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Estudio De La Biodiversidad De Ostrácodos Actu Tesis Doctoral Estudio de la biodiversidad de Ostrácodos actuales y su aplicación en la elaboración de funciones de transferencia para reconstrucciones paleoambientales del Holoceno en la provincia de Santa Cruz (50- 52° S) Ramón Mercau, María Josefina 2015-03-20 Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: Ramón Mercau, María Josefina. (2015-03-20). Estudio de la biodiversidad de Ostrácodos actuales y su aplicación en la elaboración de funciones de transferencia para reconstrucciones paleoambientales del Holoceno en la provincia de Santa Cruz (50-52° S). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cita tipo Chicago: Ramón Mercau, María Josefina. "Estudio de la biodiversidad de Ostrácodos actuales y su aplicación en la elaboración de funciones de transferencia para reconstrucciones paleoambientales del Holoceno en la provincia de Santa Cruz (50-52° S)". Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2015-03-20. Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: [email protected] Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Estudio de la biodiversidad de Ostrácodos actuales y su aplicación en la elaboración de funciones de transferencia para reconstrucciones paleoambientales del Holoceno en la provincia de Santa Cruz (50-52º S) Tesis presentada para optar al título de Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el área: Ciencias Biológicas María Josefina Ramón Mercau Directora de Tesis: Dra. Cecilia Laprida Consejera de Estudios: Dra. Nora I. Maidana Buenos Aires, 2015 Estudio de la biodiversidad de Ostrácodos actuales y su aplicación en la elaboración de funciones de transferencia para reconstrucciones paleoambientales del Holoceno en la provincia de Santa Cruz (50-52º S) El extremo austral de la región Patagónica es un área de gran interés para la reconstrucción paleoambiental del Holoceno por su situación geográfica y climática única dentro del Hemisferio Sur. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue estimar variaciones pasadas en parámetros ambientales climáticamente controlados durante el Holoceno Medio y Tardío mediante estudios paleolimnológicos basados en un bioproxy, los ostrácodos (Crustacea: Ostracoda). Se analizó la hidroquímica de más de 30 cuerpos de agua lénticos actuales del sur de Santa Cruz, con el objetivo de caracterizar el gradiente ambiental subyacente. A su vez, se evaluó la distribución de los ostrácodos patagónicos en función de la concentración y composición de solutos de sus aguas huésped. Los datos generados fueron utilizados para elaborar una función de transferencia para la reconstrucción cuantitativa de variaciones pasadas en la salinidad, la cual fue aplicada a testigos sedimentarios lacustres cuyo registro abarca los últimos miles de años. Asimismo, se realizaron inferencias semi-cuantitativas sobre la composición de solutos (tipo de agua) en dichos ambientes. Esta información, junto con datos obtenidos a partir de otros proxies - biológicos, sedimentológicos y/o magnéticos – fue utilizada para reconstruir variaciones pasadas en el balance hídrico de los cuerpos de agua estudiados, las cuales a su vez permitieron evaluar cambios en los regímenes de precipitaciones y patrones de circulación atmosférica sobre la Patagonia Astral durante la segunda mitad del Holoceno. Palabras clave: Reconstrucción paleoambiental - Patagonia Austral – Ostrácodos como bioproxies - Paleolimnología – Holoceno Medio y Tardío – Hidroquímica - Funciones de transferencia Extant Ostracod biodiversity and its application in the development of transfer functions for Holocene paleoenvironmental reconstructions in Santa Cruz Province (50-52º S) The southermost part of the Patagonian region constitutes a key area for the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Holocene, due to its unique geographical setting and climatic characteristics within the Southern Hemisphere. The present investigation aimed to estimate past variations in climatically-driven environmental parameters during the Middle and Late Holocene by means of a paleolimnological approach, using ostracods (Crustacea: Ostracoda) as bioproxies. The hidrochemistry of over 30 lentic waterbodies located in southern Santa Cruz province was analyzed in order to characterize the underlying environmental gradient. In turn, Patagonian ostracods distribution was evaluated with respect to the solute concentration and composition of their host