personal Space: Victim and Resister Reac entitled "Self Protection fOl' Women" free of charge in each. Also suggested are a few simple physical defense with the absence Df physical injuries are likely to jeopardize tions to Assaultive Rape and Rape Attempts. cities throughout the Nation. The 1-hour program deals techniques that can be learned and used by all women. a court case particularly in situations where the rapist is Selkin, J. with every form of attack to which women are commonly Denver, Colo., Denver Department of Health and Hospt~ (NCjRS) known to the victim. Two court cases are cited to illustrate the validity of the above facts. It is noted that in 1976, subjected, ranging from mild forms of flirty molestations tals, 6 p., 1976. to homicidal assaults. The program is performed an aver Available from: NCjRSj Accession No. 058367. sexual assault victim's in Dade County, Florida, included 047 boys and young men. (NCJ RS) age of 40 times a month the year round with 87 presenta Officer, What Should I Do If .. .? tions being given in 1 month throughout 9 States. This Data from studies of volunteers--self identified rape vic Tindall, S. phenomenal scheduling has been the result of word Q.f tims and resisters--suggest that succesful rape resisters feel FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 47(4):2-7, April 1978. 048 mouth recommendations because the program has never differently and react differently during a rape attempt than Available from: NCjRS; Accession No. 047051. Crime Prevention for Senior Citizens--An Action been advertised or promoted in any way. A collective do rape victims. Thirty-two victims and twenty-three re Guide. audience of over 700;000 people have seen this program. sisters were interviewed in the Violence Research Unit at An exploration of the implications of various measures to Walter P. Reuther Senior Centers, Inc., Detroit, Mich. Effective physical counters to attacks on women are Denver (Colo.) General Hospital from 1973-76. They prevent or resist sexual assault, and the police role in Detroit, Mich., the Centers, 91 p., 1980. taught through demonstration. The techniques do not re were asked, in checklist fashion, about emotions ex educating the public, particula,rly women, in these consid quire long hours of practice or any degree of physical perienced during the sex assault. The results suggest that erations, is presented. There is considerable controversy This packet of crime prevention information for senior fitness. The defenses work if the person being attacked has rape victims feel differently during the assault than rape regarding the correct reactive measures to use if a sexual citizens contains brochures on home locks, car and home the attitude to resist the attacker. The primary purpose of resisters. They can be described as emotionally immobil assault is threatened. Police departments frequently favor protection, identifying property against theft, personal the program is to instill the attitude to resist the efforts of ized, in great stress, and unable to react behaviorally in an contradictory tactics, whether active or passive. Active or safety and other topics. The first brochure explains the the attacker. The City of Memphis offers this program free organized, coherent fashion. Further, the results suggest aggressive tactics are designed to fight or frighten off the property engraving program, covers reasons for par of charge to any city in the Nation but expects the spon that victims are not as socially adept as resisters and that assailant, and include judo, karate, running, screaming, ticipating, suggests keeping inventories of possessions, soring group to cover the expenses of the performers. they are less dominant cmd less capable of relating to biting, kicklrg, use of weapons, and blowing whistles. and gives instructions for engraving. The second action others in social situations. Emotional reactions after the Passive techniques stall for time and interrupt the offend guide covers home security. It includes a home security assault were found to be profoundly different for victim er's fantasy train of thought 'without increasing his anger, checklist and lists actions to take to reduce the risk of and resister groups. Victims were significantly more de by talking, questioning, pleading, crying, feigned fainting, burglary. A third action guide discusses neighborhood pressed, fearful, and anxious. The findings raise serious or vomiting. Interviews with six convicted rapists indicate watch, a system of community organization fostering COMMUNITY PREVENTION APPROACHES questions about social mores as they are taught to con that both aggressive and passive techniques will some awareness of neighborhood activity, and gives instruc temporary American women. Thus; education about vic times work, but that clearly no tactic will work all of the tions on organizing such a watch. An action guide on timology and a social attitude which looks at victimization time. There seem to be two major groups of rapists; the personal safety recommends common sense as the best as a risk of urban living needs to be developed and sup insecure-inadequate, and the hostile-enraged; Nonethe guide to avoiding injury due to crime and lists safety tips 050 ported in society. Since the report draws far-reaching con less, little is known about the psychodynamics of these that reduce vulnerability and encourage awareness of sur Kansas Community Rape Prevention and Victim Sup clusions from suggestive evidence, extensive additional criminals, and one does not want to escalate the attack roundings. A publication on, sexual assault prevention port Project: Final Report. research is required to substantiate these .assertions. from rape to serious injury by the injudicious choice of deals with rape and elderly women. An action guide on Topeka, Kans., Kansas Governor's Committee on Criminal Cross-validation is an essential precQndition to the deve defense. Three contributing factors influence an attack - con games lists reasons persons become victims, de Administration, 25 p., 1977. lopment of realistic rape prevention programs. References situation, victim, and assailant. The outcome may depend scribes some common con games, and lists organizations Available from: NCjRSj Accession No. 048454. are appended. (NCjRS) on the situation: time of day, locale, area, indoor or out which handle complaints about fraudulent schemes. A • ',? pamphlet on prevention of auto theft describes inexpen door setting. The victim's choice of tactics depends on her The Kansas Community Rape Prevention and Victim Sup sive protective steps, while a pamphlet on crime reporting values and priorities, personality, age, and strength. The port Project was designed to present rape prevention edu discusses using 911 emergency telephone systems and 046 assailant may be a stranger, acquaintance, or relative, cation programs and to offer confidential peer support to giving physical descriptions of criminals. Additional action Jiow to Say No to a Rapist and Survive. armed, alone or accompanied; physically assertive or sexual assault victims. Through the project, six communi guides discuss the criminal justice system and older per Storaska, F. merely verbally thl·eatening. The attempt. to;determine ties established victim assistance programs. At present, sons, home Jacks, and the scope of victimization of the New York, Random House, 252 p., 1975. which tactics will always work becomes {utile. The role .Ellis County, Reno County, Pawnee County, McPherson elderly. A crime prevention survey, guide for use of that law enforcement can play in educating the public t~e County, and Olathe offer victim support and information action guides, charts, illustrations, and references are in must necessarily take a novel approach. "Nondirective services. These community programs are staffed predomi Handbook that presents a detailed program on how wom counseling" is suggested in which questions are asked cluded. (NCjRS) nantly by volunteers and offer a variety of crisis interven en can protect themselves from rape and other violent rather than answered, making individuals formulate their tion, referral, and liaison services. Additionally, 12 attacks and emphasizes both what should and what own appropriate solutions by evaluating their options. counties or communities are presenting educational or should not be done when dealing with an attacker. The Certain principles relating the choice of active or passive 049P preventive programs using project materials. A listing of I. Not for Women Only--Self Protection for Women :~ author maintains that psychological preparation is the defense to the assailant are outlinedj for example, if a these communities and the individuals to contact for fur (/,~The Memphis Message"). woman's best weapon in escaping alive and uninjured. woman knows her attacker; she may be able to better ther information is provided. While the project has made The most often repeated types of advice on how to pre predict his response. The police must share with the pub Bullard, J. Memphis Police Department,3624 Cowden Avenu~, progress toward achieving its goals, more effort will be vent rape ,. scream, struggle, learn martial arts, carry lic any data or information that will help women formulate needed to provide s(;,!rvices and information for currently Memphis, TN 38111 weapons - are discussed and rejected by the author. He their own tactical philosophy. Three such facts that some unrepresented counties and communities. Moreover, al (901 )452-6710 presents his own five-point program for women to use in .audiences will not warmly receive are that hitchhikers and ready established,projects are still in their initial stages and coping with a variety of potentially dangerous situations. scanty clothes are seen as enticements by some rapists and Continuipg. 14 15 .- ~-~ ~.-~--- - ~--.------ " " .~ , ,I Y: II Community Prevention Approaches Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Community Prevention Approaches will require continuing effort, education/ and resources. Outreach Centers, Response TimE' Reduction, Security Pa Criminal Justice Planning Series), 399, p., '1978. jects cited and discllssed deal with community involve The following major methods are used by the projects for trol for the Elderly, Impact Streetlighting, and Impact Available from: NqRS; Accession No. 056111. ment, law enfo(cement, prosecution, adjudication and creating increased awareness, disseminating information,. Awareness. These projects were aimed at reducing the defense, corrections, juvenile diversion and treatm~ht, and facilitating the development of community programs: index crimes of murder and non-negligent manslaughter, Designed to encourage and e!{hance citizen efforts against and alternative service delivery. They include a rape pre a sexual assault library and resource center; development forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, and burglary. crime, this volume offers a set of program models which vention center in Louisiana, community crime prevention of three handbooks, "Sexual Assault Handbook - Kansas Data were gathered from monthly and annual uniform serve as guides for action toward reducing crime. In the and hidden camera projects in Washington State, a rape Community Conference," "Sexual Assault Victim Hand crime reports of the Cleveland Police Department to the first section, community concerns are discussed in articles sexual assault care center and a community-based correc book," and "Sexual Assault - Preventive Education Hand FBI. The other two DDA projects, the Public Information dealing with how to organize a citizen's group for criminal tions program in Iowa. A volunteer probation counseling book"; development of a film "Rape Prevention: No Pat Project and the Impact Neighborhood Patrol Project, justice reform; benefits from increasing public participa program and a rural legal information center in Nebraska, Answer;" major mailings to women's organizations, ~~r were evallJated under separate cover due to earlier com tion in the criminal justice system; cost and effectiveness street crime and major offense un[ts in New York City, vice professionals and interest groups; press releases; an pletion dates. (NCjRS) considerations of criminal justice legislation; and com consolidated police radio dispatch services and a one attitudinal survey; a Kansas community conference on munity attitudes toward restitution as an alternative to day-one trial jury system in Michigan are included. A sexual assault; and consulta.tion. The data collection form punishment and rehabilitation. Next, crime resistance in police legal liaison in Texas, an economic crime prosecu for the attitudinal questionnaire, and participant com 053 neighborhoods and businesses is dis~cussed. Included are tion unit in Connecticut, the Prosecutor Management In ments on the film and the conference are included. Queen's Bench Foundation's Project Rape Response. four examples of the FBI's efforts in various cities to deve formation System (ProM IS) and public defender services (NCjRS) Copeland, L. lop a program equipping law enforcement agencies with in the District of Columbia are described. An administra Victim%gy 1(2):331-337,1 Summer 1976. the information necessary to identify and develop local tive adjudication bureau for traffic offenses in New York resistance programs to crime problems. In addition, ex State, work release and juvenile arbitration projects in 051 An overview of a rape sensitivity project for the San Fran cerpts from the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's handbook Maryland, parole ufficer aide and alternative dispute set Target Hardening Opportunity Reduction: Final Re cisco area is presented emphasizing training for criminal on white collar crime are provided as an aid to business tlement fJragrams in Ohio, fraud prosecution in California, port. justice personnel, coordination of social servi~es, and people. In the third section, methods of relieving the suf mental health-mental retardation emergency service Atlanta City Police Dept., Ga. community educ;ation. The Queen',s, Bench Foundation fering of crime victims, particularly in regard to rape, are delivery in Pennsylvania, and juvenile diversion, treat Atlanta, Ga., the Department, 30 p., 1976. Rape Evaluation Project, which ended in 1975, identified discussed. A presentation follows of programs dealing ment, education, and corrections programs in California, a series of victim needs and pointed out the lackof com with prisoners in jail and about to be released to the Colorado, Missouri, and Pennsylvania are given. Brief out Final report of Atlanta's Project THOR (Target Ha~dening munity resources to meet these needs. This followup, Pro community. An overview is included of a citizen advocate lines of each program are provided, along with photo Opportunity Reduction) devised to reduce the incidence ject Rape Response, is a 1-year effort to mobilize program which calls for sponsoring an inmate in court and graphs and tabular data. (NCjRS) of certain types of crimes by educating and involving citi community resources and to educate the community as to upon early release. Several programs dealing with the ,lens in programs to reduce their vulnerability. Efforts of the causes of rape and the needs of victims for support. treatment of chronic alcohol abusers are also reviewed. the city's Bureau of Police Services in this direction includ The list of project goals is as follows: to reduce the psy Next, ways and means of citizen involvement in prisons ed conducting security surveys of individual residences are discussed, focusing upon specific services provided to 056 chological trauma and long-term impact of rape on vic Denver--Rape Prevention Research Project: Final Re and commercial establishments upon request. Engraving tims by providing direct services; to increase public prisoners and their families. F5nally, articles addressing items to facilitate their return if stolen, presenting crime awareness of rape; toprovi'de technic,al assistance and probation programs for juvenil~ offenders, recruitment port. Hursch, C. J. and Selkin, J. prevention lectures to citizens' groups, and providing professional training to community agencies; to upgrade and training of foster parents, and new approaches for use Denver, Colo., Denver Department of Health and Hospi weekly in-service training for members of special squads. police, Department of Public Health, and district attor.;. by volunteers working in detention centers are included. (NCjRS) tals, 100 1975. ney's office responses to rape cases through coordination Appendixes, footnotes, charts, and graphics accompany p., of procedures and training of police, physicians, and oth the text of this volume. (NCjRS) ers involved with victims; and to research patterns of This report contains the results of the Colorado Rape Pre 052 victim vulnerability and effect.ive methods of prevention vention Project and its efforts in cutting the incidence of Cleveland Impact Cities Program: Deterrence, Detec and resistance. Since the project would not seek addition 055 this crime. Comparison of rape victim and rape resistor tion, and Apprehension Operating Program--Final al funding after the 1-year gr~nt period, the plansempha groups of subjects yielded, as expected, numerous signifi Evaluation Report, June 1975. hemplary rrojects: A Program of the National Insti size that public and community services can continue the tute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. cant differences. Rape resistors were found to be more Cleveland Impact Cities Program, Ohio. effort. Strategies for achieving each project goal are ou Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. Office of Deve- dominant, and more confident in their own capacity to Cleveland, Ohio, the Program, 200 p., 1975. tlined. Minority neighborhoods, schools, and non-Englfsh lopment, Testing, and Dissemination. . cope with a variety of social situations. Following the Available from: NCjRS; Accession No. 036513. speaking residents are targeted for intensive community Washington, D.C., the Office, 33 p., 1978. assault, resistors were less anxious, less depressed and less educati.on campaigns. A concurrent research effort to Available from: NCJRS; Accession No. 053862. frightened than victims. Further work in this area will be Final evaluations of eight of the ten projects making up the gather data on time and place of assault and effects of concerned with cross-validating the above results with Deterrence, Detection, and Apprehension (DDA) Operat various types of resistance is described. (NqR)) new tests, and with comparing victim-resistor perception ing Program of the Cleveland Impact Cities Program. DDA " Reviews are provided of 29 local initiatives selected for of the assailant and rape environment. Data for this anal was one of two operating programs aimed at minimizing the Exemplary Projects Program of LEANs Nationallnsti ysis has already been collected. rhe project in its first year opportunities to commit ,c;:rime and ;;maximizing risk for 054 tute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. The Exem explored a number of new areas in rape research. For the, offenders. Subsidiary DDA goals were to increase the Source Book: Citizen Acti~n in Criminal Justice~ plary Projects Program is a systematic method of first time, comparisons were made between live subject number and rate of arrests and the number and rate of Denton, D. W. and Spitz, J., eds. identifying outstanding crin:;,inal justice programs throug~ groups of rape victims and rape resistors. A number of clearances. The eight project.s evaluated include the Con Arlington, Tex., University of Texas at Arlington, Research outthe country, verifying their achievements, ~nd publi personality and emotional state variables were found centrated Crime Patrol Project, Upgrading Felony and and Service Divi~ion, Institute of Urban Studies (NewDi cizing them widely in order to encourage the Widespread which significantly differentiated these two groups. Narcotic Investigative Units, Auxiliary Police and Police rections for Corrections--Creative Concepts for Future use of advanced criminal justice practices. The 29 pro- (NCjRS) 16 17 ,.."'=. Community Prevention Approaches Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Victim Services 057 dissemination, the lack of victim-advocacy groups in rural Developing a Pertinent RarJe Prevention Lecture Pro are~s, and the weak structures of informal support systems Problems associated with the crime of rape in North psychological effects and the possibility of venereal dis gram. which were generally ~mderinformed about sexual assault Carolina are reviewed, and changes in the State's sexual ease or pregnancy. Use of abortifacients (to induce abor Keefe, M. L. and O'Reilly, H.,.T. and far removed from formal support systems. In rural assault statutes are proposed. The proceedings of pight tion) is controversial, and it may be most prudent to wait Law and Order 24(3):64-67, March 1976. areas, the rapist is often well known to the victim and to meetings and one public hearing conducted by the Legis for signs of pregnancy before a decision to proceed with the vict~m:s family, the victim has less anonymity than lative Research (:ommission as part of its study of sexual an abortion is made. Physicians should be aware that urban VICtllTlS, and caregivers have less experience and assault are summarized. During th(~se meetings commis some rape stories are fabrications or fantasies. Rape crisis Th.e text of th7 bas~c rape prevention lecture of the Sex sion members spoke with sexual assault victim~, medical centers designed to help women deal with the psychologi Cnmes AnalysIs Un~t of the N~w.York City Police is pre knowledge about working with sexual assault victims. It is str~ssed that community education programs should strive personnel, rape crisis volunteers, law enforcement offic cal effects of rape have been established in many major sented, and suggestions on tallormg this speech to meet ers, district attorneys, defense attorneys, and specialists in cities in North America, and these institutions should have the ne~ds of particular community groups are given. The to mcrease the level of community competence and num b~r .of alternativ.e delivery systems for working with rape the mentality of sex offenders. Commission findings are a place in the large urban areas of Britain. 1 reference. Sex Cnmes Analy~is Unit is frequently called upon to pre presented relative to the number of reported rape cases in sent rape prevention lectures to school assemblies wom victims. An out!me of the rape-prevention program semi nars. and ~ rape-attitude questionnaire administered at the ~orth Carolina and the ultimate disposition of these cases, e~'s groups, and community organizations. As a r~sult of reasons behind failures to report or prosecute rape cases, tnal :'lnd error, members of this unit found that for a pre semmars IS appended. 062 the long-term impact of rape on victims, elimination of The First Half-Hour. vention lecture to have the desired impact, the subject capital punishment for first-degree rape, ,and the social ma~er . mus.t be specific and pertinent to the audience Appell, L.j Baskin, D.; and Smith, J. and psychological profile of the rapist. 'fhe commission Journal of Practical Nursing 26(1 ):16-18, 34, January which IS bemg addressed. As a result, the unit formulated recommends changes in State legislation that would dis a stand.ard which can be adjusted and expanded 1976. lectur~ tinguish more clearly the various degrees of criminal Se)~ll accordmg to the needs of the audience. This lecture re LEGISLATION ally assaultive conduct, establish procedural guideline;s produc:d in this article, offers suggestions on home safety, and limit admissibility of evidence concerning the prior Use of transactional analysis by practical and vocational preven.tlve procedures to follow while walking or driving, sexual behavior of the victim or defendant, identify f~G~ors nurses can help rape victims deal with the psychological safety m elevators, and methods of dealing with attacks. 059 relevant to the issue of consent, and prescribe an appro as well as physical trauma of rape. Psychologically, rape It IS prior to addressing a group, the officers suggest~? t~at Rape: An Analysis of Legal Issues. priate range of punishment for each category of criminal demeans and denigrates the victim and results in feelings should familianze then:selves with the background, age, For~ible Natlo~al Inst: of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice sexual assault. The commission also recommends the es of shame, guilt, and anxiety. To deal effectively with the and .n.ee~s of t~e audience. The officer can then offer Washmgton, D.C. ' tablishment of a State agency to coordinate the efforts of crisis of rape, the health care team must be particularly specific tiPS pert~nent to the audience and can expand the rape crisis centers and other community agencies at sensitive to the needs of the victim during the period lecture by drawmg on relevant case histories. (NCj RS) Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office 109 p., March 1978. ' tempting to assist victims of sexual assault. Details of the immediately following the rape. By lIsing the tenets of Available from: GPO; Stock No. 027-000-00627-2. proposed legislation are included. Supporting data and transactional analysis (which defines the personality as being made up of three parts, or ego states, the parent, 058 other documentation are appended. (NCjRS) Traditionally, r~-pe has been defined as "carnal knowledge adult, and child), nurses can lead the victim from the ego Rape Prevention in Rural West Virginia. statE! of the child, assumed as a result of feelings of guilt Kradel, P. F. of a woman by force and against her will." The test of and shame, to an adult ego In helping the victim 9 p., ·'978. force has been crucial, and consent deduced. Victims s~ate. reach the adult state, the nurse must refrain as much as Available from: NCJRS; Accession No. 052897. ~ere assumed to be consenting parties LlOless criminal possible from taking on the characteristics of rt parent. ~lrcumst~nC€5 could be proved. Victims were often ques tioned about past sexual behavior. Current reform efforts VICTIM SERVICES Pflr~ntal role behavior on the part of the nurse will only i :roblems in de~el?~ing a com~unity education program reinforce child-like feelings and behavior on the part of the m rural West V~rg~nla concernmg the nature of rape, the have attempted to correct these injustices. Legislative cha~ges have attempted to redefine rape to recognize victim. It may be necessary for the nurse to cross from the n~eds of rape victims, and the revised State rape law are parent state to the adult state several times before the and program suggestions are offered. Many varyl~g degrees ~ith flexible penalty structures and to dlsc~ssed, 061 victim is ready to assume an adult role. In relating to the medical, mental. h~alth, ~~ergency squad, and police ta~e .mto ac~ount Issues of child sexual molestation, rape Victims of Rape. .. patient as an adult, the nurse can more easily explain all gr~)Ups have h~d 1I~lte~ trammg and experience in dealing ~It~m marriage, and the rape in which a male is the British Medical Journal (London) 1(5951 ):171-172, Janu medical and nursing treatments to prevent further distress With sexual cflm~s m tne rural Appalachian region of the victim. In some states, penalty structures are being re ary 25, 1975. in the victim. 2 references. St~te, and re~ct. m a confused r:nanner when confronted duced. Privacy for victims, advocate programs service wl.h a rape victim. The consultation and education pro pr~gra~s, and prevention and self-defense prog~ams are gram of the Appalachian Mental Health Chapter is a feder bemg mtroduced. The /v1ichigan and Washington State Physicians must attend to legal as well as clinical factors 063 ally funded program aimed at developing rape prevention laws offer patte.rns of successful change. Appendices in when dealing with rape victims. Since physicians who Victims. ~e~sures and assuring more humane treatment of rape cI~de a summation table and narrative description of legis lation for each state. (ERIC) treat rape victims are apt to be called to give evidence in Barkas, J. victims. Program pres~ntations focused on the nature of ~. court, they should make notes of findings when examining New York, Scribner'S; 266 p., 1978. maledemale r~lationships, the new West Virginia sexual an alleged rape victim. The physician .should inform the assault law which made penalties for sexual offenses less patient that notes are being made and allow the patient to 060 " :evere and made,~!b~ crime of rape non sex~specific, and Legislative Research Commission Report to the 1977 tell the story of the rape in full. It is important to i:liscover This portrait of crime victims provides a comprehensive such as the part in causing victimi;zation. Issue~ vic~ims' G~neral Assembly of North Carolina--Sexual Assaults the nature of the threats and force used by the assailant, study of how major crimes--murder, rape,' assault, and problems mterfered with program implemen Sp~clal t~at Nort.h Carolina Legislative Research Commission, Raleigh: and exactly how the sex act was performed. Previous robbery--affect their victims. The· victims of crime form a and success influence of conservative tat~on mcl~Jded th~ Ral~lgh, N. the ~olJlmission, 143 p., 1977. medical and sexual. history may be pertinent, and the broad constituen!=y, extending far beyond the individual attitudes about sex on ideas of rape and rape-information c., Available from: NTISj Order No. PB-271-108. clinical e)camination must-include a search for all injuries. targets of single criminal acts to include their friends, fami It is essential to follow up rape patients to assess delayed lies, and even· mere witnesses. This group of diverse dti- 18 19 "-, L $4 ; ----- " ...... , ' I" --"--,- ~-·:-~·~·~~~·~S.~l , "_ ...... ': • .<.0 •• " ..__ ,_--.~.- ____"-..J '-..... _. __ ._. ___" ____ ~ •• ...:;L..,. Victim Services Rape Preventicn and Services ~~"Rape Victims i Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Victim Services z~ns are best characterized as the forgotten majority, and counselors in crisis intervention techniques and the psy 066 at hospital emergency rooms and in followup sessions, this volume attempts to identify their plight, reveal how chological and legal aspects of rape. Weekly supervisory Improving Emergency Care for Rape Victims. accom;Janying victims during police interviews, and at society revictimizes them, and underscore what must be conferences are provided for counselors, and a manual is Bellack, J. P. and Woodard, P. B. tending court proceedings. The subjects and the control done to protect their rights as human beings. Case studies being developed from the didactic training seminars. A Journal of Emergency tyursing 3(3):32-35, May-june group completed 10 objective personality tests. In adqi are presented, with attention to the effect of criminal vio research protocol has been developed to .allow collection 1977. tion, the subjects had completed the Minnesota Multi lence on those who are both directly and indirectly ex of data, and a public education program is being planned. phasic Personality Inventory during their tr3ining. The posed to it. In 1976, 11,304,788 Americans were the I findings indicate that the counselors are well adjusted, Educational services provided to community professionals Questionnaires mailed to head nurses of 38 hospital victims of crime; but this figure does not include the great w~re open minded, nonanxious, relatively assertive, profemi include police training and workshops for agency person emergency departments iii the 20 U.S. cities reporting the er numbers of people--the families of victims witnesses nist persons who, in a general mood of vigor and activity, nel. The original volunteer pilpt program is presently being of rapes to determine the nature of emer friends--who are also affected by criminality. Neithertloe~ highestnumb~r seek out and enjoy new experiences. It appears that the transformed into a self-sufficient program. 18 referer.ces. gency care provided for rape victims. Responses from 24 this figure reflect that greater constituency"-the American center has attracted volunteers who score in a highly fa of the head nurses indicated that (1) for mostrape victims, p~blic at large--that must bear the cost, in higher taxes and vorable direction (1) a variety of measures. These person processes used by police and hospital personnel to gather pnc~s, of an average $4.8 billion a year in lost wages, ality variables may well be important, and other centers information are insensitive anq lengthy; (2) only 25 per medical expenses, and property losses ,. resulting from might wish to look for similar characteristics in prospec crime. The effects of crime on both this greater and lesser 065 cent of the respondents reported that extra emotional tive counselors. Supporting data and a list of references constituency are assessed through interviews with the pri Impact of a Sexual Assault on the Victim's Sexua! Life. support was rOlJtinely provided for the victim; (3) emo are included. (NCjRS) mary and secondary victims of murder, rape, assault, and Becker, J. V.; Abel, G. G.; and Skinner, L. J. tional support was generally provided by chaplains, social workers, and psychiatric teams; (4) referral for followup robbery. As~ects of victim interaction with the police, the Victimology 4(2):229-23~; 1979. courts, hospitals and morgues, and the largely indifferent emotional support or physical care was reported by less public are examined. Society's failure to provide vi'Ctims than 25 percent of those surveyed; (5) 33 percent of the 068 with consolation, compassion, and just compensation is nurses reported the existence of a rape hotline or crisis Sexual Assault: Improving the Institutional Response. service in their city; (6) many of the departments had no Volume 1, Summary and Re~ommendation. consider~d. Reference notes, a bibliography, and an index ~indings fro~ se~eral studies confirm that the goal of rape are provided. (NCjRS) .:' IS sexual satisfaction and that'thereis a high frequency of routine policies and procedures for treating the'rape vic Bieler, L.; Brown, J.; Brown, K.; Kalmanoff, A.; King, c.; sex dysfunction among rape victim's. Available data indi tim; (7) personnel assigned to examine victims were often and Kizziah, C. _. cate that the rapist is motivated not only by anger and il]Sl;l,fficiently trained for .such duties; (8) 46 percent of the New York, New York City Department of Employment, aggression, but also by sex. A study measured the arousal nurs'es felt that physicians were reluctant to treat rape 78 p., 1975. 064 patterns of rapists while presenting various types of explic victims; and (9) 41 percent of the nurses felt that law Available from: NTIS; Order No. PB-249-606. Organizing a Rape Crisis Program in a General Hospi- enforcement personnel ,were sympathetic to rape victims. tal. . It ~exuill and nonsexual activities to them~ ~~pists and chl.ld molesters developed erections while listening to de These findings suggest the need to plan a series,of inser Bassuk, E.; Savitz, R.j McCombie,S.; and Pell, S. scriptions of rape in the laboratory setting but hOllrapistS vice meetings for emergency department staff, collect lit Detailed analyses of over 350 interviews with sexual as Journal Qf the American Medical Women's Association db not. During ciinical interviews, more than 85 percent erature on rape and make it available to hospital staff, sault victims, criminal justice officials, health profession 30(12):486-490, December 1975. of the rapists identified sexual gratification as the"goal of keep staff informed of continuing education programs on als, and members of the community resulted. in their raping. If the offender's goal is sexual one should rape, maintain an up-to-date list of community agencies recommendation for the handling of rape cases. This expect the victim to suffer se;cual trauma f;dm such as that provide support for victims, identify rape hotlines and study for the Palo Alto, Calif.,Police Department was In 1974, a group of concerned professional iwomen deve saults. The article cites numerous studies that confirm this crisis services in the area, keep a copy of State laws con commissioned to assess the impact of.sexual assault on loped a rape crisis intervention program at Beth Israel assumption. Factors which contribute to the trauma in cerning rape and locally dE;!veloped procedures on rape victims and.to propose programs for improving the han Hospital, a community-based teaching hospital in Boston clude the relationship of the victim to the assailant the on hand, keep a written copy of medical protocol for dling of victims and for encouraging the reporting of sexu Massachusetts. Following a review of rape statistics and of victim's age, and wh~H,ler the rapist was conVicted.' The treating rape victims, improve facilities for care of victims, .al assaults. The study confirms other findings that rape is the literature on rape and rape services, organizers decid victh!' whose~ssailanf is not convicted, who 'is younger and keep others informed about emergency procedures a shattering experience with far-reaching traumatic conse quences. The major difference between reporting and ed .that th~ program should provide a 24-hour rape coun or wl~hout a first sexual encQ.unter other than rape, and for dealing with victims. A bibliography of 19 resources is s~h~g se~lce avajlClbl~ to emergency room and outpatient who IS closely related, to ,;~he assailant wi!l develop the appended. 4 references. nonrePorting victims' is the presence of emotional support cliniC patients, recrUit and train professional and para most sexual problems as a res.ult of the rape. Clinical from family and friends. 9nly one victim called police professional volunteers to act as counselors and use staff researc~er~ iii preliminary findings show that 6.1 percent herself; 67 calls were from relatives or acquaintances. psychiatrists .and peer group support to s~pervise rape Attempted rapes were more often reported than complet of the victims had a decreased interest'in sex or discon 067 .' counselors. It was decided that all counselors would be ed rapes, probably due to intense feelings of shame which - , \. tinued al~ sexual activity, 23 percent developed orgasmic Psychological Profiles of Rape Crisis Cou"selors. women and that counseling would involve provision of accompany completed sexual assaults. While victims in dysfunction, 15 percent developed pain with intercourse Best, C. L. and Kilpatrick, D. G. support and information followed bY'e,delineation and this survey were not strongly critical of any particular and 10 percent genitourinary tract infections. Victims 'of· Psychological Rf!ports 40(.3-2):1127-1134, 1977, resolution of crisIs-related issues:' Counselors as 'con agency, the cumulative inasiequacies of service often con ad attempted r~pe als<;, suffer. A.reyiew of the literature {lnd stituted an ordeal .