DOCSLIB.ORG

Determinants and Consequences of Dispersal in Vertebrates with Complex Life Cycles: a Review of Pond-Breeding Amphibians

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Determinants and Consequences of Dispersal in Vertebrates with Complex Life Cycles: a Review of Pond-Breeding Amphibians Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2020 Determinants and Consequences of Dispersal in Vertebrates with Complex Life Cycles: A Review of Pond-Breeding Amphibians Cayuela, Hugo ; Valenzuela-Sánchez, Andrés ; Teulier, Loïc ; Martínez-Solano, Íñigo ; Léna, Jean-Paul ; Merilä, Juha ; Muths, Erin ; Shine, Richard ; Quay, Ludivine ; Denoël, Mathieu ; Clobert, Jean ; Schmidt, Benedikt R Abstract: Dispersal is a central process in ecology and evolution. It strongly influences the dynamics of spatially structured populations and affects evolutionary processes by shaping patterns of gene flow. For these reasons, dispersal has received considerable attention from ecologists, evolutionary biologists, and conservationists. Although it has been studied extensively in taxa such as birds and mammals, much less is known about dispersal in vertebrates with complex life cycles such as pond-breeding amphibians. Over the past two decades, researchers have taken an ever-increasing interest in amphibian dispersal and initi- ated both basic and applied studies, using a broad range of experimental and observational approaches. This body of research reveals complex dispersal patterns, causations, and syndromes, with dramatic consequences for the demography and genetics of amphibian populations. In this review, our goals are to: redefine and clarify the concept of amphibian dispersal; review current knowledge about theeffects of individual (i.e., condition-dependent dispersal) and environmental (i.e., context-dependent dispersal) factors during the three stages of dispersal (i.e., emigration, transience, and immigration); identify the demographic and genetic consequences of dispersal in spatially structured amphibian populations; and propose new research avenues to extend our understanding of amphibian dispersal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/707862 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-185243 Journal Article Published Version Originally published at: Cayuela, Hugo; Valenzuela-Sánchez, Andrés; Teulier, Loïc; Martínez-Solano, Íñigo; Léna, Jean-Paul; Merilä, Juha; Muths, Erin; Shine, Richard; Quay, Ludivine; Denoël, Mathieu; Clobert, Jean; Schmidt, Benedikt R (2020). Determinants and Consequences of Dispersal in Vertebrates with Complex Life Cycles: A Review of Pond-Breeding Amphibians. The Quarterly review of biology, 95(1):1-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/707862 Volume 95, No. 1 March 2020 THE QUARTERLY REVIEW of Biology DETERMINANTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF DISPERSAL IN VERTEBRATES WITH COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES: A REVIEW OF POND-BREEDING AMPHIBIANS Hugo Cayuela IBIS and Department of Biology, University Laval Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6 Canada e-mail: [email protected] Andrés Valenzuela-Sánchez Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile 5090000 Valdivia, Chile ONG Ranita de Darwin 8370251 Santiago, Chile Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello 8370251 Santiago, Chile e-mail: [email protected] Loïc Teulier UMR 5023 LEHNA, Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés 69100 Villeurbanne, France e-mail: [email protected] Íñigo Martínez-Solano Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales 28006 Madrid, Spain e-mail: [email protected] The Quarterly Review of Biology, March 2020, Vol. 95, No. 1 Copyright © 2020 by The University of Chicago Press. All rights reserved. 0033-5770/2020/9501-0001$15.00 1 This content downloaded from 054.077.085.227 on February 15, 2020 01:43:39 AM All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). 2 THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY Volume 95 Jean-Paul Léna UMR 5023 LEHNA, Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés 69100 Villeurbanne, France e-mail: [email protected] Juha Merilä Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Research Programme in Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki, Finland e-mail: juha.merila@helsinki.fi Erin Muths Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 USA e-mail: [email protected] Richard Shine School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales 2006 Australia e-mail: [email protected] Ludivine Quay Nature, Ecology and Conservation 73000 Montagnole, France e-mail: [email protected] Mathieu Denoël Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of Amphibians (LECA), Freshwater and Oceanic Science Unit of Research (FOCUS), University of Liège 4000 Liège, Belgium e-mail: [email protected] Jean Clobert Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station (UMR 5371), National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Paul Sabatier University (UPS) 09200 Moulis, France e-mail: [email protected] This content downloaded from 054.077.085.227 on February 15, 2020 01:43:39 AM All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). March 2020 DISPERSAL OF AMPHIBIANS 3 Benedikt R. Schmidt Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Zürich 