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The Ostracods of Illinois, Their Biology and Taxonomy

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The Ostracods of Illinois, Their Biology and Taxonomy OF THE UN IVLRSITY Of ILLINOIS ILL Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. University of Illinois Library L161 — H41 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/ostracodsofillin1912hoff ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS Volume XIX PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS B 3. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XIX Nos. 1-2. The Ostracods of Illinois — Their Biology and Taxonomy. By C. Clayton Hoff. No. 3. The Genus Conotrachelus Dejean (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in the North Central United States. By Herbert Frederick Schoof. No. 4. The Embryology of Larix. By James Morton Schopf. ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 1-2 Vol. XIX Nos. Published by the University of Illinois Under the Auspices of the Graduate School Urbana, Illinois EDITORIAL COMMITTEE John Theodore Buchholz Fred Wilbur Tanner Harley Jones Van Cleave UNIVERSITY or ILLINOIS 800—7-42—23751 "'"«" THE OSTRACODS OF ILLINOIS Their Biology and Taxonomy WITH NINE PLATES BY C. Clayton Hoff Contribution from the Department of Zoology of the University of Illinois THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS URBANA 1942 57C, S ILL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express his sincere appreciation to Professor H. J. Van Cleave under whose direction this work was completed. Not only i did he give valued suggestions and constructive criticisms during the course of the investigation but he also made it possible for the writer to examine material in the accumulated research collections of previous students, especially S. W. Howe and Samuel Eddy, who have left material in his care. The writer is also indebted to several persons, including Robert G. Yapp, Bertrand A. Wright, and Victor Sprague, for gratuitous collections ^containing material relative to the ostracods of Illinois. Dr. David H. Thompson, Dr. George W. Bennett, Dr. Donald F. Hansen, and Dr. Herman B. Chase merit the thanks of the writer for privileges allowed him during the course of the field work. These persons, all connected with the Illinois State Natural History Survey, made it possible for the writer to secure material from otherwise inaccessible areas. This study was aided by a grant from the American Association for the Advancement of Science through the Illinois State Academy of Science. CONTENTS Introduction 9 Review of the Literature 11 Methods of Collection and Preparation 17 Biology of Illinois Ostracods 21 Habitats 21 Physical Factors in the Habitat 25 Biotic Relationships 29 Seasonal Distribution 33 Reproduction and Ontogeny 35 Food 38 Geographical Distribution of Ostracods 39 Morphology of Fresh-water Ostracods 41 Shell 41 Body Segmentation and Appendages 42 Respiratory, Circulatory, Excretory, Digestive, and Nervous Systems 46 Reproductive System 48 Taxonomy 49 Order Ostracoda 49 Suborders of the Order Ostracoda 49 Families of the Suborder Podocopa s. str 50 Family Cypridae 51 Subfamily Candoninae s. str 53 Genus Candona Baird 1845 54 Candona punctata Furtos 1933 58 Candona fluviatilis sp. nov 60 Candona simpsoni Sharpe 1897 62 Candona albicans Brady 1864 67 Candona biangulata sp. nov 70 Candona recticauda Sharpe 1897 75 Candona sharpei sp. nov 76 Candona distincta Furtos 1933 77 Candona crogmaniana Turner 1894 79 Candona caudata Kaufmann 1900 80 Candona sigmoides Sharpe 1897 82 Candona indigena sp. nov 85 Candona suburbana sp. nov 88 Candona fossulensis sp. nov 92 Candona acuta sp. nov 96 Subfamily Cyclocyprinae 100 Genus Cyclocypris Brady and Norman 1889 , 101 Cyclocypris forbesi Sharpe 1897 102 Cyclocypris sharpei Furtos 1933 103 Genus Cypria Zenker 1854 104 Cypria turneri sp. nov 106 Cypria mediana sp. nov 110 7 8 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS Cypria obesa Sharpe 1897 112 Cypria maculata sp. nov 114 Cypria ophthalmica (Jurine 1820) Brady and Norman 1889 117 Genus Physocypria Vavra 1897 . 120 Physocypria pustulosa (Sharpe 1897) G. W. Muller 1912 121 Physocypria dentifera (Sharpe 1897) G. W. Muller 1912 125 Subfamily Ilyocyprinae 127 Genus Ilyocypris Brady and Norman 1889 128 Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr 1808) Brady and Norman 1889 128 Ilyocypris bradyi Sars 1890 130 Subfamily Cyprinae s. str 131 Genus Cypricercus Sars 1895 132 Cypricercus tuberculatus (Sharpe 1908) comb. nov. 133 Cypricercus fuscatus (Jurine 1820) Sars 1928 . 135 Cypricercus reticulatus (Zaddach 1844) Sars 1928 . 139 Genus Cyprinotus Brady 1885 143 Cyprinotus incongruens (Ramdohr 1808) Turner 1895 . 144 Cyprinotus pellucidus Sharpe 1897 146 Subfamily Notodrominae 147 Genus Notodromas Lilljeborg 1853 148 Notodromas monacha (O. F. Muller 1776) Lilljeborg 1853 148 Genus Cyprois Zenker 1854 149 Cyprois marginata (Strauss 1821) Zenker 1854 . 