waters. This data was used to develop a transfer function for cuantitative reconstruction of past variations in salinity, which was applied to the ostracod record of several lacustrine sediment records spanning the last few milennia. Additionally, semi-quantitative inferences on past solute composition (water type) variations were drawn. This information, together with data inferred from other proxies – biological, sedimentological and/or magnetic – allowed the reconstruction of past variations in the hydrological balance of the waterbodies under study, which in turn provided insight into precipitation regimes and atmospheric circulation patterns shifts over Southern Patagonia during the second half of the Holocene. Key words: Paleoenvironmental reconstruction - Southern Patagonia – Ostracods as bioproxies – Paleolimnology – Middle and Late Holocene – Hydrochemistry – Transfer functions Agradecimientos Quiero agradecerle en primer lugar a mi familia, y en especial a mis padres, por su imprescindible apoyo durante toda mi carrera; a mis amistades, por todo; a mi directora y mi consejera por su guía y por la confianza depositada; a mis compañeras y compañeros del grupo de trabajo, por todo lo compartido, y sobre todo a Natalia García y Sofía Plastani por su amistad y su ayuda; a mis jurados; a las autoridades e integrantes del Instituto de Estudios Andinos “Don Pablo Groeber”; a CONICET y ANPCyT; a todas las personas que conforman la FCEyN, por hacer de esta una comunidad académica de la cual me enorgullezco; a mis coautoras y coautores; a quienes, de una forma u otra, me ayudaron durante el doctorado: María Julia Orgeira, Cristina Marinone, Julieta Massaferro, Silvina Menu Marque, , Gabriela Cusminsky, Christoph Mayr, Renate Matzke-Karasz, Flavia Quintana, Claudia Gogorza, Daniela Echazú, Marcela Tonello y Gabriela Hassan; y por último, pero no menos importante, a los hombres y mujeres de nuestro país, por sostener el sistema educativo y científico que han hecho todo esto posible. INDICE 1. INTRODUCCION Y OBJETIVOS…………………………………………………….....…1 1.1. Paleoecología del Cuaternario Tardío en base a ostrácodos……………….....….β 1.2. Organización de la tesis………………………………………………………….....…5 2. MARCO TEORICO…………………………………………………………..........….....….λ 2.1. Estudios paleoclimáticos del Cuaternario..............................................................9 2.1.1. Forzantes climáticos...................................................................................12 2.1.2. Variabilidad climática global en el pasado reciente: el Holoceno..............14 2.2. Patagonia como área clave para la reconstrucción paleoclimática.....................18 2.2.1. Caracterización general.............................................................................18 2.2.2. Clima actual................................................................................................21 2.2.3. Reconstrucción climática de los últimos milenios en Patagonia Austral...........................................................................................................26 2.2.3.1. Reconstrucciones cualitativas.........................................................28 2.2.3.2. Reconstrucciones cuantitativas.......................................................30 2.3. Características básicas de cuerpos de agua lénticos ........................................33 2.3.1. Hidroquímica de las aguas lénticas continentales.....................................35 2.3.2. Sedimentación en las cuencas...................................................................39 2.3.2.1. Susceptibilidad magnética de sedimentos lacustres.......................41 2.3.3. Limnología de cuerpos lénticos de Patagonia...........................................43 2.4. La paleolimnología y su relación con la reconstrucción paleoambiental……......46 2.5. Reconstrucciones paleoambientales cualitativas…………..................................49 2.6. Reconstrucciones paleoambientales cuantitativas…………...............................50 2.6.1. Análisis exploratorio de datos....................................................................51 2.6.1.1. Métodos de ordenamiento...............................................................51 2.6.2. Supuestos para la reconstrucción cuantitativa a partir de fósiles..............55 2.6.3. Enfoques básicos.......................................................................................56 2.6.3.1. Principales modelos de funciones de transferencia:
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