8057 Zürich, Switzerland Info fauna karch 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland e-mail: [email protected] keywords dispersal syndromes, demography, landscape genetics, movement, emigration, immigration, transience abstract Dispersal is a central process in ecology and evolution. It strongly influences the dynamics of spa- tially structured populations and affects evolutionary processes by shaping patterns of gene flow. For these reasons, dispersal has received considerable attention from ecologists, evolutionary biologists, and conservationists. Although it has been studied extensively in taxa such as birds and mammals, much less is known about dispersal in vertebrates with complex life cycles such as pond-breeding amphib- ians. Over the past two decades, researchers have taken an ever-increasing interest in amphibian dis- persal and initiated both basic and applied studies, using a broad range of experimental and observational approaches. This body of research reveals complex dispersal patterns, causations, and syn- dromes, with dramatic consequences for the demography and genetics of amphibian populations. In this review, our goals are to: redefine and clarify the concept of amphibian dispersal; review current knowl- edge about the effects of individual (i.e., condition-dependent dispersal) and environmental (i.e., con- text-dependent dispersal) factors during the three stages of dispersal (i.e., emigration, transience, and immigration); identify the demographic and genetic consequences of dispersal in spatially structured amphibian populations; and propose new research avenues to extend our understanding of amphibian dispersal. Introduction zation-extinction dynamics in heterogenous ISPERSAL describes the unidirec- landscapes (Hanski and Gilpin 1991; Gilpin D tional movement of an individual from 2012). Dispersal also has relevance beyond its natal site to its breeding site (i.e., natal dis- ecology. Successful reproduction following persal) and between breeding sites (i.e., dispersal results in gene flow between popu- breeding dispersal; Clobert et al. 2009; lations (Ronce 2007; Broquet and Petit 2009; Matthysen 2012). Dispersal is a central mech- Lowe and Allenford 2010) that can strongly anism in ecology and evolution that has re- influence adaptive processes (Ronce 2007; ceived considerable attention (Gadgil 1971; Legrand et al. 2017). Through gene flow, dis- fi Johnson and Gaines 1990; Clobert et al. 2001, persal modi es effective population size (Ne) 2012a; Ronce 2007). It is recognized as being and regulates the effects of genetic drift critical to the dynamics of spatially structured and the effectiveness of selection, influencing populations (Hanski and Gilpin 1991; Thomas the likelihood and pace of local adaptation and Kunin 1999; Clobert et al. 2009). Dis- (Ronce 2007; Broquet and Petit 2009) and persal affects demographic interdependence even speciation (Marques et al. 2019). among populations and local population Dispersal can be considered as a three- growth (Thomas and Kunin 1999; Lowe and stage process: emigration (departure), tran- Allendorf 2010; Gilpin 2012). It is also impor- sience (movement in the landscape matrix), tant for the colonization of empty patches and immigration (arrival; Baguette and Van and, therefore, plays a central role in coloni- Dyck 2007; Clobert et al. 2009; Matthysen This content downloaded from 054.077.085.227 on February 15, 2020 01:43:39 AM All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). 4 THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY Volume 95 2012). The evolution of dispersal is shaped sis; Wilbur 1980) and an ontogenetic niche by the balance between the relative costs shift (Werner and Gilliam 1984). In such or- and benefits associated with leaving (dispers- ganisms, conditions during early ontogenetic ing) versus staying (not dispersing; Stamps stages can dramatically influence the dispersal et al. 2005; Bonte et al. 2012). This cost-ben- process taking place after metamorphosis; in- efit balance can be influenced by individual deed, environmental conditions (e.g., water
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Overwintering Habitat Selection of Asiatic Toad, Bufo Gargarizans in Southwestern China
    Biharean Biologist (2010) Vol. 4, No.1, Pp.: 15-18 P-ISSN: 1843-5637, E-ISSN: 2065-1155 Article No.: 041103 Overwintering habitat selection of Asiatic toad, Bufo gargarizans in southwestern China Tong Lei YU1 and Yan Shu GUO2 1. Department of Zoology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072 Hubei Province, China. E-mail: [email protected] 2. College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Sichuan, China. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. We studied overwintering habitats selection of Bufo gargarizans during 2005-2008 in southwestern China. Our results showed most toads buried themselves in the ground. By comparing hibernation and post-reproductive dormancy sites, we found that the latter was closer to ponds with higher vegetable cover and shallower than hibernation sites. It indirect proves that toads consume large energy in the breeding season and a small quantity remains for the dormancy period. Keywords: Bufo gargarizans; hibernation site; post-reproductive dormancy site. Introduction snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 98.22 ± 1.43 mm (range 73.6 - 137 mm), and the males have 87.32 ± 0.94 mm Anurans are haematocryal animals without body (range 66 - 117 mm). The body mass of females can temperature regulative capability (Pinder et al. 1992), so reach 160.72 ± 18.73 g (range 112 - 315 g), males have they are vulnerable to freezing conditions and must 83.12 ± 4.2 g (range 52.1 - 138.59 g) in the breeding select suitable habitats unlikely to freeze. Some species period (Yu & Lu 2010). B. gargarizans is mainly of toads are known to burrow into loose soils or under- insectivorous and rarely feeds on vegetation (Yu et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Reveal the Genetic Basis Underlying the Immune Function of Three Amphibians’ Skin
