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Mixtures Between Glyphosate Formulations and Accase-Inhibiting Herbicides in the Control of Chloris Elata

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Mixtures Between Glyphosate Formulations and Accase-Inhibiting Herbicides in the Control of Chloris Elata Rev.Glyphosate FCA UNCuyo. plus 2021. ACCase-inhibiting 53(1): 274-282. herbicides ISSN (en línea) in Chloris 1853-8665. elata Mixtures between glyphosate formulations and ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in the control of Chloris elata Mezclas de formulaciones de glifosato y herbicidas inhibidores de ACCase em el control de Chloris elata Alfredo Junior Paiola Albrecht 1, André Felipe Moreira Silva 2*, Arthur Arrobas Martins Barroso 3, Leandro Paiola Albrecht 1, Henrique Fabrício Placido 4, Lucas Rafael de Marco 2, Luisa Carolina Baccin 2, Ricardo Victoria-Filho 2 Originales: Recepción: 10/10/2019 - Aceptación: 15/07/2020 Abstract Chloris elata is an important weed for grain and sugarcane crops. In addition to its aggressiveness, it may show resistance to glyphosate herbicide. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of glyphosate formulations, isolated or in association with ACCase inhibitors, in controlling C. elata (putatively resistant to glyphosate) at different developmental stages. Four experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of glyphosate application under different formulations with ACCase inhibitors, isolated or in mixtures. Applications were carried out at the stages of four fully expanded leaves in Experiment I, four tillers in Experiment II, and at regrowth of the four-tiller plants in Experiments III and IV. Applications of glyphosate isopropylamine salt associated with sethoxydim or clethodim showed to be among the best treatments in Experiments I, II, and III, presenting control scores equal to or greater than 90%. However, not even these treatments could provide successful control in Experiment IV. Moreover, and regardless of the formulation, isolated glyphosate, showed 85% (Experiment III) and 50% (Experiment IV) maximum controls. Associations between glyphosate and ACCase-inhibiting herbicides showed to be effective in controlling C. elata, especially at early developmental stages. In general, isolated herbicides provided lower percentages of control, as well as higher values of dry matter. Sole herbicide applications were not effective in controlling C. elata (putatively resistant to glyphosate), regardless of the developmental stage. Keywords chemical control • clethodim • haloxyfop • quizalofop • sethoxydim • tank mix 1 Federal University of Paraná. R. Pioneiro. 2153. Jardim Dallas. 85950-000. Palotina. Paraná. Brazil. 2 University of São Paulo - “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture. Av. Pádua Dias. 235. Agronomia. Piracicaba. São Paulo. Brazil. * [email protected] / [email protected] 3 Federal University of Paraná. R. dos Funcionários. 1.540. Juveve. Curitiba. Paraná. Brazil. 4 State University of Maringá. Maringá. Paraná, Brazil. Av. Colombo. 5790. Zona 7. Maringá. Paraná. Brazil. A.Revista J. P. Albrecht de la etFacultad al. de Ciencias Agrarias - UNCuyo | Tomo 53-1 - Año 2021 274 Glyphosate plus ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in Chloris elata Resumen Chloris elata es una maleza importante para cultivos de cereales y caña de azúcar. Además de su agresividad, presenta casos de resistencia al herbicida glifosato. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la efectividad de formulaciones de glifosato, solas o en mezclas con inhibidores de la ACCase, en el control de C. elata (supuestamente resistente al glifosato) en diferentes estadios. Se realizaron cuatro experimentos en un diseño completamente al azar. Los tratamientos consistieron en la aplicación de glifosato en diferentes formula- ciones con inhibidores de ACCase, solo o en mezclas. Las aplicaciones de los tratamientos se llevaron a cabo en las etapas de cuatro hojas completamente expandidas en el Experimento I y cuatro macollos en el Experimento II, y en el rebrote de las plantas de cuatro macollos en los Experimentos III y IV. La aplicación de glifosato sal de isopropilamina, en mezclas con setoxidim o cletodim, siempre estuvo entre los mejores tratamientos en los Experimentos I, II y III, presentó puntuaciones de control iguales o superiores a 90%. Sin embargo, incluso estos tratamientos no proporcionaron un control satisfactorio en el Experimento IV. En general, los herbicidas solos proporcionaron porcentajes de control más bajos, así como valores más altos de materia seca. Además, el herbicida de glifosato solo, independientemente de la formulación, mostró 85% (Experimento III) y 50% (Experimento IV) de controles máximos. Las mezclas entre glifosato y los herbicidas inhibidores de la ACCase demostraron ser efectivas en el control de C. elata, especialmente en estadios iniciales. En general, las aplicaciones solas de herbicidas no