•, Police and hospital officials interviewed s.ul.t~nts, p~tient a~vocates, and cOLlnselors. Followup ac expenence In treating rape victims point to the need for tiVities, which begl~ within 48 hours after theemergency of\enexpressedregret at the inadequ~cy of services. carefully controlled studies on aspects oLsexual dysfunc The personalities. of 20 ·female counselors from a rape ! '"4?' Greater coordination among agencies could do ;. ,j room contact, continue at regular intervals for at least J 2 tion. There is also lack of knowledge as to how to treat crisis center are compared with .the personalities of 14 muc~((to i eliminate the major sources of variance between victim IT!0nths. The ~dlT!inistr~tive group consists offour psychla tqe~e sexual problems. Tables from various studies that pediatric nurses matche'tl by age and educa,tion. '.' The needs and institutional routine. At present the courts focus !,f'sts, a psychlatn~ SOCial worker, and a psychiatric nurse. r~vle'r the percent of persons suffering "dysfunction, the counselors are voluntee~'s;) from a rCipe crisis center in on the offender; and the police focus on the suspect; ;)UP~ort was o~talned from the chiefs of nursing, social klnd~ ~f sexual problems that developed, and the reaction Charlestqn; s. C. All havJt'completeg a counselor training neither s~rvlce" obstetrics-gynecology, administration, and medi of Victims 1 year after assault -are included. References program and have had;fr'om 4 to 15 months of counseling is set up to care about the victim. Greatersensitivi ty on the, part of police and criminal justice personnel, , Cine, and a series of seminars was organized to"train and notes on the "authors are provided, (NCJRS) .experience. Their duffies include counseling rape victirps (f L~\; 20 21 ·a ~- ? ,'I' Victim Services Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Victim Services (; greater coordination in questioning (many victims resent given to ar.cillary medical personnel (attendants, parame- 071 - Case historie!)Ca~d interview material are used in a discus ed repeating the story over and over to police, doctors dics, psychiatric nurses) trained in the special needs of Fighting Back: How to Cope With the Medical, Emo sion of rape ~~~ a social problem. The I~gal, medical, ~nd and prosecuting attoneys), and a greater willingness to sexual assault victims and that overworked residents not tional, and Legal Consequences of Rape. emotional aftlireffects of rape are explamed; and practical prosecute would help more women feel free to report be asked to assume this additional burden. Doctors could Bode, J. -- advice is offered. In 1977, approximately ?O,OOO rapes, sexual assaults. More than half of the respondents indicat handle the vaginal aspirate part of the examination, but Riverside, N.J., Macmillan, 279 p., 1978. or 1 every 8 minutes, were reported to the p?li~e, but the ed thatthe reason for nonreporting of rape had to do with the other details could well be performed by trained true number is far higher because many mCldents ar~ distrust or fear of criminal justice and medical services. paramedical personnel. More sensitivity on the part of all This book examines the emotional and physical effects of unreported. The book describes both statutory and for:l This distrust is even stronger among minority women. criminal justice personnel, greater coordination in deve rape and focuses on th~ failure of the social and . legal ble rape and some misconceptions about rape. These 10- Greater use of community mental health resources is loping evidence, and more vigorous prosecution of sexual! system to deal with victims humanely and eff~c~lvel~. clude the ideas that most rape victims are attractive young urged, and both police and courts are urged to maintain assault cases are suggested as means ,of increasing report Relying heavily on first-hand accounts of rape ~IC~IIl~S, It women' that most rapes are committed by strangers; and greater liaison with community agencies which could be ing. is a practical guide to women who have been victimized that mo~t rapes are spontaneous events occurring in dark, of assistance in serving rape victims. Specific recommen by rape. Personal reactions they may expect range ffOm deserted areas. A rape victimwill oft.en find little help fro~ dations are made for police, hospitals, the court system, the initial shock shame, fear, and long-lasting anxiety to the legal system if she waits more than a day or ~o m the probation department, mental health professionals, insomnia arid lo~s of appetite. Emphasizing the insensitivi reporting the rape. She is at a simila~ disadvantage If sh~ and the community. (NCJ RS) ty many rape victims encounter from th~ police, examin had been drinking or taking drugs prior to the rape and If 070 II ing medical personnel, and pr~S7~utlng. an~ def7nse she knew her attacker. Few prosecutions take place if the Setting Up a Rape Treatment Center. attorneys, the text discusses the m~tlal p~hce mtervlew, victim was hitchhiking or on a date with the accused 069 Binder, R. medical treatment including collectmg eVidence and ex rapist. The book emphasizes the need for victi"':ls to c~op Sexual Assault: Improving the Institutional Response. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association amining for venereal disease and pregnancy, and proce erate thoroughly with rape investigators, despite feell~gs Volume 2, Research Findings. .. 35(8):145-148, June 1980. ' dures victims must go through to press charges and of confusion, embarrassment, or fear. Support and adv~c.e for victims are usually available from a local rape Bieler, L.; Brown, J.; Brown, K.; Kalmanoff, A.; King, c.; eventually testify. Then the discussion moves to nonlegal Crl~IS and Kizziah, C. agencies and treatment centers for victims .. M.ore than 200 center or hotline. After reporting a sexual assault, the VIC tim should be certain not to move anything at the crime New York, New York City Department of Employment, community-based crisis centers for rape victims that con centrate on victim services exist in the United States. ~he scene and not to change her clothes or take a .bath ~r 123 p., 1975. The Rape Treatment Center of the psychiatric emergency Available from: NTIS; Order No. PB-249-607. maIn service offered is counseling the woman concer~mg shower because all these elements may prOVide eVI room at the University of California Medical Center in San dence. 'Finally, the victim should call a clcs friend or both her reaction to the crime and her legal and medical 7 Francisco is a 24-hour crisis intervention .service staffed by rights. The centers also maintain referral lists for a variety relative for emotional support during the reportmg process specially trained ,psychiatric nurses and a staff psychiatrist. These interviews were part of a survey conducted for the of victim needs such as child care and temporary shel~er. and during the subsequent medical examination .. Genera~ The center (1) provides rape victims with physical exami Some centers work in the community to change police Iy, a prosecutor will charge the accus.ed man With rape If Palo Alto, California, Police Department to improve treat nations by a gynecology resident and a psychiatric nurse, ment of rape victims and to increase reporting of .sexual and hospital policies regarding treatment of victims, and the victim did not consent to the. act, If there were threats (2) provides followup psychological counseling and legal some try to educate the public concerning the. extent of of force and if there was medical verification of inter as!;ault. Interviews with victims found the crime was less ~nd medical referral, and (3) collects evidence for possible rape and to change erroneq~s but com,;!?n beliefs ~bout course. When one of these elements is missing,. the ac likely to be reported if the victim knew the··offender be criminal proceedings. Followup counseling is provided via rape. Some alternative metho~s for obtammg ~esolu~lon to cused' often will not be charged with rape, although he cause "nobody would believe me." Almost all the victims telephone or personal interviews for up to 12 months, a rape crime are suggested: direct confr~ntatlo~ With the might be charged with a minor offense. The final chapter (88 percent) were threatened with serious harm and 65 Planning for the center involved meeting with a variety of offender in a setting of the victim's chOice; sumg. an of discusses preventive measures all women should !ol!ow to percent sustained injuries. However, force had little to do community groups and women's groups as well as other fender for damage~ in a civil suit; and "street sheetmg" ~r lessen their chances of becoming sexual ass~ult ViC~I~S. A with the decision to report. Instead, support offamily or centers. The comprehensive services provided by the friends and circumstances were the deciding factors. Both posting descriptions in public areas of the. offender,. hiS bibliography and index are included, a~d a list, of antirape center were thought to be more helpful than those provid approach and his manner of attack. Rape IS not a crime organizations is appended. (NCJRS) bla,ck and Mexican-American women tended nono re by rape centers that depend on referral of victims to ed that affects women onlYi the victim's male relatives and port sexual assault because they felt police would not 'a variety of 'other agencies and services. Since rape is a friends must also deal with the problems caused by the believe them, the case would not be prosecuted, ilnd they psychological trauma,. rather than a medical one, it was assault and boys and men have been victimized by rape., feared the stigma. Most suggested that rape victims be decided to place the center in the psychiatric emergency A list of revisions of State rape laws are appended, as well 073 treated as stabbing victims arE" treated: take care of the room. Paid personnel were used rather than volunteers to Rape Examination. as the text of the Michigan Sexual Assault Statut~ and the person first and then worry about the reports. The police prevent problems associated with screening volunteers Washington Rape Law, the most comprehenSive. rape Braen, G. R. - i/'. , were generally seen as .sympathetic in Palo Alto, but other maintainIng high standards among volunteer person North Chicago, 111., Abbott Laboratorles,19 p., 1976. ~nd laws in the country. Notes, a bibliography, and an mdex California jurisdictions were criticized. Laywers and nel, and existing staff were used to keep costs low. Meet are provided. The chapter on rape crisis centers. includes judges tended to feel that most sexual assault cases could ings with:, gynecology residents and gynecology the addresses' of the centers along with those of selecte? . , not be prosecuted because of insufficient evidence. Many department members were scheduled to inform the staff This booklet' describes a physician's examination of an rap~ victim advocacy groups and chapters of such organl- " also felt the victim was somewhat responsible for the about dealing with rape victims. Development activities alleged rape victim by pre~ent!ng procedu~es for the tech "zatiohs as Women Against Rape (WAR). (NCJRS) assault. Prosecutinc 22 23 #4 ---- .' '"'''(,,''' .~~":-.." , Il ',. Victim Services Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Servkes to Rape Victims Victim Servkes taining the patient's informed consent is vital before pro ing apparent rape victims who deny having been raped, recovered fastest used more adaptive strategies, including 078 ceeding with the physical examination. The history of the dealing with child victims, following patients after the ini . positive self-assessment, increased action, and defense Courtroom Use of Hospital Records in Sexual Assault incident is especially important in future legal proceed tial examination, and referring patients for psychological mechanisms such as explanation, minimization, suppres Cases. ings, and it should, therefore, be as complete as possible. counseling. sion, and dramatization. Those who were still not recov Burgess, A. W. and Laszlo, A. T. Several different approaches to this history-taking are ered had more maladaptive mechanisms such as negative American Journal of Nursing p. 64-68, January 1977. possible but they all need to cover the same ground. These self-assessments, inaction, substance abuse, and acting on points are listed and discussed in the booklet. Guidelines 075 suicidal thoughts. Three additional women from the migi The full, accurate, and legible preparation of hospital re for the physical examination are presented. Particular at Accountability: A Right of the Rape Victim. nal sample had died from maladaptive responses: two cords in sexual assault cases is vital to successful prosecu tention is devoted to the medicolegal aspects of the ex Burgess, A. W. and Holmstrom, L. L. from suicide and one from medical consequences of al tions. Examples of the way these records are used in trial amination, such as, "clear, concise reporting helps to Journal of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health Services coholism. In addition, recovery was most obvious in re situations are provided to illustrate the importance of keep the physician out of the courtroom." The necessity 13(3):11-16, May-June 1975. sumption of social task functions, but partnership proper records. (NCj RS) for the integrity of all test results is emphasized. The sec tion on the treatment of sequelae covers venereal disease, relationships and sexual functioning both tended to be pregnancy, and physical and psychological trauma. The A study involving 109 adult female, 34 female pediatric, disrupted by the rape. Results suggested that clinicians . should consider a large number of factors in identifying 079 booklet's appendix contains a brief outline of the steps in and 3 male pediatric victims of rape admitted to the Bos On Rape. a complete rape examination. Mat,erials needed, proce ton City Hospital was conducted to investigate the victims rape victims at high risk for a slow recovery and should be aware of the importance of high self-esteem and con Burt, M., et al. dures, and comments are provided for each of the 25 reaction to the police, hospital personnel, and counselors. 2nd ed. Minneapolis, Minn., National Organization for tests. A list of materials:ileeded for a "rape examination Victims were interviewed at the hospital immediate'ly after scious coping and adaptive strategies in aiding recovery. Tables and a bibliography are included. (NCjRS) Women, 90 p., 1975. kit" is included. A wall chart is also available that re the rape incident and three months later. Counselors also Available from: NCJRS; Accession No. 044177. produces the rape examination outline. It is suitable for observed and interviewed police and hospital staff. The display in a hospital or crisis center's emergency depart study indicated that (1) victims wanted explanations from 077 Information on legal and medical procedures, crisis re ment. An accompanying film and a wall chart are also professionals about role expectations and procedures; (2) Coping Behavior of the Rape Victim. sponse, and resources is presented in a m.anual d~rected available. (NCj RS) nursing and medical staff and police officers tended to be Burgess, A. W. and Holmstrom, L. L. to rape victims and to persons who proVide services to implicit rather than explicit in defining their role vis-a-'Vis American Journal of Psychiatry 133(4):413-418, April rape victims in Minnesota. The manual is the work of a victims; (3) victims reacted positively to police when, the 1976. group of rape victims, trained rape counselors, and ot~er latter provided explanations concerning procedures; (4) women interested in the rape issue who formed Mm 074 professionals often failed to realize the extent of victims' Treating the Rape Victim. Interviews with all 146 rape victims entering the Boston nesota's National Organization of Women Task Force on hypersensitivity to actions or statements; and (5) counse Breen, J. L. and Cooke, C. w. City Hospital emergency department over a 12-mo~th Rape. The manual opens with a discussion of the respon lors were appreciated by victims when the former made period were conducted to investigate the. coping behav~or sibilities of persons who provide support services to rape Medical World News 17(5):50, 52-54, 56, 58, March 8, their role clear. It appears that in crisis situations clients 1976. of rape victims. The interview protoc?1 ~ncl,uded. a series victims. Patterns of response to the rape crisis are consid benefit most when professionals state explicity what of open-ended questions about the victims feelings and ered, and ways in which service providers can help ra~e procedures they are performing and explain why these reactions to circumstances prior to the attack, the attack victims deal with their experience are suggested. The diS procedures are followed. The victims' reactions did not Two physicians with expertise in treating rape victims itself, and the chain of events following the attack. ?u? cussion touches on the victim's fear of people and sense change significantly from the first to the second interview. jects were interviewed at the h~spita~ and usually wl~hm of vulnerability, her feeling that she has lost control ov~r were questioned about the role of the physician vis-a-vis 1 reference. the rape victim. Physicians who treat alleged rape victims hours of the attack. Followup mtervlews were possible her life her fear of the rapist or concern about what Will have obligations to their patients and to the administration with 85 percent of the victims. Diagnostic categories were happe~ to him, and the range of feelings the victim may of justice. The physician must collect evidence for court devised from the total sample, and a subsample of 92 experience (anxiety, guilt, shame, embarras~ment, anger). proceedings, care for the victim medically to prevent 076 women 17 to 73 years old, who were diagnosed as suf Factors contributing to the response of police, attorneys, pregnancy and venereal disease, and exert a positive psy Adaptive Strategies and Recovery from Rape. fering fr~m rape trauma was used in the analysis of coping juries and others to rape victims are also examined. A chological influence on the victim. Since family physicians Burgess, A. W. and Holmstrom, L. L. behavior. Data from the interviews indicated that (1) mo~t detailed outline of medical services that should be offered and voluntary hospitals try to avoid dealing with rape, American Journal of Psychiatry 136(10):1278-1282, Oc victims perceived the rape as a life-threatening exp~rI to rape victims is presented, as are guidelines for avoiding : ! victims are usually treated at special centralized facilities tober 1979. encei (2) only 15 victims perceived a sense of danger prior rape and for self-defense against rapists. Minnesota's rape or at public hospitals. Protocols for treating victims should to the assault· (3) a majority of victims used one or more laws are reviewed legal rights and procedures for rape strategies to /eact to the threat of attack; victims are exami~ed, and suggestions for revising Min be standardized so that victims can decide to prosecute The effect of adaptive or maladaptive responses to rape (~) b~sic strat~ gies used included attempts to assess. the .sltuatlon cogm nesota's laws against sexual assault are offered. The re after the trauma of the rape has subsided. Other issues that on the victim's recovery over a 4 to 6-year period was tively, to talk their w~y out of the sltuatlon~ and t? ~Iee source section of the manual includes a selected doctors must face conc~rn counseling the victim concern examined using a followup study of 81 rape victims from :\ from or fight the assailant; (5) 33 percent o. the VICtl~S bibliography on rape and descriptions of medical, legal, ing possible prosecution' of the rapist, deciding on court 1 city. The women had all originally been seen in a Bosto,oJ appearances, obtaining consent from the patient to re were unable to use any strategy to avoid attack; ~~) durmg and social agencies serving rape victims in Minnesota. J hospital's emergency department in 1972 and 1973. Ot the attack, women once again used verbal, ,cogmtlve, an? (NCjRS) lease information to the police, determining who should the 81 78 were reinterviewed using a standard subj~cts, physical strategies, but also used psychological and physI . , be present during the physical exam, determining what schedule of flexible and open-ended questions. Good in ological defense' mechanisms; and (7) ~fter the .attack, should be included in the patient history and what physi direct data were available for the other three women. A victims attempted to alert others, bargam fo! ~he~r fr~e 000 . ). cal observations should be included in the exam, deter majority .. (74 percent) of the victims felt that they had dom, or free themselves. Counselors sho~~d Identify VIC Interpreting Rape: Differences Among ProfeSSionals mining what specimens should be taken, taking venereal recovered 4 to 6 years after the rape, while 26 percent felt and Non..:Professional Resources. disease tests, determining who should evaluate the vari tims' coping' behavior as a reference !n. attempts. t? that they had not. Half of the 74 felt to be recovered provide support and to begin the negotiation for cnsls Calhoun, L. G...... ous tests, treating patients. for venereal disease, question- within months; the other half, within years. Those who services. 22--refe!ences. Paper preserited at the Annual Convention of the Amen- ('. 24 25 ._".....-- " .,.- Victim Services Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Victim Services 3 il' can Psychological Associatio'll (88th, Montreal, Quebec, follow-up care, and above all, consideration for feelings of 083 . of rape, child abuse, and domestic violence. This gUi?e Cana.da, September 1-5$ 1980), 19 p., 1980. the victim are discussed. A sample report and instPlctions Guidelines for the Treatment o,f Suspected Rape Vec has been prepared to (1) familiarize professio~al~ With Availab!e from: ERIC; Order No. ED-198 472. to the patient involved in a sexual assault are included. tims. aspects of Illinois laws that directly relat7 to .vlctlms of Recommended handling of a case by police, assignments, Chicago Hospital Council, III. rape, child abuse, and wife abuse, and ~2) Identify general Chicago, Ill., the Council, 36 p., 1977. and specialized resources that can assist abuse and Physicians and rape crisis counselors may play important of personnel to special rape squads, training, and treat ~ape victims as well as other crime victims. Part one :Jrovldes roles in assisting a rape victim; their beliefs and percep ment of victims are considered in the guidelines for police. A suggested checklist for law enforcement officers is in basic i~formation for and about rape victims. It covers tions about rape may influence their treatment of the vic Hospital guidelines for the notification of authorities, se! cluded. Guidelines fOf the State's attorney regarding han hospital examinations, the role of the p~lice, counseling, tim. Physicians (N=10) and volunteer rape counselors ting for treatment and police interviews,. handling of eVI dling of the case and participation of the victim, and for and what happens in court and at a .trlal. The. address, (N=44) completed questionnaires focused on demographic dence examination and treatment, medical records, and the judiciary and the bar association regarding relevance phone numbers, and services of public and private .ser characteristics, their experiences with ::-ape victims, and are provided for rape victim cases. These guide and admissibility of evidence and conduct toward the transf~r vices aiding rape vi<;tims are listed. Part two pr~vldes personal attitudes and beliefs about rape. The two groups lines which were established for hospitals in Chicago, are victim in court, are outlined. A list of the members of the basic information on child abuse, jncluding the p~lmary were compared on eight dependent variables: causality of for emergency room personnel and for medical Maryland Commission on the Status of Women is append inte~ded provisions of the Illinois Abused and Neglected Child Re rape, consequences of rape, deserved punishment of ra and social services staff members. Hospitals must immedi ed. (NCjRS) porting Act, the conditions under which and to ~hom pists$ victim's precipitation of rape, normality of rapists, ately report suspected cases to the police, and if juveniles suspicion of child abuse may be reporte.d, and the and power as a motivation for rape. There were no signifi InV~S have been molested by a person responsible for their tigative policies of the Department of and :amlly cant differences between the beliefs expressed by the .Chlldr~n 082 welfare, the Department of Children and Family Servi~es Services. A list of agencies that proVide child services to physicians and those expressed by the volunteer counse Sex Crime5 Units Are Raising Conviction Rates, Con- must also be notified. The examin~tion of and consultation child abuse victims and their families is included. A fol lors. Further analysis of the data revealed a pattern which sciousness, Costs ... and Questions. I." with the victim must take place in a private setting, and a lowing section on domestic violence describes immediate suggests that as physicians and volunteers experience Charle, S. staff member should remain dl!r~" . ,,:.::>Iice interviews if the legal remedies available to the battered Howev more personal contacts with rape victims, these profes ~oman. Police Magazine 3(2):52-61, March 1980. victim so wishes. Also, personfi0i .."e directed to provide er, most of this section lists and descrlbe~ ~eneral ~nd sionals may: (1) view the psychological impact of rape as sympathetic counsel to th.e victim and a~y ac:ompanying spii!cialized legal resources or agencies proViding. less severe; (2) be less likely to regard the victim as the s~rvlces The effects of sex crime units on rape victims and on persons, and any comments. which ':'lIght I~crease. th~ to the battered woman in Illinois. Included are IIstl~gs of precipitating cause; and (3) be less likely to perceive sex apprehension I ates are discussed, noting various tactics victim's anxiety are to be aVOided. An Immedla!e p~e"ml as a motivation for rape. (ERIC) housing services should the battered .w?':'la~ d.ecl~7 to these units employ and the attitudes of participating offic nary examination should be followed by. exammatlon ~y move outside the home, agencies speclallzmg In Ind!vldu ers. Sex crimes units have been established in response to a gynecologist, who is required to prOVide prophylac~lc ,al and family counseling, organizations that d.eal with. al the alarming increases in the number of reported rapes-- treatment fbI' venereal disease and pregnancy at ~he VI~ coholism as a contributor to family violence, information 081 121 percent nationwide between 1960 and 1970--and tim's request. Guidelines for social workers and for medi and referral services, and advocacy services. Appendi~es Maryland Commission on the Status of Women- from pressure by women's groups and.psychologists who cal follow-up care are provided. Information .and include the text of the Illinois Abused and Neglected c.:hll~ Guidelines for: Victims of Sexual Assault; Hospital argue that rape victims require delicate treatment. evidence are released by the hospital only upon written Reporting Act, a listing of sex offenses under t.he illinOIS Procedures; Police; State's Attorneys; Judiciary. However, police departments faced with budget cuts and J:6bnsent of the patient or upon receipt of a su?poena ~r criminal code an explanation of the act creatmg the il Cardin, S. S. conflicting public demands for police action often- elimi court order. Recommendations for the gatherl~g .of eVI linois Depart~ent of Children and Family Services, ex Baltimore, Md., Maryland Commission on the Status of nate these special units or merge them with other.units. In dence are made, and the requirements for recordm? the cerpts from the Juvenile Court Act, and the text of the Women, 42, p., 1975. New York City, although the innovative Sex Crimes Anal names of all persons handling the evidence are pr?vlded. Illinois Rape Victims Emergency Treatment Act. (NCjRS) Available from: NCJRS; Accession No. 044442. ysis Unit has been inactive due to financial problems, the Well detailed medical records are suggested which can borough sex crimes squads have remained inta.ct.. They assist staff members in recalling an incident if they are have contributed to the department's highest rape report called to testify in court. Finally, patien~s .are to b trans Guidelines developed as models for adoption by Mary 7 ing rate in the nation (60 percent). In addition, coopera ferred to other hospitals only if the recelvm? hospltal.can 085 land police, hospitals, and other authorities are presented tion between State and local police departments has not provide appropriate' care. In. appendixes: ~ectlons Counseling Victims of Rape. in order to assist wom(~n in being less hesitant to report helped experts establish rape patterns. State law in Con from laws which concern the handlmg of rape victims and Clark, T. P. sexual assaults to these! authorities. Guidelines are given American Journal of Nursing 76(12):1964-1966, Decem necticut requires all police agencies, hospitals, and coun a sample medical report for cases of suspected sexual first for the victim of asexual assault. Actions which she assaults are provided. (NCjRS) ber 1976. should take and those she should not take immediately seling groups to complete a form detailing information.on after the assault are listed. The physical examination she both the victim and the assailant; thisdata is then fed into a computer and disseminated to various police depart will be given at a hospital is described in detail, with the Experiences of a group of nurses and social workers from ments. Issues concerning the debate over sex crimes units purpose of each test explained. Important factors she 084 . V' .' f the emergency and gynecology services who volunt~er~d include the tendency of officers to burn out during investi Service Guide for Professionals Who ASSist Ictlms 0 should consider, including possible pregnancy, venereal to counsel rape victims at Yale-New Haven Hospital In gations of traumatic cases, the sex of the special investiga Rape, ChUrl Abuse, and D~mest~c Violenc~. diseasej emotional reactions to the encounter, and alter Massachusetts provide insight into problems c~~fr~nted tors, changing stereotypical attitudes toward rape, Citizens Committee for Victim ASSistance, Chicago, III. native courses of action" are described. Criminal investiga in treating and counseling rape victims. The cnsls inter Chicago, III., the Committee, 33 p., (197~?). .' _ tion, court procedures, and safety precautions in case of particularly those held by older police officers. Training vention team includes nurses, psychiat~ic nurses, a psy- films for veteran officers, rape kits designed for medical Available from: the Committee, 11 South I.a Sallel, Ch/ca further coqtact by the assailant are diScussed. The rights Ch.iatrist and' a ,policewoman. " It is important for the personnel, and other innovations have .been successful in go, III. 60603. of the victim are emphasized, and she is encouraged not patient "to have counseling as soon as pos!o~"J1~''--' an d . t 0 to be intimidated by law enforcement authorities. Model easing the plight of the rape victim and increasing the provide the counselor with some background mformatlon likelihood that the rapist will be captured. The relation hospital procedures for the treatment of victims of sexual service guide is provided by the Illinois Enforce prior to their first encounter. The role of the c~unsel~r and ships between police and counseling groups as well as ~ L~w assault are outlined. Tests which should be conducted ment Commission for law enforcement, medica" a~d .so hospital procedure are made clear to ~hepatlent. p.r~or to preservation ofall possible evidence! treatment of injuries: with prosecutors' offices are discussed. 'Photographs are included. (NCjRS) cial service profeSSionals to assist tbem in helping victims counseling. It is part of the counselor s responSibIlity to 26 27 ~ ~------~-.---~------~------,------.------~- Victim Services Rape Prevention and Servir,es to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Victim Services determi~e v,~hether the attack ron9steQ of an}1hing other 088 than vagmClt mtercoofSe- As the patient begins to(ecl more Vk~imology-A New Focus, V. 3: Crimes~ Victims, and comfortable, thecounse1or cCan begin ito address the pa_ JustIce. term integration, she must resolve a lack of trust of men, the rapist is discussed. The victim should be versed in at tient's fong-raQge problems, sumas infurnlil"".gmeoos and Orapkin, I. and Viano, E., eds. paranoia about her physical safety, guilt, and a grief reac least the rudimentary terms of the law. Emphasis is given fami!y~ understanding police and judidal processes, and tion. R.ape crisis centers, offering extensive support and to the importance of her testimony: she must choose her lexington, Mass., Lexington Books, 251 p ., 19-5/. obtaimng help from community resources. 'Written infor education for rape victims within a peer framework rather words carefully, speak with conviction, and address the mation should be provided to reinfun:e \"efhai information than under the rubric of mental health or psychiatry, seem jury directly when answering questions from the attorney. provided when the patient is in a confused state. The Part of a five-volume series on victimology, this text dis to meet the needs of many women. The psychodynamic Precautions that women can take to lessen their vulnera c~)Unsel~r should inform the patient c6nce.'J1ing results of cusses the problems relating to criminal justice system therapy approach, appearing to assume victim precipita bility to rape are provided for use in the street, the home, dIagnostic tests, document patient s!:at:ements and actions treatf"!lent of the .vi~ti'!l' ?nd explores methodological tion, is expensive, time-consuming, and ineffective for and the car. The characteristics and motivations of rapists maintain followup contacts" and pntl\'ioe refenaI in th~ questions about VIctimIzatIon surveys. This text and its most people. Another approach, traditional humanistic are discussed in a lengthy appendix which includes inter case of severe mental stress. four companion volumes contain a series of English lan~ therapy, also encourages empathy with the assailant views with convicted rapists. Other appendixes include ~age papers. which were originally presented during the through role playing in psychodrama. Although the group notes for professionals who are involved in rape cases, first Inter~atlonal Symposium on Victimology held in format is helpful. the victim's mistaken expectations of information about the morals squad, and instructions for Jerusalem In 1 ~73. A few other papers, not read in Jerusa recovery often leads to an increase in anxiety and guilt. handling clinical evidence from rape victims. Charts, 086 lem, are also IOcluded because of their relevance to the Existential and growth models are similar to the humanis forms, and procedure outlines are included. (NCjRS) Rape Examination: A PrescriptIDn: for Medico-legal devel?pment of victimology. The first part of this text tic model,' and behavioral-cognitive therapy, although Procedures. c?n:arns 12 papers vyhich explore the treatment of the providing symptomatic relief for the rape victim, has yet Cryer, l. Vlctlm ~t the hands of the criminal justice system. Among to be reported as systemetically effective. A discussion of Victimology 1(2):337-341, Summer 1976. the tOPIC:S examined are the role of the victim in judicial 092 the crisis therapy model notes that the rape victim un Impact of Rape on Sexual Satisfaction. proceedmgs; the treatment of the rape victim and the dergoes a succession of crisis and adoptive phases during psycb?k~gical impa~t of criminal justice handling on the Feldman-Summers, S.; Gordon, P. E.; and Meagher, J. R. which she becomes increasingly able to handle stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 88(1 ):1 01-1 OS, 1979. H.ouston (TX) hospitals, in cooperation Voilh the cit)r dis r.:pe VIctIm; the VictIm's role, participation, and impact on Important factors in the victim's recuperation period are tnct attorney and police, have developed ,2 rzp€ evidence different stages of the criminal process; victim protection; symptom relief and the SUppOlt of significant others. A packet t~ standardize the collection, routing, and analysis and the falsely accused defendant. In part two of this proposed model for measuring the rape victim's progress A retrospective questionnaire covering 23 sex-related ac of the specimens collected. law enforcement has as volume, four articles are provided which examine the consists of a numbered scale of adaptive behavior in tivities was used to compare 15 adult female Anglo rape sumed responsibilit}, for the costs andasse.'llblage of development of, the methodological considerations in, which she can advance from the first stage--acute disor victims with 15 nonvictimized controls, to study the im labora~ory contai.ners compiled in an evidence packet; and the results of such crime and victimization surveys ganization--to higher levels of behavior. The scale would (NqRS) . pact of rape on sexual satisfaction. The victims ranged trans:r:.lSslon of thIS packet to medicaJfacilifies and private provide a method of quantifying the rape victim's uneven from 19 to 55 years of age, with a mean of 27.7 years and phys!clans throughout the community; and analysis of the recovery rate. Treatment modalities for each stage of the a median of 26.0 years. Non':Jctims ranged from 20 to 55 specImens collected. Each packet contains an instruction . victim's recuperation can also be compared for effective 089 years, with a mean of 30.5 and a median of 29.0. Rape al s~eet, examj~ation form., and smaiJ pIa..cUc envelope ness. Nineteen footnotes are provided. (NCjRS) was defined according to Washington State laws, and Ir specImen containers. The medical report form which Case of Rape--'\"rue or False. '""-::' induded forced vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse. Com Enos, W. F. stresses that the physician shouJdexamine the victim for parisons were made between victims' sexual satisfaction tr~um~ on all parts of the body, contains sections for a Fairfax Sentinel p. 58-59, 61, 63, Fall 1976. before the rape and 1 week and 2 months after the rape, brief hIstOry, findings of the medicaJ examination spedfi 091 and between victims' and nonvictims' current and past How to tonvict a Rapist. lab~ratory specimens coJlected~ and authorizatjo~ for co~ The . author, ~ P?thologist responsible for conducting sexual satisfaction. Victims' sexual satisfaction with a wide lectlon. and release ?f evidence. Use of these packets has medlc~1 examlOatlons of rape victims in Fairfax County Eyman, J. S. variety of sex-related activities decreased significantly fol New York, Stein and Day, 179 p., 1980. I~ t? Increased gUilty pleas and decreases in rape cases (Va)! discusses procedures used in that jurisdiction to in lowing the rape, although autoerotic and primarily affec dIsmISsed due to insufficient evidence.. (NCJRS) Vestigate rape complaints and minimize victim trauma tional experiences were apparently not affected: Although CNqRS) . the two groups did not differ in frequency of various sexu Viewing rape as an aggressive criminal act;'this book pro al activities or orgasms, rape victims reported significantly vides rape victims with practical information concerning 087 less current sexual satisfaction than nonvictims. Time 090 ,) preserving evidence, approaching the court process, and lapse between the rape and the time of the study did not Counseling the V1ctim of Sexual Assauft. finding Witnesses. It also analyzes the personality of the Doweiko, H. Psychotherapy for the Rape Victim--Some Treatment significantly affect the results, which suggested that rape Models. rapist. Refuting the idea that rape victims in SOme ~ay has a strong negative impact on some aspects of the vic Journal of College Student Personne/22(1}'4145 ::. Jan1t rv Evans, H, I. "invite" encounters, the author asserts that rape is not a tim's sexual life. Rape victim treatment that includes sexu 1981. • '-:"" sex crime but a crime of violence committed by individu Journal of the American Psychiatric Association i~1 counseling designed to alleviate these impacts is 29(5):309-312, 1978. .. als with personality disorders distinguished by lack of con ilecommended. Footnotes, references, and a table of re science. Practical information is given for aiding the victim sults are included. (NCJRS) COlJns~l~rs in a university setting are in a position to offer in gathering crucial data that may lead to conviction;Spe rape vl:ums postassault adjustment counseling and atthe The strengt~s an~ ",,:,eaknesses. of several psychotherapy cific police procedUres are. detailed. Questions that are . ·r same time to help minimize the impact of the assault models for rape vIctIms are Weighed; an integrated thera critical to the identification of the crimi'lal are provided, throllgh normal developmental tasks. A conceptualframe py model, tha~ would measure the rape victim's stages of and a special form (such as that many law enforcement 093 work of the postassault adjustment process is 28 29 2 p ;:;:;.c. Victim Services Victim Services Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape P"lwention and Services to Rape Victims plete records are kept by the team and a~e viewed as a From March 1, 1975, through February 29, 1976, the will be arrested. The suspect may be rele~sed within 48 096' .. crucial aspect of patient care. The educatIOnal efforts of Division of Adolescent Medicine of the University· of hours of arrest: the victim should report immediately to Forcible R.