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal the genetic basis underlying the immune function of three amphibians' skin Wenqiao Fan1,2,3☯, Yusong Jiang1☯, Meixia Zhang1, Donglin Yang1,2,3, Zhongzhu Chen1,2,3, Hanchang Sun1*, Xuelian Lan1,2,3, Fan Yan1, Jingming Xu1, Wanan Yuan1 1 Chongqing Research Center of Conservation and Development on Rare and Endangered Aquatic Resources, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China, 2 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China, 3 Chongqing a1111111111 Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China a1111111111 a1111111111 ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 Abstract Skin as the first barrier against external invasions plays an essential role for the survival of OPEN ACCESS amphibians on land. Understanding the genetic basis of skin function is significant in reveal- Citation: Fan W, Jiang Y, Zhang M, Yang D, Chen ing the mechanisms underlying immunity of amphibians. In this study, we de novo Z, Sun H, et al. (2017) Comparative transcriptome sequenced and comparatively analyzed skin transcriptomes from three different amphibian analyses reveal the genetic basis underlying the immune function of three amphibians' skin. PLoS species, Andrias davidianus, Bufo gargarizans, and Rana nigromaculata Hallowell. Func- ONE 12(12): e0190023. https://doi.org/10.1371/ tional classification of unigenes in each amphibian showed high accordance, with the most journal.pone.0190023 represented GO terms and KEGG pathways related to basic biological processes, such as Editor: Zhong-Jian Liu, The National Orchid binding and metabolism and immune system. As for the unigenes, GO and KEGG distribu- Conservation Center of China; The Orchid tions of conserved orthologs in each species were similar, with the predominantly enriched Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, CHINA pathways including RNA polymerase, nucleotide metabolism, and defense.
    [Show full text]
  • Royle Safaris Sichuan Mammals Tour Trip Report
    In March 2019 Royle Safaris ran our second specialist Sichuan Mammals Tour with a focus on a particularly special species. The trip was run with Martin Royle, Roland Zeidler & Sid Francis as our guides. We visited 3 different locations (covering the rugged bamboo forests of the greater Wolong ecosystem, the high altitude grasslands of Rouergai and the wonderful forests of Tangjiahe. We were very successful with sightings of 44 different species of mammals and over 100 species of birds including Giant Panda, Red Panda, Pallas’s Cat, Chinese Mountain Cat, Indochinese Leopard Cat, Particoloured Flying Squirrel, Golden Snub-nosed Monkey, Chinese Ferret Badger, Eurasian Otter and Chinese Pipistrelle. We ran a second Sichuan’s Mammals Tour (back to back with this one) in April 2019 and we had even more success in some areas. The sightings log for that trip will follow in a few days. We have started to promote our 2020 Sichuan Mammals Tour (with special focus on a particular special species for half of the trip); we have already received many bookings on these two trips. Our first tour for 2020 (9th – 22nd March 2020) has just one place remaining and our second tour for 2020 (25th April – 8th May 2020) which also has only one place remaining. We have also started offering places on another specialist mammal tour of China, visiting Qinghai and the wonderful Valley of the Cats. This tour is for July 2020 (1st – 15th July 2020) and focuses on Snow leopards, Eurasian lynx, Himalayan wolf, Himalayan brown bear, Tibetan antelope, Wild Yak, White-lipped deer, Alpine musk deer, Glover’s pika, Bharal, McNeil’s deer and many more species.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians
    Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians Compiled by Terbish, Kh., Munkhbayar, Kh., Clark, E.L., Munkhbat, J. and Monks, E.M. Edited by Munkhbaatar, M., Baillie, J.E.M., Borkin, L., Batsaikhan, N., Samiya, R. and Semenov, D.V. ERSITY O IV F N E U D U E T C A A T T S I O E N H T M ONGOLIA THE WORLD BANK i ii This publication has been funded by the World Bank’s Netherlands-Mongolia Trust Fund for Environmental Reform. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily refl ect the views of the Executive Directors of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colours, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) have contributed to the production of the Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians, providing technical support, staff time, and data. IUCN supports the production of the Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians, but the information contained in this document does not necessarily represent the views of IUCN. Published by: Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY Copyright: © Zoological Society of London and contributors 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • Cfreptiles & Amphibians
