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THE NEW MIDDLE AGES BONNIE WHEELER, Series Editor The New Middle Ages is a series dedicated to transdisciplinary studies of medieval cultures, with particular emphasis on recuperating women’s history and on feminist and gender analyses. This peer-reviewed series includes both scholarly monographs and essay collections. PUBLISHED BY PALGRAVE: Women in the Medieval Islamic World: Power, Chaucer’s Pardoner and Gender Theory: Bodies Patronage, and Piety of Discourse edited by Gavin R. G. Hambly by Robert S. Sturges The Ethics of Nature in the Middle Ages: On Crossing the Bridge: Comparative Essays on Boccaccio’s Poetaphysics Medieval European and Heian Japanese Women by Gregory B. Stone Writers edited by Barbara Stevenson and Presence and Presentation: Women in the Cynthia Ho Chinese Literati Tradition by Sherry J. Mou Engaging Words: The Culture of Reading in the Later Middle Ages The Lost Love Letters of Heloise and Abelard: by Laurel Amtower Perceptions of Dialogue in Twelfth-Century France Robes and Honor: The Medieval World of by Constant J. Mews Investiture edited by Stewart Gordon Understanding Scholastic Thought with Foucault Representing Rape in Medieval and Early by Philipp W. Rosemann Modern Literature edited by Elizabeth Robertson and For Her Good Estate: The Life of Elizabeth de Christine M. Rose Burgh by Frances A. Underhill Same Sex Love and Desire among Women in the Middle Ages Constructions of Widowhood and Virginity in edited by Francesca Canadé Sautman and the Middle Ages Pamela Sheingorn edited by Cindy L. Carlson and Angela Jane Weisl Sight and Embodiment in the Middle Ages: Ocular Desires Motherhood and Mothering in Anglo-Saxon by Suzannah Biernoff England by Mary Dockray-Miller Listen, Daughter: The Speculum Virginum and the Formation of Religious Women in the Listening to Heloise: The Voice of a Twelfth- Middle Ages Century Woman edited by Constant J. Mews edited by Bonnie Wheeler Science, the Singular, and the Question of The Postcolonial Middle Ages Theology edited by Jeffrey Jerome Cohen by Richard A. Lee, Jr. Gender in Debate from the Early Middle Ages to Eloquent Virgins: From Thecla to Joan of Arc the Renaissance by Maud Burnett McInerney edited by Thelma S. Fenster and Clare A. Lees The Persistence of Medievalism: Narrative Adventures in Contemporary Culture Malory’s Morte D’ Arthur: Remaking by Angela Jane Weisl Arthurian Tradition Capetian Women by Catherine Batt edited by Kathleen D. Nolan The Vernacular Spirit: Essays on Medieval Joan of Arc and Spirituality Religious Literature edited by Ann W. Astell and edited by Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski, Bonnie Wheeler Duncan Robertson, and Nancy Warren The Texture of Society: Medieval Women in the Popular Piety and Art in the Late Middle Southern Low Countries Ages: Image Worship and Idolatry in England edited by Ellen E. Kittell and 1350–1500 Mary A. Suydam by Kathleen Kamerick Charlemagne’s Mustache: And Other Cultural Absent Narratives, Manuscript Textuality, and Clusters of a Dark Age Literary Structure in Late Medieval England by Paul Edward Dutton by Elizabeth Scala Troubled Vision: Gender, Sexuality, and Sight Creating Community with Food and Drink in in Medieval Text and Image Merovingian Gaul edited by Emma Campbell and by Bonnie Effros Robert Mills Representations of Early Byzantine Empresses: Image and Empire Queering Medieval Genres by Anne McClanan by Tison Pugh Encountering Medieval Textiles and Dress: Sacred Place in Early Medieval Neoplatonism Objects, Texts, Images by L. Michael Harrington edited by Désirée G. Koslin and Janet Snyder The Middle Ages at Work edited by Kellie Robertson and Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lord and Lady Michael Uebel edited by Bonnie Wheeler and John Carmi Parsons Chaucer’s Jobs by David R. Carlson Isabel La Católica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays Medievalism and Orientalism: Three Essays on edited by David A. Boruchoff Literature, Architecture and Cultural Identity by John M. Ganim Homoeroticism and Chivalry: Discourses of Male Same-Sex Desire in the Fourteenth Century Queer Love in the Middle Ages by Richard E. Zeikowitz by Anna Klosowska Portraits of Medieval Women: Family, Marriage, Performing Women in the Middle Ages: Sex, and Politics in England 1225–1350 Gender, and the Iberian Lyric by Linda E. Mitchell by Denise K. Filios Necessary Conjunctions: The Social Self in