~ape: Medical and Legal Information. the team are directed to improving team me.mb~rs and Maryland Hospital offered a comprehensive followup the police any further contact by the suspect. Prior to the Forfest, L. and Schram, D. educating other concerned parties. Resea~ch IS a~med at Seattle, Wa5h., Battelle Memorial Law and Justice Study program to all adolescent girls treated in the emergency trial, the victim will be interviewed by the prosecuting developing better treatment procedures, d~scoverln.g .s~x room for rape. Each girl was offered medical and psycho attorney, the arraignment will take place, and a prelimi Center, 24 p., 1977. ual assault patterns, and improving ed~c~tlonal actlvlttes. logical followup care as well as informal legal information. nary hearing may be held, during which witnesses may be Available from: GPO; Stock No. 027-000-00537-3. Consultation is provided not only to victims but to other The followup care was provided by one or more members called and plea bargaining may be initiated. If the case groups seeking to set up simila~ programs. Fu~her evalua of a multidisciplinary team consisting of a public health comes to trial, witnesses will be called, and the prosecutor This booklet VIlas written specifically to help confused and tion of the quality and appropnateness of services and the nurse, social worker, two senior law students, and a will attempt to prove the defendant's guilt beyond reason upset victims of rape better und:rstand th~ lega.1 and effectiveness of intervention is needed. (NCJRS) behavioral pediatrician. The team had access to services able doubt. Sentencing following a conviction may take medical proce(.!ures which they might e.xpenence In. the of child psychiatry and cnild psychology departments. All months, and if the case is appealed, years. The assault course of the !Investigation and proseclltlOn C?f the Crl~l~. clinical care was coordinated by the team's public health victim is not requested to testify during an appeal. Many Each contact that a rape victim would h.a~~ With ~he CrimI nurse. During the 12-month period, 218 alleged rape vic victims may experience rape trauma syndrome following nal justice system is outlined, from the 1n1~lal. ~ohce.rep.ort tims, 3 months to 83 years old were treated in the emer the attack. It is usually characterized by three phases: (1) through the medical procedures and pohce. Inv~stlgatlon ~~8Intervention Model for Rape and Unwanted P:eg gency room. Of these, 102 patients were between 11 and acute reaction -- shock, disbelief, anxiety, and fear; (2) to the actual trial. Because each rape case IS u.nlque, the nancy. 19 years old; 39 of these adolescents returned for follow outward adjustment -- repression of feelings of guilt and manner in which an individual victim's case IS ~andled Freiberg, P. and Bridwell, M. W. up care. Interviews with those who reported for followup anger and a return to normal activities; and (3) integration may vary from this outline. This booklet desCribes the Counseling Psychologist 6(2):50-53, 1976. care revealed various psychological symptoms, including and resolution. Preoccupation with assault and recurrence ideal way a case should be handled and tells what a rap~ phobias, insomnia, depression, school problems, psy of depression and anxiety may occur for which profes victim has a right tp expect. A glossary of leg~1 and medi chosomatic complaints, increased alcohol intake, and sui sional help should be sought to aid the victim in the full cal terms relating to the crime of rape is prOVided to allay Rape victims or women pregnancy, pass cidal behavior. Responses to rapes generally involved a integration and resolution of the experience. Special rape fac~ng unwa~ted any confusion on the part of the. victim. ~n appointment though the typical stages In the grief process, fear phase characterized by development of p hcbias and relief centers are available to help sexual assault victims nam~ly, directory is furnish~\d for recording the times and places denial of the situation, depression, anger, and resolution a phase durinlwhich victims denied that the rape affected deal with emotional sequelae of rape. Specialized support of meetings with do,etors, detectives, and the prosecutor. and integration of the experience. The sense of loss result them despite evidence to the contrary. No significant dif services are also available for disabled and child victims. (NCJRS) ing from the unwanted or terminated pregnancy gen~rally ferences distinguished the girls who returned for followup A flow chan: of police and court procedures and a table centers on the fetus, while the sense of loss associated care from those who did not, except that girls who had of community mental health, gynecological, abortion, and with rape centers on the been raped by more than one assailant tended to avoid other social services are presented. A glossary of terms and victi,:,'~ self-resp~ct. Co~pared to the pregnant women, rape victims exp~nence a ~Isrupt foilowup. 12 references. a form for listing pertinent individuals, phone numbers, 097 I' T and medical, legal, and court appointments are also pro Emergency Service B,ased Rape Counse 109 eam. eddenial phase due to social forces aga~nst reportl~g the viqed. (NCJ RS) Frazier, W. H. and Moynihan, B. assault and depressive phases characterized by gUilt and Connecticut Medicine 42(2):91-94, February 1978. fear rather than a sense of lack of control: Th~ anger 094 phases of the reactions of women In both ~Ituatlons are Information for Sexually Assaulted Persons. complicated by social disapproval of expre~slons of anger Fenn, B. . 095 An examin;tion of how em emergency servic~-~a~ed rap~ by women. For rape victims, the resolution phase can Psychotherapy With Rape Victims. Bellevue, Wash., Bellevue Police Department, 30 p., counseling team can meet a sexual. assa~'t victim s .medl often be facilitated by contact with other.victin:s. through Forman, B. D. . , (197-?) cal psychological, and legal needs IS reViewed. ":Vhlle use work with rape counseling services; thiS activity may, Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 17(3)304- Available from: NCJRS; Accession No. 045486. of'the Yale-New Haven Hospital. Rape Couns~hng Team however, prolong the anger phase indefi.nitely. Wome~ In 311, Fall 1980. (Y-NHH R.C.T.) has inCrf.laSed 600 percent ~n the 2.5 both situations need immediate counsel~ng. Incounsel!ng years since its founding in 1974, an evaluation Clf the rape victims, professionals should aVOid pre?c~upatlon To aid the sexual assault victim in dealing with the inves A case study of a 26-year-old women who was sexually program's effectiveness is hampere~ by ~he refusal of with the authenticity of the rape, help the victim over tigative, procedural and emotional sequelae of the attack, assaulted while undergOing psychotherapy suggests that most rape victims to provide followup interviews. Howev come fears associated with examination by a gynecol~ an informative pamphlet detailing police and court proce there are five stages in the victim's re:iponse to rape; each er approximately 60 percent of the patients are followed gist help the victim explore concerns about her familY dures and service availability is presented. The first stage of the stages requires different therapeutic approaches. fo~ 6 weeks or longer, and,the majority expre~s great and friends, provide i.nformation about th7 ~e~al asp,ects of of the police process in question is the completion of a The victim's response proceeds from an overwhelming appreciation for the efforts of. the team. The te~m s case rape, explore feelings of fuilt and h.u.rmhatlon With the crime report by a specially trained member of the Belle sense of shock 'ihat will be expressed by a veneer of load has' grown from a monthly average C?f 2.4 In 1974 t? victim, and assess the victim for speCifiC background ~ac vue (Washington) Police Department. An indepth follow self-control or by hysteria and unstable reactions through 13 cases in the first month of .J 977, ~hlle the comp?sl tors that place her at risk for subsequent psychological up inVestigation is then conducted by a detective from the denial of the experience and formation of fears, anxiety, tion of such a team should vary accord~ng ~o t~e ~ervlces problems. 8 references. Crimes Against Persons Division. If necessary, transporta depression, or guilt and shame, to an anger phase charac and personnel available at the t~ponsOrlng Instttutlon, the tion for immediate medic9Ytreatment will be provided. A terized by primitive rage. The final phase, resolution, is most valuable members, of the Y-~HH R.<:=.T. are the hospital examination shiJuld be conducted as soon as achieved as the victim accepts the sexual assault as part counselors who coordinate the services prOVided to each possible after the assa;:l(t, to determine injury, possible of her past and integrates it into her life. To help the victim patient. Counselors are usually female registered nurses or pregnancy, or venerfjil disease, and to collect evidence through these stages, the psychotherapist must begin by social workers, psychologists, and other heal!h. car.e M9Information Pamphlet for Sexual Assau IV't't IC Ims. professionals. Counselors are carefully s~lected: Llal~on I~ regarding the assau~?or the assault suspect. In addition to providing support and nurturance, proceed by urging the Fuder, S. M.,' 17 (197 medical evidenr.:~;the crime scene wiJl be processed, and victim to recount the rape, and conclude by helping the mairitainedwith other supporting l1gencles whl~h aid the (Marietta, G~.), Marietta Police Department, p., - victim. The major functions of the team are patient care, photographs aryrJ a composite picture of the suspect may victim alleviate feeling of guilt and shame through ventila ?). ' be drawn up.F611owing positive identification, the suspect tion and insight. Numerous references. education, r~search, and consultation. Accurate and com- 31 30 , __ .'tJ•• ~.I.~":: Victim Services Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Victim Services To aid victims in understanding availa.ble aid and neces for victims of sexual assault iI, Honolulu, Hawaii. Deve forms and patient instruction sheets; guidelines for per because of the mixed messages and myths perpetuated by sary procedures following the assault, information pertain loped by the Sex Abuse Treatment Center, the group was forming pelvic examinations; guidelines for ra~e cris~s society about rape. The psychological trauma may alter a ing to the police, hospital, medical examination, volunteer designed to provide an alternative to individual psychoth counseling intervention; procedures for handhng eVI victim's interpersonal relations, physiological patterns services, the courts, and laws are provided. When a sex erapy, an additional therapeutic experience for individuals dence in rape cases; information on a Dallas, Tex., pro (e.g., eating, sleeping), self-concept, and ?verall psycho offense is reported to the Marietta (Georgia) Police De in psychotherapy, and a method of followup group sup gram for assuring proper care of rape victims and rape logical functioning for many months, or In !lome cases, partment, an initial report and investigation ascertaining port. The victims, who ranged in age from 17 to 31 years evidence' procedures for telephone followup contacts even years. Knowledgeable and sensitive counselors can victim, suspect, and offense will be made. If necessary, old, had been assaulted by "power rapists," whose pri with rap~ victims; guidelines for police on cri.sis int~rv~n perform a valuable service by providing immediate sup emergency transportation for treatment will be provided. mary motivation had been to control and .humiliate their tion and investigation of forcible rape and on interviewing port and technical information in. the .in!ti~~ counseling A followup investigation will provide additional informa victims. The two female therapists who led the group rape victims; information on a di~tr.ict atto~ney's ~ape sessions. The three primary goals In thiS initial stage are tion and evidence. A medical examination should be-done establishing a sound working relationship with the rape introduced art therapy to help members clarify the impact coordination project; sample phYSICian testimony In a as soon as posible and will include a brief history pelvic victim, providing practical information about the after of rape by drawing symbolic pictures of themselves before rape case; a table showing staffing-workload c~mparisons examination, blood and pregnancy tests, and e~idence and after the rape. Analysis of four of the five pairs of for sex crime investigative units in 13 urban police depart math of a rape, and exploring the need for lo~g-term gathering. Juvenile cases will be given special handling. drawings produced by the group members indicated that ments; and guidelines for avoiding rape ..A .Iist of com counseling. Deeper psychologic~1 needs usually ar!se that Police investigative procedures may include a signed require more intensive cOl:insehng, the goals which are the art therapy provided members with a comr;non lan munity antirape projects and a selected blbhography are statement by the victim, construction of a composite fLJrther identification, clarification, and acceptance of feel guage that gave each of them an equal chance to express provided. (NCjRS) drawing for suspect identification photographing of inju ings; reorientation of perceptions and feelings; and. re l the impact rape had on her. Each subject refrained from ries, viewing of files, and an indepth interview. Assistance drawing human figures, used sexless symbols to represent sumption of a regular, normal lifestyle. C?n:'mon feeh~gs to the victim is available through the Rape Crisis Center, and potential problems of the rape victim t? which themselve, and used the same symbolic representation in and the Department of Health and the Department of 102 ~ I counselors need to be sensitive include: (1) a heightened each picture of the pair even though the representations Sample Nursing Procedures Manual for Correcttona Mental Health in Cobb County. Possible emotional reac sense of vulnerability; (2) suspicion and extre.me and their environments changed from one picture in the Health Services. sensi~ivi tions to the assault may include fear, guilt, anxiety, depres ty in dealings with males; (3) of the rapist returning; pair to the next. Art therapy allowed the victims to express Haynor, D. . fea~ sion, or denial. Trained professionals can aid the victim in (4) feelings of confusion about telhng other people; .(5) their pain and fear in an emotional manner and provided Lansing, Mich., Michigan Department of Corrections, Of a~d coping with these problems. Continuing investigations will feelings of guilt, shame, embarrassment, and stupidity. clues to group members on how to speak to one another. fice of Health Care, Correctional Health Care Program, ~e made. Third party reporting is encouraged as a pr~ven Techniques for dealing with these reactions involve reas A series of art exercises addreSSing a variety of topics 331 p., (197 -?). tlon and deterrence measure. Georgia State criminal law suring the victim that the feelings are. experienced. by could prove effective as a means of rape therapy. 2 refer pertaining to rape, sodomy, incest, st.atutory rape, child ences. many rape victims developing a defenSive plan of action molestation and enticement, obstruction of officers false Both general nursing procedures and ~~ergency care to allay fears of a 'reoccurrence 6f1the attack, aidi~~ the . .' techniques for drug problems, assault Victims, and rape crime reporting, and tampering with evidence is re- client to acquire the requisite skills to act on her deCls.lo~S, victims are covered in this manual based on procedures viewed. A preliminary hearing will be held once a suspect and helping the victim to realize that s~e is truly a Victim has been apprehended. A grand jury trial is required for 101 used in the Muskegon, Michigan, correctional facility. The and correctly attribute blame to the rapIst. The counselor first section covers such basic techniques as taking blood all felonies, although a lesser charge may be voted. After Rape: Helping the Victim--A Treatment Manual. must help the victim put the incident into the ~roper p~r pressures, giving bed baths, and perf?rming rout!ne morn an indictment has been handed down, the defendant is Halpern, S. spective: although the experience. was trauma~lc, th: ~IC ing and evening care. The next sections then dl~cuss ad arraigned before the Superior Court and motions may be Oradell, N. J., Medical Economics, 182 p., 1978. tim must incorporate it into her hfe and continue hVlng. filed by the defense. A court calendar will be called and vanced care procedures, such as postoperative c~re, She must not be allowed to withdraw from daily activities, while the final section addresses emer,gency medical if the case is ready to go to trial, a jury will be selected. as she may become more ~epressed and isolated. The procedures· in cases of assault with. a sharp weapon, as The prosecuting attorney may hold pretrial conferences Procedures and guidelines for meeting the needs of rape variety of activiti~s to which the counselor can lend sault with a blunt weapon, drug overdoses, etc. The em with prospective witnesses. The victim may be contacted victims are presented in a manual directed to medical professional expertise includes: short-term and .Iong-term phasis is purely medical and the purpose is to spell out by the defense attorney but need not answer his ques criminal justice, and other agencies and individuals wh~ counseling; rapist-rehabilitation group :ounsellng; com " sound procedures that will assure quality ca~e. The step tions. FinallYI the trial will be held. It is emphasized that deal with victims of sexual assault. Step-by-step proce munity-helper training; enhancing public awareness; and by-step directions are augmented by glossaries of terms, the defendant, not the victim,is on trial. The victim's dures, treatment protocols, and' 'related information are promoting legal change. Rape crisis lines to provide sup lists of medical abbreviations, a check list for emergency cooperation throughout these procedures is essential if the presented in chapters addressed to specific agencies or to port, legal and medical information, .and referrals for I~~g room supplies, sample report forms, and other pertinent offender is to be apprehended and prosecuted. Important stages of rape victim care: immediate needs; arrival at the term counseling are being set up In some metropolitan materials. (NCjRS) . Cobb County agency and service phone numbers are in emergency room; medical history; medical examination' areas. Therapy groups for families and friends of rape cluded together with spaces for pertinent information and collection of evidence; venereal disease; pregnancy; exi~ victims help deal with the psychological conflicts which notes. RS) (NCJ procedures; the police role; the prosecutor's office' and follow the rape of someone close. Police and hospital per crisis. intervention. Information on false suppositions ~bout 103 . sonnel are in need of workshops and training programs rape, counseling for the families and friends of rape vic Rape: Counseling the Traumatized Victim. that will give them skills in working with the emotionally 100 tims, and coordination of victim services is provided. Spe Heppner, P. P. and Heppner, M. traumatized victim. Workshops for the general public can Personnel and Guidance Journal 56(2):77-80, October A Therapeutic Art Session With Rape Victilus.. cific treatment protocols for adult and child victims are serve to disseminate information and enhance public aware Garrett, C. A. and Ireland, M. S. directed to medical personnel, counselors, police and 1977. ness. While some States have already begun revising out· dated and· destructive rape legislation, areas that need spe American journal- of Art Therapy 18(4):103-106 July prosecutors. Over haif of the manual consists of refe;ence 1979. .'\' materials drawn from agencies throughout the country. The article provides practical and professional. informati?n cial attention are: (1) revising sentences; (2) including men as possible rape victims; including as , Included are the Washington, D.C., Rape Crisis Center's needed by practitioners interested in counseling r~pe VIC (3) wive~ possibl~ r~pe victims; (4) deleting use of past sex~al history of ~Ictlms 1978, a 7-week group therapy program, Rights of Rape Victims; sample forms for hospital reports tims' additional intervention strategies and services. are _In'~he ~ummer as admissible evident:ej and (5) setting up counseling re ,yhlch Included an art therapy component, was initiated of suspected sexual assault, medical reports of sexual as susSested. The need for professi?nal counseling"ser~lces \,\ sault, medical examination records, and hospital consent for rape victims is perhaps greater than f?r other crimes ferral procedures for rapists. (NCJ RS) 32 33 £ .a _ .~ - ~---=-- () Victim Services Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Preventi~n and Services to Rape Victims Victim Services 104 106 Rape Victim. Hilberman, E. Assessing Trauma in the Rape Victim. crime, her initial contact with police, and typical experi physical examination, laboratory ~ests, collection of ev! Holmstrom, L. L. and Burgess A. W. ences encountered during this stage are dlscusse.d. The dence, and provision of prophylaXIS, A sample protocol IS Washington, D.C., American Psychiatric Association, 110 l p., 1976. American Journal of Nursing 75(8): 1288-1291, August attitudes and concerns of police officers toward different included. 1975. rape victims, various ~aysin v:hich th~y ,hav,e han~led the initiallnterview, and summanes ?f victims reactions to This monograph attempts to summarize what is known Interviews with 146 rape victims 3 to 73 years old, treat this first encounter with the police are, presen~ed. The 109 about the needs and experiences of the female victim and l Investigating the Crime of Rar:e. . , her family and to provide a framework in which clinicians ed at Boston City Hospital from July 1972 to July 1973 double role of the hospital sta~--to pro,vlde med,lcal car~ and to collect legal evidence--Is Vanous atti International Association of Chiefs of Pohce, Gaithers- can more knowledgeably provide ~/~ctim assistance and resulted in the development of three diagnostic categories exa~med. tudes on the 'part of hospital staff have been en support. Discussed are the socioculti{ral context of rape, of sexual trauma. The interview protocol, which was ad ~hlch burg, Md. . . ( 97 ?) countered by rape victims are descnbed; they range from Gaithersburg, Md., the ASSOCIation, 8 p., 1 -,. and some of its legal and medical aspects. Some of the ministered during counseling, was a guide of general top professional politeness to disparagement. Sta.ff percep specific problems inherent in the hospital treatment of the ics rather than a rigid questionnaire, Rape trauma, the first tions of the victims, as well as perceptlo.ns of the victim are described and a set of guidelines are provided of the three categories derived from .,the intervi,ews and victim~' This booklet reproduces the script and i!lustrations ~sed in hospital and the treatment they received" for utilizing crisis programs for victims <;>f sexual assault in followup work, results from forced, violent sexual pene a~e dl.sr:uss~d. a 12-minute sound slide program designed ,to train law Many of the difficulties encountered by victims m takmg hospital setting. Other areas considered are community tration and results in an acute disorganization of the vic enforcement personnel to investigat~ the cnm,e of rape. a , a case to court; the cross-pressures put on them to prose rape crisis centers, reactions to rape, and counseling and tim's life that requires a long-term process of The program consists of 60 slides With an, a~dlocasse~e. cute and not to prosecute; different types of treatment treatment of the rape trauma syndrome. Special attention reorganization, The victim responds by either suppressing It was produced by the Internatio:1al Assoclatlo~ of Ch~efs they receive from district attorneys; the !egal and is given to the child victim. In an analysis of the role of the the trauma or compounding the symptoms reSUlting from del~ys of Police. Rape is defined as a sexua~ act c?~mltted Wlt~ frustrations; questions they are asked and psychiatrist in dealing with rape trauma, the author indi the rape with symptoms resulting from other problems. ~urmg th~ t~lal; out the female's consent. The investlgat?r s ~Ir~ responsI ways in which they are viewed by Judges, Junes, a~d cates the need for clinicians to inform themselves about The second category, the accessory-to-sex reC\ction,oc bility after arriving at the scene of the cnme IS to help,the attorneys all vary greatly from on.e to Bnef local hospital policy, criminal justice procedure, rape stat curs when the victim contributes in a secondary way to ~as~ an~ther. victim Next, the investigator should secure the cnm,e descriptions of many different .vlctlms are utes, and community attitudes in order to gain an under the offense by assisting the offender. These victims, most :xp~nences scene,' obtain information about the a~sailant, ~n? obtam presented to illustrate the wide discrepanCies m treatm~nt. standing of the context in which rape occurs. A four-page of whom are minors, are incapable of consenting to sexual a written statement from the attend.mg phYSICian c?r An analysis of the outcomes of the co~rt process proVides bibliography is included. The appendix contains opera activity due to developmental immaturity, The authority roborating the charge of rape. T~e crime scene, t~e VI~ data regarding convictions and acqUittals of defendants tiotlaJ and proposed guidelines for management of sexual held by the offender prevents the victim from revealing tim's body and clothing, and hair, blood, semen, fles , assault cases. (NC) RS) the rape and forces the latter into social and psychological and fLlctors which affect conviction rates. The authors and fabric will all be important sources of clues. When the withdrawal. The third category, the sex-stress reaction, suggest that the victim loses, what:ver the ?ut~o~e of the victim je: interviewed, a third person sh.ould be present ~o 105 results from violent or perverse circumstances surround trial. Finally,policy recommen,datJons f?r mst~tutlon~1 re prevent~ accusations by the victim of misconduct by.t e sponse to rape victims are 0utlmed. An mdex IS proVided, Rape: liThe UltimateYiolation of the Self." (Editorial) ing sexual activity to which both parties consent; the ma investigator, The investigatorsho~ld use corr~c~ t~chnJca~ Hilberman, E. ~~ jor symptom.is anxiety, The categories have been used in (NCJRS) terms, develop questions accqrdmg to the, victim s capa teaching emergency room staff, counselors, and inte;'dis American Journal of Psychiatry 133(4):436-437, April bility of understanding, and try to determme ~hether or 1976. ciplinary seminars. The categories have legal as well as not the accusation is false, In any case, a complamt ~fr~pe diagnostic relevance, 5 references. 108 d Rape: An Organized Approach to Evaluation an should b~ considered bona fide. until a somplet: cnmll1al Much of the literature on rape tends to emphasize medi investigation substantiates or dlsprove~ the charge, ~he colegal aspects and the possibility that the victim may Treatment. 107 ( booklet presents each slide and the SCript acco.m~anymg have provoked the crime rather than the psychological Hunt, G. R. J 1977 it, as well as blank space for comments by Instructor, Victim of Rape: Institutional Reactions. American Family Physician 15(1): 154-158, anuary c . t~e trauma experienced by the victim. The my~h concerning (NCjRS) rape developed by the medical and criminal justice estab Holmstrom, L. Land BlIrgess, A. W. Physicians should develop an organized approach to the Ii~hm~nts suggests that prJ()r sexual experience on the part New York, Wiley, 306 p" 1978", evaluation and treatment of rape victims to address legal oYan unmarried victim is reasonable evidence of "provo as well as medical issues. Medical records developed on cation." The confusing and alienating medical and legal Ways in which police, hospitals, and courts respond to 110 . rape victims and the impact of their response on the vic ra e victims must be clear and complete enough t? serve Guidelines for the Hospital Emergency ~epartment In processes that confront the rape victim are particularly .'l, atevidence in judicial proceedings. When the damaging since the victim is often isolated from her nor tims.are analyzed. A study was conducted of 146 victims ev~lua~mg Treating the Alleged Sexual Assault Patl~nt. patient, the physician should attend clo~ely t? first Impres , , mal social support system and psychologically trauma with a complaint of rape admitted during a1-year period Los Angeles County Dept. of Health SerVices, L?s A,n- " g tized. Changes in attitu8es about rape have been largely to the emergency ward of a large municip~1 hospital. The sions, obtain a complete history of the vlftlm s ?ynecoio ge Ies, Ca I 'lf " and Hospital Council of Southern Cahforma, ical background and the rape, CivOJda j due to women who have begun to sensitize medical, so victims were followed from their admission to the hospital Jud~menta Los Angeles. . cial, and legal institutions on the extent to whiCh cultural 'through th~ entire legal process. The main purpose of the position, realize that medical records are legal eV~gence, Los Angeles, Calif" the Department, 35 p., 1976. biases have determined the maltreatmenL;of the victim. study was to determil1~ whether victimization can be in examine other areas of the body as well ~s the pelvl~ a.re~, Inn~vative and empathetic services for victims will serve creased by thm;e institutions which are supposed to help c~lIect any material or secretions adhenng to t~e victim s victims. The main sources of data were participant obser body or clothing, test the ~i<:ti~ for venereal dlse.ase an~ The areas covered include the roles of community re~ as a deterrent to the crime by facilitating reporting of the sources, organization and training of the e.mergency d~ crime and thereby the apprehension' and prosecutjon of vation and interviews when the victim was admitted to the . pregnancy and treat the victim If necessary, provl~e psy g partment staff, and the handling of th~ patient before e assailants .. Ultimately, however, the elimination of rape hospital, weekly followup interviews on their emotional chological support and referral to rape counsehn r~- , the community involve the husban d m or she is seen by a physician. Also conSidered are s~ggest demands a massive restructuring of social values to in problems, and participant observation and' discussion at In .' sources h . f and ed medical examination and treat~ent pro.c~d.ures mcl~d clude a reconsideration of the relations between the the courthouse. Questions asked and some observations attempts to provide emotional support to t e VIC 1m, sexes. 6 references. made during the' various stages of the process are de insurethat some folfowup care is pr~vided, A formal ra~e ing the collection of potential eviaen<:e, C~ISIS I~terventlon scribed, The first steps a victim faces in reporting the 'protocol should specify all procedl~res to ~e perfor~ed In social services andJollow-up counseling, mterv!e,w proce~ association with the initial observation penod, the history, dUres for law enforcement personnel, and patient han- ", ,~ ) 34 35 p iJ .0 " I' .';1. . :. , .,-~""..,....:.....,-~'.. - ..... ;~~,;...... --'---~-~.~ ~ ...... --._, ....--,.:.< .-.- ,',, , Victim Services , Rape Preventian and Service§ to Rape Victims Rape Prevention a'nd Services to Rape Victims Victim Services cfling at discharge. Appended materials include a national studies and .ot~~r research in the area of sexual A model for police assistance 'to rape vjci.. :ms is proposed, with the victim often exacerbate the latter's psychological specialized glossary of terms, sample criteria for the ex assault. Among the fmdmgs were that age marriage em emphasizing a supportive approach for victims. This ap trauma. Complex reactions may occur when there are amination and treatment of sexual assault victims, a .sam~ ployme~t, victim history, ~nd kind of rap~ affected 'post proach should lead to increased solutions to rape crimes. preexisting psychological problems, major physical disa pie emergency department record form for sexual assault rape adjustment; that pohce support was influenced by - The literature shows that rape goes largely unreported, bility resulting from the attack, or coincident crises involv and a one-page bibliography. (NCJRS) , ing the victim's family, social network, or academic or th~ pre;e~ce ~f a policewoman, victim-offender relation that victims are usually brutalizedcby insensitive agents of ShIP, VictIm hIstory and appearance, and race; and that the criminal justice system, and that women are turning work status. Thus, in addition to attending to the victim's case outcome was related to v.ictim history race of judge more and more to alternatives to seeking prosecution of immediate medical needs, clinicians should assess the vic 111 tim's resources for coping with the psychic trauma and ~nd victim, kind. of trial and {ape, ~nd the trpe of report ,and treatment for rape. The model proposed acknowl- Victims-Who Are They? edges the police responsibility for the victim's avoidance prepare to mobilize necessary support services. 10 refer mg .. Postrap: adjustment. p~,Herns m eating, sleeping, and Lynch, C. C. of the'criminal justice system in rape cases. It requires that ences. SOCIal be~a~lo: are des~~lbed as well as the impact of r~pe Paper presented to the National Association of Social police be trained to rethink their attitudes about rape, o~ ,t~e V~Ctlf!1 s home life and marital relationship. Th~ Workers, Dade County (Fla) Chapter, February 28, 1977, rapists, and victims. Police must be taught to realize that 39 p., 1977. cnmmal JustIce response to rape is reviewed and the \ survey's major findings a~e reiterated. Chapter ~otes and )\ their approach to rape victims might be influenced by old 116 Available from: NCJRS; Accession No. 045950. societal myths--that the woman provoked the crime, that Emotional Repercussions of Rape. :::ables are attached. (NClRS) (' the offender is sexually unfulfilled and acted on impulse, Nadelson, C. C.and Notman, M. T. T~e; char~cteristi~s and needs of victims of sexual assault, that t!'te victim can resist a rape--and develop new atti Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality 11 (3):16, 19,23,27, ~Ife beating~ chIld abuse, and other violent crimes are tudes toward the crime. Police should be trained to give 31, March 1977. dlscusse~, ,":,Ith re!erence to data on clients of Dade Coun verbal aid to the victims, deal with verbal abuse that might !V, ~Ia., victIm as~lstance programs. The discussion, which ~ape Crisis lntervention Handbook-A Guide for vil be directed at them by, t;l; traumatiZed victim, interpret and Professionals and others dealing with rape victims should IS dlrect:rl to socIa! workers, tOlJches on the demographic ttm Care. "1 react to nonverbal messages when first encountering the understand the emotional reactions of rape victims, stages McCombie, S. l., ed. l\" and SOclOeconoml~ characteristics of victims of sexual victimj and be skillful in using nonverbal supportive ges of rape trauma, effect of the victim's age and marital status New York, Plenum, 250 p., 1980. '-c" as;ault, ~o!ivation in sexual assault and other violent tures.ln interviewing the victim, officers need to ave 1 (-:1') the response, and long-term consequences of rape. c~lmes, vlctlm-offen~er relationships, and the impact of verbal'abuse in all circumstances, focus on the violence Almostall victims experience a disruption in normal adap VIolent or personal cnme on the life of the victim. Parallels This book provides an overview of disi; theory and a of the crime rather than on the sexual aspects, and inform tive patterns, regression to a more dependent and helpless are drawn between the problems encountered by victims psych?dynamic. perspective on rape traumaj treatment the victim of necess.ary medical and legal procedures. In position, 'and increased emotional susceptibility. The re . of sel(.ual assault and those experierlCed by victims of gUldelm~s .are d~sc~s~ed and illustrated with case exam- all cases, the officer must assure the victim that the crime sponse to rape usually begins with an' acute reaction cha spous: abuse. !~e ~xperience of the sexual assault or ples. ThIS In~erdlsclphnary handbook is intended to be a was not her fault. The positive,' supportive approach can racterized by distress, emotional breakdown, and guilt. spo~s~ a~use vIctIm IS contrasted with that·of the victim c~~p!ehenslv~ resource for ,those involved in pioviding be learned through training and will enhance the possibili~ The acute stage can manifest itself by either emotional ~f a muggl~g,. ro?b~ry, or other V'iolent crime. C;haracteris crrsl~ interventIon to rape victims. Detailed guidelines are ty ofcatching the rapist since a woman will be more likely outbursts or a veneer of emotional control resulting from tics . of y.'ctlmlzatlon-suddenness, arbitrariness, I.Im proVided tor t~e nursing! medical, counseling, poli,~e, and to report the crime, divulge information, and testify in denial and reactio'n formation" Several days or w.eeks after predl:tahdlty, fear of death or mutilation-are discussed. I~gal services Involved In comprehensive crisis interven- court. (NCJRS),· the rape, the victim appears to have resolved the trauma, ~eaCtions to the stress of victimization, including disrup tl?O: Rape la~s are explained, and court preparation for but is' actually simply denying and suppressing the impact tIOn of no!,mal patterns, regression, and willingness to ac VictIms and wltpesses is outlined. Of particular relevance of the rape. Periods of depression, anger, and guilt follow. cept. adVIce, are. no~ed. A hierarchy of the victim's to counselors IS the overview of '·crisis theory and the Distinct responses are characteristic of 17- to 24-year-old phYSIcal and emotIonal needs is outlined, with a view to psychodynami~ perspective on rape trauma .. Individual 115 single women" divorced or separated women, women the role of the s~cial worker. A 3-page "fact sheet" on chapte:s explam the cultural factors that perpetuate vio- Rapist and Victim. with c::hildren, and middle-aged women. Long-term battered women IS appended. (NCJRS) . I~nce toward women and explore common misconcep- Nadelson, C. C. consequences of rape include mistrust of men, a variety tIons. abo~t ~icti~s, offenders, and assaults. Special New England Journal of Medicine 297(14):784-785, Oc~ of sexual dysfunctions, persistent phobic reactions, anxie conSideratIon IS gIven to the child victimized by sexual tober 6, 1977. ty and depression, and persistent anxiety and avoidance 112 abuse ~n?to the unique problems of men who work with of gynecological examinations or procedures. 