    HTTPS://JOURNALS.KU.EDU/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSREPTILES • VOL & AMPHIBIANS15, NO 4 • DEC 2008 • 28(2):189 270–273 • AUG 2021 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS FirstFEATURE ARTICLESRecord of Interspecific Amplexus . Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: betweenOn the Road to Understandinga Himalayan the Ecology and Conservation of the Toad, Midwest’s Giant Serpent Duttaphrynus ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190 . The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: himalayanusA Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................ (Bufonidae), and a RobertHimalayan W. Henderson 198 RESEARCH ARTICLES Paa. TheFrog, Texas Horned Lizard Nanorana in Central and Western Texas ....................... vicina Emily Henry, Jason(Dicroglossidae), Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 . The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida from ............................................. the BrianWestern J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Himalaya Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, andof Michael India Granatosky 212 CONSERVATION ALERT . World’s Mammals in Crisis ...............................................................................................................................V. Jithin, Sanul Kumar, and Abhijit Das .............................. 220 . More Than Mammals .....................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to the Amphibians of Beijing Compiled by R Nicolas LOU, ZHANG Junduo and Ben WIELSTRA
    A Guide to the Amphibians of Beijing Compiled by R Nicolas LOU, ZHANG Junduo and Ben WIELSTRA Last update 28 March 2018 Cover photo: Boreal Digging Frog (Kaloula borealis), 11 June 2016 (Xing Chao) A GUIDE TO THE AMPHIBIANS OF BEIJING !1 Introduction This guide is one of a series about the wildlife that can be found in China’s capital city. It has been compiled by R Nicolas LOU, ZHANG Junduo and Ben WIELSTRA for Birding Beijing. The format follows the other guides in providing the English name, scientific name, Chinese name and the pinyin (pronunciation of the Chinese) and follows the order and taxonomy of “Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an online reference” by Darrel R Frost (see http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/). Photos of different stages of the life-cycle are included where available. If you have any information that can help to improve this guide, please contact Birding Beijing on email - [email protected]. Thank you. A GUIDE TO THE AMPHIBIANS OF BEIJING !2 The Amphibians Frogs and Toads 1. Asiatic Toad - Bufo gargarizan - 中华⼤蟾蜍 - Zhong Hua Da Chan Chu Asiatic Toad, 16 August 2016 (Chen Wei) Asiatic Toad, amplexus, 23 March 2018 (Ben Wielstra) A GUIDE TO THE AMPHIBIANS OF BEIJING !3 Asiatic Toad, spawn, 24 March 2018 (Ben Wielstra) Asiatic Toad, tadpoles, 21 April 2017 (Yu Yalun) A GUIDE TO THE AMPHIBIANS OF BEIJING !4 2. Mongolian Toad - Strauchbufo raddei - 花背蟾蜍 - Hua Bei Chan Chu Mongolian Toad, 20 April 2014 (Chen Wei) Mongolian Toad, 21 July 2015 (Zhang Junduo) A GUIDE TO THE AMPHIBIANS OF BEIJING !5 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Asian Spined Toad Risk Assessment
    Invasive animal risk assessment Biosecurity Queensland Agriculture Fisheries and Department of Asian spined toad Bufo melanostictus Steve Csurhes First published 2010 Updated 2016 © State of Queensland, 2016. The Queensland Government supports and encourages the dissemination and exchange of its information. The copyright in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY) licence. You must keep intact the copyright notice and attribute the State of Queensland as the source of the publication. Note: Some content in this publication may have different licence terms as indicated. For more information on this licence visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0/au/deed.en" http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en Invasive animal risk assessment: Asian spined toad (Bufo melanostictus) 2 Contents Summary 4 Identity and taxonomy 5 Description 6 Biology 7 Preferred habitat 8 Global distribution 8 Distribution in Australia 9 Conservation status 9 Threat to human safety 9 History as a pest overseas 9 Potential distribution and impact in Queensland 10 The ‘Bomford numerical risk assessment’ 11 References 11 Attachment 14 Invasive animal risk assessment: Asian spined toad (Bufo melanostictus) 3 Summary The Asian spined toad (Bufo melanostictus) is closely related to one of Queensland’s most infamous pests, the cane toad (Bufo marinus). While the cane toad is native to South America, the Asian spined toad is native to Asia. Much like the cane toad, the Asian spined toad is highly fecund, producing up to 40,000 eggs per clutch. It is also poisonous, has a generalist diet and is well adapted for life in urban areas.
