Perspectives on Culture-Based Fisheries Developments in Asia

Culture-based fi sheries in lakes of the Yangtze River basin, China, with special reference to stocking of mandarin fi sh and Chinese mitten crab Qidong Wang1,2,3, Jiashou Liu1,3*, Zhongjie Li1,3 and Tanglin Zhang1,3 1. State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 South Donghu Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P.R. China. 2. University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China. 3. National Research Center for Freshwater Fisheries Engineering, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China. * Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Abstract: Lakes amount to 15% of the total freshwater surface area in China and are important for land-based fi sheries. More than 10 species are stocked into lakes to increase production and/or improve water quality. The most common species stocked are the Chinese major carps, i.e. silver carp, bighead carp, grass carp and black carp. In recent years, increasing amount of high valued species such as mandarin fi sh, mitten crab, yellow catfi sh and culters were stocked. However, the stocking of mandarin fi sh and mitten crab perhaps are the most successful because stock enhancement of these two species has been systematically conducted. In this paper, the culture-based fi sheries in lakes are presented, with special reference to mandarin fi sh and mitten crab stocking in lakes in China. The stocking rate of mandarin fi sh is determined by food consumption rates, which are mainly related to water temperature and fi sh size, and prey fi sh productivity. A bioenergetics model of mandarin fi sh was established to predict the growth and consumption of prey fi sh in stocked lakes. Impacts of stocked mandarin fi sh on wild mandarin fi sh populations are also dealt with. The stocking model of mitten crab in of culture-based fi sheries was also determined based on biomass of macrophyte coverage, benthos biomass and ratio of Secchi depth to mean water depth in lakes. Since increasing attention is being paid to eutrophication of lakes in China, land-based fi sheries development now prioritise maintaining integrity of water quality and biodiversity conservation. Integrated stocking of different species and lakes fi sheries management are also addressed. Keywords: Culture-based fi sheries, stock enhancement, Chinese mitten crab, mandarin fi sh, lakes, Yangtze River basin. Introduction fi sh production in the developing world. In this regard, for the management of CBF in the developing world, Aquaculture, a millennia old tradition, is thought to attempts have been made to relate yield to parameters have originated in China over 2,500 years back and have such as morphometric parameters of lakes or reservoirs, achieved great success in global food security and social species combinations and overall stocking rates and economy (Wu et al., 1992). China is the largest inland physico-chemical parameters (Hasan and Middendorp, fi shery producer in the world, with a total production 1998; Nguyen et al., 2001; Gomes et al., 2002; Nguyen et of 28.74 million tonnes corresponding to 54.5% global al., 2005; Wijenayake et al., 2005; Jayasinghe et al., 2006; inland fi shery production (52.78 million tons) including Pushpalatha and Chandrasoma, 2010). Developments capture and aquaculture production totally in 2012 (FAO, of CBF, however, need to have a scientific basis that 2014). includes information on optimal stocking rates, species combinations and ratios thereof, optimal time of Culture-based fi sheries (CBF), a mode of fi sheries harvesting and the like, if they are to realise the full enhancement, are mostly or entirely maintained by the potential and become a significant contributor to inland regular stocking of certain fi sh species (De Silva, 1991; fish production (Wijenayake et al., 2005). 2003) which rely on the natural productivity of the water body for growth, and on artifi cial stocking for recruitment (Lorenzen, 1995; Welcomme and Bartley, 1998). Citation: Wang, Q., Liu, J., Li, Z. and Zhang, T., 2015. Culture-based fi sh- Although CBF are very diverse in nature in the type eries in lakes of the Yangtze River basin, China, with special reference of water bodies utilised, species stocked, harvesting to stocking of mandarin fi sh and Chinese mitten crab. In: Sena S. De Silva, B.A. Ingram and S. Wilkinson (eds.), Perspectives on culture-based techniques, and management strategies (De Silva, fi sheries developments in Asia, pp. 99-110. Network of Aquaculture Centres 2003), they are conducted almost exclusively for food in Asia-Pacifi c, Bangkok, Thailand. 