8 refer Aftermath of Rape. ~ape VIctIms. Ap~e~dix~\;'i.~cJude guidelines for the nurs- Certain characteristics are typical of rapists and their vic ences. Mc~ahill, .T: W.; Meyer, L. c.; and Fischman, A M. 109 ~are of rape vIctims In 'the erllergency unit and for the tims. Rapists tend to have a high rate of sexual dysfunction Lexmgton, Mass., Lexington Books, 278 p., 1979. medl~al ca~e of rape victims, permission for release .of dUJing t!'te ~(lpe, indicating that it is a pseudosexual act ~atenal.evldence .t() the police,. third-party rape report motivated not by sexual impulse, but by uncontrolled hos 117 This book is based on the Philadelphia sexual assault sur Inforf!1atlo~ for patIents coping with sexual assault, a rap~ tilities, a sense of inadequacy, or a wish for power. Misin Psychological Responses to Rape. vey of 1,401 wom~n of all ages who reported a rape or questIonnaire, facts and,suggestions about what to do if terpretation of rape as a purely sexual act has led to the Nadelson, C. C. and Notman, M. T. .~ sexual assault to PhIladelphia authorities between April 1 ~aPledd' and safety precauti9ns to avoid assault. Chapters view that the victim, by prompting the sexual response of ,Psychiatric Opinion 14(4):13-15, 18, July-August 1977. 1973, and ~une 30, .1974. Attempted and statutory rap~ InNc u e references, and a subject index is provided the rapist, bears as much responsibility for the crime as'the cases w~re mcluded 10 this study designed for rape victims ( q~ . . offender. Since most rapists are not apprehended and An overview of the short- and long-term psychological :". and their counselors, including social workers rape crisis most apprehended rapists are not convicted, these obser responses of rape victims and their male partners t() rape c.enter s~!f~ and psychiatrists. Female social w~rkers con vations may not be representative. Low conviction rates provides a background for development of an approach ducted mltlal and followup interviews with 790 to counseling viCt.ims. The victim's response to rape may " ' and h' tr' d • . women, 114 at rape trials have contribute,d to the low reporting rate for psyc la ISts con ucted mterviews with 331 women rape; it has been estimatea'that 50 to'90 percent of r~pes include conscious expression of unconscious aggressive ()r 4L9percent of the sample." Other c.lata were drawn 'Model for Policp, Assistance to Rape Vidi~. arenever'reported.Rape often disrupts personal relatIons or masochistic wishes, concerns about one's capacity to Mercbant" J. J.'" .' . • c' from pohce fiI~s! eyewitness accounts of 25 rape cases within t~e Victim's social support system. Family members function independently, and fear 0f gynecological exami and a c()/llpanson of the study'S findings of jMoUfrthalof Police Science and Administration' 7('/)'45';52" nation. bbservers and researchers have"determined that wit~" ~h()se arc 1979. . : . , and" friends who avoid discussing the rape experience " ,) 37 36 " .a _ ------.-- ~~~-- ~ .- Victim Services Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Victim Services () young an~ singl~ women, divorced or separated women, ed .ror conviction of a defendant in a rape case. Part " techniques, and community resources available to vic techniques and guidelines are given on helping and coun- , women with children, and middle-aged women react dif articles ~oncern the assessment of the rape situation and tims. The rape trauma syndrome includes physical, emo seling the victim, evidence collection, treatment consider ferently to rape. Single women between 17 and 24 years t~e .medl~al and psychological service" required by rape tional, and behavioral stress reactions resulting from a ations, and medical testimony. The final section, intended old frequently know their assailant and often reproach for counseling personnel, discusses the role of the counse Victims. Lists of reference1.'accompanY/the individual arti life-threatening event. Legally, rape must involve a sexual themselves for not being able to assess the situation and cles. An index is provided. (NCJRS) , act performed againt the victim's will. Victims of rape, lor, the feelings of the rape viCtim, and counseling of prevent th~ rap~. A .sense of. vulnerability many affect who rarely report the assault, are affected by feelings of specific types of victims. (NCJRS) i future rel~tlons~IPs with men, particularly if their first sex I social isolation, guilt, and denial that lead to fear of the ~al expe~lence IS rape. The divorced or separated women 119 type of environment in which they were raped, solitude, IS more likely to .be blamed and not believed because of crowds, people behind them, and sexual activity. The her sexual experience. In addition to questioning her in The Rape Victim: Psychodynamic Considerations. 122 socia! isolation can also lead to suicidal tendencies. Com Guide for Victims of Sexual Assault. dependence, she may question her ability to care for and Notman, M. T. and Nadelson, C. C. ' mon myths about rape suggest that victims fabricate sto Queen's Bench Foundation, San Francisco, Calif. pro~ect her .c.hildren. Middle-aged women are often in a American Journal of Psychiatry 133(4):408-413 April 1976. ' ries about rape, do not adequately resist the assailants, San Francisco, the Foundation, 37 p., 1976. perlo~ of critical reassessment of their (1) future goals (2) provoke assailants, enjoy the experience, and use the Available from: NCJRS; Accession No. 040467. relationships with their husbands and departed cha~glng charge of rape to retaliate against men. Professionals members, and (3) sexual identity. The overwhelm ~amlly A woman's response to rape is determined by her age should encourage victims to talk about their feelings; re Ing of rape at this point is very damaging. Rape is This booklet was prepared to assist rape victims in the San na~ure personality, life situation, circumstances of the rape, and frain from questioning the occurrence of the rape; assume best viewed as a stressful situation in which a traumatic the responses of those from whom she seeks support that many emotional and behavioral responses follow ma Francisco area in obtaining medical, legal, and counseling external eve.nt disrupts the balance between ego adaption Rape ~ener~lI.y heightens a woman's sense of helpless~ jor crises; enlist the support of significant others in the services. General information, procedures for obtaining and the environment. Initial reactions range from uncon ness, intenSifies conflicts about dependence and in victim's life; and provide information on police proce aid, and the victim's rights when dealing with hospitals, trolle? hysteria ~o a se.n.se of calm underlain by denial and ?ependence, g.e.nerates self-criticism and guilt, and dures, legal resources, medical facilities, victim assistance police, and, if the victim makes a police complaint, the reaction formation. Initial feelings of anger are suppressed district attorney's office and the defendant are discussed. Impe~es her ability to deal with anger. Since it is an in services, and supportive community groups. Community to feelings. of guilt and weakness and social norms dUr~ teraction ~etween ~n extreme environmental stimulus and services that should be developed include crisis centers Possible emotional and physical responses to the attack expression of anger by women. Feelings of fear aga~nst t~e a~aptr'le capacity of the victim, rape is similar to other with multidisciplinary intervention teams, crisis hotlines, are described. Methods' of obtaining compensation ,and guilt are displaced when anger ~nxle.ty, expresse~ s.'tuatlons described in the literature on stress. Descrip and community awareness and education campaigns. A through the State Board of Control, civil suits, and small Itself In mghtmares, explosive outbursts, and displacement claims court are also presented. Descriptions and ad tions. ?f stress reactions generally describe four stages, protocol for dealing with sexual assault is appended. 17 of anger ..Overprotectlve urges or withdrawal are typical dresses of Bay Area agencies which can either help vic speCifically, the antici~atory or threat phase, the impact references./ of the responses of male partners of victims. Long-term phase, the posttraumatic or "recoil" phase, and the post tims of rape of refer them to other agencies and a glossary resp~nses of women include mistrust of men, phobic traumatic reconstruction phase. Though hysterical re of terms related to prosecution of an offense are provided. r~actlons, sexual dysfunctions, and anxiety and depres sponses to rape are common, some victims assume a (NCJRS) sion. Co.uns~lors, should examine victims' backgrounds, controll~d response characterized by feaction~formation 121 current life situations, and social support systems. 9 refer and de~lal. Important considerations in understanding the Focus on Sex Crimes. ences', dynamiCs of women's responses to rape are related to Polk County Rape-Sexual Assault Care Center, Des 123 affects, unconscious fantasies, and adaptive and defensive Moines, Iowa. Rape: Victimization Study--Summary, 1975. ego. styles. Ang~r is often repressed due to memories of Des Moines, the Center, 77 p., 1977. Queen's Bench Foundation, San Francisco, Calif. 118 pU~lshmen.t ~unng childhood that lead to feelings of guilt, Available from: NCJRS; Accession No. 040278. San Francisco, Calif., the Foundation, 22 p., 1975. Rape Victim. socl.al restrictions of expressions of anger by women, and Avaiiable from: NCJRS; Accession No. 046315. Nass, D. R., ed. feel lOgS of fear .due to physical weakness. Distinct re sponse patterns have been determined for women who Intended to serve as a guide for police, prosecutors, medi Du?uque, Iowa, Kendall Hunt (Topics in Human Behavior A study was undertaken to examine the psychological , Series), 188 p., 1977. are young and single, divorced or separated and middle cal personnel, and counselors, this manual provides spe aged. Professional attitudes that women who have been cific guidelines on sex crime investigation and impact of rape, victim treatment needs, community ser ~aped pr~v~ked their assailants often exacerbate guilt feel prosecution, and methods of dealing with the victim, This vices available, and factors affecting rape report decisions manual was written by the Polk County Rape-Sexual As of victims in San Francisco, Calif. Several research tech Problems faced by rape victims and therapeutic responses lOgS of victims. Counseling of victims should involve as sault Care Center to aid in lessening the trauma of prose niques were utilized to study the major areas of concern. to .the rape tra~~a are discussed in a collection of 14 s~ss~ent of previous adjustment, involvement·. of cution of sex crimes. Guidelines on police investigation These included interviews, questionnaires, program The reflect the idea that the psychologi Significant others, and attention to specific signs and ~rtlcle~. w~ltlngs symptoms. 14 references. are first provided. Information on the types of evidence,to evaluations, and statistical analyses. Data sources includ cal pain experle.nced by the rape victim arises not only be collected, handling the victim, and obtaining the vic ed rape victims, mental health professionals, police, hos-. from the event Itself, but also from societal factors that tim's statement is presented. Duties of the dispatcher, pital and community services staff, attorneys, judges, and tend to exacerbatet~e victim's suffering. This view sug patrol officer, and police detective are listed, and a jurors. Interviews with 80 female rape victims 8 to 55 ?ests a need for two kinds of supportive services: counsel 120 checklist of evidence for sex crime cases is included. years old revealed that 80 percent of the victims ex Ing to the vi~tim to help her overcome her sense of Pa~erns f)f Rape and Approaches to Care. Guidelines on the type of charge to be filed are also prov perienced fear for their bodies and lives during the attack. un~esolved gUilt; and. education directed at modifying the Pepitone-Rockwell, F. " ided. Reprints of three articles dealing with methods of The remaining 20 percent reported outrage, anger or de attl{udes of the public. Part I articles discuss such prob Journal of Famiiy Practice 6(3):521-529, March 1978. interviewing the sex crime victim are included as well. tachment. Following the attack most victims went through .r:sponse of the general public to disclosures ~ems ~s th~ Guidelines for prosecutors are provided for all phases of a coping stage which involved denial, repression, dis Ipvolvmg illiCit sex acts; the skepticism of law enforce Family phrsicians a~d family nurses are likely to be ind the trial process, from pretrial preparations, physical evi placement, and anger. Persi"tent fear was reported by 39 ment, .h~al~h .care, and court personnel concerning the volved I.n 'lhe care of rape victims and should understand dence, and ilpplicable laws, to opening statements, wit percent of the victims, and 35 percent reported continu rape Victim s Innocence; and the corroboration demand- the social and legal aspects of rape, victim counseling nesses, and" closing arguments. For medical personnel, ing disturbance in sexual or interpersonal relationships. 38 39 Victim Services Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Victim Services Social pressures and other variables affecting the impact of rape are reviewed. Mental health professionals viewed panic families seem to have responded to this threat by rape as a traumatic, life-threatening and psyche-threaten keeping female members ~Iose to the home or with an reported sexual assault at a'ny time also a sec In the violent crime category, rape is tho.ught to be th~ ing experience, which has definite short-term effects on official escort. Thus, the Hispanic Woman is taught to see c~~pl~ted tion labeled the "Sexual Assault sought most infrequently reported crime. According to !he Um .. mental health, and many possible long-term effects. The the world as threatening and to maintain a cautious atti Inve~tory ~hlch to ascertain the prevalence of a Wide variety of back form Crime Reports, 56,000 wo~e~ were raped In 1975. need for responsive, sympathetic crisis intervention and tude. Reactions of Hispanic rape victims are consistent ground and situational factors which predispose However victimization surveys mdlcated that the occur followup services for rape victims was emphasized. . with their cultural and religious heritage and their own ~oward , I sexual assault and reporting the event. Patterns of rence of (apes was almost four times the number Evaluation of central emergency hospital's handling of personal belief systems. If women are to fully combat this ~mo report~d tional reaction to this experience were also examined. to police. Even when the rape is reported and the. rapist rape victims revealed that hospital staff were often unsym social cancer then they must do so with understanding, Findings indicate that victimization by sexual assault is brought to trial, the outcome is frequently acquittal of pathetic, that rape victims who failed to file a police report determination, vigor and unrestrained perseverance. His among female hospital personnel was not infrequent; a a clearly guilty assailant. In o.rder for. t~e rapist to be. con: were refused medical treatment, that the facilities were panic intensity must be seen in toe eyes. and felt in the number of victims had been assaulted more than once. victed, corroboration is reqUired. ThiS mclude.d ~onflrma ill-equipped, that records were incomplete, and that the hearts of every Hispanic "mujer" who feels for her sisters Moreover, the majority of sexual assaults ,:",.ere not tion that the act occurred; that the defendant IS In fact the ' evaluation protocol for rape was careless and insensitive. who have been rape victims. Women can help themselves rep~rt ed to the police. Attitudes toward and anticipated reactive • rapist that "penetration" actually took place and that the Evaluation of the police department also revealed inade and the time for action is now. (ERIC) behavior in response to sexual were related to . forcibly resisted and did not give her quate facifities and equipment and a lack of reporting assaul~ wom~n conse~t. Th~ certain background risk of to victim's character and reputation are ?ften consldere coordination. Sex crime detail inspectors were praised variables~ c~r~ent. e~posure 125 sexual assault and previous victimization experience. The along with the issue of consent Such stringent corrobo.ra and found sympathetic by rape victims, but patrol officers Rape Crisis Center Training Manual. majority of victims' assailants were not tion is intended to discourage false clain:s of rape W~IC were generally found unsympathetic and inadequately appr~hen~ed b~ h Resnick, J. Hill, C. E.; and Dutcher, the police. Although many women ~xpressed intentions 0 could result in severe social or lega~ pU~lshment. Various trained. Efforts have been made by the department to L.; L. resisting assault few were trained In self-defense or car states interpret these requirements m different ways, and improve training. A number of complex problems pertain Washington, D.C., American Psychological ASSOciation, 47 p., 1976. ried a weapon. Effective forms of resistance to an such corroboration usually ta~s pre~e~ence over the ~m ing to the handling of rape victims were found in the ~ttacker were struggling and running. Tabular data and SIX refer barrassment and humiliation of the victim .. Some theons.ts district attorney's office. Defense attorney's attitudes to ences are included. believe that police brutalization is responSible .for the fail ward victims raped by someone known to them was that This training manual provides specific guidelines and exer ure of women to report rapes .. T.he of rape they represented an emotional problem, rather than a cises designed for training paraprofessional workers who ~roc.esslng victims in a male-dominated Criminal Justice s~stem has legal problem} for which counseling Was indicated. Atti answer rape-crisis telephone hotlines. Communication skills, the process of crisis resolution, and the specific often resulted in overt sexism and t~auma wh~ch some tudes of judges and jurors toward rape victims were general 127 f • I' R e ly positive and appeared unbiased. California law pertaining body of knowledge relevant to rape victims are integrated A Technique for Training Parapro esslona S m ap women have felt is worse than forCible ra~<; Itself, but to rape and recent legislative reforms are reviewed. Recom in the training program. The training"manual is meant to Crisis Counseling Procedures. gradually the system is becoming more sensltl~e. Appro mendations for further legal reform are made. Community serve as a guideline for group leaders and as a workbook Roberts, W. K. and Hart, B. K. . .. aches designed to encomage greater .r~~ortm~ ?f the medical, mental health, social services, and legal services for trainees. A suggested reading list and a rape-crisis re W as h·m gton , D ..C , American Psychological ASSOCiation, crime have been suggested. Special sensltl~lty training for were found to be inadequate and often unresponsive to source list are included. The format of the program is a 45 p., 1976. police and prosecutors would help. Rape crl~IS ~ent~rs ~re victims' needs. S1ln Francisco Women Against Rape is the brief but intensive training course, made up of seven perhaps the most effective way for the Criminal just.ce only agency providing services exclusively for rape victims. modules. Through these modules the trainees can explore A four-session training workshop was conducted by Co~ system to insure that rape victims are treated ~ur:nanely. Victim compensation statistics pertaining to rape victims their feelings about rape, learn speaking and listening lumbia College for paraprofessio~als who are.or plan t~b~ These centers may be especially useful to the v.lct!m a~er are summarized. The study indicated a need for broad pub skills, investigate the crisis proc:~ss, learn to intervene in engaged in rape-crisis intervention counseling ..Medlc~ the rapist's conviction or acquittal ~hen th~ ~rlmlnal JUS lic education regarding the problem of rape. Queen's Bench crisis, integrate information giving and listening skills, and aspects and treatment of rape victims were dl~cusse tice system no longer is interested In the VIctim. The use examine special issues. (NqRS) Foundation} initiator of the study, has engaged in a number along with police procedures and rep<,>~s reqUIred ~or of policewomen to conduct the initial interrogation and of advocacy and public information and education activi subsequent legal action. Workshop partlclPan~ were I~ followup investigation has encourage~ w~men t<,> r~port ties. An appendix presents additional data on the impact 126 structed in selected counseling procedures a.n. were.a rapes. Some States are introducing legislation to limit ~e of rape on victims. (NCJ RS) lowed to practice developing their own techmqu.es during fense introduction of a victim's prior sexual behavl.o~ Sexual Assault Among Hospital Personnel. gl~1)Up interaction. The workshop concluded with. a ses Work also is being done on a model penal code whlc Rinear, C. E. and Rinear, E. E. sion that encouraged participants to focus .on. ~helr ow~ would divide "gross sexual imposition:' into four .degrees Victimology 4(1):140-150, 1979. 124 attitudes and values concerning rape. No Slgr:lIflca~t atti so that juries would not have to convict or acqUit some Rape Within the Hispanic Family Unit. tude modifications were observed to have change d as an one on a single-category rape. (NCj RS) Quinones-Sierra, S. This study characterized the experience of being victi immediate measurable product of workshop a~ten a~ce. lOp., March ~ 980. mized by reported or unreported, and completed or un Participants' in general, responded to survey Items ~nb a Available from: ERIC; Order No. ED-192 973. completed, sexual assault among urban female hospital manner sirn'ilar to the philosophy on rape expresse y 129 personnel. A total of 6,807 women, employees of 8 differ the National Organization for Women. (ERIC) Injuries Incurred Duri~g Rape. . Because problems such as rape are often viewed as per ent hospitals, were surveyed by means of a standardized Rosenfeld, D. L.; Garcia, C.-R.; and Shlpp~n, W., Jr. sonal concerns of "Ia familia" there is great tendency on questionnaire, and their responses were studied to deter Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality 10(3):77-78, March mine their characteristics and that of the social environ the part of Hispanics to accept this crime as something 128 . h C' . I 1976. that must be resolved without intervention from the po ment that related to the sexual assault. A total of 2,3.'29 Forcible Rape: Institutionalized Sexism In t e nmma lice, the hospitals or the courts. Seldom will much needed women completed the survey. Each reported the follow Justice System. The physician who cares for rape victims should n?! only satisfy legal requirements, but also s.hould be sensitive. to therapy and auxiliary type services be sought due to the ing background information with respect to sexual assault: Robin, G. D. A '1 1977 extreme sense of embarrassment that such all act has risk exposure, anXiety or apathy, anticipated aggressive or Crime and Delinquency 23(2):136-153, pn . the patient's medical and psychologlca~ needs. In ~reatlng caused the entire family. Historically and even today, His- passive reactions to assault, and anticipated reporting the victirn, the physician should exam~ne the. p~tient for behavior. Subjects experiencing either reported or un- The manner in which the criminal justi$=e ~ystem has ,dea~ traumatic injury and note all marks or~lg~s o~ Injury,. take with victims of forcible rape and the rapist are exp o.re a careful history of the rape, assess the ~atl~nt s emotional with emphasis on the positive changes that are occurring. or mental state for evidence of intOXication, perform a ,\ ... 40 41 ,.~ , 'V· '" ~"'" ~,;:, ~'-" ., - ~- p Victim Services Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape. Victims' Victim Services careful pelvic examination, rinse the vagina in a saline Hawaiian women were characterized as more emotional proceeds according to four major goals: O} repair of inju Common patterns of reaction among the husbands, male solution and assess the solution for acid phosphatase, ex ly traumatized by the assaults than were. Caucasir,ln wom ries, (2) treatment of psychological trauma, (3) prevention / friends, and families of rape victims are discussed, and amine the cervical mucus for sperm, assess the patient for en but the level of trauma experienced by Asian and of disease, and (4) prevention of pregnancy. References' suggestions are offered to assist rape crisis counselors in venereal disease and administer necessary prophylaxis, H~waiian women decreased much more noticeably than are cited. (NC)RS) / dealing with these reactions. Male mates and family mem and obtain a careful record of the patient's menstrual, for Caucasian women after a 2-week period. Crisis center bers often find it difficult to respond to female rape victims pregnancy, and contraceptive history. 'r"he patient should services were used mainly by Caucasian women (70 per in an empathic, supportive manner for a variety of cogni be given diethylstilbestrol (to induce abortion) twice daily cent), and by equal percentages of Asian and Hawaiian tive and emotional reasons. Persons close to the female for 5 days, unless there is an indication that the patient women (10 percent); followup services were used in the 132 rape victim may be subject to the same misunderstandings was pregnant prior to the rape. Gynecologic trauma in same percentages as initial visits, suggesting there is not a Medical Management of the Rape Victim. and prejudices concerning rape that are characteristic of curred during sexual assault is in most cases minor and differential utilization of followup services by women of Seltzer/ V. the general public. A common tendency is to react more does not require medical therapy. Occasionally, however, different races. Followup services concentrated on the journal of the American Medical Women's Association to the sexual aspect of the rape than to its violent aspects .. more severe vaginal trauma, usually consisting of vaginal social-psychological rather than physical consequences of 32(4):141, 143-144, April 1977. There may be feelings of resentment and anger toward the rape. Caucasians were more likely than Asian and Hawaii lacerations, require treatment. Trauma to the bladder and Since increasing numbers of rape victims are turning to the victim, although these feelings may be manifested in rectum has also been noted. The physician should explain an women to return for followupc medical examinations directly. These and other responses may reinforce the medical profession for assistance. in recovering from the the reasons for the various procedures and observe the and to be referred to other social agencies in the com victim's sense of humiliation and devaluation. Parents and assault, physicians and emergency room staff should patient for short- and long-term psychological symptoms, munity_ These results indicate that women from different siblings of rape victims may experience a sense of shock, develop relevant therapeutic skills.' An effective interven '. including a temporary or permanent aversion to sex, acute racial groups differ in thelr problems and trauma stemming helplessness, rage, or physical revtilsion that parallels the tion protocol would provide for a quiet area for interviews or chronic anxiety, or paranoia. If no female physician is from rape, and in their treatment needs. Rape crisis treat responses of the victim herself. The involvement of mates with victims and means of obtaining an accurate history available, a female volunteer sensitive to the problem ment centers in multi-ethnic communities shOUld be sensi and family members in counseling interventions designed of the assault via open-ended questions and the consent tive to the differences among the women they serve and to help rape victims is critical. There are four ways in should be present. of the patient to gynecological. and physical.examination. offer an array of sen./ices suited to thG ethnic mixes in their which counselors can promote involvement: by en Al! procedures should be explained to the patient. The (1J communities. Data tables and footnotes are included. couraging open expre;sion by mates and family in-embers patient should not bathe prior to the examination; if she 130 (NCJRS) of their responses to the crisis; (2) by facilitating cognitive Hhnicity and Rape Impact: The Responses of Women has bathed, a notation concerning this fact· should be understanding of what the rape experience actually repre From Different Ethnic Backgrounds to Rape and to recorded. Specimens should be collect~d from all areas of sents to the victim; (3) by educating the people close to Rape Crisis Treatment Services in Hawaii. 131 penetration. Antibiotic therapy s~ould be provided .for the victim about the nature of her crisis, thereby helping Ruch, O. and Chandler, S. M. How to Handle the Rape Victim. patients who have been expo.sed to venereat disease, and L. them to anticipate future psychological and somatic prob 27:52-67, 1979. Schiff, A. F. tetanus shots should be provided to lacerated viciims who Socia! Process in Hawaii lems; and (4) by providing direct counseling services to Southern Medical journal 71(5):505-515, May 1978. have not been recently innoculated. The use of diethylstil individual family members whose personal responses are bestrol (to induce abortion) is almost never warranted. Research was conducted comparing women from distinct so profound as to affect their ability to cope adaptively. Victims should be referred to psychologists, psychiatrists, ethnic backgrounds in Hawaii--Caucasian, Asian, and Procedures to follow in examining and treating rape vic A list of references is included. (NC)RS) Hawaiian--who were the victims of sexual assaults to de tims and for collecting testimonial evidence when the as or social workers for counseling and ,to any other com termine if women from different racial groups suffer differ sailant is apprehended and the crime becomes a legal case munity resources available to rape victims. 8 references. ent types and levels of rape impact, and if they ask for or are described. With the increase in the incidence of rape, 135 receive differential medical or legal treatment. Data were it is imperative that physicians acquaint themselves with Catholic Virtue and Female Sexuality: Additional collected by interviewing 182 of the 212 women treated the care and treatment of rape victims. Physicians must 133 Trauma for Sexual Assault Victims. , at Honolulu's rape crisis treatment center over a 14- offer comprehensive care, including physical examina Rape <;ounseling: A Model for Sensitizing and. Train Vraney, M. W. month period. About one-half of the women returned for tions, collection and preservation of laboratory speci ing Helpers. Counseling and Values 25(3):169-177, April 1981. followup counseling and medical services. Women were mens, treatment of injuries, treatment of psychological Silver, S. M. and Stonestreet, S. D. interviewed shortly after the assaults, about 2 weeks after trauma, prevention of disease, and prevention of pregnan Personnel and Guidance journal 56(5):283-~87, January 1978. Studied how Catholic ~~.g.Jien who have experienced sex the assaults, and whenever they contacted the center dur cy. There are general and specific physical examinations. ual assault not only hi\-ye't0 deal with society's negative ing the following yelr. The type of rape impact was mea General examinations involve the body as ,whole, exclu a A woman who is raped needs factual information con reactions but an additid,!C!1 guilt instilled by religious edu sured by asking the victims how they were feeling and if sive of genital or anal areas. Examiners search for obvious cerning hospital and legal procedures and an emotional cation. Proposes that re;lit~'bUS values have traditionall}, they had any concerns or worries at. the time; answers signs of trauma or violence, such as abrasions, bruises, support system to help her focus feelings into productive ignored male responsibilF . Suggests counselors may find were categorized .into broad categories, such as anger contusions, lacerations, scratches, bites, rope imprints, channels. This art!dedescribes a training and outreach bibliotherapy an effectiVE \' ervention tool in these cases. toward the assailant, fear for personal safety, anxiety to stains or any other marks which could be attributed to the program combining r;:l~\e simulation, film, lecture, and ex (ERIC) \,'\1 ward the judicial process, etc. Level of rape impact was rape incident. Specific examinations concentrate on the periential discussion to stimulate thought/ action, and in determined by interviewing the crisis center workers particular organ involved and the extent of injury is deter creased awareness. (ERIC) about the emotional states of the victims; the states of the mined and described. In children and teenagers, it is im 136 victims were evaluated through behavioral, emotional, portant to determine if the hymen is present, intact, and Psychology and Violence Against Women: Psychoth and cognitive criteria, and measured on a six-point scale. uninjured; recentlYfuptured or injured; or absent. A 134 erapy Issues. Most of the women reported that they felt fear during the 'search must be made for any foreign material. The final Shining the Crisis of Rape: Coun~eling the Mates and Walker; L. E. assault (71 percent of them), while 38 percent of them report of specific examinations is predicated on the as Families of the Victims. Paper presented at the American Psychological Associa also experienced a feeling of helplessness, and 31 percent sumption that the assailant was not impotent, did not Silverman, D. C. tion Division 29, Psychotherapy~ MidWinter Conference, felt anger toward the assailant. Helplessness was recalled withdraw before orgasm, had not had a vasectomy, and American journal of Orthopsychiatry 48(1 l:166-173, Mexico City, March 1979, 7p., 1979. most often by Asian and Hawaiian women. Asian and did not wear a condom. The treatment of rape victims January 1978. Available from: NC)RSj Accession No. 059573. 42 43 --~------.------.- Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Victim Services Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Victim Services can Psycholagical Assaciation (BBth Moncr I b Current psychotherapy theories and practices are exam special traumas and needs of raped female children, older Q Can~da, September 1-5, 19BO), 23 ~., 19B~.a, ue ec, 141 ined and found to have sexist biases which interfere with wamen, and males, in additian to. the demagraphics and Available from: ERIC; Order No. ED-199 5.B2. Rape: A Family Crisis. adequate treatment of battered women, especially rape statistics of sexual victimalagy. Society and the victim's White, P. N. and Rallins, J. c. and incest victims. Therapies considered include (1) psy family are dealt with in terms af responses to. an act af rape Few c?u~·seling -:ervices are available to or utilized b Family Relations 30(1): 103-109, January 19B 1. choanalytical, dynamic, insight-oriented therapies and and the resulting disruption af relationships. Intervention rape Victims, which implies that many women t . y ego psychology; (2) humanistically-oriented therapies in measures are autlined in chapters devated to the specific stead t th· '" I urn. In- , 0 elr sacla netwarks for suppart. Research rt b _ cluding client centered, existentialism, Gestalt,· and other helping professions, including palice reporting procedures ture suggests that a~xi.ety is reduced and caping skill's\'~~e Rap~ is a crisis shared by the victim and her family Tn reaction is influenced by cultural view<; experientially based therapies; and (3) social learning and and investigatian behaviar and attitudes, emergency enht~ced when a victim uses I~er interpersonal social net f~mtly's su~h a~ behavior therapies. The first group of therapies is criti medical assessment and assistance, victim advacates' in wor ~:>r. support. Unfartunatlcly, many wamen have the viewing rape as sex rather than violence. Ad~ptive re cized for (1) creating assumptions that support the victim valvement, and social wark in aftercare programs. Much same attlt~des toward rape that are held by saciet i €' spanses'~an be supparted b}, open expression education and family, as well as individual counseling. '(ERIC) , precipitation proposition, (2) for thereby becoming a se of the" emphasis is an preventive measures; thus, com that rape IS pr~cipita~ed by the victim, and they ar:'h~si;~ cond form of violence against these women, and (3) for munity education is deemed a vital aspect of responsibili tant to. tell persons In their sacial netwarks about their using male centered terms to describe women's behavior ties carried by sacial workers, counselors, schoo.l nurses, a~s~ult. Data from a rape crisis center revealed that most 142 ana feelings. A Denver, Colo., based therapy program's (lnd other professianals. Incest, a unique form of sexual VICttrT~S ~Ianned to tell at least one ather persan about the Desensitization and Negative Practice to finding that 35 percent of their clients experience wife abuse, is discussed in terms af the psych asocial dynamics inCident and that a significant relatianship existed S~stematic ~ape A fer the Aftereffects of a Rape Attempt beating and incest is cited to support the assertion that the af this phenamenan and identificatian and therapeutic etween plans to. tell athers and subsequent success in Walff, R. • two problems overlap in families and that victims, both intervention techniques. Further, case initiatian, prepara. fallow~p ~?uns~ling. The results suggest that the famil mother and daughter, are often too terrified to act. It is tian, and trial procedures are delineated, and the special has a Significant Impact an rape victims; family member~ ~o(~r)~4a2/30f4B2ehavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry . - 5, December~ 977. recommended that analytically based wards (frigid, cas problem areas for sexual assault cases are identified. Final a~e. mos~ o!t~n turne~ to for Supp~rt, yet are the most trating, etc.) be removed fram therapists' vacabularies ly, detailed guidelines for planning an integrated com difficult indiViduals ~I~h .whom to discuss the rape. For and that victims nat be blamed. The secand group of munity strategy to. cambat rape are affered through a most women,. the crl~IS Intervention contact is fhe anly \A case stU?Y. of a 20-year-ald woman who, 7 years earli~r therapies is criticized far (1) subtly blaming the victim, (2) warking model pf one city's effarts to. improve interven ~ontact she Will expenence with a trained counselar. It is ~as the vlc~lm af a r~~e a.ttempt demonstrates the valu~ trying to. change the victim, and (3) encouraging women tion and management services rendered to victims of rape Impart~nt that the caunselor, in addition to. offerin ,\J systema~lc desenSitization and negative practice far to feel campassian far their attacker, thereby preventing and sexual assault. lIIustratians, tables, chapter nates with pra:esslonal caunseling, encourage the victim to use he~ t~r(eatlng subJe~ts who are afraid af being alone at night and necessary expressian af pain and rage. Use of therapy to references, and graphs are supplied. (NCjRS) sac~al network fqr suppart. The new emphasis on the v\:ho compulSively search their apartments for rapists. The advacate elimination of inequality between the sexes is ~ach,al support system' af the victim can help the woman y;,~ma\was unable tqidiscuss her feelings about the rape recammended. The third graup af therapies is also criti In er recavery process. (ERIC) Wen s e consulted a psychiatrist shartly after the rape cized far its sexist biases, which, althaugh less readily 138 ha~d occurred. Subsequently, she formed a strong dislike apparent than in the ather groups af theories, can reduce Counseling Rape Victims. 