fueron efectivas para controlar C. elata (supuestamente resistente al glifosato), independientemente del estadio. Palabras clave control químico • cletodim • haloxifop • quizalofop • setoxidim • mezcla de tanque Introduction Species of the genus Chloris, family Poaceae, presents annual or perennial plants of C4 physiology with well-developed Kranz anatomy and a high adaptive capacity to different habitats (17, 21). The species Chloris elata (Syn.: Chloris polydactyla, native to America, presents seed and/or rhizome reproduction (11, 17). One single plant can produce more than 96,000 seeds (8). Populations of C. elata present cases of glyphosate resistance (4, 6, 9). Other species of this genus, such as C. barbata (7), C. virgata (20), C. truncata (19), and C. distichophylla (30) are also reported as resistant. In the last years, these species have gained importance in different crops, mainly grains and sugarcane, thus increasing the number of studies on their glyphosate as chemical control of C. elata are available (4). Rotational mechanisms of action biology and management (2, 3, 9, 12, 13, 25). In addition, no specific recommendations of control weeds, as well as in the prevention of herbicide-resistant biotypes selection (16). Thus,and herbicide the hypothesis associations is that haveglyphosate significant and ACCase-inhibiting importance in the mixture management effectively of hard-to-controls C. elata in different stages of development. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of glyphosate formulations with ACCase-inhibiting herbicides, against C. elata (putatively resistant to glyphosate) at different development stages. Materials and methods Greenhouse experiments The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, from November to December 2014, located in the Department of Crop Science of the University of São Paulo, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba, State of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. During the conduction period of the study, an average temperature of 25.3°C and 13 h daylight-1 was observed. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias - UNCuyo | Tomo 53-1 - Año 2021 275 Glyphosate plus ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in Chloris elata Seeds of C. elata to Burgos et al. (2013) from a citrus area located in Matão, SP, Brazil (21.61°S, 48.44°W), with a history of repetitive population glyphosate identified applications. with a possible Seeds resistance from this were collection collected were according sown described in table 1. in pots filled in a 1:1 ratio of substrate and medium-textured soil with the characteristics Table 1. Chemical and physical soil analysis. Tabla 1. pH P K Ca Mg H + Al SB CEC V Clay Silt Sand 6.2 5.0 4.2 41.0 15.0Análisis< 26.0 químico60.1 y físico72.5 del suelo.83.0 276 86 638 -3 -3 Unities: H + Al, K, Ca, Mg, SB (sum of bases), and CEC (cation exchange capacity): mmolc dm ; P: mg dm ; V (base saturation): %; clay, silt, and sand: g Kg-1. -3 Unidades: H + Al, K, Ca, Mg, SB (suma de bases), and CEC (capacidad de intercambiar cationes): mmolc dm ; P: mg dm-3; V (saturación de bases): %; arcilla, limo y arena: g Kg-1. Four experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with 19 herbicide treatments and a control without application (table 2). Treatment applications were carried out at the stages of four fully expanded leaves in Experiment I and four tillers in Experiment II. In both experiments, four replications were used per treatment in 5 L pots. For Experiments III and IV, the applications were conducted in the regrowth of the four-tiller plants, with three replications per treatment in 5 L (Experiment III) and 7 L pots (Experiment IV). ¹ Commercial Table 2. Treatments for control of C. elata with different formulations of glyphosate and products: Roundup Ready® - glyphosate IS ACCase inhibitors, alone and in mixtures. (isopropylamine salt); Tabla 2. Tratamientos para el control de C. elata con diferentes formulaciones de glifosato ® Roundup WG - glyphosate e inhibidores de ACCase, solas o en mezcla. AS (ammonium salt); Zapp® QI 620 - glyphosate PS (potassium salt); Panther® Rate ² 120 EC - quizalofop; Verdict® Treatments ¹ Exp. I Exp. II. III and IV R - haloxyfop; Poast® - sethoxydim; Select® 240 EC 1. glyphosate IS 720 720 - clethodim. For quizalofop 2. glyphosate IS + quizalofop 720 + 60 720 + 120 and sethoxydim applications it was used adjuvant Joint® Oil 3. glyphosate IS + haloxyfop 720 + 48 720 + 60 (2 L ha-1); for haloxyfop, Joint® Oil (1 L ha-1); for clethodim, 4. glyphosate IS + sethoxydim 720 + 184 720 + 368 ® -1 Lanzar (1 L ha ). ² Rates 5. glyphosate IS + clethodim 720 + 84 720 + 108 in grams of acid equivalent (g a.e. ha-1) for glyphosate and 6. glyphosate AS 720 720 haloxyfop, and grams of active 7. glyphosate AS + quizalofop 720 + 60 720 + 120 ingredient (g a.i. ha-1) for the other herbicides. 8. glyphosate AS + haloxyfop
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