    [Show full text]
  • World Competition Fip
    FFÉÉDDÉÉRRAATTIIOONN IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALLEE DDEE PPHHIILLAATTÉÉLLIIEE CHAIRMAN: GEORGE CONSTANTOURAKIS 2115 GIROUARD MONTREAL QC, H4A 3C4 CANADA TEL: +5144822764 [email protected] TH 11 FIP MAXIMAPHILY WORLD COMPETITION FOR THE BEST MAXIMUM CARD CREATED IN 2013 RESULTS MONTREAL – PARIS, JUNE 4, 2016 The 11th World Competition for the three Best Maximum Cards created in 2013' was posted on our Website www.maximafily.info and was open for Voting to all our official Delegates. The Voting period was from May 1st to May 31st, 2016. The Delegates sent by email their Voting Papers with their Choices to both the Chairman and the Bureau Member Mme Anny Boyard. If a Country Vote was sent only to me as Chairman, I forwarded that Vote to Mme A. Boyard to ensure the integrity and security of the Vote. Mme Anny Boyard was in charge of verifying the Vote Results and she did a thorough verification by checking every single Vote received. Forty three 43 countries received a Vote out of a total of 52 participating countries. There were 42 Votes cast by the Delegates of the following 42 FIP Countries Armenia; Australia; Austria; Belgium; Brazil; Bulgaria; Canada; China; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Rep.; Finland; France; Germany; Great Britain; Greece; Hong Kong; Iceland; India; Iran; Israel; Italy; Korea Rep.; Luxembourg; Malaysia; Mexico; Netherlands; New Zealand; Pakistan; Philippines; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russia; Singapore; Slovenia; Spain; Thailand; Turkey; Ukraine; U.S.A. and Venezuela. The RESULTS of the three (3) Best Maximum Cards created in 2013 are the following: 1 1st Prize: ITALY (63 points) TITLE: MOLE ANTONELLIANA, TORINO This Maximum Card was created by A.I.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Support Document for UK Proposal to List “Chlorinated Paraffins With
    Support document for UK proposal to list “Chlorinated paraffins with carbon chain lengths in the range C14-17 and chlorination levels at or exceeding 45% chlorine by weight” in Annex A, B or C to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 1. Introduction 1. Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are manufactured substances consisting of predominantly linear chloroalkanes, with different degrees of chlorination and chain length distributions depending on the application and feedstock. This proposal is for any CP product that has constituents with 14 to 17 carbon atoms (C14-17) and a chlorination level at or exceeding 45% chlorine by weight (Cl wt.). These congeners are the principal constituents of substances called “medium-chain chlorinated paraffins” (MCCPs) in Europe, North America and Australia, and major constituents of several products manufactured in Asia (e.g. CP-52). Due to the possible confusion regarding different product names, the proposal for listing is based on specific chain lengths and degrees of chlorination. Nevertheless, most of the available hazard and monitoring information is available from assessments on the substance called MCCPs, and so the term “MCCPs” is used in these instances. 2. Regulatory status 2. “MCCPs” (alkanes, C14-17, chloro; CAS no. 85535-85-9) was assessed in Europe under the Existing Substances Regulation (EC) No. 793/93 (EC, 2005; EC, 2007; HSE 2008), and via a transitional Annex XV dossier under the Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation (Environment Agency, 2010). Subsequently “MCCPs” underwent Substance Evaluation under REACH, and the published report prepared by the UK concludes that it meets the REACH Annex XIII criteria for Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) and very Persistent, very Bioaccumulative (vPvB) properties (Environment Agency, 2019).