140 for men, but gradually began dating; policemen were h"'r motivation far change as well as optians far changes, and preterre~ dating partners. The systematic de5ensitizati~n Watts, D. L. Co~nseling Sexual Assault Victims: A Loss Model can produce cagnitive distartions and ematianal distress Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Wh,stan, S. K. • ~rol_ess Inv~lved weekly training in deep muscle relaxa t~an,and rev~ews of re.cards that the client kept on haurs in the women treated. However, psychotherapy, despite Peisannel and Guidance Assaciation (Chicago, Illinois, Personnel and GuidancejournaI59(6)·363_366 F b its sexist bias, can be a useful treatment for battered wom April 11-14, 1976), 14 p., 1978. 19B1.' ., e ruary s h~t each night. Routine desensitization proceeded with en. Recammendatians indude"develapment af (1) femi Available from: ERIC; Order No. ED-159 515. ~I IE!{~rchY af threat7ning situations extending from being nist therapy philasaphy; (2) use af wamen therapists; (3) Q an~: In the ap~rtme~t through hearing strange naises in A personal loss madel for treating rape victims provides h understanding and careful releasing af pawerful feelings, t e clpartment IO being awakened by an .obscene tele The psychalogical treatment. af rape victims is c{)mplicat a means o~ dealing with rape through the stages of grief and regaining feelings of bodily control and self worth by phont~ caller who threatened to rape the client By tha d ed due to. the nature of the crime; the trauma which may an9mournlng. ~ach rape victim experiences a lass of her the battered waman; and (4) personal work by women unique perspective af self-identity. Myths suggesting that 0: thEl fourth week the patient's insamnia wa·s gan;· ~he occur in four main areas af the victim's life (social, emo h:erarchy was at the end of the seventh victims of violence, individually or through palitical ar wbha are. raped to. be attacked promate guilt ~ampleted ~eek. tianal, physical and sexual); community agency invalve :n~me~f ~is~ Negat:i,ve practice, Involving repetition af the Com ulsive community organizations, taward a just and fair saciety. se. - ,I~me In the victims and encaurage rejection References and charts are nat included. (NCjRS) ment and treatment, if any; and the sacietal attitude that behaVior far mare often than was desired by the p places the blame an the victim. Therapists, in treating rape fr~m Significant athers. The effects an the victim are Prov I ff t· . I·· . waman heightened by the lass of security, sense of control and ec e ec Ive In e Imlnating the compulsive behavio/ victims, must have an awareness of possible ramificatians Fdallowl\IPS at 6, 12, and 24 manths after treatment indicat 137 and must be prepared to. deal with them in the clbunseling sense, af sexual iden~ity. These losses provide time,' per e no relapse. 7 references. Rape and Sexual Assault--Management and Interven relationship. This paper facuses on the mani( aspects that spectl.ve, and obscun.ty forthe rape victim. Although the tion. - therapists must cansider in treating a sexual assault victim ~eanlng af ea~h loss IS uniq:ue to each victim, each victim Warner, C. G. and describes common therapeutic isslles and strategies \ o~ld recogntze the lasses and the particular meaning af 143, e .ta her. The persanallass, model proceeds from Rackville, Md., Aspen Systems, 366 p., 1980. that can be emplayed. Special circumstances such as a ~ ~s.se5 Sexual. ~l~ssault: Rape and Molestation. Identlflcatlan of losses in breaking thraugh the veneer of client in ongoing thera.py who discloses a rape that had B. A:; Evans, R.; and Bradbury, M. D. normalcy that immediately follaws the assault, through W?~dh~l:g, J. This book presents a comprehensive and cantemparary previously nat been acknawleged is addressed. These as Climcal Obstetncsand Gynecology 20(3)·509-530 S exploratlan a~ aptions that wauld restare the victim's tember 1977 . ., ep- view of rape and sexual assault and reveals sacial science pects are illustrated with case material. (ERIC) , . and bialagical research that pravide a framewark for in se~se af secunty and examination of the social isalation ~n :ense af. guilt and lass af sexual identity and self I navative methods af assistance to victims. Fallawing a 139 This artis'le discusses the complex problems phy .. histarical perspective an rape and rape laws is a series of Identl~y resulting fram rape, to. integiation of the victim's must f . d· h 51 clans The R~,pe Victim and Her Social Support System. . . ac~, url.ng. t .e farensic evaluation af sexual assault chapters highlightir18 different types af rape and sexual ~xpenence and sexual and self-identity. The overall result Webb, C. IS a sense af growth in the victim. victims. ~I bas~c inSight into rape as a legal entity is deve assault victims. Individual chapters ar~ devoted to. the Paper presented at the Annual Canventipn of the Ameri- laped and vanous facets af rape explared. These include 44 45 -.~~--~~~ .... ------~------_r------______.- ._-...... :-- j."' ~~.- I:;; (,,;;-t-- '.' Community Intf-.vention Approaches, Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rap'e Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Community Intervention Approaches the statistical incidences of sexual assault, types of assail for use in the emergeVlCY department contains a patient ants, characteristics and preassault patterns of. victim record form, prescription form, and laboratory slips; all projects' strengths and weaknesses is presented in section Available from: GPO; Stock No. 027-000-00619-1. behavior, and physical injuries and emotional trauma as forms are precoded so that the victim cannot be identi 3 .an~ sUPporti~g data, .project forms and exemplary ap sociated with sexual assault. The article emphasizes the fied. The community has been made aware of the pro phc~tlon materials are .In the appendix. The primary ob interview and examination of sexual assault victims. A gram through a number of articles published in local Jective of th~ ~enter IS to decrease the psychological Since the in.itial p~lice contact is the most important trauma for victims of sexual assaults, leading to greater physician' must always provide comprehensive P?tient newspapers, flyers, and speeches to professional and source of eVidence. In a rape case, this manual has been rapport and cooperation with law enforcement and care and appropriate postassault care. A complete history community groups. During the first 4 months of the pro developed to aid police officers with interviews evidence must be obtained and precisely recorded, an examination gram, the number of rape victims seen in the emergency prosec~torial agencies and ultimately resulting in an in gathering, and suspect apprehension. Most ~f the evi crease In the number of convictions for rape and sexual performed, and appropriate samples collected and dis department was 52 percent higher than ~he numb~r s.een ?enc~ necessary for successful prosecution of a rape case offenses .. T.he project staff consists of a project patched for evidence. The patient's trauma must be eva in comparable months during the preceding year. SImilar assaul~ IS available .only at time of preliminary investigation; this coordinator, a Victim contact worker a secretary and a luated and injuries classified as to time and probable ly the number of victims returning for folldwup care has puts a speCial burden on the patrol officer responding to special prosecutor {available on an needed basis). The cause. Both must be correlated with sexual assault. The ri;en from 8 percent before implementation of the pro a; the call. The most important source of information will be Sexual Assault Care Center grant has shown significant record of every forensic examination can be expected to gram to 86 percent. the int~rv!~w with the Victim. Techniques for evaluating be used in a potential court case, and physicians must progress in the areas of inter-agency coordination and the rehablhty of the testimony, psychological problems anticipate they will be subpoenaed to verify and justify the cooper~tion, victim services provision, criminal justice peculiar to rape investigations, and methods for establish statements. The physician must also realize that under the processing of sexual C'issault cases, and organizational ing rapport are discussed. Special techniques are given for 145 development and community education. While much of discovery laws of most States, the defense attorney re Helping Victims of Rape. interviewing the elderly, adolescents, and children. Be ceives copies of all written reports, including the physi the project is designed to assist the sexual assault victim cause nearly hal~ of all victims are under age 20, legal Abarbanel, G. the most significant progress, in relation to LEAA goals i~ cian's (l.nd may also have access to the physician's Social Work 21 (6):478-482, November 1976. problems arise With medical examinations of victims and infor~al notes and comments. Whether rape occurred is the 37 percent increase in reporting of rape cases and the notification of parents, especially parents of adolescents. decrease of case "dropout" from 94 percent to 63 per a legal issue for the courts to decide and is not a medical cent. (NqRS) Fo~ very you~g childien, it is often wise to use specially diagnosis. A checklist or fill-in sheets, with space for ap This paper describes the needs of the rape victim, presents trained interviewers. Rape crisis centers and hospitals can propriate comments, is necessary for collecting the medi guidelines for development of a hospital-based rape treat als.o help with interviewing by filling in missing bits of cal history, recording the findings, and noting what ment service and describes the major components ot an 147 eVlde~ce .. Close cooperation between police and such established r~pe treatment program. It is noted that the specimens are collected. Sexual assault patient victims Seattle (W A): Rape Reduction Project· Exemplary Pro- agencies IS urged. Search techniques and methods of require a specialized evaluation both for their own well rape victim's needs include the following: in!ormation on ject VaHdation Report. ' generatin~ a pool of suspects are discussed, including the how to obtain medical, mental health, SOCial, and legal being and for assistance in preparation of a possible prose Abt ASSOciates, Inc., Cambridge, Mass. use C?f heh~oPters, radio, and tracking dogs. Rape brings cution if arrest is made. Tabular data are included and a services; immediate medical care; immediate follow-up Ca~bridge, Mass., Abt ASSOciates, 122 p., 1976. specl~1 police p~oblems. Because news media are usually list of references appended. (NCJRS) counseling; skilled treatment by police and medical per Available from: NCJRS; Accession No. 040102. very Interested In rape cases, policies have to be deve sonnel; support from significant others; and legal assist lope? for dealing with r~porters. In addition, many com ance. Guidelines are offered for development of a Exemplary project validation report of a program which mUnity groups ~ant police speakers on the subject. Rape program which would satisfy these needs through central cases also require unusually close cooperation with the com.bines and coordinates two rape-oriented community ized medical and social services and easy availability. The prosecuting attorney. The patrol officer should not only service pmgrams - the Rape Relief Project and the Sexual program of the Santa Monica Hospital Medica.1 Center is follow established guidelines, he also should be en Assault Center. Together, these projects provide hotline COMMUNITY INTERVENTION APPROACHES described. Among the program features conSidered are couraged to suggest ways to improve handling of rape I' those of information dissemination, medical care, staff and. followup crisis counseling to meet initial and long cases. (NCJRS) training, coordination with other age~cies, community term victim needs; medical care and treatment intended education, and program evaluation. (Nc:JRS) to serve the victim's immediate needs and preserve the necessary evidence for successful prosecution' communi 144 149 City-County Hospital Contract Provides Free Care for ty .a~d pro'~essional education and training pr~grams; and a hals(;>n With Seattle's law enforcement and prosecutorial R~pe Crisis Centers: An Arena for Ideological Con Rape Victims. 146 fhcts. Hospitals 50(20):44-45, October 16, 1976. agencies. The project's history, design, and organization Polk County (IA): Rape-Sexual Assault Care Center and administraHpn are described, and it is rated on the Amir, D. and Amir, M. Exemplary Project Validation Report. exe~plary project selection criteria of measurability, goal Victimology 4(2):247-257, 1979. Abt Associates, Inc., Cambridge, Mass. A program at. the Bernalillo County Medical Center in ach!evement, efficiency, replicability, and accessibility. Cambridge, Mass., Abt Associates, 70 p., 1976. Albuquerque, New Mexico, treats 80 percent of the coun Project strengths and weaknesses are identified. A com of service and social critique can Available from: NCJRS; Accession No. 035031. parative summary of this project and the Des Moines (lA) Ideolo~ical que~tion: ty's reported rape victims. The center staff and its rape determine the direction of a rape crisis center, cause staff contact team developed a contract with local city and Rape-Sexual Assault Care Center is also ·"presented. (NqRS) conflict, and .affect treatment of the client. The ideological county officials stipulating that each time a rape victim This project provides medical and social services to rape !eatures of rape crisis centers as a grass~oots phenomenon arrives at the hospital for medical treatment, the city or victims, aids criminal justice personnel in the investigation In the 1970's are described and analyzed in light of their county, depending on the location of the assault, is billed '. and prosecution of sexual assault offenders and provides 148 communi~y and so~ial backgrounds. The special pro $50 by the medical center. The bill covers all routine the community with rape education programs. 5ection1 Forcible Rap~: A Manual for Patrol Officers; Police cesses which led to different organizational characteristics medical costs of emergency department care as well as of this report presents ~ project overview, including info~ Volume 2. , and service delivery among various centers are also de the cost of two followup visits to the Family Practice mation relative to the project's history, deSign, and orgam Albi, F. J. and Schram, D. D. scribed. Because of lack of summarized and published Clinic. The service encourages victims to report assaults zation, while section 2 provides a discussion of the five data, a study•. on centers in the United States and Canada and offers more humane care. A special packet devised Seattle, Wash., Battelle Memorial Law and Justice Study exemplary proj«;cts selec;:tion criteria. A summary of the Center, 52 p., 1978. ~as con?ucted, with information gathered through inter f': vlews.wlth center staff members, analysis of published 46 47 " '~\! . .--~ ... -. - _. ~----~.. ,.-.~..--~~.~~.~~..-- ...---.-...... -"... :--'-;-'---.---~.- . - -- a - .- .~---=- ~ --"'::'.:1 t'f-." f • Community Intervention Approaches Rape Prevention a.nd Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Community Intervention Approaches information, and personal observation. The centers' cha This paper identifies common finding~ emerging from re racteristics and services were studied from a framework of search studies on the rape crisis, stressing their program additional possible causes for changes in prosecution their sources, processes of institutionalization, .creation of and policy implications for the roles played by the various ratios. The age, race, and income of the victim and adult women, generally defined as the carnal knowledge internal structures, and development of services. The cen helping systems. The systems identified as having integral whether the victim knew the rapist will be used as'addi of a female through the use of force or threat of force by ters direct services to victims, public education, pr~vide roles to play in providing services to rape victims are tional input variables to determine possible changes in the a male other than her husband. The bnok is divided into collective action which raises a critique on society's ap health care agencies, the police, social and mental health four sections: "The Police Response," "The Response of type of individual who reports rapes. Subjective responses proach to women and rape victims. Centers combine this agencies, prosecutors and courts, and women's groups. It Medical Facilities," "The Response of Prosecutors' Of of women ser/ed by the program and victim responses to critique with negotiations and actions to change norms, is concluded that the traumatic effect of the act of rape a posttreatment questionnaire will also aid in program fices," and the /Response of Citizens' Action Groups." laws, and serVice arrangements. The ideological argument upon the victim that has been established by research evaluation. Figures are induded. (NCjRS) The material presented in each is based upon the findings within a particular crl~ls center may focus on the balance studies requires that relevant helping systems change both of national surveys conducted among each of these four of priorities between'{jl'rect service and social critique. In attitudes and operational procedures if the victim's suffer groups, with special emphasis placed on agencies that spite of these internal differences, the centers all deve ing and psychological damage is not to be compounded. 153 have begun innovative changes in their approach to cases loped ways to minimize the strife and execute their pro Strategies for change to effectively serve victims are ou of rape. Each section presents findings from these nation grams. Among the common ideologies discussed are the tlined. References are included. (NCjRS) Wilmington (DE): Rape Aid and Coordination Pro wide surveys and then suggests guidelines for others seek gram Project Evaluation. occurrence of rape as the outcome of a male dominated ing ways to improve their procedures in such Crises. Blindman, S. M. world, rape as a women's issue to be dealt with only by Insights gained from monitoring rape victim proje:cts or women, and the assumption that women must be trained Wilmington, Delaware Criminal Justice Planning Commis innovations underway in six jurisdictions are presentt':'d,jn sion.17 p., 1975. in self-defense rather than rely only on the protection of 152 Appendix V. A basic finding in these studies was thadbe men. References are included. (NCjRS) Model for Evaluation: Design for a ~ape Counseling Available from: NCjRS; Accession No. 018498. function of police departments, hospitals, prosecutors, Program. courts, and citizen groups are highly interdependent. (ER Bennett, J. R. IC) An assessment of this project which provides a 24-hour Child Welfare 56(6):395-400, June 1977. 150 infor.mation service to rape victims/ gives psychological, Oregon--Corrections Impact Program: Field Services medlcii , and legal aid to rape victims/ and disseminates rape and rape prevention informatipn to the community. Project-~Evaluation Report. A time-series evaluation model is desc;-ibed as it will be ' This project wa,s also intended to improve police com 155 Baker, D. B.; Black~ T. E.; Johnson, G. H.; and Hill, H. L. applied to a rape counseling and; community education munity relations and encourage rape victims to report the A Community Response to Rape: Polk County ~ape Sacramento, Calit, American Justice institute, 182 p., program. The importance of evaluation to program ad Sexual Assault Care Center, Des Moines, Iowa; An 1976. ministration is emphasized. The rape counseling program crime to the police. The project volunteer recruitment, training, and accomplishments are discussed. Coopera Exemplary Project. Available from: NCjRS; Accession No. 038989. is a three-part program designed to assist the victim Bryant, G. and Cirel, P. through crisis or long-term counseling, to educate police tion between the Wilmington Medi~al Center and the Rape Crisis Center of Wilmington (RCCW) was achieved. Cambridge/ Mass./ Abt Associates, 204 p., March 1977. and medical personnel as weB as other professionals who After an initial period of communications breakdown be Available from: GPO; Stock No. 027-000-00485-7 .. Evaluation of a Portland service project that was designed work with rape victims, and to educate. the community tween the police and RCCW, positive attitude develop to reduce the incidence of homicide, rape, robbery, ag about rape. All three parts of the program are interrelated; ment and cooperation was initiated between the two gravated assault, and-burglary among parolees and proba by offering education and support services, rape reports groups •.It was found that project records and data collec tioners with records of such crimes. After a presentation and prosecutions should increase. In addition to using the In Polk County, lowa,criminal justice agencies and con tion were inadequate, and it is recommended that these" of the evaluation goals, the operational procedure and report-prosecution ratio as a final outcome measure, a cerned citizens work together to lessen the burden on the procedures be improved. In addition, the appointment of environment evolving from the field services program im number of intervening variables lend themselves to rape victim and to increase the chance of ultimate convic a paid coordinator to direct volunteer activities is suggest tionand sentencing in rape and sexual assault cases. The plementation are described briefly, giving initial observa evaluation. These include better interagency cooperation, ed. (NCjRS) tions on the effectiveness of project opeiations. better understanding of J;;~gal and medical processes, in Rape-Sexual Assault Care Center offers medical and social Methodological approaches covered include target popu creased awareness of theibroblems of victims, better treat supportive services to victims, aids law enforcement and lation definitions, outcome criteria, measurement of client ment of rape victims, a/ld a higher proportion of rapists criminal justice personnel in the investigation and prose performance, data collection, and statistical or other prosecuted. The responsibility of the evaluation rests ,with 154 cution of sexual assault offenders, and educates the public methods used in lieu of experimental designs. The major the agency director who will use the evaluation in deter Rape and Its Victims: A Report for Citizens, Health and professional community about rape and sexual as area of concern in the report is the relation of the project's mining problem areas, reshaping the program, and in .ap Facilities, and Criminal Justice Agendes; A Prescrip sault Since the center was created, impressive improve performance to' the objectives outlined in the grant ap plications to the agency:s,'fundjng board. The evaluation tive Package. ments have been seen in police clearance ra.tes for rape plicatIon. A statistical breakdown of the characteristics of is intended primarily for use at the. end of a year's opera Brodyaga, L., et al. . cases, in willingness of victims to press charges, and in the clients served is provided in numerous tables, af)d tables tion. To evaluate final program outcome, the a~ency ob Washington, D.C., U.S. Law Enforcement Assistance Ad- rate of convictions. This booklet contains chapters on Pro indicating evaluation testing results appear in the appen- tained report-prosecution ratios for the 5 yearsPIior to ministration/ 339 p'/ November 1975. - ject. Development and Organization, Victim Services dix. . program implementation (1970-1974). The regression of Available from: ERIC; Order No. ED-120 612. Coordinatio!:l, Criminal Justice Support, Community Edu the prosecution ratio was found in order to determine the cation, and R~sults and Costs. (ERIC) best fit or best slope through the 5 preceding years, and This book is addressed to police administrators, hospital this figure became the expected value for the 1975 prose 151 administrators/ prosecutors/ and citizens involved in com cution ratio. The difference between this expected value munity action who are prepared to re-examine their.agen Rape Victim: Challenge to the Helping Systems. 156 and the actual prosecution ratio can then be defined as cies' response to cases of rape. It provides information Bard, M. Rape: Guidelines for a Community Response. program effect. Other variables will be measureCi to ex and analysis to spark such a review and outlines sugges Victimology 1(2):263-271, Summer 1976. Carrow/ D. M. piain changes over the program year an~, to help identify tion.s for coping problems that commonly hinder wit~. Cambridge, Mass., Abt Associates, Inc., 285 p., 1980. change. discussion is confined to rape of Th~ forcibl~\ Available from: NCjRSi Accession No. 059807 ". 48 49 '. '.j"' ~- 9~, ... _," s.' ".(j .a .- i - •• '"'' frir' (;' '.', ,_~. ~""~ __ ~ •• -'- L • ____ ~~. __ ... ~._._~.~~._ ~ II ~ Community Intervention Approaches Rape Prevention and Services to Rape· Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Community Intervention Approaches Based on two information sources--LEAA-sponsored rape This report summarizes the components of an effective than 500,OOOi between 100,000 and 500,OOOi between This article describes the problems and research and a survey of 31 rape crisis programs, this community response to rape, defines the activities and 50,000 and 100,000; and between 25 000 and 50 000' need~/ofsexual assault in rural areas, discusses how those prob community response program model describes the com 'approaches whicl1 seem to be most effective, and pro county agencies with more than 95 pe;sonnel' and 'cam~ vic~ims lems negatively affect the rural justice system outlines a ponents and activities comprising an effective rape re vides guidilnce on issues and pitfalls. It highlights the ma pus ~oli~e with ~ore than 60 personnel). Th~ responses sponse. Since the early 1970's the emergence of rape jor findings of a comprehensive National Institute of prOVide I.n!ormatl?n a?out the agencies' general policies model rural rape ~risis cen~er in operation in MiSSissippi, offers suggestions for Improvmg the quality of rural crisis centers, improved hospital treatment of rape vic Justice-sponsored program models report on this topic. an~ speCifiC practices In the following nine areas: classifi ~nd. Justice. Although rural and urban rape victims share many tims, and enhanced prosecutorial filing procedures have Over the decade of the 1970's, the growth of rape crisis C~tIO~ methods, fac~ors i~volve? with rape, processing and problems, the lack of anonymity and confiden lessened the plight and trauma of rape victims. However, centers has been instrumental in coordinating a communi c:lterla,. proc~du!es In takmg crime reports, victim ser ~e:ds tiality can be a great problem in rural areas. Pressure not an effective community response to rape requires integra ty response to rape. The goals of such a response include vlc.e~, investigative ~trategies, prosecutive outcomes, to the crime to press charges many be exerted tion and coordination of these types of services, as is implementing a lJublic education .program, developing tramlng me~hods, and Innovative activities. Responses are repo~ 0: by membE!fs In an effort to maintain the social discussed in this program moQel. Its five essential ele victim-oriented procedures throughout the community, presented In data tables with narrative explanations ~alrilly (NCjRS) .. fabnc of the community. Problems of objectivity exist in ments--victim services, rape cris,;; centers, criminal justice and improving criminal justice procedures. Information rural victims with unchaste reputations or response, medical service response, and public educa for the program model, designed to assist the effort, was ~ourts, ~here who live the community may find it difficult to tion--are described along with implementation and opera drawn from research on the topic of sexual assault and an out~lde prosecute or convict a local male. Another major problem tion issues, such as staffing requirements, use of extensive telephone survey conducted in late 1978 of 31 159 IS few .areas have the finances to support a volunteers, organization affiliation, referral arrangements, rape crisis programs operating throughout the United th~t rur~1 !reatment of Rape Victims in the Metropolitan Wash rape cnsls the number of rapes may not and procedural or/;;'Jns. Ideally, victim serviCeS should States. The program model emphasizes that many com ~ull~tlme centeri mgton Area. Justify a center's establishment. A rape crisis center, which include 24-hour htJtiine service with direct access to munities could direct their resources toward an improved Conrad, K. F. began as part of the regional community mental health trained counselors for crisis intervention, provisions for response to rape. Communities should begin with a care Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Washington Council of center in MiSSissippi, built on existing resources. In this long-term counseling, escort services, and advocacy ser ful needs assessment and should plan Oil at least the fol Governments, 68 p., 1976. center, skilled mental health professionals form a team vices. Rape crisis centers can operate independently, or in lowing basic services: victim services, including hotlines, comprised entirely of females to provide com affiliation with the prosecutor's office, a mental health crisis intervention, and third-party reportingi criminal jus al~ost munity education, to train outreach workers to advise service,. medical services, police department, private tice services, including adequate standardized procedures of rape victims by hospitals, police, prosecu Treatm~nt hea!th and personnel, and 'to provide agencies, or local government agencies. W0rking in con for investigating and prosecuting rape cases; compassion offices,. mental health and specialized ser com~~nity !e~al t~r's fa~ilities, speclallze~ ~ervlces to victims. Overcoming suspicion of junction with the rape crisis centers, the criminal justice ate and effective medical servicesi and public education vices .for rape victims in the Washington, D.C., area is and oppos~tlon ~o a new service is accomplished through agencies and medical services should provide adequate that emphasizes prevention. Legal issues that must be deSCribed, and recommendations are made. A special information and training to staff regarding the physical and dealt with include the redefinition of rape, since codes in a ~ommunlty one~ted effort I?ased on the existing consul task force of the Metropolitan Washington Council of tation and education component of the regional mental psychological needs of rape victims as well as the eviden most States are too narrow in focus, elimination of the Governments surveyed treatment of rape victims in the health program. Nine notes and three references follow tiary needs of the criminal justice system; standard proce corroboration requirement, exclusion of evidence of prior Distri~t o~ Columbia, Prince Georges and Montgomery the text. (NCjRS) dures that reflect this awareness can be effective. Public sexual conduct, (!.nd restriction of cautionary instructions Counties m Maryland, and Arlington Alexandria and educatlon efforts can playa critical. role in refuting com to the jury. The cost of providing communitywide rape Fairfax Counties in Virginia. It found that as a res'ult of mon myths about the crime of rape and increasing com intervention programs is generally low, and annual budg public campaigns mounted by concerned citizens and 161 munity awareness of rape prevention techniques and .ets of $50,000 or less' are common. Though program size groups, special rape treatment procedures had been set victim services. Public lectures, the media, and special will affec;t budget totals, sizable cost reductions can be Rape on Campus: Community Education and Services up at 9·~· G~neral Hospital and Prince Georges County for Victims. (, education projects directed at minorities are among the achieved if programs use volunteers, mobilize existing General Hospital. The other hospitals used routine emer Estabrook, B., et al. suggE:sted strategies. Examples for a public education community and cri'minal justice resources, and concen gency room procedures or sent victims to hospitals which campaign are included. Major legal issues and recent law trate on instituting low-cost or no-cost procedqra\ im handled rape victims. Seven tape crisis centers were iden Journal of the American College Health Association 27(2):72-74, October 1978. , reforms are discussed. Methods for evaluating rape inter provement in the medical and criminal justice systems' tified, all operating with volunteers and limited funds. vel;ltion programs are presented. The appendixes contain handling of rape. (NCjRS) Recommendations included: (1) better data collection on a list of survey respondents, the survey instrument, sample r~pe including age of victims and circumstancesi (2) adop A rape task force at the University of Massachusetts (Am crisis center forms, sample hospital procedural guides, tion .~f .a l;'Re protocol. by area hospitalsi (3) training in herst) . is ~escribed ~ith priorities including interagency sample data cards, sample, case record forms and other sensltlvl~Y wr thos~ coming into contact with rape victims; 158 coordmatlon, a multiple entry system for victims, support forms, as well as .\1 summary of legislative issues and a (4) public education programs to make area residents for the development of a counselor-advocate program directory of LEAA state planning agency officers. (NCJ RS) Forcible Rape: A National Survey of the Response by aware of the problem; (5) greater coordination among and community education. (ERIC) , Police. met;opolitan jurisdictions in training, exchange of infor- Chappell, D. cmatlon, and referrals of victims. At present treatment Seattle, Wasp., Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers, evidence gathering" and successful prosec~tion are all 162 203 p., 1975. hampered by governmental fragmentation. (NCjRS) A\i 50 51 ·a - .". Community Intervention Approaches Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Community Intervention Approaches companions to rape victims during crisis interventions in they have a case, the victim will be sent to the prosecu the hospital's emergency room. To help the rape victim tor's office and questioned. An accused rapist has the tain ongoing liaison with police, medical personnel, and victim and preserving evidence. A streamlined arraign through the crisis intervention period the volunteer pro option of choosing to be tried by a jury or judge; the other relevant agencies. The Finance Subcommittee's ment procedure eliminates the necessity for a victim to vides information, emotional support; and referral to fol former is usually elected. Very few rape trials result in main purpose is to raise funding. The major thrust of the testify at both a grand jury hearing and then at a trial. lowup care. Prior to program implementation, organizers convictions. Of 21 men who were prosecuted for rape on Commurlity Education Subcommittee is the education of Suspect identification procedures are also considered. met with the emergency room staff, obstetrics-gynecology Oahu in 1975, only three were convicted. Rape victims the public to the violent nature of sexual crimes. The (NCJRS) department, psychiatric emergency service, and depart must be treated for injuries sustained, they should have Publicity Sub~ommittee is responsible for issuing press ment of psychiatry. Members of the latter department, pelvic examinations, diagnostic tests, and treatment releases and public annoupcements of project a,ctivities. who feared that the Pfpgram would undermine their rela which is specifically for the rape. This may include VD Finally, the Crisis Intervention Subcommittee responds to 166 calls, meets with victims, and makes appropriate referrals tionships with the police and district attorney, were least treatment and pregnancy prophylaxis. In order to collect School Crime and Violence: Problems and Solutions. as needed. It is concluded that objectives are being met. cooperative. Volunteers, most of whom had at least legally admissable evidence, semen and sperm specimens Grealy, I. Twenty volunteers have been trained, of whom eleven J. bachelor's degrees, underwent five training sessions over must be collected. Extensive counseling should be given Fort Lauderdale, Fla., Institute for Safe Schools, 363 p., serve as crisis intervention workers. In a l-year period the a 6-week period. The multidisciplinary training program to the victim to help her deal with the emotional trauma 1979. project has received 24 crisis calls. OLthese cases, 83 covered expectations of the volunteers, postrape exami caused by the rape. The attitudes of the health profession Available from: Institute for Safe Schools, Suite 506, 800 percent were reported to the police. One case resulted in nation procedures, police reporting procedures,. court toward rape victims is known to be hostile. Physicians are Broward Blvd., Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33301. room processes, and crisis intervention role playing. often unwilling to get involved because they do not wish a conviction. Refunding is recommended. Two tables are Training also included supervised experiences in the to appear in court. The attitudes of women themselves provided. (NCJRS) emergency room. During the 2 years since the program needs to be changed. There is a stigma attached to rape A planned school security program can help reduce began in August 1974, the program has gained the support which leads people to assume that the rape victim had school crime and vandalism, as this comprehensive and of hospital staff (who have received inservice training been stupid or careless. In order for the problem of rape 165 detailed book on the causes and prevention of school from the program), the district attorney, and the public crime illustrates. The text describes the preliminary report to be confronted, socially accepted norms of male aggres New Treatment for Sex Offense Victims. (who have attended large network of rape prevention a sion and female passivity must be changed. References are Gladden, B. L. of the 1975 Senate Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile classes sponsored by the police). 