The Theology of Work: Peter Damian and the Medieval England Medieval Religious Renewal Movement by David Gary Shaw by Patricia Ranft Visual Culture and the German Middle Ages On the Purification of Women: Churching in edited by Kathryn Starkey and Northern France, 1100–1500 Horst Wenzel by Paula M. Rieder Medieval Paradigms: Essays in Honor of Jeremy Writers of the Reign of Henry II: Twelve duQuesnay Adams, Volumes 1 and 2 Essays edited by Stephanie Hayes-Healy edited by Ruth Kennedy and Simon Meecham-Jones False Fables and Exemplary Truth in Later Middle English Literature Lonesome Words: The Vocal Poetics of the by Elizabeth Allen Old English Lament and the African-American Ecstatic Transformation: On the Uses of Alterity Blues Song in the Middle Ages by M.G. McGeachy by Michael Uebel Performing Piety: Musical Culture in Medieval Sacred and Secular in Medieval and Early English Nunneries Modern Cultures: New Essays by Anne Bagnell Yardley edited by Lawrence Besserman The Flight from Desire: Augustine and Ovid to Tolkien’s Modern Middle Ages Chaucer edited by Jane Chance and by Robert R. Edwards Alfred K. Siewers Mindful Spirit in Late Medieval Literature: Representing Righteous Heathens in Late Essays in Honor of Elizabeth D. Kirk Medieval England edited by Bonnie Wheeler by Frank Grady Medieval Fabrications: Dress, Textiles, Byzantine Dress: Representations of Secular Clothwork, and Other Cultural Imaginings Dress in Eighth-to-Twelfth Century edited by E. Jane Burns Painting by Jennifer L. Ball Was the Bayeux Tapestry Made in France?: The Case for St. Florent of Saumur The Laborer’s Two Bodies: Labor and the by George Beech ‘Work’ of the Text in Medieval Britain, 1350–1500 Women, Power, and Religious Patronage in the by Kellie Robertson Middle Ages by Erin L. Jordan The Dogaressa of Venice, 1250–1500: Wife and Icon Hybridity, Identity, and Monstrosity in by Holly S. Hurlburt Medieval Britain: On Difficult Middles by Jeremy Jerome Cohen Logic, Theology, and Poetry in Boethius, Abelard, and Alan of Lille: Words in the Medieval Go-betweens and Chaucer’s Absence of Things Pandarus by Eileen C. Sweeney by Gretchen Mieszkowski The Surgeon in Medieval English Literature The Medieval Chastity Belt: A Myth-Making by Jeremy J. Citrome Process by Albrecht Classen Temporal Circumstances: Form and History in the Canterbury Tales Claustrophilia: The Erotics of Enclosure in by Lee Patterson Medieval Literature by Cary Howie Erotic Discourse and Early English Religious Writing Cannibalism in High Medieval English by Lara Farina Literature Odd Bodies and Visible Ends in Medieval by Heather Blurton Literature by Sachi Shimomura The Drama of Masculinity and Medieval English Guild Culture On Farting: Language and Laughter in the by Christina M. Fitzgerald Middle Ages by Valerie Allen Chaucer’s Visions of Manhood by Holly A. Crocker Women and Medieval Epic: Gender,Genre, and the Limits of Epic Masculinity The Literary Subversions of Medieval Women edited by Sara S. Poor and Jana K. by Jane Chance Schulman Manmade Marvels in Medieval Culture and Race, Class, and Gender in “Medieval” Cinema Literature edited by Lynn T. Ramey and Tison Pugh by Scott Lightsey Allegory and Sexual Ethics in the High American Chaucers Middle Ages by Candace Barrington by Noah D. Guynn England and Iberia in the Middle Ages, 12th -15th Century: Cultural, Literary, and Political Exchanges edited by María Bullón-Fernández AMERICAN CHAUCERS Candace Barrington AMERICAN CHAUCERS Copyright © Candace Barrington, 2007. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2007 978-1-4039-6515-8 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-73271-5 ISBN 978-1-137-10748-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-10748-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Barrington, Candace. American Chaucers / by Candace Barrington. p. cm.—(New Middle Ages series) A study of Chaucer’s appearances in American popular culture over the past 200 years. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Chaucer, Geoffrey, d. 1400—Appreciation—United States— History. 2. Chaucer, Geoffrey, d.1400—Influence. 3. American literature—English influences. 4. Chaucer, Geoffrey, d.1400— Adaptations—History and criticism. 5. Popular culture—United States— History. I. Title. PR1915.U65B37 2007 821Ј.1—dc22 2007001433 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: August 2007 10987654321 Transferred to Digital Printing in 2009 Tom’s sixteen-year old friend: What’s