    [Show full text]
  • Of Turkmenistan
    MINISTRY OF NATURE PROTECTION OF TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY STUDY ON THE STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY OF TURKMENISTAN ASHGABAT 2002 The wonderful beauty of our beloved Fatherland’s nature has been preserved until today. To pass on this beauty, such a pleasure to the eye, to succeeding generations is the task of those living at present. Saparmurat TURKMENBASHI Published by: Ministry of Nature Protection, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan Citation: Ministry of Nature Protection (2002). Country Study on the Status of Biodiversity of Turkmenistan. MNP, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. Note about the English version The English version of the Country Study was translated from the original Russian version. Compilation and editing was carried out by Fauna & Flora International. In case of any discrepancy between this document and the Russian Country Study, readers are referred to the Russian version, which is the officially approved text. 4 CONTENT FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................. 8 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 12 1. COUNTRY CONTEXT ...................................................................................................... 13 1.1. Geographical Location and Borders ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians
    Public Disclosure Authorized Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians Compiled by Terbish, Kh., Munkhbayar, Kh., Clark, E.L., Munkhbat, J. and Monks, E.M. Public Disclosure Authorized Edited by Munkhbaatar, M., Baillie, J.E.M., Borkin, L., Batsaikhan, N., Samiya, R. and Semenov, D.V. Public Disclosure Authorized ERSITY O IV F N E U D U E T C A A T T S I O E N H T Public Disclosure Authorized M ONGOLIA THE WORLD BANK i ii This publication has been funded by the World Bank’s Netherlands-Mongolia Trust Fund for Environmental Reform. The ſ ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reƀ ect the views of the Executive Directors of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colours, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) have contributed to the production of the Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians, providing technical support, staff time, and data. IUCN supports the production of the Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians, but the information contained in this document does not necessarily represent the views of IUCN. Published by: Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY Copyright: © Zoological Society of London and contributors 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • Road Mortalities of Vertebrate Species on Ring Changbai Mountain Scenic Highway, Jilin Province, China
    NORTH-WESTERN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 9 (2): 399-409 ©NwjZ, Oradea, Romania, 2013 Article No.: 131517 http://biozoojournals.3x.ro/nwjz/index.html Road mortalities of vertebrate species on Ring Changbai Mountain Scenic Highway, Jilin Province, China Yun WANG1,*, Zheng Ji PIAO2, Lei GUAN1, Xuan Ya WANG1, Ya Ping KONG1 and Jiding CHEN1 1. China Academy of Transportation Sciences, 240 Huixinli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China. 2. Changbai Mountain Academy of Sciences, Erdaobaihe Town, Antu, Jilin Province, 133613, China. *Correspondence author, Y. Wang, E-mail: [email protected] Received: 17. October 2012 / Accepted: 27. May 2013 / Available online: 28. September 2013 / Printed: December 2013 Abstract. The incidence of wildlife mortality on roads is a widespread phenomenon reported in many countries; despite this, it has received limited attention in China. To address this issue, a field investigation was conducted to assess the magnitude, composition, and temporal patterns of road mortality of native vertebrates on Ring Changbai Mountain Scenic Highway in north-east China from 2009 to 2012. A total of 3.475 vertebrates, belonging to 63 species were recorded as road mortalities. Amphibians were the most abundant taxa recorded (86.21 %), followed by mammals (5.70 %), birds (5.24 %), and reptiles (2.85 %). Regarding the number of species affected by the incidence of road kills, birds were the most affected taxa (31 species), followed by mammals (16 species) and reptiles (10 species), while amphibians were the least affected taxa (6 species). Three vertebrate species that were recorded as road mortalities are under second class protection in China. There were no differences between seasons or months for road mortality or richness for bird and reptile taxa, while significant differences between months were observed for mammals and amphibians.
    [Show full text]