99 In China, CBF, an indispensable fi shery form for its Overall, the increase of CBF production over the years contribution to the volume of the inland fi shery, are has resulted from better management of the fi shery enjoying an enhanced reputation for its ability of resources, adoption of proper stocking and harvesting producing aquatic food with high nutritional quality strategies (e.g. time window of harvest, size at and high level of food safety. CBF practices in Chinese harvesting and techniques used) in Chinese lakes. reservoirs have been well documented (Li and Xu, 1995). Jia et al. (2013) dealt with lake fi sheries including cage culture, pen culture and integrated aquaculture in China. Brief history of CBF in China and main techniques However, there are few accounts exclusively on CBF in used Chinese lakes, especially on aspect of the development of techniques and environmental protection. This paper China has a long history of CBF in lakes. Prior to the attempts to trace the development trends, techniques 1960s, and before the development and extension of used and environment protection in CBF in lakes of the artifi cial propagation techniques for the four Chinese Yangtze River basin. It should also be noted that in view major carps species (Mylopharyngodon piceus (Richardson of the great diversity of CBF practices in China, it will be 1846), Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Valenciennes 1844), futile to attempt to review all these. We have endeavored Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes 1844) and here to address with suitable and special reference to Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson 1845)), wild capture mandarin fi sh Siniperca chuatsi and Chinese mitten crab, fi sheries predominated the freshwater fi sheries in the Eriocheir japonica sinensis, widely stocked in Chinese lakes. country. Since the 1970s, stock enhancement of the four Chinese major carps in lakes has been practised. In the 1980s, cage culture and pen culture dominated the Contribution of CBF to inland fi sheries of fi sheries in lakes. Since the 1990s, high valued species China such as Chinese mitten crab, mandarin fi sh, Mongolian culter (Culter mongolicus (Basilewsky, 1855)) have been stocked in lakes. CBF in China are well developed and practised in most lakes and reservoirs, making a signifi cant contribution to In the new millennium, China began to address issues inland fi sheries (Li and Xu, 1995). Overall, CBF production related to primary production and environmental has continued to increase over the last three decades impacts from intensive aquaculture practices in lakes (Wang et al., 2014). Based on 5-year average production and reservoirs. Increasingly strict regulations of the scale and area for each type of water bodies from 2006 to 2010 of cage culture, pen culture and culture-based fi sheries in China, the CBF production from lakes and reservoirs operations in selected lakes have been gradually accounted for 6.9% (1,482,187 t) and 11.9% (2,556,932 implemented. For example, the extent of pen culture t) of inland aquaculture production, respectively. The area in East Taihu Lake has been reduced from 11,267 ha area of lakes and reservoirs used for CBF accounted for to 3,000 ha in 2009 (Wang et al., 2014). Undoubtedly, 14.8% (997,007 ha) and 24.6% (1,656,105 ha) of inland semi-intensive and intensive aquaculture practices in aquaculture area, respectively (Fig. 1). CBF production lakes such as for example cage culture and pen culture from lakes showed a regular increase through the years especially with use of feed and/or fertilisers will be from 67,568 t (1981) to 1,614,977 t (2012) corresponding to further curtailed in the near future. All in all, CBF which a unit production of 91 kg/ha to 1,576 kg/ha, a signifi cant is balanced and effi cient through stock enhancement increase through the years, averaging 46.4 kg/ha/year and fi sheries management will be favoured, and eco- (Fig.2). Figure 1. Percent contribution of production for each of the freshwater environment types (left) and percent contribution of farming area for each of the freshwater environment types (right). Both are based on fi ve year averages from 2006 to 2010 in China base on the average of fi ve years from 2006 to 2010. Others, 2.8% Paddy, 5.4% Others, 2.0% River, 3.2% Reservoir, Paddy, 21.6% 11.9% Pond, 33.3% Lake, 6.9% River, 3.7% Pond, 69.8% Reservoir, 24.6% Lake, 14.8% 100 fi sheries, the responsible use of natural food resources Elimination of unwanted species, especially and protection of biodiversity and ecosystem health will carnivorous fi shes (e.g. snakehead fi sh, Channa argus be encouraged. (Cantor)). A range of CBF techniques are being implemented in In general, size and stocking rates of species are China as follows: the two main factors infl uencing success of CBF. Success is mainly infl uenced by survival rate, size at Introduction of new species (e.g. introduction of ice harvesting and cost. As for stocking rates a number fi sh, Neosalanx taihuensisi to Dianchi Lake) to exploit of models investigated some aspects of the dynamics under-utilised fi shery resources.

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