5 references. included. (NCJ RS) Delinquency, wherein Chairman Senator Birch Bayh of Police Law Quarterly 5(3):17-23, April 1976. Indiana estimates that 70,000 serious physical assaults on teachers occur each year, ranging from the shooting of a 164 school principal by one pupil to the beating of a high 163 Nashua (NH) Area Rape and Assault Committee, Inc.: This article describes and discusses the new procedures being used by the Chicago, ilL, Police Department in deal school math teacher. In addition, the subcommittee's sur Health arid Support Services for Rape Victims on Sexual Assault, Treatment, and Prevention Project- vey of public elementary and secondary school districts Oahu (HI). Evaluation. .. ing with complaints involving sexual offenses. The new procedures are the result of cooperation between the reported hundreds of thousands of assaults on students; Fertel, J. H. Garrell-Michaud, V. ~ over 100 students were murdered in 1973, and school Hawaii Medical Journal 36{l2):385-391, Decer:nber (Concord, N.H.), New Hampshire Governor's Commis Chicago Police Department, the Chicago Hospital Coun cil,the Citizen's Committee for Victim Assistance, and the' authorities confiscated 250 weapons in one t.:rban school 1977. sion on Crime and Delinquency, 13 p., 1978. . district in a single year. The author, one of the subcommit Available from: NCJRS; Accession No. 053407. Cook County State's Attorney's Office. After two years of discussions and studies, a pamphlet entitled "What You' tee's major witnesses, describes the evolvement of a schoof security system in Broward County, Fla., an area The incidence of sex abuse offenses on Oahu and charac Need to Know About Rape" was published with funds obtained from the above agencies and it may be obtained ordered to implement integration of its schools, and out teristics of the victims, their needs, and currently available A detailed description of Mew Hampshire's Nashua Area lines such essential components of the system as job de through anyone of the agencies. The new procedures resources are discussed. The data presented were ob Rape and Assault Committee, a treatment and prevention scriptions, investigative reports, and school system crime offer detailed instructions as to how the police and other tained from the City and County of Honolull1 Police De project, indicates that program objectives are being met; statistics. In addition to providing information on a school concerned persons (e.g., witnesses, hospital attendants partment's statistical reports for 1972, 1973, 1974, and refunding is recommended. The foremost goal of the pro security program that can be adaptep by any school dis and physicians) should deal with a sexual offense from 1975, and from other documents provided by the depart ject is the improvement of the climate for the reporting of trict in the county, regardless of enrollment size, the book beginning to end. Special attention is given to advising ment's Research and Development Division. The term sexual crimes, the prosecution of the offenders, and the gives detailed information on LEAA Crime Prevention how to treat the victim in as humane a fashion as possible, "sex abuse" refers to the offenses of rape, sodomy, incest, treatment of the victims. In order to accomplis~ this goal, Through Environmental Design programs (CPTED) as de how to obtain evidence for purposes of investigation and molestation, and indecent exposure. A total of 164 rapes five objectives were formulated: (1) the education of the signed for four high schools in Broward county and offers prosecution, and how to deal with alleged sex offenders. were reported in 1975, but it is estimated that four times community to increase awareness; (2) the maint~na'Jce of advice on obtaining LEAA funding for school crime pre Expedited judicial procedures designed to minimize vic as many offenses occurred, as rape is one of the most a working relationship with police, medical personnel, vention programs. Final program recommendations by tim suffering are also discussed. New procedures designed underreported crimes. The age distribution of victims is 71 and other significant agencies; (3) the provision of crisis Congress also are given and include early intervention, to improve the effectiveness of investigation include ap percent between .the ages of 15 and 26. The youngest intervention services to sexual assault victims; (4) the alternative education, counseling and guidance, police pointing personnel whose job it is to review cases to iden reported victim during this period was 10 years of age and provision of support and the dispensation of knowledge to school Iic:ison, architectural and design techniques, alter tify crime patterns and to disseminate information thus the oldest was 80 years. The major facility available for families and friends of victims; and (5) the enactment of natives to juvenile detention, and a school security pro optained. The department is also experimenting with vari treatment of victims is the Sex Abuse Treatment Center relevant legislation. As proposed in the grant application, gram. Tabular data are appended. (NCJRS) (SA TC); this is the only facility in the entire State which has the Nashua Area Rape and Assault Committee was broken oLis types of teams, some all female and some consisting spe<;:ialized services aimed at meeting the needs of victims down into five subcommittees: (1) Services Education of men and women, who answer the complaint, escort of sex abuse .. A woman who has been raped may either Subcommittee; (2) Finance SLibcommittee; (3) Communi the victim to the hospital, and follow her through much call the SATC, the police, the suicide and crisis center, or ty Education Subcornmittteei (4) Publidty; and (5) Crisis of the investigative process; it is hoped to red'Jce the 167 the voluntary organization Women Against Rape. The po Intervention Subcdmmittee. The primary function of the number of people to whom the victim must relate her Hotline--Crisis Intervention Directory. lice rape squad will conduct an investigation. If they think Services Education Subcommittee is to develop and m 52 53 ~- - ... Ii o .\.\ Community Intervenfuon Approaches Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Community Intervention Approaches This directory presents listings of over 700 crisis interven 169 mean that lout of every 2.8 women in Los Angeles Coun Hartman, R.; HOltOfl, 0.; Joseph, D.; and Woerner, A. tion agencies throughout the United States, grouped by Patterns of Forcible Rape in Wichita, Kansas--A Case ty, California will be raped at least once in her life. By Columbus, Ohio, Columbus Police Department, 87 p., type of crisis and listed alphabetically by State and city. of the Open System Theory. examining the legal definition and attitudes toward rape, (197-?). The listings cover agencies that provide intervention ser Hageman, M. J. c. and Hastings, C. the service provider can better assess the rape victim's Available from: NCjRS; Accession No. 026007. vices for specific crisis situations such as rape, suicide, Journal of Police Science and Administration 6(3):318- needs. Under California law, for a crime to be considered spouse abuse, and child abuse, as well as other, general 323, September 1978 .. rape, vaginal penetration must have occurred, the victim service crisis agencies. Each entry gives the name, ad must be female and not the wife of the accused, and there This report includes information on the rape problem in dress, and telephone number of the program; its sponsor must be proof of the victim's lack of prior knowledge of Columbus Ohio, national and local statistics on rape, de Patterns found among 159 rape cases in Wichita, Kans., arid affiliation with other slervice agencies; and the ser the act or lack of consent. Public attitudes towards rape scriptions of current police land court procedures in rape are examined; the criminal justice outcome is traced; and vices offered, hours of operation,~nd qualifications of the have helped perpetuate a number of myths about rape: cases, and proposals for improvement. After describing suggestions are made for "open system" handling involv staff. Centers which have a hotline are specially marked. that the victim in some way encourages the rapist, that she police procedures with respect to rape, the report notes ing many community agencies. Examination of the 159 A list of training programs describes schools, groups, enjoys the act and brings charges primarily to assuage her the inadequacies of these procedures. These include lack cases, which occurred between January 1 and December workshops, and seminars that offer broad, standardized own guilt, and that the rapist is a sex-starved psychopath. of public education about rape prevention,inadequate found that rape c9uld happen at any time to any training fur crisis interveners; the name, address, tele 31, 1977, Rape is, in fact, a violent, hostile, humjliating, and forcible police facilities for conducting rape investigations, report female. Unlike earlier studrls, this survey found that white phone number, type of training offered and schedules, . subjugation of the victim. The rapist usually scores within writing problems, and lack of investigative personnel. females were as likely to be raped by black males as by name of contact person, and name of executive director the normal range on psychological tests, has other sexual Problems in handling the rape victims are also discussed. white males. Although of the cases involved women are given. In addition, an annotated bibliography of ap 112 outlets, and plans the act in advance. The victim may be The effects of the revised Ohio criminal code dealing with aged 15-25 years, the age range was 4 years to 91 years. proximately 240 citations is supplied, which outlines liter any woman regardless of age or ,attractiveness. Public rape are examined, and recommendations for improving ature in this emerging field. Entries are listed alphabetically Also contrary to other studies, streets and bars were not attitudes and legal definitions help indicate the rape vic report writing, public education, police in-service training, the most common locations; 79 rapes occurred in the by author within specific subjf~ct categories and include tim's needs. She will n~ed medical attention to determine and facilities are provided. (NCjRS) articles and papers, books, and audiovisual materials. An victim's home and 32 involved forcible entry. The lowest pregnancy or disease and to collect police evidence, ad incidence was on Monday and Tuesday, peaking on the index is provided. (NCJRS) vice and support to deal with police interviews and proce week-ends. Midnight to 3 a.m. was the peak time. Of the dures, legal assistance, and counseling and therapy to deal 172 159 cases, 30 lacked sufficient evidence to prosecute, 20 with the rape incident and .the necessary procedures Sexual Assault: A Manual for Law Enforcement, Medi~, were not prosecuted, 43 of the remaining cases were which follow. The victim will need to discuss the incident cal, Social Service, Volunteer and Prosecutorial Per attributed to 17 individuals, and the rest are unsolved. Of and her feelings and to be nonjudgmentally heard and sonnel and Agencies. 168 the 1 7 alleged rapists, cases were dismissed for 5. The understood. This may often not be possible with family or Hennepin County Attorney, Minneapolis, Minn. 180 p., Rape: New Perspectives and New Approaches. problems of collecting medical data and providing social friends who may themselves feel guilty about the incident 1978. Haas, H. services for rape victims are discussed. It is argued that a or be suspicious of the victim. In general, the rape victim Available from: NCjR5; Accession No. 060574. Prosecutor 1 '1(5):357-359, 1976.. police department cannot.possibly provide all the services will experience a predictable emotIonal response pattern: the victim needs . .The open system model used in Wichita shock, disbelief, fear, guilt; apparent outward readjust This manual deals with sexual assault and what has been is described. This approach alerts hospital chaplains, ment; recurrence of guilt, anxietYt and depression; and and can be done by law enforcement, medical, social medical emergency personnel, and patrol officers to the finally resolution and reintegration. Ventilation of the~e service, volunteer, and prosecutorial personnel in Henne This article outlines the primary features and results of the needs of rape victims as well as the evidence needs of the feelings, support, acceptance, and therapeutic counseling pin County, Minn., to deter sexual assault crimes. Intro Multnomah County program which seeks to ii)1prove criminal justice system. Supportive social services are will be most important to the course of this reaction and ductory sections of the manual focus on sexual assault prosecution of rape cases and provide assistanc~ and sup mobilized to help the victim through her personal crisis the victim's ultimate readjustment. Crisis, short-term, and services in Hennepin County, characteristics of sexual as port for rape victims. The specific goals of thi$/project, and to help her during prosecution of the case. Through long-term group or individual intervention may help the sault (victims, assailants, where and when sexual assault initiated in /December 1971, were: (1) to Increase the supporting the victim, the open system actually helps to victim and important others in her life during the process occurs, and reasons for the occurrence of sexual assault), Jl,ercentageV~f rapes reported to the police; (2) to reduce apprehend and prosecute the rapist. Tabular data and a of readjustment. Meeting the various needs of the victim and procedures to follow in sexual assault cases (decision trauma and bsychological impact of rape on the victim; (3) diagram of the open system model are provided. Refer will recquire a multidisciplinary approach, cooperatioJ:j, and to fight in the courts and the need for proof of resistance to prevent ah\increase in actual numbers of forcible rapes; ences are prOVided. (NCjRS) coordination among service providers. One such network in criminal sexual assault prosecutions). Subsequent sec (4) to alter c6lnmunity attitudes toward the crime of rape; has been established in the Los Angeles area. It cdnsists tions deal with the reporting of sexual assault and feelings (5) to increase the number of arrests and convictions·of primarily of the area's Young Women's Christian Associa-'. of sexually-assaulted .persons (relief, shock, guilt and rape offenders; and (6) to arrive at a better knowledge of 170 tion, Family Service, Planned Parenthood, and the Hunting- \\ shame, fear and paranoia, discomfort, recognition, anger, the crime and treatment needs of victims and offenders. Interagency Service Network to Meet Needs of Rape don Memorial Hospital. These four agencies have been \' and acceptance). The remaining sections center around Features of this program include improved medical proce Victims. working with the police and other area services and agencies Minnesota's criminal sexual conduct law (varying degrees dures, consultations with victims regarding plea negotia Hardgrove, G. to provide a variety of supportive services for victims and of criminal sexual conduct, evidence, and jury instruc tions, unit issuing of rape cases to deputy district Social Casework 57(4):245-253, April 1976. their families. In addition to service provi5ion and referral, tions) and deal with police investigations of sexual assault attorneys, arid use of an advocacy staff of three women the network engages in a vatiety of public education, cases and sexual assault laboratory testing, hospital ex and volunteers to counsel rape victims. These procedures training, and advocacy activities. Operation of the network aminations (nllrsing protocols, physician protocols, vene have had a decided impact in the adJudication of rape The legal, medical, and emotional needs of the rape victim is illustrated, in a case report. (NCJ RS) real disease followup treatment, postcoital .. cases, the author notes. In addition, the program conducts are discussed. To meet these div~rse needs, an interagen diethylstilbestrol, and required instruments and equip professional and public education concerning rape cases. cy network capable of offering a variety of supportive ment). Other topics include the prosecutions of sexual Research on offender and victim characteristics and services will be needed. The incidence of rape has been 171 assaults, prosecution as it involves the victim (investiga criine-related variables is also conducted, and the results steadily increasing throughout the United States. If the Franklin County {OH)--Police Project Team--Rape Re tion, omnibus hearings, pretrial procedures, plea negotia of that research are briefly summarized. (NCjRS) trend in rape victimization as of 1972 continues, this will duction Program. tions, trial, victim responsibilities, and the not guilty 54 55 ,I," Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Community Intervention Approaches Community Intervention· Approaches Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victim~ 175 Problems identified as being associated with the escala verdict);' the prevention of sexual assault~ and various the State legislature, defines child sexual abuse and con Providing Rape Victims With Assistance at Court: The tion of crime and components of the crime reduction types of sexual assault and family abuses (battered wom tains provisions related to reporting, evidence, dutie~. of Erie County Volunteer Supportive A.dvocate Court As programs which the Idaho commission will consider for en, child abuse and molestation, alcohol and drugs, abor local welfare agencies, and records. Practical guidelines to sistam:e Program. funding are outlined. Problems and programs that will be tion, phone calls, incest, and Minnesota's maltreatment of aid in preventing sexual assault and in deciding what to Hirschel, D. considered for funding in 1979 by the Law Enforcement minors reporting law). A directory of support and com do after an assault are presented. A directory of community Victimology 3(1-2):149-153, 1978. Planning Commission (LEPC) in Idaho encompass the pri munity services in Hennepin County is provided. Appen service, police, and helping agencies in Hennepin County ority crimes of burglary, robbery, and rape. Problems as dixes contain an outline of procedures to guide the is included. (NCJ RS) An Erie County, Pa., program designed to provide victims~ sociated with these priority areas are noted: (1) residential prosecution of a sexual assault case and a protocol for the of rape and sexual assault with assistance during their burglary targets are too easily penetrated; (2) cash, televi examination of children following sexual abuse. (NCjRS) contacts with the courts is described. The Erie County sions, radios, and stereos are popular burglary targets be 174 Volunteer Supportive Advocate Court Assistance Program cause they are untraceable, easily disposed of, and-or can Rape Crisis Counseling. was establishe~l by a temporary coordinating agency be converted to personal use; (3) the probability that adult 173 , Hicks, L. E. working under a·O LEAA grant to implement a series of task burglars will be apprehended and convicted is small; (4) Sexual Assauh: The Target is You. Paper presented at the Annual Conference ofthe National force recommendations relating to the handling of rape in a six-area study of the State, of all the adults arrested Hennepin County Attorney, Minneapolis, Minn. Association of Women Deans, Administrators, and and sexual assault cases, The purpose of the program is to for burglary, about 40 percent were eventually dismissed 53 p.,1978. I Counselors, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 18-21, 1976, reduce the apprehension and discomfort experienced by or not prosecuted; (5) only 1 in 10 juvenile burglars is Available from: NCJR?i Accession No. 060573 II !I 7 p., 1976. victims during the judicial process and to increase the apprehended and only 1 in 16 is adjudicated delinquent; /I' Available from: ERIC; Order No. ED-134 916. likelihood that perpetrators will be successfully prosecut (6) in commercial establishments cash is within easy ac Sexual assault in Hennepin County, Minn., is considEfred ed. Volunteer advocates complete the same 15-hour cess of robbers, particularly during hours when robberi~s in relation to prevention, feelings of assaulted persons, training program given to advocates whb assist victims at are most frequent; (7) the prosecution of nearly 25 percent Operation of the Rape' Counseling Center of the New reporting, .the medical examination, the police investiga hospitals. The court advocates also complete a 3-hour of the adults arrested for robbery is lost due to evidence tion, prosecution, and State law. Sexual assault services in Orleans, La., Young Women's Christian Association (YW course on court and legal procedures, receive an advoca deficiencies; (8) there is an excessive proportion of young the county have three main goals: to prevent sexual as CA) is described. About 36 percent of phone calls in cy handbook, and are supervised on theljob. Victims arc males (16 and 17 years of age) entering the juvenile justice sault; to minimize emotional trauma suffered by victims volved crimes not reported to the police. The 24-hour referred to the program by hospital advocates, police, or system as compared to other juvenile age groups;· (9) and their families; and to identify, prosecute, and rehabili rape crisis counseling service of the YWCA is operated by medical or counseling personnel, or through, the court's youth who have already come into contact with the juve tate criminal~sex offenders. Victims are. encouraged to a staff of 2 professionals and about 30 trained volunte~rs. notification system. The notification system provides vic nile justice system prior to the commission of burglary report sexual assault, either to law enforcement or coun Volunteers each serve 5-14 hour shifts in their own tims with information on the court services prog:dm when continue to commit burglary and other serious offenses at seling agencies. Education programs for the general public homes. phone calls are routed' from the .center via an they are notified of their scheduled appearance in court. a high rate; (10) documented effectiveness is lacking for are provided to increase awareness to the problem of answering service. The caller's confidentiality is strictly The advocate assigned to a victim meets the victim at the traditional juvenile sentencing alternatives; (11) it is im sexual assault, and crisis intervention training is offered to maintained. About 5-6 rape victims or relatives of rape courthouse shortly before court procee~ings begin, as possible to follow juveniles who have entered the criminal medical law enforcement, legal, social service, and volun victims call per week. About 10 percent of these calls sesses the victim's needs, and provides whatever assist justice system and trace their eventual success or failure; teer personnel. Foliowing sexual (j$sault, victims experi invol)!e victims under 14 years of age. About 15 percent ance is required. The advocat';){". exact role depends on (12) primary target areas for robbery appear to be con ence a Nariety of emotional reactions, including relief, of the calls involve rapes which occurred more than 3 the stage of the proceedings, t: ,!:)ictim, and the nature of venience markets and public streets; (13) the criminal jus shock, guilt, shame, fear, suspicion, discomfort, avoid months prior to the call. Approximately 36 percent in the case. The 'advocate may stay outside the courtroom tice system is not able to deter juveniles from becoming ance of the subject by others, .anger, and acceptance. In volve crimes not yet reported to the police. In these cases, with a child victim, or may simgJYJiJ~ with a victim in the robbers or burglars; (14) the prison population at the helping victims, it is important for others to listen. It is also the victim is urged but neVer pressured, to report the courtroom. Oi,en the advocate acts-as a go-between for Idaho Correctional Complex exceeds it<; designed capaci important to report sexual assault immediately to mini crime. In general, a minimum of 2 or 3 callbacks are the victim and the prosecuting attorney. The advocate ti'; and (15) rape victims are unwilling to pursue the prose , mize emotional and physical injury and to q.llow police to required for followup counseling while some cases have remains with the victim throughout the proceedings, de cution of identified offenders in nearly half of the cases. pursue the assailant and conduct the criminal investigation re'qui'red as many as 17 to 20. These ihvolve information termines what additional assistance is needed, makes cer Data supporting these findings are tabulated and graphed. more effectively. The medical examination conducted aft for the victim, follQwup to the police or other criminal tain that other services (counseling; information, referral) The action plan to addres~ these problems encompasses er reporting is intended to treat injuries, to care for emo justice agencies, and referrals for medical aid or appropri are made available, and follows up on the case at regular prevention, apprehension, conviction, sentencing, cor tional needs, and to obtain legally correct evidence. Tests ate counseling aid. When the victim seemS in immediate intervals until final disposition. From the program's incep rections, juvenile justice, delinquency prevention, and spe performed at the hospital to assess medical status are the need of one-to-one counseling, she is referred to the Pont tion in October 1976 through july 1977, 28 cases were cial resource allocation. Institutions and information are Wood's I.amp examinCltion, wet preparation, pubic hair . chanrain Mental Health Center, which provides up to 6 handled. Although it is too early to assess the impact of provided for people interested in applying for LEPC funds. examination, sperm typing, mouth examination, toxicolo sessions of free counseling for rape victims. The lO-page the program, victims have indicated that they appreciate ,(NCj RS)' gy testing, venereal disease testing, ~fine test pregnancy, training manual for volunteers is briefly desaribed. The the advocate's assistance. A list of references ind a flow photographs, and acid phosphatase testing. If the decision volunteers also participate in active role-play using tapes chart depicting program operations are provided. (NCJRS) is made to prosecute, victims must give a statement and typical of calls from rape victims. Considerable time is become involved in omnibus hearings, pretrial pioce spent on dealing with the patient's fear that confidentiality dures, plea negotiations, and the actual trial. Minnesota's will be broken. A 2.5-hour month inservice refre$rer ses 177 criminal sexual conduct law provides that offenders (male sion for volunteers also is held. In addItion to the crisis 176 Kansas City (MO)--Metropolitan Organization to or female) be treated equally and it outlines a rational counseling, the center is working to change attitudes to Idaho--Law Enforcement Planning Commission: Plan Counter Sexual Assault: Final Report, October 1,1975 scheme for determining the degree of severity in sex ward rape victims throOgh public appearances, talks at to Reduce Crime, 1979. - September 30, 1976. crimes. Types of sexual abuse are defined by law as child local high schools, and a newsletter. Responsibilities for Idaho Law Enforcement Planning Commission, Boise. Kansas City Police Dept., Mo. abuse, incest, family sexual abuse, child molestation, bat medical ,examinations for rape victims, as handled in New Boise, Idaho, the Commission, 101 p., 1978. Kansas City, the Department, 50 p., 1976. tered women, and homosexual or same sex assault. The Orleans, are described in a question and answer session. Available from: NCjRS; Accession No. 051446. Available fr~m: NCJRS; Accession No. 040368. maltreatment of minors reporting law, enacted in 1978 by (NCJRS) 57 56 'r' ..-,~-~ .. <...... ,-. -'--' ·7-~-'·~ ..... ~. ,..,.. .._ .. .,.-- -- ...... ,.,,-,...-~.'"'. "_~_""~-: '~',,.. __ .~~.,....._< __.,<,..._ .• -.:'C~~ "~:- ___ .. ~ ¥ ,,'"<_ ."". _.':_'~ __ ._ ~ __ """"-_'.. "';~' ••, ___~_: ....~.,~._. J .lIil 0, ~ '\~.~?( .a _ ~- Community Intervention Approaches Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Community Intervention Approaches A performance evaluation of the activities of the Met 179 ropolitan Organization to Counter Sexual Assault (MOC Police and the Rape Victim in New York. 181 and control in the hands of the woman, not the counselor. SA) organized to reduce the impact of sexual assault on Keefe, M. L. and O'Reilly, H. T. ' Sexual Assault: A Statewide Problem; A Procedural During the 2-year research period, the SARS nurses victims and increase awareness of sex crimes. The organi Victimology 1(2):272-283 !)Summer. 1976. Manual for Law Enforcement, Medical, Human Ser helped rape victims 16 years and older who came into the zation activities include the sponsorship" of programs that " vices, and Legal Personnel. Hennepin County Medical Center Emergency Room with pro.vide victim medical-physical, economic, social, and Keller, E., ed. in 36 hours after the rape. Nurses assisted victims during This paper uses case studies to indicate the change in t.he psychological services. To facilitate these services stand st. Paul, Minnesota Program for Victims of Sexual Assault, the evidentiary examination, and then, for 12 months, reporting of sex crime victimization after the creation of ard operating procedures were developed by the sexual 157 p., (197-). they provided services which included supportive coun a sex crimes analysis unit staffed by specially trained all assault treatment center in the hospital emergency room. seling for the victim and the significant others and a goal female investigators. Begun in December 1972, this new In addition a 24-hour crisis line, a victim advocate pro This manual is addressed to agencies or communities con setting treatment approach. Both' treatment' approaches program required major efforts in two areas - a public gram, and other volunteer programs were established. cerned with the response to sexual assault victims, and considered it important for the counselor not to try solving information campaign to increase public awareness of the The MOCSA, to facilitate acceptance of its concepts, details the legal, r:iedical, judicial, and community re the victim's problems for her, but rather to provide infor scope of the problem of sex crimes victimization and to formed a criminal justice committee to foster support, sponses necessary for supporting these victims. Sexual mation and remove obstacles so that she could move at make women aware of services available to them, and a trained 344 law enforcement officers in sexual assault assault is defined as rape, same-sex assault child sex her own pace, and be the center of activity and decision comprehensive training program designed to instill proper awareness, developed mechanisms for special prosecuto abuse, incest, and any other sexual activity w'hich a per making. Thus, the seven essential components of the sup attitudes in professionals who deal with sex crimes victims ry treatment of sexual assault cases, and established public son is forced into without his or her consent. This manual portive counseling included responding to the victim as a and to teach specialized investigative skills to police per ipformation programs. MOCSA also developed research provides guidelines for agencies dealing with sexual as normal, healthy individual who was in a state of disequi sonnel. An outline of the sex crimes analysis uilit training instruments for identifying problem areas and evaluating saults; it is planned that the guidelines would be adapted librium due to a serious life crisis. The Guide to Goals was its own effectiveness. An appendix contains the agenda of is appended. References are included. (NCJRS) to each particular community, taking into account such used in the goal setting treatment by the victim to set her the national conference on sexual assault. (NCJRS) factors as the needs of that community, variations in ser own goals. The results included lower levels of depression vices available, and agency size. Five comprehensive and perceived stress, and more rapid behavioral changes .180 chapters are included in the manual, covering the follow in the desired directions for women who used the Guide Rape and Its Victims--Manual. ing topics: law enforcement investigation of sexual assault to Goals alone or in combination with supportive counsel 178 Keefe, M. L.; Rich, J. T.; Viano, E.; and Burgess, A. W. Impact of a Community Health Approach to Rape. crimes; the medical treatment of sexual assault victims; ing. However, the supportive counseling in the emergen Washington, D.C., University Research Corporation, 124 counseling the victim of sexual assault; the prosecution of Kaufman, A.; DiVasto, P.; Jackson, R.; Vandermeer, J.; cy room influenced the victims to return to the clinic and p.,1977. sexual assault crimes; and the child as victim, (NCjRS) participate in followup at a significantly higher rate than Pathak, D.; and Odegard, W. Available from: NCJRS; Accession No. 047390. American Journal of Public Health 67(4):365-367., April those in the control group. In addition, better evidence was collected by the police, which re5ulted in higher con 1977. This manual was prepared for a workshop on the prob 182 Pierce County (WA): Rape Relief; Evaluation. viction rates for rapists in the county. The future research lems faced by policymakers as regards the delivery of at SARs will include a more specific analysis of Guide to Layman, M. F. and Barlow, S. R. Various agencies concerned with sex crimes in Al rape-related services within communities. This 2.5-day Goals, and identification.of the types of victims for whom workshop was organized to explore, systematically with Tacoma, Wash., Pierce County Rape Relief ProJ'ect 27 p. buquerque and surrounding Bernalillo County formed the 1977. ' , it is most effective. Footnotes are provided. (NCjRS) New Mexico Task Force on Victims of Sex Crimes to policymakers, the problems in achieving coordination develop and coordinate existing facilities and services and among service agencies and to identify potential solutions The material reports the results of an evaluation of the to provide community education about rape. During the which can result in more effective and efficient delivery 184 Pierce County Rape Relief Project, which covers the pro past 2 years, the Task Force helped lobby for the legisla of rape-related services at the community level. First, the Rape is a 4-Letter Word. ject period of '1976. The project was developed to pro Levine, P. tion of progressive sex crimes laws, expanded counseling problemsolving approach to rape and its victims is intro vide aid and support to victims of sexual abuse and to 8 p., (197-?). and educational services at the Albuquerque Rape Crisis duced and outlined, and notes from the workshop are enhance criminal justice system efforts to reduce the inCi Available from: NCJRS; Accession No. 061710. Center, created a 24-hour crisis hotline at the center, proVided. Next, the need for interagency cooperation is dence of rape in the county. The evaluators concluded instituted free emergency and followup medical care for underscored. Then, rape is examined within both the so Rape victims' narrative accounts of their rapes, interviews from a data analysis that Rape Relief has had little impact rape victims at the Bernalillo County Medical Center, es cial and legal context. The importance of research, its with convicted rapists and law enforcement officials, and on the criminal justice system or on the incidence of rape tablished a Rape Contact Team that is available 24-hours application, and summary research findings are discussed. the nature of the model program for supporting Kansas in Pierce County. However, rape reported to Rape Relief a day at the County Hospital, established a protocol for Legal issues are examined with attention to the develop City rape victims, are presented. Graphic accounts of four has increased significantly, and Rape Relief cases which , emergency room medical treatment of rape victims, deve ment of a legal definition of rape and the State laws of rape experiences illustrate the terror, pain, and violence were prosecuted were more successful than non-Rape loped a special rape evidence kit to insure thoroughness Colorado, Florida, Michigan, Wisconsin, and California. involved in this crime, as well as the lack of victim precipi Relief prosecutions. (NCJRS) and uniformity of evidence collection, established the Rape myths and rape reporting are also discussed. A bibli tation of rapes. Six convicted rapists in one Missouri pris practice of using women detectives to investigate rape for ography of recent developments and major research find on presented widely varying attitudes toward their crimes the Albuquerque Police Department and the County She ings regarding rape is provided. Next, reactions to rape are their victims, and the reasons for their acts. A psychother~ riff's Department, and expanded referrals to'and consulta examined. Community reactions and the specifics of a 183 apist who has treated both rapists and rape victims be tion from Alternatives, Inc., a community-based sex sample rape case are discussed. Next, the response to Services to Sexual Assault Victims ir.' Hennepin Coun lieves that rapists differ from nonrapists in their lack of offender treatment program for the county. Beginning in rape is considered, with attention to the police response, ty (MN). social skills, rather than in traumatic experiences under summer 1975, the Task Force began to disseminate infor meeting victim needs in hospitals, <\l;d the response of Ledray; L. and Chaignot, M. J. gone. Kansas City's Metropolitan Organization to Counter mation through the media. Data from the medical and prosecutors and the community. Fina!\y, the dynamics of Evaluation and Change (Special issue): 131-134, 1980. Sexual Assault (MOCSA), organized in 1974, has trained judicial systems indicate that significantly more arrests and change are detailed. Characteristics of, prescriptions for, nearly 15,000 police officers and recruits to deal appro convictions for rapes have been made since the task force and resistance to change are discussed. A perspective on This successful treatment model for rape victims, imple priately with rape victims, maintains a 24 hour telephone was established. 10 references. training workshops is also included .. (NqRS) mented by the Sexual Assault Resources Service (SARS) crisis line, provides victim advocates to advise rape vic program in Hennepin County, Minn., keeps the power tims, and provides education to the public. According to 58 : vU.S.GOVERNMENTPRINTINGOFFICEl982 Slt6 007/'lOlO REGION NO •• 59 p - .- Community Intervention Approaches Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Community Intervention Approaches a former district attorney, about 20 percent of rapists are being gathered on the effect of rape at various stages in nificant difference from the figures on conviction prior to 1975 to 52.9 percent in 1978. Rate of convictions as nonviolent; about 78 percent use just enotJgh force to the victim's life, and the program is being expanded to the program's initiation. (NCjRS) charged rose slightly from 63.1 percent to 64.7 percent, control the victim; about two percent are violent psy include public and professional education components. despite the increase in charges filed for marginal cases. chopaths who respond violently to resistance; and all ra 11 references. 