149 Subfamily Cypridopsinae 150 Genus Cypridopsis Brady 1867 151 Cypridopsis vidua (O. F. Muller 1776) Brady 1867 . 151 Genus Potamocypris Brady 1870 153 Potamocypris smaragdina (Vavra 1891) Daday 1900 . 154 Family Darwinulidae 157 Genus Darwinula Brady and Norman 1889 157 Darwinula stevensoni (Brady and Robertson 1870) Brady and Norman 1889 157 Family Cytheridae 159 Subfamily Limnocytherinae 160 Genus Limnocythere Brady 1867 160 Limnocythere verrucosa sp. nov 161 Limnocythere reticulata Sharpe 1897 163 Limnocythere illinoisensis Sharpe 1897 165 Subfamily Entocytherinae 166 Summary 167 Bibliography 169 Plates 175 Index 194 INTRODUCTION The recent fresh-water ostracods of Illinois, or for that matter of North America, have received relatively little attention from either taxonomists or ecologists. One of the most obvious explanations for the neglect of study of the American fresh-water ostracods undoubtedly has been their relative absence from most open-water plankton samples. Thus they have been delegated little attention from various American investigators who have made detailed studies of other crustaceans such as copepods and cladocerans which are important as plankters in fresh waters. The group has also been overlooked by investigators working on the bottom faunas of American lakes and rivers because the ostracods, being small and active, readily escape from the usual bottom sampling apparatus. Even those investigators concerning themselves with aquatic vegetation and associated animals have often neglected the ostracods, largely perhaps because they were unable to make specific determinations for themselves, and there have been few American authorities to whom material might be submitted for identification. For anyone but the specialist, the specific determination of many of the species has been and still is almost impos- sible, or at least impractical because the literature is scattered and there are many dissensions in classification and nomenclature. Moreover, it takes considerable time to learn to locate the structures on which specific determination often rests. For these reasons, it is impractical for anyone not especially interested in the taxonomy of ostracods to identify any except the easily recognized species, or species from areas in which a fairly complete survey of the ostracod fauna has been made. The only areas in North America in which fresh-water ostracods have received more than minor consideration are Ohio, Illinois, Massachusetts, Florida, and Washington. Apparently few investigators have cared to give their attention to an intensive study of ostracods. One reason for this undoubtedly is the difficulty of working in the group. As specific determination usually depends on minute details of the appendages isolated by careful and tedious manipulation, few American investigators have given prolonged attention to the group. Besides the mechanical difficulties encountered, there is a decided deficiency of literature in English, the papers that are available being old or unsuited to open the way readily to anyone desiring to begin work on these forms. Nearly all the more important papers are written in German, and since most of the genera and many of the species are not confined to any one continent, little can be done in the way of taxonomy without consulting these foreign publications. The stigma of apparent lack of economic or biologic importance has perhaps led many investigators to ignore the ostracods. In contrast to 10 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS what is generally thought, however, the ostracods do play an important role in the economy of fresh waters. As most species feed on diatoms, bacteria, and minute particles of organic material in the water and are in turn food for many of the larger animals, chiefly fish, they certainly are of some economic significance. Very often, no doubt, a lack of emphasis on ostracods as food for fishes has been the result of an inability to determine taxonomically the species found. In practically all surveys concerned with the availability of food for fishes, the ostracods are identified only to genus, and in some publications all are listed under the blanket term "Cypridae." While it has been well known since the time of Forbes (1888) that many Illinois fishes consume ostracods as a part of their food, the extent to which fish sometimes ingest ostracods is not generally realized. One individual instance of the large numbers of these animals occasionally consumed by fish is shown in an examination of the digestive tract of a single adult individual of Catostomus commersonii (Lacepede) from the strip-mine area near Oakwood, Illinois. The ostra- cods, which completely packed the digestive tract to the exclusion of almost all other kinds of food, included no less than six species, three of which predominated in numbers. Not only may ostracods
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