188 Changing from use of special prosecutors to lise of general pistssee women as objects rather than as human beings. prosecutors r~sulted in no noticeable loss of efficiency. A One Kansas City police officer describes the city's pro Shelter for Abused and Battered Women and Their computerized system of victim and offender profiles is gram as a model effort involving cooperation among the 186 Children Operated by Abused Women's Aid in Crisis being developed because the higher reporting rate has pqlice department, the prosecutor's office, laboratories How to Start a Program Against Crime--From Com (A WAIC), Anchorage, Alaska. Final Evaluation Report. increased the chance that a given suspect will be the focus Mechau, D. processing physical evidence, and MOCSA. As a result of pendium to Emendation. of more than one incident report. MOCSA estimates that the program, 37 percent of Kansas City rape cases result Marion County Victim Advocate Program, Inc., In Anchorage, Alaska, Abused Women's Aid in Crisis, 37 p., the reporting rate has doubled over the past 5 years to 30 July 31, 1978. in filing of charges, versus a, national average of 7 percent. dianapolis, Ind. percent. Nevertheless, jury attitudes have prevented in Other issues, facts, and results are discussed with a de Indianapolis, Ind., the Program, 20 p., 1975. Available from: ERIC; Order No. ED-162 244. crease in the absolute number of convictions. Intensive scription of a planned MOCSA demonstration called Available from: the Program, 4602 Thornleigh Drive, In public education about sexual assault is needed. Due to Women Take Back the Night. {NCjRS) dianapolis, IN 46226. The shelter for battered women described in this rep~rt was established for three purposes: (1) to provide assault lags in the system, accurate evaluation of assaults occur ring in 1978 is impossible. A chart summarizing results is ed and battered women and their children refuge from Guidelines for citizen groups interested in gaining the at included. (NCjRS) domestic violence; (2) to enable women to identify viable 185 tention and cooperation of criminal justice officials .are offered, and details of an Indiana victim advocate pro alternatives to life-threatening situations and encourage Development of a Medical Center Rape Crisis Inter self-reliance; and (3) to act as an advocate for change 190 vention Program. gram's efforts to help rape victims are recounted. The guidelines provide an approach to building support in the within the community and in those systems responsible Metropolitan Organization to Counter Sexual Assault McCombie, S. L.; Bassuk, E.; Savitz, R.; and Pell, S. community and among police officials, prosecutors, for providing services to assaulted and battered women Final Report--Kansas City, Mo. American Journal of Psychiatry 133(4):418-421, April judges, and other officials whose actions affect the victims and their children. The report itself is a. detailed final Metropolitan Orgariization to Counter Sexual Assault, 1976. and potential victims of crime. Problems with police treat· evaluation of the program for the fiscal year ending June Kansas City, Mo. ment of rape victims in Marion County (Indianapolis), 197~. A few of the areas covered are fundiDg sources and Kansas City, Mo., the Organization, 25 p., (197-?) The Rape Crisis Intervention Program at Beth Israel Hospi Ind., and steps taken by the local citizens' victim advocate appropriateness of- funding; staff positions. and salaries; tal in Boston, Massachusetts, uses volunteer multidiscipli program to solve the problems are discussed. The In goals and objectives; functions performed by the shelter' This final report on the Metropolitan Organization to nary counseling teams drawn from psychiatry, social dianapolis Police Department's special investigative unit and deficiencies and recommendations for imprqvement: Counter Sexual Assault (MOCSA) in Kansas City, Mo., work, psychology, and nursing staffs. The premise of the for sexual offenses, under the direction of a female ser (ERIC) . examines the project's background, nature, and elements program is that early crisis inter;vention can prevent later geant, is described. The form used by investigators. to applicable to programs elsewhere. MOCSA evolved from development of psychological disturbances in victims. record data on sexual offenses is presented, and recom local police department studies showing that the probabil The program provides both immediate and followup mendations for police handling of rape victims are of 189 ity of being raped depended on vulnerability rather than counseling that is aimed at resolving the psycholdgical fered. The citizen group's efforts to improve the treatment Metropolitan Organization to Counter Sexual Assault dress or behavior, and from the development of an inter crisis, encourages emergency room personnei to respond of rape victims in hospitals and the coordination between Evaluation-Kansas City; Mo. disciplinary advisory group on sexual assault. Failure of sensitively to the emotional needs of the victim,develops hospitals and forensic laboratories are documented, as are Metropo!itan Organization to Counter Sexual Assault, victims to report crimes and to follow through with prose an understanding of the special needs of this patient popu the group's recommendations to the prosecutor's office, Kansas City, Mo. cution was perceived as the main problem. MOCSA lation to provide expert consultation to the community based on the observations of volunteer court-watchers: Kansas City, Mo., the Organization, 6 p., (197-?). therefore concluded that its efforts should focus on the and professional groups, and conducts research on the Guidelines for establishing court-watching systems in oth identification, arrest, prosecution, and incarceration, of ra acute and long-term impact of rape on life adjustment. All er communities are outlined. (NCjRS) The report assesses the effectiveness of the Metropolitan pists. It concentrated on getting victims to testify in' court members of the volunteer counseling team attend a series Organization to Counter Sexual Assault (MOCSA) in Kan and on developing nonjudgmental attitudes and behavior of weekly didactic seminars on crisis intervention tech '137 sas City, Mo., using the change in the rate of victim drop among all people interacting with rape victims. MOCSA out from the criminal justice system as an index. MOCSA niques and problems o.f rape victims. Though cumber~ Rape in Seittle: A Crime Impact Evaluation of the recognized unique .aspects of rape cases and obstacles to some and unreliable at times, the volunteer model Seattle Rape Reduction Project From September 1973 was added to the existing agencies of police, prosecution, reporting and prosecution. Other elements of the program sensitizes a large number of hospital personnel to the to December 1975. emergency rooms, and mental health centers. Although included supporting proper collection of evidence MOCSA serves eight counties, is confined emotional needs of the victim. The 24-hour approach Mathews, K. E. this.~valuation through accredited medical facilities and educating po to the Kansas City Police Department jurisdiction. In all insures that a counselor will be available to accompany Seattle, Seattle Law and Justice Planning Office{ 26 lice, prosecutors, and the public. Based on the MOCSA Wash., categories evaluated, substantial changes were ex the victim throughout all procedures. Family members p., 1976. experience, it is recommended that a rape prevention and friends are also co,-!nseled, and the victim is followed perienced between 1975 and 1978. The percentage of system include the following components: (1) a sensor up for at least 12 months. Gynecology and nursing meet This study reveals the success of a rape reduction program victims declining to take further action with the police mechanism (crisis lines and emergency room teams) to ings have been used as forums to identify and discuss staff and sexual assault center in Seattle. The program aimed to dropped from 49.8 percent in 1975 to 22.0 percent in trigger services to victims of sexual assault; (2) contact concerns. Videotaped interviews with victims, rqle plays, increase the incidence of reported rape to the police de 1978. Victims declining to prosecute with the prosecutor with the victim ,by knowledgeable police officers; (3) arid discussions are used to sensitiZe persorm'el to the partment, to- increase the number of victims willing to declined from 18.4 percent to 7.8 percent; those declin provision of a medical setting for the retrieval of physical stresses affecting the victim; Inclusion of an emergency identify and prosecute rape suspects, and to increase the ing to appear for preliminary hearings, from J 2.8 percent evidence; (4) a piOsecutor's office working closely with room nurse as a member of the program's administrative number of prosecutions for forcible rape. The evaluation to 1.2 pe~cent; and those declining to appear for trial, the sex crimes unit to help develop all potential evidence; and planning group has relieved conflicts between pro found that there had been a significant increase in the from 11.1 percent to zero in the same period. There were (5) knowledgeable emotional and psychological support gram counselors and emergency room personnel and sup number of reported rape cases, as well as willingness to 328 reports in 1975 and 395 in 1978. The rate of cases for the victim; (6) assignment of a person designated as the ported nurses' efforts to expand their;role. Information i,s ~. prosecute. Conviction data, however, did not show a sig- in which charges were filed rose 'from 35.5 percent in victim advocate; and (7) a permanent forum in which all 60 61 )) II ; ,:\>, ·- • i • ., n - "(I . b ----- ," .~- '" ....,~ , Community Intervention Approaches Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Community Intervention Approaches the responding agencies can have an equal voice and 192 departments (New York City, Los Angeles County), medi cessful. However, funding problems have troubled many equal impact on solving problems. Prevention of rape Rape Victim Assistance Program for Leavenworth cal facilities (Dade County, Florida), prosecutors' offices of the centers, sometimes forcing their incorporatio,n into through rehabilitation of rapists is currently an unrealistic County, Kansas; Final Report. (Multnomah County, Oregon), and citizen action groups other organizations. The merger of rape crisis centers with goal. Efforts should therefore emphasize these practical Mouris, P. C. (Cambridge, Massachusetts) are also described. In addi other crisis intervention activities could affect the centers' response measures as' well as increased educational ef 110 p., 1977. tion, various government and community task forces and ability to address social issues underlying sexual violence forts. (NCjRS) Available from: NTISi Order No. AD-A053111. other organizations providing services to rape victims are and could also dilute rape-related activities, particularly cited. (NCjRS) those not involving direct victim services. The variety of The roles of police, hospitals, and psychological counse organizational approaches taken by the centers could be lors in assisting rape victims are discussed, and a manual useful in responding to different constituencies, raising to guide development of a rape vic~im program in Leaven new issues, and developing new strategies. However, 191 worth County, Kans., is presented. Background informa 194 Broward County (FL) Sexual Assault Treatment Center Whatcom County (WA): Women As Victims; Analysis rather than using their differences constructiv~ly, the cen tion on the problems of rape victims is presented, with ters have tended to be isolated. There have been some Evaluation. of Rape Relief. emphasis on the nature of rape as a violent (as opposed efforts to communicate--exchanges of newsletters, na Monahan, D. H. and Roa, G. Northwest Regional Council, Bellingham, Wash. to sexual) crime and on the rape trauma syndrome (a tional and regional meetings, joint training programs. But Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of justice, Law En psychological response to extreme fear). The literature on Bellingham, Wash., the Council,19 p., 1976. forcement Assistance Administration, 78 p., 1978. lack of funds has limited most centers' participation";n rape victim assistance programs and techniques is re such activities. Many of the problems faced by rape crisis viewed. Duties of law f,!nforcement agency dispatchers, The goals of the Rape Relief Program were to reduce the centers are shared by other voluntary agencies. Whether patrol officers, evidence-gathering personnel; and detec growing incidence of"'l'ape in Whatcom County (WA) by the centers continue to influence change and to deliver This report evaluating the response of the Broward Coun tives are specified. Based on an analysis of the needs of 20 percent by 1978, to provide liaison and advocacy services may depend as much on external forces as on the ty, Fla., Sexual Assault Treatment Center (SATC) to the rape victims in Leavenworth tounty, a manual for the programs for rape victims, and to collect and analyze rape centers' own efforts. Supporting data and a list of refer rape victim focuses on the victim, the crime, the law, the development of a comprehensive victim assistance pro data. The goal performance and program implementation ences are included. (NCjRS) public, and the criminal justice system. The evaluation gram for the county is appended. The rry~nual includes a are assessed in a narrative, rather than statistical, format. sought to determJne whether the. program increased the discussion of the rape trauma syndrome,' plus the respon The project, ,wmich increased significantly the level of re sibilities of police, hospitals, and counseling agencies. The number of prosecutions and provided continuing support porting, had the apparent effect of increasing the rape rate 196 to victims. SA TC was supported by LEAA funds and State goal of the proposed program is to reduce the trauma instead of lowering it. The services provided for rape vic experienced by rape victims, to promote recognition of Sexual Assault Assistance P'rogram--Evaluation. and local matching funds, It began full operations in Au tims were~seen to be useful. However, the evaluator Palm Beach County Metropolitan Criminal Justice Plan gust 1977. SATe goals were to provide support and im rape as a legitimate health issue, and to increase the likeli recommended that the program director be made into a hood that rape victims will follow through in the prosecu ning Unit, West Palm Beach, Fla. mediate medical and psychological services to victims of full-time pnsition and thaUhe program cooperate more West Palm Beach, Fla., the Unit, 118 p., (197-?). tion of their assailants. Both the manual and the study with the local police agencies. (NCjRS) rape, child molestationl and incesti to aid prosecution Deffortsi and to educate fhe community on all aspects/)f report include bibliographies. (NCjRS) sexual assault, especially prevention. The program in A' Palm Beech County, Fla., program providing assistance cludes a 24-hour hotline service, 24-hour emergency psy 195 to victims of sexual assault is evaluated, and the program's statistics on rape are analyzed. Founded in November chological services, followup therapy, and related 193 What Has Happened to Rape Cl'isis Centers? A Look 1975, the Sexual Assault Assistance Program (SAAP) had services. The evaluation was based on record review, site Aid to the Victim, Part 2: Victim Aid Programs. at, Th~ir SJti.l~tures, Members,. and funding. provided support services on a one-to-one basis to 2,528 visits, and questionnaires to clients, police, medical per Newton, A. OSullivan, S.l\ victims as of March 1978. SAAP paralegals assist victims sonnel, and referral agencies. Results indicated that most Crime and Delinquency Literature 8(4):508-528, Decem- Victimology 3('1-2):45-62, 1978. throughout their involvement with the criminal justice sys victims found that SA TC effectively provided medical and ber 1976. emotional treatment. Agencies surveyed all voiced con tem. SAAP also coordinates the activities of police, legal, tinuing support of the program, but recommended certain The organizational features, staffing patterns, and funding and medical personnel who deal with sexual assault vic program modifkati<;>ns. Feasible rec6mmendations from This article examines several victim-oriented programs status oL90 rape crisis centers that responded to a January tims; conducts pu~lic information programs; and operates .those surveyed included (1) ensuring that-medical reports around the country which provide financial; legal, medi 1976 rnail survey of 118 centers are examined. The pur a rape hotline. A comparison of SAAP with other victim are confined to medical opinion, (2) providing a backup cal, psychological, and informational. services to victims pose of the survey was to contribute to an assessment of assistance programs finds SAAP's organizational place system for doctors to prevent delay, (3) strengthening fol and victim-witnesses. Highlighted ar~ model comprehen the impact of the antirape and women's movements in the ment as a separate agency to be advantageous. Analysis lowup, (4) providing specialized counseling to child vic sive victim-service programs in st. Louis (MO), Akron United States, to provide information of use to individual of case records to identify criminal justice system policies tims,' (5) using victims to help train volunteer counselors, (OH), Philadelphia (PA), Fort Lauderdale (FL), and Aurora rape crisis centers, and to offer observations pertinent to and procedures that have a negative impact on victims (6) establishing victim group encounter sessions, (7) giving (CO). Programs in these last two cities aid the victim the development of other grass roots projects, such as reveals a need for law enforcement agencies to reassess police wallet-sl?ed SATC referral cards, (8) photogra.phing through police and legal procedures involved in appre- . shel~ers for battered women. Only centers which were their methods of determining the validity of rape claims, sexual batteryto aid prosecution, (9) establishing a special hension and prosecution and are operated by the respec-' autonomous, which had opened prior to 1976, and which particularly those filed by black women. Analysis of SAAP rape unit in each police department, (10) increasitig public tive police departments. Victim-witness assistance provided direct services to victims were contacted. The statistics also shows the extent to which Palm Beach rape programs operated by Marion County (IN), Pima County report covers the services, structure, and policy-related cases follow patterns identified in national studies of vic awareness, (11) establishing another treatment center, .,, (12) improving r~cords for tracking, (13) providing legal (AZ), Brooklyn (NY), and under the auspices of the Na activities of the centers; the characteristics, recruiting, tim-assailaQ~ relationships and other aspects of rape. Sur counseling, and '(14) placing the program telephone num tional DistriCt Attorneys Association are also briefly exam training, and utilization. of the people who work in the veys of SAAP clients, police, prosecutorstphysicians, and ber in the emergency listing section of the telephone di ined. The major function of these dual role programs is to centers; and funding sources and budgets. The survey nurses find support for SAAP. The evaluation report in rectory. Diagrams, tables, and extensive exhibits maintain contact with witnesses during the pen.dency of findings 'Indicate that" despite their limited size and re cludes a detailed history of SAAPi evaluation methods, providing additional data and the program brochures are court proceedings and help themprepareJor court ap sourc~s and primarily because. of the dedication of staff findings, and recommendations; copies of evaluation in included. (NCJRS) . . pearances, Special prograrnsforrapevictims' run by police and volunteers, the centers have been surprisingly suc-::, st;umentsi and supporting data. (NGjRS) I, _J o 62 63 L .a ~ ',l '.-:' o c) fr '-I' • If Community Intervention Approaches Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Community Intervention Approaches 197 199 established by the Law Enforcement Assistance Adminis attorney's office (Minneapolis), the st. Louis County Aid Spokane (WA): R.ape Crisis Network; Year Two Developing Consultation and Education Services for tration, the report enumerates the Center's seven estab to Victims of Sexual Assault (Duluth), the Sexual Offense Evaluation, 1975-1976. Sexual Assault. lished goals. It then describes an ongoing data collection Service (S.O.S.) of Ramsey County (51. Paul), and the Min Ray, J. " Rodabaugh, B. J. system, which was designed to record the number of nesota Program for Victims of Sexual Assault. The inter Olympia, Wash.; Washington Law and Justice Planning Palo Alto, Calif., American Institutes for Research, 43 p., people who contact the Center, the abuses they suffered, viewer was Emilio C. Viano. (N(JRS) Office, 154 p., 1976. 1978. and the actions taken by the Center. The procedures used for assessing community impact and their findings are then described, revealing that the number of rapes that This monograph outlines the special role that community were reported increased a significant 57 percent in the 202 health centers can play in alleviatinB the effects of sexual year the Center opened, as compared to an increase of San Diego County (CA) Protocol for the Treatment of This evaluation measured the effectiveness and efficiency assault and in stimulating planning and activities directed only 5.6 percent the year before. Finally, the report dis Rape and Sexual Assault Victims. of the rape crisis network, which seeks to attack the grow towahi the prevention of sexual assault. Information for counts the possible effects of an increased population and Warner, C. G.; Koerper, J.; Spaulding, D.; and McDevitt, ing crime of rape by promoting citizen involvement staff members in mental health agencies was compiled liberalized social attitudes on this statistical variance 5., eds. through public education, liaison, and victim services. The from reports of current research, conference and work through a time trend examination of the change in the San Diego, Calif., San Diego Sub-Committee on Sexual effectiveness measurements include an analysis of the shop presentations) and interviews with specialists in a numbp.r of rapes per capita and through a comparison of Assault and Intra-Family Violence, 151 p., 1978. change in the rates of reporting and prosecu~ion~ Efficien number of related fields. An introduction discusses the Ann Arundel County rape statistics with those of a neigh Available from: the Sub-Committee, City Administration cy measures include the number of cases, the number of national increase in sexual assaults, the role of mental boring I.~ounty without a crisis center. The forms used to Building, 202 C Street, San Diego, Calif. 92101. third party reports, number of volunteer hours contribut health agencies indealing.,with the problem, definitions of monitor the activities of the Centerpe appended. (ERIC) ed, and number of presentations and people reached. A terms, and the state of current literature on the subject. comparison of these measures between the sec:ond grant Current information on sexual assault is presented by us year and the first grant year is made. The evaluation also This book is designed to coordinate existing services for ing survey statistics, research studies, and experiences of rape victims in San Diego County to prevent further trau includes: a tally of services used by rape victims, a cost those workir'ig directly with victims and offenders. Profiles 201 ma following victimization and to educate women in self analysis of the project's activities, a comparisol) of victim of the assailant and the victim are presented, and the and crime characteristics of reports to the police and the Victims Assistance Programs in Minnesota. defense tactics through unique programs. To provide uni effects of sexual assault and its implications for the cO'lsul Viano, C. ,,' rape crisis network, the results of a public attitudinal-vic E. formity in treatment, evidence collection, and followup tation and education specialist are discussed. Definitions Victimo/ogy .2(1):88-101, Spring 1977. services to victims of sexual assault in San Diego County, timization survey, a study of attempted rape cases report of "consultation," "education," and "prevention" within Calif., an Office of Emergency Medical Services was or ed during 1975, a study of the incidence and prosecution the context of services for sexual assault are given, and ganized in 1975. Within this office, the position of coor of indecent liberties cases in 1975, and a study of the some examples are provided of who and what m\.y be Minnesota has attracted increasing attention because of dinator of post-sexual assault services and preventive relationship of rape to phases of the moon. (NCJRS) involved in each proce'ss. A planning guide for c:onsulta~ the introduction of innovative laws and programs in the services was created with a victim-oriented philosophy of tion and education programs and a checklist for determin· field of victim assistance, among others. An act passed in prevention. The coordinator must manage existing ser ing what is already being done and what needs to be done 1974 authorized the commissioner of corrections to vices to prevent further traumatization when a victim re in the community are included. Finally, ways in which develop a statewide program, the Minnesota Program for ports the crime and also must assist in developing 198 agencies, organizations, and the general public can be Victims of Sexual Assaults, to aid victims of sexual attacks. individual assault prevention techniques. The protocol of Houston-Harris County (TIO--Development of a Rape encouraged to participate in services for the sexual assault The statewide program included voluntary counseling to the offic~ establishes an accepted citywide and county Referral and Prevention Capability Within the City of victim are delineated. Problems of working in rural com be made available to victims throughout the proceedings wide level of care and treatment that should be afforded Houston Police Department: Police Technical Assist munities and the special concerns of potential victims in following the rape, including hospital examination! police all victims. In addition, sexual assault education and inser ance Report. high risk groups also receive attention. Reference lists ac investigation, questioning of witnesses and trial. The com vice training in a holistic approach to victims are offered Richter, J. G. and Walton, L. R. company each chapter. A few footnotes are included. missioner of corrections was also directed to assist in es to attending personnel in fields of law enforcement, health (5.1.), Westinghouse !u$tice Institute, 15 p., 1976. (N(JRS) tablishing sensitivity training for prosecuting attorneys, care, and social services. The rape evidence kit has been Available from: NCJRS; Accession No. 037864. local police and peace officers, and hospital personnel. In standardized for use by medical personnel in the hospital 1975, the year they mandated. the statewide program and setting. The kit is unified so that the tools to establish a 200 before there was any funding for State programs, a com sound medicolegal case are easily accessible. The kit is in Evaluation of a Sexual Offenses Crisis Center: Outlin- prehensive reform of the laws related to sexual assaults accordance with the protocol, and the cost to the in This technical assistance was concerned with establishing ing a Tested Procedure. was passed on the last night of the session. It reclassifies dividual jurisdiction or hospital is lower than for commer cially produced kits. The protocol is intended as a a component of the proposed Houston-Harris County Steele, S. F. the criminal sexual conduct into four degrees; it provides Victim-Witness Assistance Project within the City of Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Eastern that the victims do not have to prove resistance to the guideline for a responsive community approach and is to be used by all personnel who attend victims in hospital Houston Police Department. Houston (pop. 1.6 million) Community College Social Science Association (~al utmost; it limits the amounts of evidence about the vic emergency rooms, law agencies, and sup (506 sq. mi.) is served by 3,349 police personnel (2,586 timore, Md., April 10, 1980), 19 p., 1980. tim's previous sexual conduct that can be admitted into enfor~ement portive community agencies. Specific topics covered in~ sworn). This report is dated October 1976. Recommenda Available from: ERIC; Order No. ED-196 475. court; it also provides that counties pay for examinations tions ane;! implementation procedures for each facet of the taken for the purpose of gathering evidence. This article clude establishing a victim service network, the medical Victim~Witness Assistance Project as it pertains to the represents an interview with four key persons who direct response in the emergency department, special consider police·department, as well a<;'suggestions regarding the The data collection procedures described in this report victim assistance'programs in different areas of the State ations in the examination and treatment of sexually City Health Department's role as it'relates to the workings were designed to monitor and evaluate the performance (rural and urban), from different vantage points (statewide abused children, examining the sexual assault suspect, of the victim liaison officers ~~.rnponent of the project. of the Sexual. Offenses Crisis Center in Annapolis, Mary and local), and locatec'i in different organizational struc and the law enforcement response in sexual assault inves The d~ties of the victim liais9,n"\officer are stipulated. land, for local, State, and Federal agencies. After introduc tures. Taking part in the conversation were the directors .. tigations. Also discussed are the psychological reactions (NCjRS) t' "~ tory material summarizing program evaluation criteria of the sexual assault services in the Hennepin County of victims and response of personnel} the hospital social 64 65 ;, - .. u? G . !~ ," ~,. Community Intervention Approaches Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Determining Factors service response, followup for medical and psychological Polyot, S. rapists consHtuted a random sample of those committed a psychologist and a social worker), was never completed support services, and continuing education for attending Dial Help, 43 Illinois Avenue, Bangor, ME 04401 for clinical assessment at the Massachusetts Center for the because of its largely academic goals contrasting with the personnel. Appendixes include legal information, specific 1(800)432-781 0 Diagnosis and Treatment of Sexually Dangerous Persons. prosecution-orient~d approach of the project. The project forms for requesting probation, authorizing emergency Continuing. The victims were 92 adults selected from 146 victims of focused mainly on quick prosecution and trial of habitual care, and informed consent in English and Spanish, a self sexual assault treated at Boston City Hospital during a offenders, as well as tightening and clarifying the applica help guide, an enclosure for a rape evidence collection kit, Services offered by the Bangor Rape Crisis Center in Ban 12-month period. Analysis of the accounts and assess tion of existing criminal laws for the four target crimes. A !f and an application form for indemnification for victims of gor, Maine, include a 24-hour toll-free hotline, counsel ments indicate that (1) anger, power, and sexual motiva deeper knowledge of the career criminal, considered violent crime. A glossary of terms, bibliography, additional ing, advocacy services, and public and professional tions seem to operate in each rape, but the proportion necessary to promote more efficient prosecution in the references, and an index are provided. (NCJ RS) education. The center is sto.1.ffed by volunteers and is coor varies and one issue seems to dominate in each instance; trial process, was only partly achieved due to the project's dinated with one of the two hospitals in the Bangor area. (2) sex never constituted the major issue for either the failure to complete the career criminal profile. However, 203 rapist or the victim; and (3) the victims' major trauma several areas are described in which the project succeed Baton Rouge (LA)--Stop Rape Crisis Center. resulted from their sense of helplessness and loss of con ed in expediting the judicial process, especially with re 205P trol, experience of themselves as objects, and experience gard to the availability of witnesses. The individual Whitcomb, D.; Day, D. A.; and Studen, L. R. Central Maine Medical Center Rape Crisis. Cambridge, Mass., Abt Associates, Inc, 90 p., 1979. of their lives as being threatened. A clinical typology of criminal histories of career criminal defendants were Maurer, Available from: GPO; Stock No. 027-000-00868-2. J. offenders was developed that includes the power rape, in traced, enabling judges to make more informed decisions Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston, ME 04240 which the offender seeks power or control over the victim regarding pretrial releases on bail, and aiding prosecutors An aid for improving rape assistance programs, this manu (207)795-0111 through intimidation, physical force, or threats; the pow to avoid plea bargaining with defendants without knowing, al describes the services and achievements of the Stop Continuing. er-assertive rape, in which the offender expresses his virili .. their criminal histories. Project officials also succeeded in Rape Crisis Center (SRCC) in Baton Rouge, La., established ty, mastery, and dominance; the pow,er-reassurance rape, Services offered by Central Maine Medical Center Rape having some input in shock probation, parole, and clem in 1975 with a grant from LEAA. To link criminal justice committed to resolve the offender's doubts about his sex Crisis in Lewiston, Maine, include a 24-hour hotline, the ency hearings involving recidivists. The conviction rates goals (increase the reporting of rape and the number of ual adequacy and masculinity; the anger rape, in which. medical examination, counseling, and public and profes did not increase as was hoped, because project officials ~r(ests and convictions) with victim support goals (involve the offender expressed anger, rage, contempt, and hatred sional education. This rape crisis team is composed of were unable to rT!onitor all case activities, even those they th~ community in program services and reduce victims' for the victim by beating, sexually assaulting, and, degrad nurses, doctors, and social workers volunteering their time had originally screened. A better rate of succes; was trauma), the Baton Rouge district attorney's office created ing her; the anger-retaliation rape, in which the rapist when not on duty at the hospital, in addition to detectives achieved in the area of selecting career criminals for pri the SRCC as one of 10 special service programs. This humiliates or degrades his vidim as a expression of hostili from the appropriate law enforcement agency. ority prosecution. Tabular data are appended. (NCjRS) affiliation greatly enhances the center's credibility in deal ty and rage toward women; and the anger-excitation rape, ing with other criminal justice personnel, community in which the rapist finds pleasure and excitement in sadis agencies, the public, and potential and actual rape vic tic punishment of his victim. Use of the typology provides 209 tims. In addition, the district attorney's active spons6rs~ip 7.06P Alcohol and Rape. Portland Rape Crisis Center. a means of differentiating offenders with regard to identifi of the rape program has guaranteed that rape c,ases/will cation, disposition, treatment planning, and prognosis. Rada, R. T. Paddock, P. receive priority attention from prosecutors, and l't has en Further, research should be undertaken to determine Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality 9(3):48, 55, 59-60, hanced coordination among participating agencies. One P.O. Box 1371, Portland, ME 04104 March 1975. (207)774-3613 whether the trauma reaction varies according to the moti of the SRCC's most impressive achievements is its capabil vation of the rapist and to ascertain whether conviction Continuing. ity of giving free emergency medical treatment to rape rates differ across the types of offenders. 24 references. Recent evidence suggests a high association among al cohol, alcoholism, and violent sexual crimes, particularly victims. Two hospitals supply private treatment rooms for Services offered by the Portland Rape Crisis Center in rape. Drinking at the time of rape has been reported as rape victims, and twelve physicians volunteer their time to clude a 24-hourhotline, counseling, advocacy services, 208 high 50 percent in some studies, and the alcoholism give treatment. In addition, public support comes in the public and professional education, and a lending library. as Indianapolis (Indiana)--Marion County--Careers in rate among apprehended rapistij has been reported to be form of services furnished by 60 women volunteers and The center is staffed by volunteers and is coordinated with Crime Interception Project: Final Narrative Report, as high as 35 percent. A study of the relationship between free public service announcements on radio and local all three hospitals in Portland. television. The SRCC approach to rape crisis assistance is October 9, 1976-January 14, 1979. alcoholism and rape in 77 rapists indicated that, in com detailed in this report which focuses on the 24-hour hot Kelley, J. F. parison with nonalcoholic rapists, alcoholic rapists were line, the special procedures used by law enforcement, the Inqianapolis, Ind., Marion County Prosecutor, 70 p., more likely to be drinking at the time of the rape, more services of a trained escort counselor, and physician's use 1979. likely to have a history of drugs othUfJhan alcohol, and more likely to have been using drugs ini'conjunction with of a rape evidence kit. Project costs and legislative issues DETERMINING FACTORS are discussed, as are project successes. Results of a client A 3-year LEAA-sponsored project in Indiana to reduce alcohol at thE:.! time of the rape. Rape \ by the alcoholic survey point to a high rate of satisfaction--86 percent rated recidivism rates in homicide, rape, robbery, and burglary offender is frequently just one in a series of maladaptive SRCC's services "excellent" and 14 percent described was completed with mixed results. The greater Indianapo and self-destructive behaviors resulting from the overall them as "good." The arrest rate for reported rapes 207 lis-Marion County Careers in Crime Interception Project personality deterioration secondary to addiction. It seems climbed from 38 to 69 percent, and the conviction rate Rape: Power, Anger, and Sexuality. ' . was launched in 1976. It required close cooperation be that there are a small number of subjects.in whom alcohol jumped from 3 to 88 percent. Tabular data are provided, Groth, A. N.; Burgess, A. 'IN.; and Holmstrom, L. L. tween program officials and. the police, courts, and cor chemically triggers certain sexual fantasies and physical and several center planning and operating documents American Journal of Psychiatry 134(11 ):1239-1243, rections agencies. Local crime rates dropped, and the sensations that do not occur under nonalcoholic condi which may be of use in planning and operating a similar November 1977. relations among agencies involved was productive, de tions.Though the disinhibition theory is the most preva project are appended. (NCjRS) spite the indictment of some local police officers by a lent hypothesis used to explain the association between Clinical assessments of 133 rapists and the accounts of 92 Marion "County grand jury for corrupt police practices. alcohol use and rape, research should be undertaken to 204P victims suggest tbat issues of power, anger, and sexuality The carE:.!er criminal defendant profile, which was to be assess chemical effects of alcohol that may act to stimu compiled by a target profile refinement unit (consisting of late sexual desire rather than dull inhibitio:1s. Research Ba~gor Rape Crisis Center; are important in understanding the rapist's behavior. The r~ - - • 66 67 - Determining Factors Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims National Programs, Clearinghouses, and Data Bases should be undertaken to determine the effect of alcohol OFFENDER TREATMENT raped by women, films, legal articles, police training evaluation studies, curriculum guides, lesson plans, biblio on levels of plasma testosterone, high levels of which have manuals, studies, medicine, violence to plaintiffs' attor graphies, course descriptions, theses, journal articles, been found in violent rapists. 9 r-eferences. neys, prosecution of assailants-rapists, district attorneys' pamphlets, and other hard-to-find materials. Because of 212 policies and studies, differential factors in charging: hus the decentralized nature of U.S. education, ERIC was de Blame Models and Assailant Research. bCl:nd should or should not be charged, death to women, signed as a network of clearinghouses located at various 210 ,~- ' Brodsky, S. L. and Hobart, S. C. self-defense, conferences, shelters-centers, lesser universities and professional associations and organiza Alcoholism and Forcible Rape. Criminal justice and Behavior 5(4}:379-388, December charges, charges, cases, marital rape legislation (subhead tions throughout the country. The separate clearinghouses Rada, R. T. 1978. ed by State and issue), trial personnel, convictions, the are integrated through a central computerized facility American journal of Psychiatry 132{4}:444-446, April Federal criminal code and Federal legislation, and civil which sfi!rves as a switching center for the entire network. suits. . 1975. Various treatment programs for sexual aggressives operate These 16 clearinghouses seek out, gather, coordinate, in from a set of assumptions, called blame models. Each dex, and catalog materials in their particular subject area blame model hypothesizes why sexual assault occurs. The of education, and ERIC provides abstracts of all these Data collected in this study of the autobiographies of 77 215P materials in monthly catalogs available at over 700 educa convicted rapists revealed that 50 percent of them were authors review four such blame models, including the Centers for Disease Control. offender blame model, the victim model/the situational tionallibraries, departments of education, and information drinking at the time of the rape and that 35 percent were Atlanta, GA 30333 centers: These catalogs are "Resources in Education" and model, and a societal model. {ERIC} alcoholics. The author reviews several theories which (404}329-3850i FTS 236-3850 "Current Index to Journals in Education." Additionally, have been suggested to explain the relationship between Continuing. these catalogs are stored in a computerized format so that alcohol and the commission of sexual and-or violent they can be searched online. ERIC also provides through crimes. It is stated that the strong association, between 213 An Alternative Model for the Treatment of Sex Of· The Centers for Disease Control (CDC), an agency of the its ERIC Document Reproduction Service inexpensive mi alcohol and rape indicated by these results highlights the Public Health Service, of Health and Human fenders. D~pClrtment crofiche and paper copies of the complete text of many importance of follow-up treatment programs for the ex Services, provides epidemiologic assistance at the request Sterling, J. W. of the noncopyrighted and unpublished materials. The offender. Such programs, the author maintains, should of State and municipal health officials on problems of Offender Rehabilitation 1{1 }:83-87, 1976. ERIC Clearinghouse on Counseling and Personnel Services focus on adequate control of the offender's drinking public health significance. Although not the primary Fed identifies, acquires, and maintains materials relevant for behavior as well as on his sexual adjustment. {NCjRS} eral agency dealing with rape, CDC is involved in the counselors and personnel workers in their preparation and Describes ~he Positive Approaches for Sex Offenders (PA administration of the Preventive Services Block Grant SO) program which attempts to provide a treatment alter practice at all educational levels and in all settings--educa which provides monetary resources for rape services and tiona occupational, rehabilitation, and community. The niitive to incarceration for sex offenders. {ERIC} I, 211 prevention. CDC is directly involved with the overall pre counseling of special population groups, e.g., women, Commonly Asked Questions About the R~pist. vention of premature disability and death and health pro prisoners, youth groups, minority groups, and pregnant Rada, R. T. ' motion and education as they relate to prevention an(l to teenagers, is one focus of this clearinghouse and, there Medical Aspects ofHuman Sexuality 11 {1 }:47, 51-53, 56, health risk assessment including personal violenc~ and fore, rape prevention and intervention are areas of specific January 1977. injury control and related interventions. As such, CDC is interest. (ERIC Clearinghouse on Counseling and Person NATIONAL PROGRAMS, CLEARINGHOUSES, AND one of several resources in the area of rape services and nel Services, University of Michigan, School of Education DATA BASES prevention. Additionaily, through the Health Education Building, Room 211)8, E. University and S. University Understanding the psychology of the rapist offers in Risk Reduction Grant Program administered by the Cen Streets, Ann Arbor; MI 48109. Telephone: {313}764- creased opportunities for rape prevention. Observers and ters for Disease Control, inventories of health education 9492; ERIC Document Reproduction Service, P.O. Box , researchers have determined that {1} there is no set of programs and services have been conducted in each 190, Arlington, VA 22210} character traits that typifies the rapist, though a number of 214 State. Rape prevention programs and services may have typologies of rapists have been developed; {2} the primary The National Clearinghouse on Marital Rape: Acquir been included in some of these State inventories as each motivations for rape are anger and the need to dominate; ing Material on Something That Does Not LeKally Exist State defined.the range of health education activities in {3} many rapists have established socially acceptable rela in Most States. cluCled in its inventory. 217P tionships with women; {4} some rapists report normal sex Calderon, E. The National Center on Women and Family Law, ual relationships with some women; {5} a high frequency Library Acquisitions: Practice and Theory 5(3-4}:153-155, 799 Broadway, Room 402, New York, NY 10003 1981. of impotence during rape does not seem to be confirmed 216P (212}674-8200 by rapists or victims, though there is some controversy Continuing. Educational Resources Information Cent~r (ERIC). over this subject; {6} impotence do~s appear to be com In response to the interest in the Greta Rideout (the first U.S. Department of Education, National Institute of Edu mon when humiliation is a primary motivation of the ra woman who charged her husband with rape while they cation, 1200 18th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20208 pist; {7} at least 50 percent of rapists tend to commit other were still living together) case, an independent researcher The National Center on Women and Family Law is a legal 1965 - Continuing. types of sexual offenses such as voyeurism and exhibition has begun to commIe research on marital rape through a services backup center which provides technical assist ism; (8) most rapes are carefully planned and often follow network of researchers and a subscription to a clipping ance to advocates on legal issues which affect women and elaborate ritualistic behaviors; {9} impulsive rapists are service. The clearinghouse, which has operated since Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) was es families. The center publishes a newsletter, distributes usually sociopaths; {10} many sexual offenders are not May 1981, has compiled 700 items that include clippings, t.ablished in the mid-1960's by the National Institute .. of manuals and information packets, and responds to in violent toward their voluntary sexual partners; (11) gang theses, studies, law review articles, professional papers, Education of the \Qepartment of Health, Education, and dividual information requests. The center also does litiga o rape is m9re common than supposed, usually involves letters from victims, testimony at legislative hearings, legis Welfare as a service to educators throughout the country. tion, litigation assistance, and training, and produces adolescent rapists, and often involves a convert homosex lation, sections of books, book reviews, bibliographies, ERIC makes available through Ifundreds of lib'raries and policy analysis papers. Tne services of the center are ap ual bond among the rapists; and {12} rapists generally and cassette tapes of radio and television programs. The information centers over 300,000 published and unpub propriate for use by attorneys, district attorneys, judges, fantasize about rape. 12 references. '- major subject headings include articles, statistics, men lished materials in the field of education: research reports, victim-witness assistance programs, and advocates of bat- 68 69 ------~,-~-~-~-~ . - ,a ; • - '--- National Programs, Clearingnouses, and Data Bases Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Bibliographic Resources tered women and rape victims. The center's work focuses computer file. Other publications include subject area bib This annotated list of sexual assault programs and printed citations of previously published items in four subject on: (1) litigation on behalf of battered women against liographies, resource listings, computer searches of the materials covers rape programs, medical treatment, the areas: legal, medical, psychological, and sociological as police, prosecutors, and courts; (2) defending State legisla National Clearinghouse for Mental Health Information criminal justice system's handling of sexual assault cases pects of rape. A popular press section containing 87 cita tive remedies for battered women from constitutional data base, summarie~' of research grants awarded, grant and miscellaneous materials. Materials included in the tions and 12 abstracts is also included which covers all challenges; (3) issues relating to battery and child custody application information, and a monograph on rape pre rape programs section include items on counseling proce four subject areas. pr9blems; (4) civil suits for rape victims; (5) marital rape; vention for older women. A multimedia package for rape dures, community education, and self defense. Materials (6) intrafamily custody disputes, including child snatching, prevention education in high schools may be borrowed are from rape crisis centers in Boston, the District of Co joint custody, and sex discrimination in custody stand from the National Center for the Prevention and Control lumbia, Louisville, Ky., and other cities. Other materials ards; (7) divorce mediation and pro se (in one's own be of Rape. Two recent significant films produced by the are from the National Center for the Prevention and Con 223 half or in person) divorce. The center distributes a center, (1) "Rape: Caring for the Adult Female Victim," a trol of Rape and from advocacy groups in Ohio, Texas, "Toward the Prevention of Rape: A Partially Annotated publications list and over 60 different resource packets. medically oriented film, and (2) "Rape: Victim or Victor," and other States. The medical protocol section lists print Bibliography. All requests must be in writing. are available on a 5-day free loan basis through Modern ed materials developed by a variety of sources dealing Walker, M. J., ed. Talking Pictures, 5000 Park Street, N., St. Petersburg, with the medical examination, interview, and treatment of (Montgomery, Ala.,) University of Alabama, 104 p" 1975. Florida 33709, (813)541-6661. Two recent publications victims of sexual assault. The criminal justice section lists Available from: NCjRS; Accession No. 016783. 218P are (1) "Public and Private Sources of Funding for Sexual printed materials dealing with police, legal action, and National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Assault Treatment Programs" and (2) "He Told Me Not To legislation related to sexuai assault. In the final section, Listing of books and over 150 annotated articles on rape P.O. Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20850 Tell," a prevention booklet for parents. The clearinghouse descriptions and lists of materials available from a variety and its consequences on the victim, the assailant, and the (202)251-5500 maintains a computer listing of rape programs and re of sexual assault programs around the country are provid community. Material covered in this bibliography ranges Continuing. sc:>urces in the 50 States, the Territories, and Canada: ed. Availability information is provided for each item, and from research papers and government reports to crisis program addresses are listed. Over 60 annotated items are center publications and popular articles. Literature dealing included, and information available from 6 programs is with the victim includes discussion of her role in the as The National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) listed. (NCJRS) sault, the response of the legal, medical, and community is an international information clearinghouse of the De persons to her, and the psychological reaction of the ex of Justice, National Institute of Justice. This cen partm~nt perience on the victim and her family. Two main areas tralized information resource, established in 1972, 222 BIBLIOGRAPHIC RESOURCES discussed in literature on assailants are diagnosis and treat contains over' 65,000 records including published and The Rape Bibliography: A Collection of Abstracts. ment. Sources for the annotations included Crime and unpublished research reports, program descriptions and st. Louis Feminist Research Project, Mo. Delinquency Abstracts, National Institute of Mental evaluations, books, dissertations, theoretical and empiri St Louis, Mo., the Project, 96 p., 1976. Health (computer printouts), Psychological Abstracts, Na cal studies, handbooks and standards, journal articles, and Available from: Centers for Disease Control, Center for tional Criminal Justice Reference Service, and Di5sertation audiovisual materials. The NCJ RS is a primary resource for 220 Health Promotion and Education, Educational Resources, Abstracts International. Abstracts from these sources are information on law enforcement and criminal justice. Rape and Rape-Related Issues: An Annotated Bibliog Atlanta, GA 30333. raphy. noted in the text. Part II of the bibliography lists unan Kemmer, E. J. The bibliography contains 169 abstracts of scholarly notated articles and books which also relate to rape. New York, Garland, 183 p., 1977: books and articles published in English after i970 and 274 (NCjRS) 219P National Rape Information Clearinghouse (NRIC). National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape, Text contains 348 items published in English from 1965 , National Institute of Mental Health, 5600 Fishers Lane, through the summer of 1976 on medical, legal, and social Room 1599, Rockville, MD 20857 aspects of rape. Most of the references were published in (301 )443-1910 the United States. The items are arranged alphabetically 1976 - Continuing. by author with an index of periodicals represented and a detailed subject index. Periodicals (law reviews, medical The National Rape Information Clearinghouse (NRIG), es journals, journals devoted to psychotherapy and counsel tablished in 1976, responds to inquiries from researchers, ing, and popular magazines) are included as well as books, the professional community, and the general public; main book chapters, and symposia reports. Topics covered in tains a listing of rape prevention and treatment resources clude prevention~ psychology of offenders, offender treat to help people locate services available in their communi ment, victim treatment, state statutes, criminal justice ty and to facilitate networking among those working in the involvement, feminist perspectives, group rape, rape crisis centers, and venereal disease._JNCJRS) field of sexual assault; and develops and disseminates ',' materials. Computer searches are conducted of the professional literature. Bibli95raphies, 5elected refer ences, monographs, and resealfh papers are disseminat 221 ed. Ten directories correspond!hg to thl'! Department of Resource Materials on Sexual Assault. Health and·Human Services regions are available describ National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape ing rape prevention and treatment programs in each re (DHHS, ADAMHA), Rockvillel Md. ' gion. The listings are updated continually in the NRIC Rockville, Md., the Center, 18 p., 1978. 70 71 !t I) -. pc .- • _#4 o AUTHOR INDEX BARKAS, J. L BLiNDMAN, S. M. 063 153 BARLOW, S. R. BODE, J." 182 071,072 ABT ASSOCIATES, INC., CAMBRIDGE, BARNETT, N. J. 003 BRADBURY, M. D. MASS.' 143 146, 147 BASKIN, D. 062 BRADY, E. M. , ALB I, F. J. 031 . . I 148 BASSUK, E• 064,185 BRAEN, G. R~ AMIR, D. 073 149 BAY AREA WOMEN AGAINST RAPE, BERKELEY, CALIF. BREEN, J. L AMIR,M. 026 074 149 BECKER, J. V. BRIDWELL, M. W. APPELL, L 065 098 062 BELLACK, J. P. BRODSKY, S. L. ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN COL 066 022,027,212 LEGES, WASHINGTON, D.C. PROJECT ON THE STATUS AND EDUCATION BENNETT, J. R. BRODYAGA, L. OF WOMEN. 152 154 002 ,,\ BEST, C. L BROWN, J. 067 068,069 .) ,-, ·3IELER, L BROWN, K. 068,069 068,069 BINDER, R. BRYANT, G. 070 155 .1 BLACK, T. e. BULLARD, ,.,~~ J. (~ 150 049 \ 73 .<1 u , () Author Index Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape PrevenJion and Services to Rape Victims Author Index BURGESS, A. W. CLEVELAND IMPACT CITIES PRO· ESTABROOK, B. GELLER, S. H. 075,076,077,078, 106, 107, GRAM, OHIO. 161 HAYNOR, D. 180,207 007 102 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF 052 CHIEFS OF POLICE, GAITHERSBURG, EVANS, H. I. MD. BURNS SECURITY INST., NEW YORK, GIAItRUSSO, R. HEALD, F. P. CONRAD, K. F. 090, 162 00,8 109 N.Y. 159 093 028 ;1 EVANS, J. R. GILPATRIC, P.' i IRELAND, M. S. CONROY, M. 143 HEATH, L. 100 009 011,033 BURT, M. 030 J.-, 079 EYMAN, J. S. GLADDEN, B. L. HENNEPIN COUNTY ATTORNEY, i"/ COOKE, C. W. 091" 165 BYERS, E. S. 074 MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. JACKSON, R. 004 172, 173 178 GOLD, S. COPELAND, L. 093 053 FEILD, H. S. HEPPNER, M. JOHNSON, G. H. 103 150 003 GORDON, M; CRYER, L. 041 086 FELDMAN-SUMMERS, S. HEPPNER, P. P. JOSEPH, D. 103 171 CALDERON, E. " 092 GORDON, M. T. 214 042 FELICE, M. HICKS, L. E. 174 DAVENPORT, J. 093 CALHOUN, l. G. 160 GORDON, P.,E. KALMANOFF, A. 080 092 HILBERMAN, f. 068,069 FENN, B. DAVIS, L. J. 104,105 094 GRAFF, S. CALIFORNIA STATE OFFICE OF THE 031 KANSAS CITY POLICE DEPT., MO. ATTORNEY GENERAL, LOS ANGELES. 010,037 HILL, C. E. 177 CRIME PREVENTION UNIT. FERTF,L, J. H. 125 DAY, D. A. 163 005 203 GRANT"J. 093 KAUFMAN, A. HILL, H. L. 178 FmER,A. CARDIN, S. S. DENTON, D. W. 150 081 043 GREAL Y, J. I. 054 KAUFMAN, D. A. 166 " HIRSCtlEl, D. FISCHMAN, A. M. 035 CARROW, D. M. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, WASH- 175 156, 157 112 GREENSTONE, J. L. INGTON, D.C. OFFICE OF DEVELOP- 167 KEEFE, M. L. MENT, TESTING, AND HOBART, S. C. 057,179,180 CHAIGNOT, M.J. DISSEMINATION. FONG-TORRES, S. 212 183 055 029 GRIFFITH, L. R. 032 HOLMSTROM, L. L. KELLER, E. 181 CHANDLER, S. M. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY CRIMI- FORMAN, B. D. 075, 076, 077, 106, 107, 207 095 GROTH, A. N. 130 NAL INVESTIGATION COMMAND, d J FALLS CHURCH, VA. CRIME PREVEN- 207 HORTON, O. KELLEY, J. F. CHAPPELL, D. liON DIV. (FORREST, L. 171 208 158 006 ,/ 096 HAAS, H. HORWITZ, D. S. KEMMER, E. J. CHARLE, S. DlVASTO, P. FRAZIER, W. H. 168 034 220 082 178 097 HAGEMAN, M. J. C. HOSPITAL COUNCIL OF SOUTHERN KILPATRICK, D. G. CHICAGO HOSPITAL COUNCIL, ILL., DOWEIKO, H. FREIBERG, P. 169 CALlFOR"'I!A{ LOS ANGELES. 0(.7 087 098 110 ,~' ;' 083 (/ HALPERN, S. .,./' KING, C. CHU,W. DRAPKIN, I. FUDER, S. M. 101 HUNT, G. R. 066,069 029 088 O!,l9 106 HARDGROVE, G. KIZZIAH, C. CIREL, P. DUGGAN, K. V. 170 HUR,SCH, C. J. 068,069 155 034 056, GARCIA, C.-R. " HART, B. K. (i 129 KLEMMACK, S. H. DUTCHER, L. 127 HYDE, M. O. 027 CITIZENS COMMITTEE fOR VICTIM 012 ASSISTANCE, CHICAGO, ILL. 125 084 GARRELL,MICHAUD, V. HARTMAN, R. " 164 KOERPER, J. 171 202 CLARK, T. P. IDAHO LAW ENFORCEMENT PLAN- ENOS, W. F. GARRETT, C. A. HASTINGS, C. 085 NING COMMISSION, BOISE. KRADEL, P. F. 089 100 169 , 176 058 I, r;-- .-~\ l', f,,../ , " 74 . 0 " 75 -2 • at - 0, !T~'! ". Author Index Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Author Index lAKEWOOD DEPT. OF PUSLIC SAFE MAURER, J. NEW YORK CITY POLICE DEPT., KEW QUINONES~SIERRA, S. TY. 205, RUDEEN, R. D. SPAULDING, D. GARDENS, N. Y. CRIME PREVENTION 124 035 036 SECTION. ' 202 MEAGHER, J. R. 038 LASZLO, A. T. 092 SPEREKAS, N. B. 162 ' 078 NORTH CAROliNA LEGISLATIVE RE RADA, R. T. ST. lOUIS FEMINIST RESEARCH PRO- MECHAU, D. SEARCH COMMISSION, RALEIGH. 209,210,211 IECT, MO. ' LATTA, R. M. 188 060 222 SPITZ, J. 013 RAHMAS, D. S. 054 , I MERCHANT, J. J. NORTHWEST REGIONAL COUNCIL, 017 SANFORD, L. T. LAYMAN, M. F. 114 BELLINGHAM, WASH. 043 STEELE, S. F. 182 194 RAUSCH, D. K. 200 \ 025 METROPOLITAN ORGANIZATION TO ~, SAVITZ, R. LEDRAY, L. NOTMAN, M. T. 064, 185 STERLING, J. W. COUNTER SEXUAL ASSAULT, KANSAS 213 183 CITv, MO. ' 116,117,119 RAY, J. 189, 190 197 SCARPITTI, E. C. STONESTREET, S. D. LEVINE, P. 018 RESNICK, J. L. 133 184 MEYER, L. C. ODEGARD, W. 112 125 178 SCARPITTI, F. R. STORASKA, F. LEVITON, S. 018 046 167 MONAHAN, D. H. REYNOLDS, B. O'REILLY, H. T. 093 191 057, 179 SCHIFF, A. F. STUDEN, L. R. LOS ANGELES COUNTY DEPT. OF 019, 131 203 HEALlH SERVICES, LOS ANGELES, MORGAN, C. A. RICH, I. T. O'SULLIVAN, E. 180 CAUF. 035 195 SCHRAM, D. 110 096 MOURIS, P. C. RICHTER, I. G. TINDALL, S. 198 LYNCH, C. C. 192 SCHRAM, D. D. 047 111 PADDOCK, P. 148 MOYNIHAN, B. 206 r!' RIGER, S. 097 041, 042 SCHULTZ, L G. PALM BEACH COUNTY METROPOLl 020 TA/'II CRIMINAL JUSTICE PLANNING RINEAR, C. E. UNIT, WEST PALM BEACH, FLA. 126 SCOTT, E. L. 196 VANDERMEER, I. NADELSON, C. C. 044 178 MCCAHILL, T. W. 115,116,117,119 RINEAR, E.!:. 112 PATHAK, D. 126 SELKIN, I. 178 VIANO, E. NASS, O. R. 045,056 088,180 MACCARTHY, K. 118 RITVO, E. R. PELL, S. 010 030 SELTZER, V. VIANO, E. C. NATIONAL CENTER FOR THE PRE 064,185 132 201 MCCOMBIE, S. " VENTION AND CONTROL OF RAPE ROA, G. PEPITONE-ROCKWELL, F. '\ 064 (DHHS, ADAMHA), ROCKVILLE, MD. 191 SHEEHAN, PHINNEY, BASS AND VRANEY, M. W. 221 120 ,\ 135 \1 GREEN PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIA MCCOMBIE, S. L. ROBERTS, W. K. TION. 113,185 NATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION PlmBUKGH ACTION AGAINST 127 021 INSC., LOUISVILLE, KY. ,'\.. RAPE, INC., PA. 014 C;) 039 MACo,;().TE:~, '>.~..;- .' ROBIN, G. D. '\ SHIPPEN, W., JR. , ~ 128 \, 129 (~lO, 037 I) POLK COUNTY RA!»E-SEXUAL A5-' \~\ NATIONAL INST. OF LAW ENFORCE MENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE, SAULT CARE CENTEf!, DES MOINES, RODABAUGH, B, 1. WALKER, L. E. MCDE\i)TT, S. IOWA. SILVER, S. M. 136 WASHINGTON, D.C. 199 133 202~, 059 121 ~~~c' WALKER, M. J. iJ', ROLLINS, J. C. SILVERMAN, D. C. MCKINLEY, S. NEW JERSEY SCHOOL BOARDS AS POLYOT, sp 022,023,22~ 037 141 134 SOCIATION, TRENTON. 204 ;/ \\, "---, .' 015 ,/ ROSENFELD, D. L WALTER P. REUTHER SENIOR CEN MARION COUNTY VICTIM ADVO ,POST, M.M. SKINNER, L. J. TERS, INC., DETROIT, MICH. 129 065 'i t CAn PROGItAM, INC., INDIANAPO NEWTON, A. 040 048 LIS, IND. 193 ,186 ROUCEK, J. S. SMITH, J. WALfON,1. R. 017 062 198 NEW YORK CITY DEPT. FOR THE QUEEN'S ,BENCH FOUNDA1!'ION, SAN MATHEWS, K. E. AGING, N. Y. FAANCISCO, CALIF. RUCH; L. O. SPARKS, C. 187 :::938 WARNER, C. G. 016, 122, 12f • 130 010 137,202 76 77 /',/ ·a v (> (; , "._,",~.~ ___._ ~---"l-,~ .. , .• _.... __,,-,'~._-._~ __ ' .... • • , < '~ ,i .... ~ .. ~ .' Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims .. ' " WATTS, D.,L. WOLFF, R. WHITE, P. N. 138 142 ·.·141 . WEBB, C. WOODARD, P. B. WHITEHEAD, L. V. 139 066 Oi4 WHISTON, S. K. WOODLING, B.A. WICKENKA~P, C. K. 140 143 025 WHITCOMB, D. WYATT, M. WOEKNER:A. 203 093 171 c·. SUBJECT INDEX ABUSED CHiLDREN ANTISOCII\L BEHAVIOR .084 003,004, 155,212,21.3 ADJUSTMENT (TO ENVIRONMENT) 138 ARMED SfRVICES POLICE 009 ADMINISTRA nON 188 ARREST STATISTICS 052 ADOLESCENTS 008,093 ART THERAPY 100 AGENCY COO,PERATION 161 ASIAN AMERICANS 029 AGGRAVATED ASSAULT 052, 150 ASSAULT AND BATTERY AGGRESSION c 015,030, 166 007,044,059, 135, 212 D AiuKA '\\ ATTITUDE CHANGE 043,139 188 ATTITUDES ~LCOHOL 008,013,018,080,105,107,115,126 209 ATIIUBUTION THEORY ALCOHOLICS 033,080 210 AUDIOVISUAL AIDS ALCOHOLISM 050,109 210 AUTO THEFT ,\ II \ \ 001,028 _.J ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT PROGRAMS 054 ' ' ALTERNATIVES TO INSTITUTIONA'LIZATION BATTERED WIVES 054 084, 111, 136 , 78 79 ,i ji p ,t,. '''; ...... --..2 - ,,0 ~ .. """,",,~-~-.. ,---~~~-"-,...:-"--,-"_....Q..-.._~~~-..~.:---.~.~....-~,----.-»~ ...... ~-«-> ....,~--~~""--,.----.~ .~-.",~ ...... ~---.. --~ ."'.---.. '-'~-., .. ~~-..... ----."~".-... --,,~.,-..:;I,';~''-~ ,~ __ , ~_, _"..... __ .,...... ».-!l..... " . .:..~".,_ •. '.fL.... _____ .__ . _~. __ .. _ .. _ ...".. __ ... _ ...... _.:.._ ....___ .... __...... __... _._. _ ...... : , ..",,_~,_." ,,,...... "r) ~ Subject .Index Rape Prellention and Services. to Rape Victimg Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Subject Index BAmRED WOMEN cmZEN ASSOCIATIONS 188 186, l~3 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS COUNSELORS ) 016, 080, 092 BEHAVIOR CHANGE crnZEN COURT WATCHING 067,075,080,097, 121, 192 212 186 COMPUTER CRIME PREVENTION MEASURES 031 COURTS BEHAVIOR PATTERNS crnZEN CRIME PRECAUTIONS 068,069,078,121,168,177 CONFIDENCE GAME 016 038, 040, 048, 051 028, 036, 048 CRIME 007,011, 044, 059, 154, 155 BEHAVIOR THEORIES crnZEN CRIME REPORTING 126,152,179,197 CONFLICT 033 008 CRIME ANALYSIS crnZEN SERVICE UNITS CONNECTICUT 194, 197 BEHAVIORAl AND SOCIAL SOENCES 1,93 130 097 CRIME CAUSES ClASSIFICATION CONVICTIONS 019,022, 184,207,209,210,220 BEUEFS 027 018 013,115,124 CRIME CONTROL PROGRAMS CLEARANCE RATES COOPERATIVE PLANNING 054,176,187 BIAS 052 154 080 COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS CRIME IN SCHOOLS CLEARINGHOUSES 133 015, 166 BIBUOGRAPHIES 214,216,218,219 002,079,220,221,222, 223 COORDINATION CRIME PATIERNS COLLEGE ROI.E 161 016,034 BIBUOTHERAPY .. 002 135 COPING CRIME PREDICTION COLLEGE STUDENTS 077,087, 098,139,140 190 BLACKS 002, 003, 013, 087 044 CORRECTIONAL REHABILITATION CRIME PREVENTION COLLEGES AND UNIVERSrnES 213 0)9 BURGLARY 002,093 001, 028, 038, 051, 052, 150,176,208 CORRECTIONS 150,201,210 COLORADO CRIME PREVENTION MEASURES 036, 045, 056, 162, 180 BUSINESS SECURITY 001,006,009,010,012,014,015,016,017,018,020,021, 036,051 COST ANALYSIS 022,023,025,026,028,030,031,032,036,037,039,041, COMMUNITY ACTION PROGRAMS 197 042,043,046,048,051,052,054, 056, 0~7, 058,137, 150, 038, 150, 193 176,187, 194, 208, 210, 223 COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS COMMUNITY BASED CORRRIIONS (ADUln 054 CRIME RATES 055 023 CAUFORNIA COUNSELING 005,026,053,068,069,070,123,170,180,202 CO~MUNITY COOPERATION 070,085.092,097,098,101,103,104,120,121,134,145, CRIME SCENE SEARCH 155 "146,152',168,170, 174,181,185,192, 199,2.0~ 109, 148 /1 CAMPUS SECURITY (i 020,028 COMMUNITY CRIME PREVENTION PROGRAMS COUNSELING OBJECTIVES CRIME SPECIr-IC COUNTERMEASURES 001, 036, 040, 050, 054, 055, 058. 137, 164 138 021,034,036,038,048,054,079, 189, 190 CAMPUSES " c 161 COMMUNITY INFORMATION §ERVICES COUNSELING SERVICES CR~ME STATISTICS 200' \I" :. 029, 127, 139, 161,200,213 137, 171 CAREER CRIMINAL PROG~MS 208 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT COUNSELING TECHNIQUES CRIME SURVEYS 012,048,051,053,157,199,203 087, 127, 135 045,197 CASE STUDIES COMMUNITY PROGRAMS <'l 046,063,179 161 . COUNSELOR ATIITUDES CRIMES AGAINST CHILDREN 138 001,012,111,113,136,181 COMMUNITY RELATIONS. :;:-1 177 CCVUNSELOR CLIENT RELATIONSHIP CRIMES AGAiNST PERSONS 139 . 024, 047, 094 COMMUNITY RESOURCES 053,144,147,162,169,180,204,205,206 COUNSELOR ROLE CRIMES AGAINST THE ELDERLY 087 031,048, 137 CHILD MOLESTERS 028 COMMUNITY SUPPOR1 o COUNSE"OR TRAININC 050,153,154 CRIMINAL CODES 133 060/099,128,171 (] 80 .) ", 81 PC - 0,· ." () Subject Index Rape Pffevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Subject Ind~j( CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION DISCRIMINATION 023,099,109,121,158,172,181 136 EVALUATION METHODS FORMATIVE EVALUATION 150,200 CRIMINAL INVEST'GATION UNITS DISPATCHING 200 055, 082, 179 055 EVIDENCE FRAUD 072,078 CRIMINAL JUSTICE DISTRICT ATTORNEYS 055 022,026, 071,088,094,096,122,123,125,146,181,182, 203 , EVIDENCE COLLECTION 194, 197,218 073,083,086,089,101,109,121,148 FUNDING SOURCES DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 176 CRIMINAL LAW 159 EVIDENCE IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS 059, 155 061,073,108,129,132,163 \\ DRUG ABUSE mORGIA CRIMINAL METHODS 036 , 001',051,099 016 FAMILIES DRUG LAW OFFENSES 217 GOVERNMENTAL PLANNING CRIMINAL VICTIMS 015,166 059 166 FAMILY AnnUDES DRUG OVERDOSE 029, 124, 138 CRIMiNALS 102 GRANTS OR CONTRACTS 212 FAMILY COUNSELING 176 141 CRIMINOLOGY GREAT BRITAIN 044,091 ECONOMIC STATUS 061 044 FAMILY CRIISIS 137,16,7 CRISIS INTERVENTION GUII)Fot:NES 050, 064, 070, 085, 087, 097, 098, 101, 103, 104, 113, 120, EDUCATIO/)j (""154 125,127, '132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 139, 141, 144, 149, 153, 024 FAMILY INFLUENCE 139 Ii 157,162,164,167,174,185,193,199,200,201,203,204, Gt3!LT 206 EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES f35 002 FAMILY PROBLEMS 141 .CUES EFFECTIVENESS 008 197 FEAR HAWAII )) '. 011, 142 100, 130,163 ,:-CULTURAL INFLUENCES EFFICIENCY 124 197 FEAR OF CRIME HEALTH PROFESSIONALS 031,126 185 CULTURAL TRAITS i:MERGENCY PROCEDURES 124 HELPING RELATiONSHIP 110 FEDEI:AL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION 080, 138 054 EMOTIONAL ADJUSTMEN1'S HIGHER EDUCATION DATA COLLECTION 098,116,117,119,138 FEMALE SEX ROLES 002,087,161 200 043 EMOTIONAL DISORDERS HISPANIC AMERICANS DATING 076, 117, 142, 207 FEMALfS 124 008 001, d02, 004, 007, 011, 013, 027, 029, 031, 03.3, 037, 039, EMOTIONAL RESPONSE 044,046,049,079,092,093,104,105,119,124,127,135, HOMICIDE 136,139,141,154,155,177,188,217 DELAWARE 011, 095, 098, 117, 139 063, 150, 208 153 ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES FIELD STUDIES 004 033 HOSPITALS 'J DEMOGRAPHY 064, 066, 074, 075, 077, 083, 093, 106, 126, 154, 162, 192, , 204,206 194, 197 EQUIPMENT FILMS 073 219, HOTLINES DETERRENCE 050, 125, 147, 153, 157, 167, 174, 177, 178, 184, 203, 204, 012, 040, 052 ETHNIC GROUPS FIRST AID 205,206 130 102 I) DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS HUMAN SERVICES 087 EVALUATION FLORIDA 1,55,200 123,146,147,187,191 019,111,166,180,191,196 DIRECTORIIES 079, 101, 167,219,221 EVAlUATION DES!GN FORENSIC MEDICINE IDAHO 001 .;:: .. C073/ 143 176 d)' 82 83 ", :~ • .o- .."J~l~wA, '.• ;,~;1.· .. ~''".... "."'"~' "~'"_~\:''''''''''''''''M_'~:~''''' , £ a .. .- ~ " ,> --,- ,': Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention a'nd .Services to Rape Victims Subject Index ILLINOIS () 083, 084, 165 LANGUAGE HANDICAPS 029 MEDICAL AND DENTAL SERVICES IMPAP CITIES OFFENDERS 052, 150 LARCENY 026,073,086,089,097,101,102,110,121,123,145,181 016,223 001 INCEST MEDICAL SERVICES OHIO '::'; 096, 154 )) 136,137 LAW ENFORCEMENT 019, 052, 171 020,059,099,155 INDEX CRIMES MEDICOLEGAL CONSIDERATIONS 073, 079, 086, 110, 121 OREGON 052 LAW REFORM 150,168 020, 023, 060, 157 INDIANA MENTAL HEALTH 076 OUTREACH PROGRAMS !i 040, 186, 208 LAWS AND STATUTES 133 019,072,166,~03,217,220 MICHIGAN INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 019,180 011 LAWSUITS 020 PARAPROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL INDIVIDUAL POWER MINNESOTA 064, 125, 127, 133 011 <7 079,173,172,181,29,1 tEAA EXEMPLARY PROGRAMS PENNSYLVANIA 055, 146 MISSISSIPPI INFORMATION DISSEMINATION 112,175 024, 050, 178 160 LEAA REQUIRED STATE PLANS INMATE PROGRAMS 056, 176 MISSOURI PERCEPTION 054 184, 189, 190 011, 080, 177' LEGAL AID INMATES FAMILIES PERSONAL SECURITY 054 154 MODEL PROGRAMS 184,193 028,,031,035,037 W~\ INSERVICE TRAINING LEGAL AID SERVICES \~ 185 055, 145 MODELS PERSONALln", 027, 062, 095, 140, 152, 212 067 INTERAGENCY COOPERATION LEGAL ISSUES 146, 156,170, 198,201 061,217 MUGGING PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT 028,038 067 INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH 093,185 LEGAt P~OiJtEMS ':,,11 002 MURDER PHYSICAL CRIME fREVENTlON INTERPERSONI\,L RELATIONSHIP 052 030,031,032,047,048 004,008 LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY 002 PHYSICAL TRAINING INTERVENnON 030,035 0:: 127(, 138, 155, 188 LOCUS OF CONTROL 1 PHYSICIANS 011, 033 NATIONAL PROGRAMS INTERVIEW AND INTERROGATION 061,074,080,108,120,129,132,205 101, 109, 148 . 215,217,218,219 ,~ LOUISIANA INTERVIEWS 174,203 NEW HAMPSHIRE 011, 075, 077 164 POLICE, 001,009,024,036,051,052,057,068,069,075,089, 110, IOWA MAINE )21,148,154,158,165,171,177,179,193,198,205 NEW JERSEY 0 121, 146 204, 205, 206 0.15 POLICE AGENCIES MALE OFFENDERS 192 JUDICIAL PROCESS 01 6, 021 NEW MEXICO 038,088, 107,165 144,178 POLICE ATIITUDES 082,114,180 MARITAL INSTABILITY ~) . JURIES 141 NEW YORK 018 019, 057, 179 POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS MARITAL RI,\PE('''' 00:1,057, 153 JUVENILE DELINQUENTS 214- ' 015 NONPROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL 127 POLICE EDUCATION " ', MARYLAND 184 081,093, 159 NORTH CAROLINA KANSAS 060 POLICE EfFECTIVENESS 114 " 050, 169,192 MAsSAt~HUSETIS 064, 0751 077, 085, 106, 185, 207 NURSES POLICE LEGAL ADV!,SERS 062, 066, 070, 085, 120, 205 055 84 85 , " ~- Q Q o 0 ,._ .... _-- ~ ...... '.''-,.''~'-'~'-'--":'1-' ._~_, __'~_"""" ____~_'--~ ____ ~. ___. ___'~~_._~_-J_,_ ...... ,,_.\'1..--...... " .. ' _ ..._ ._~ " __ "'~' __ """"_ •. _.,'_ ••~ .. ~ .~. ~. __ .•. _ -,: , '. "'4 ," ._". __.• _ ,_~ ••.._~"" .._ •. ~ ...~, __, ~~_._.,;;:,,' __ ."_.~,.:.._ ._--> __ ~_~_ ._,_ .__ ::.-...... _~.,~ ____~ __ ~ ______Q... ~._ ... :...... ~~_.~_«._~,.~: ,_. __ ~_ c::::::::~ '''''''~~ d • Subject Index '''\~"'~ Rape Prevention an Services to Rape Victims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims Subject Index POLICE PERSONNEL PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS RAPE CRISIS CENTERS 053 121,168 RESIDENTIAL SECURITY 072, 090, 130, 137, 149, 157, 160, 167, 1!11, 196, 199, 204, 030, 035, 036, 037, 046, 051 205, 206, 221 POLICE POLICY -~PROSECUTION \\ 158 RESTITUTION PROGRAMS 017,055,072, 091;J21, 146, 168, 169, 172, 177, 181, 189, RAPE SEQUELAE 208 054 POLICE REPORTS 095, 098, 116, 1.17, 119, 120, 140 158, 171 PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES 1,\ RISK 090, 092, 104, 123, 136, 142 RAPE TRAUMA 011,033 POLICE RESPONSIBILITIES 106 047,114 PSYCI4i.~:TRISTS ROBBERY 070' RAPE TRAUMA SYNDROME 001,032,036,051,052,063, 150, 176,208 POLICE TRAINING 120 109,114,158,171 PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ROLE PLAYING 027 f!APE VICTIM SHIELD LAWS ,027 POLICEWOMEN 137 179 PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION RULES Of EVIDENCE 072 076, 092, 118 RAPISTS POLICING INNOVATION 020,025,035,043,065,091,112,115,131,137,184,190, 082 PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES 207, 209, 211 RURAL AREA STUDIES 200 058 fREDlCTION RECIDIVISM 033 PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES 150,208 RURAL CRIME 136 f,' 160 PREVENTION RECORDS 002, 007, 011, 044,215 PSYCHOLOGICAL VICTIMIZATION EffECTS 078 072,084,090,113,126'1130,137,183 SCHOOL COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIP PREVENTION PROGRAMS 161 049 PSYCHOTHERAPY REfERENCE MATERIALS 136 031,101,122 SCHOOL DELINQUENCY PROGRAMS PRISONERS 015 213 PUBLIC AlTITUDES 019,041,042,063,072,117,170,180 REfERRAL SERVICES 145, 192 SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES PROCEDURE MANUALS 161 014,073,061,094,096,098,101,110,113,121,148,172, PUBLIC DEfENDERS 181, 192, 202 055 REFORM 012, 068,128 SCHOOL SECURITY 166 PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION PUBLIC EDUCATION I 155 009,024,047,050,057,146,152,153,171,177,178,197, REHABILITATION SCHOOL VANDALISM , ~/ lS9 " 019,023 166 PROGRAM COORDINATION 050,156, 157, 201 PUBLIC INfORMATION REHABILITATION PROGRAMS Oi2, 024, 034, 040, 057, 073,094,,096 SECURITY SYSTEMS 213 166 PROGRAM COSTS 188 RELIGIOUS fACTORS PUBLIC SCHOOLS SELF CONCEPT 124, 135 037, 043, 065, 135 PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS 015 087,127,155,213 RESEARCH SELf DEfENSE II PUBLICATIONS 077 016, 026, 028, 032, 037, 043, 049, 079 PROGRAM EVALUATION 024,026 ~~~~1~1~1~1~1~1~1~1~1~1~ RESEARCH METHODS 191, 196, 197,200 SELf DEfENSE TRAINING 027,08a 0 PUBLICATIONS LISTS 03~1\~35, 037, 039, 043 '" 221 PROGRAM fiNANCING :.--1 ~ RESEARCH PROJECTS U6,195 SELf INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS ".<: PUBLISHED PROCEEDINGS 003, 004, 007, 027, 059, 186 030, 032, 048 023 PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION o 157 RESEARCH REPORTS SENIOR ADULTS .013 001,038 ,), PROPERTY CRIMES RACIAL AlTITUDES (i" 048 RESEARCH REVI~WS SEX COUNSEUNG 029 044 213 PROPERTY IDENTIfiCATION 048,051 RACIAL DISCRIMINATION RESIDENTIAL PROGRAMS SEX DiffERENCES 029' 18a 003, 008, 013 86 87 •. •.... 1, "?r_"U '•. ,;1\. ,d - 'j:·~'- " r I '(' \,! f, , I ' r. ·1· ~ j I 1 o ,) f) In ! Ii 1 i I. \\ i !) ", = .' \/ ,) o , , "" II o y:r -,".' ,.' - "~, ,_. <.~. ,.-- - - - _n '._., __ !.'.,..~ _11 ,-"-_,;C,'_,_.''''''~,o~ '-" __~_":''- __,C-,-,_'';", ___ :;,~ __~,_, Subject Index Subject Index Rape Prevention and Services to Rape, Viet'Ims Rape Prevention and Services to Rape Victims SEX DISCRIMINATION VICTIMOLOGV 018,071,128 STATE OF THE ART REVIEWS TRAINING MANUALS 135, 138, 139, 141 006,030,037,050, 102, 125 022,023,045,046,065,088,104,118,122,149,163,183, 201, 223 SEX EDUCA"Oor,! 0'13, 029 STATE PLANNING AGENCIES VICTIMS 166, 176 TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS 062 004,016,018,080,081,088,099,101,104,107,118,122, SEX OFFENDERS 135,145,151,158,163,168,171,177,179,181,186,193 019,023,158,165,172,173,210 STATUTORY RAPE 072, 112, 137 TREATMENT 020, 022, 164 VIDEOTAPE RECORDINGS SEX OFFENSES 027 010,112,121,162,165,172,201 STRESS VARIABLES TRIAL PREPARATION 135, 141 137 VIOLENCE SEXUAL ASSAULT 002, 007, 008, 027, 044, 046, 059, 067, 111, 141, 184, 188, STUDENT ATTITUDES g~i: g~i: 006~2, 0~~3, 024, 025, 031, 035,.036, 046, TRIAL PROCEDURES 207 gig, g;;, 003 137 VIRGINIA H~: l~~; gg; g~: ~~~; ~i;; fH; n;: f:i: f~t ru; rg~: STUDENT PERSONNEL SERVICES 089, 159 087 UNIFORM CLOTHING VOLUNTEER PROGRAMS SEXUAL ASSAULT VICTIMS STUDIES 028 050,153,162,174,175,195,203 g~~,g~g,g~~,g~~,g~~,g3831'004843,045,061,065,066,067, 067, 107,123,162 UNREPORTED CRIMES 10' , , , , , ,090,091,092,093 102 068, 069, 072, 112, 179, 187 VOLUNTEER TRAINING 13i' ~06, 108, 109, 112, 113, 115,116,117 119 129'130' SUMM~TlVE EVALUATION 174 184'1~~' ~~g'~~~'~9422, 114953'119660, 163, 172;173;175;178: 200 i) URBAN ENVIRONMENT , , , , , I ,199,202,203 007 VOLUNTEERS 064, 067, 080, 162, 177, 204, 206 SEXUALITY SUPPORT SYSTEMS 087,139 007, 011, 059, 135 US ARMY 006 SHOPLIFTING SURVEILLANCE EQUIPMENT 036 055 VICTIM COMPENSATION WASHINGTON SURVEYS 094,147,182,187,194,197 SIMULATION 026,063,088 r 027 042, 066, 088, 154, 158, 159, 195, 207 " VICTIM CRIME,PRECIPITATION WEAPON OFFENSES SITUATIONAL TESTS SUSPECT IDENTIFICATION 065, 128, 136 015 033 030,148 VICTIM MEDiCAL ASSISTANCE WEAPONS 005,020,045,061,065,071,072,074,083,084,097,102, 030 SOCIAL ATTITUDES 108,109,112,113,129,131,132,137,143,156,157,163, 013, 138, 139, 141 TEAM TREATMENT 172,173,183,191,192,202,203,221 , 084 WELFARE SERVICES 123 SOCIAL INFLUENCES VICTIM OFFENDER RELA11 JNSHIPS 008,027 TECHNICAL ASSIST,ANei: REPORTS, 109, 111, 137, 190 198 " WEST VIRGINiA 058 SOCIAL PROBLEMS VICTIM SERVICES 004, 059,155 TENNESSEE 012,019,038,050,054,058,060,061,063,066,067,068, 049 069,070,071,072,073,074,076,019,081,082,084,086, WISCONSIN SOCIAL WORKERS 088,089,090,091,092,094,096,099,100,101,103,104, 180 085,205 TESTIMONY 107; 111,113, 114, 118,121,122, 123, 125, 128,129,134, 136,137,140,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,151,152, WITNESS ASSISTANCE 078 038,088,'175,184,189,190,191,193,198, SODOMY 156,158,159,160,162,165,168,169,170,171,174,175, 019,137 177,178,179.180,~81,182,184,185,186,189,190,191, T!:XAS 192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,201,204,205,206, WOMENS RIGHTS 034, 086, 198 010 SOUTH CAROLINA 220 067 ., THEFT OFFENSES , VICTIMIZATION WORK RELEASE H,', 166 023,045,063,068,069,088,095,096,106,111,116,118, 055 !'.' SPECIALIZED POLICE OPERATIONS 145,159,163,169,183,194,197 082 ' THERAPISTS }' 095 VICTIMIZATION SURVEYS WORKSHOPS AND SEMINARS r: F STAFF DEVELOPMENT TRAINING 126 023,127,180 Ii 050, 102, 167 THERAPY fI' 212 STATE LAWS ~ .. ~\ 019,026,059,060,\079,171,173,178,180 TRAIN!NG i{ 053, 125, 127 I: ;-1 n,! }, H 88 89 -, !.! "~