COMPARATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF MOLLUSKS IN DREDGED AND UN­ DREDGED PORTIONS OF AN ESTUARY, WITH A SYSTEMATIC LIST OF SPECIESl

BY JAMES E. SYKES AND JOHN R. HALL, FISHERY BIOLOGISTS BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY ST. PETERSBURG BEACH, FLA. 33706

ABSTRACT A survey of benthic mollusks In Boca CI. Bay, Fla., areas. Samplescontained all average of 60.5 live mollusks show~d a much smaller number and variety of and 3.8 species In undredged areas and 1.1 I.,dlvlduals In the soft sediments in dredged canals than In the and 0.6 species In dredged canals. A list of mollusks predominantly sand and shell sediments In undredged collected·In this survey and In past studies Is appended.

This report compares the numbers and vari~ biological and recreational aspects involved in eties of mollusks in fine sediments of dredged future bayfill developments. canals with those found in undisturbed bottoms Thorson (1956) and others have concluded of sand and shell in Boca Ciega Bay, Fla. The that sediment composition is a cardinal factor bay is a shallow coastal lagoon of about 70 km. 2 in controlling the settlement and viability of which connects with Tampa Bay at its southern many marine invertebrates. The distribution end (fig. 1). Some of the previous investigations of sessile benthic mollusks indicates to the marine in the lagoon included studies of sediments ecologist the ability of the environment to sup­ (Goodell and Gorsline, 1961; Taylor and Saloman, port life. Marked deficiencies in abundance and 1969); hydrology (Saloman and Taylor, 1968); variety indicate abnormality of the environment, submerged vegetation (Pomeroy, 1960; Phillips, and the degree of deficiency is roughly propor­ 1960) ; fishes (Springer and Woodbum, 1960; Sykes tional to the degree of abnormality. and Finucane, 1964); and benthic invertebrates (Hutton, Eldred, Woodburn, and Ingle, 1956; PROCEDURES Bullock and Boss 2). Between September 1963 and August 1964, we A recent evaluation of the effects of dredging took 107 bottom samples at 31 stations in Boca and filling has documented a large loss of estu­ Ciega Bay (figs. 1 and 2). Seven stations wel'e arine resources in Boca Ciega Bay (Taylor and in canals between finger fills (1-7), and the other Saloman. 1968). It was here that scientists and 24 (8-31) were in relatively undisturbed areas conservationists were finally successful in sup­ of the bay. We collected algae. sea grasses, and pressing 0. dredge-fill proposal of 202 ha. (Sykes, benthic with a bucket dredge and bot­ 1967). This is also the bay in which the U.S. tom drag (Taylor, 1965). In water less than Army Corps of Engineers denied a dredge-fill 1 m. deep. three shovelfuls of bay bottOm (about application for the first time on the basis of 15 I.) were substituted for the dredge haul. One "fish and wildlife vaJues, thus providing a stim­ station sample consisted of the combined catch ulus for more comprehensive assessments of the from one bucket dredge (or three shovelfuls) and one" bottom drag. At each station a sub­ I Contribution No. 67, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Labora­ tory, St. PeterBbUrll Beech, Fla. 33706. sample of sediment was taken from the dredge I Bullock, R., and C. Boss. 11163. Ecological distribution of mal'lne mol­ or shovel and was later analyzed at Florida bUD In Boca OIega Bay, Florida. Winter term project. Mimeographed report on t11e at Florida Presbyterian Oollege, St. Petersburg, Fla. 33733. State University.

Published May 1970. FISHERY BULLETIN: VOL. 68, NO.2 299 KILOMETERS 0, ,1 2,,3 4, f 6,, 7 , I I I 0 1 2 3 NAUTICAL MILES BAY

GULF OF MEXICO·

LOCATION OF SUIVEY

FIGURE I.-Collecting stations 20 to 31 and area of stations 1 to 19 (see fig. 2), Boca Ciega Bay, Fla.

300 U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE BOCA

CIEGA

GULF

MEXICO

KILOMETERS o "2 I r-II---"::l II o 1'4 1'2 NAUTICAL MILES

et>46w.

FIGURE 2.-Collecting stations 1 to 19, Boca Ciega Bay, Fla., between Johns Pass and Corey Causeway.

We washed samples for benthic organisms on We identified 168 species of mollusks repre­ a 24-mesh sieve which had an opening of 0.701 mm. senting 69 families; of these, representatives of and fixed the material retained by the sieve in a 156 species were collected live. We based deter­ 10 percent sea-water Formalin 3 mixture. A minations on standard taxonomic works (Clench, protein stain (rose bengal) was added to fa­ 1941-69; McLean, 1951; Olsson, Harbison, Fargo, cilitate the separation of small organisms from and Pilsbry, 1953; Abbott, 1954, 1968; Perry debris. Identified animals were preserved in 70 and Schwengel, 1955; Warmke and Abbott, 1962; percent isopropanol. Keen, 1963; Wagner and Abbott, 1967; an un­ published report by Bullock and Boss (see foot­ I Trade names referred to in this publication do not Imply endorsement of commercial products. note 2), and collections at the University of

DISTRIBUTION OF.l\IOJ..LUSKS IN AN ESTUARY 301 South Florida 4 and the U.S. National Museum. TABLE l.-Depth, bottom type, and nu?nber of live mollusks collected at stations in dredged canals in Boca Ctega Bay, Specimens from this study were deposited in the Fla., 1963-64 invertebrn.tc reference collection of the BCF Bottom type (Bureau of Commercial Fisheries) Biological Canal Depth Species Individual statiou Sand size Slit and per per8ample Laboratory, St. Petersburg Beach, Fla. and larger clay sample

M. Pen:enl Perunl NUMr NumbeT L_. __ ••__ •••••_•• MOLLUSK-SEDIMENT RELATIONS 2__ • ___ •_••• _____ • 4 6 114 1.0 1.0 3 7 93 1.0 1.5 3_._____ ••__ ••_._. 4 5 95 0 0 4. __ ' ______._. 3 60 40 1.0 2.0 Comparison of mollusks and bottom types 5__ ••_. ___ ••••• ___ 6 7 93 0 0 6__ ._.______._ 4 6 94 .5 1.0 showed that species and individuals were much 7••••_. __ ._ ••• __ •• 4 14 86 .5 2.5 less numerous in soft sediments of canals than in Average.______4 15 85 .6 1.1 sandy sediments in undredged areas of Boca Ciega Bay (tables 1 and 2). Canal sediments, which averaged 85 percent silt and day, hl1,d 16 live TABLE 2.-Depth, bottom type, and number of live mollusks collected at stations in undredged areas of Boca Oiega Bay, mollusks in 14 samples. Living specimens collected Fla., 1963-64- at the seven canal stations were the gastropods Bottom type Nassarius vibex and Haminoea antill,arum, and the Stations In Depth Species Individual undredged areas Sand size Slit and peZ' per sample pelecypods Brachulontes exlIstus, Anomalocardia aod larger clay sample cuneimel'is, and Merce·naria ca.mpechiensis. These 8.______•___ •__ ._ M. Percenl Percenl NumlNr NumbeT species and 151 others were collected live from the 2.5 98 2 3.6 8.0 9._•• ______••____ 1.0 99 1 3.0 7.3 24 stations in undredged areas of the bay. Sedi­ 10_____ ••••_••____ .5 89 11 .5 .5 11_____ •___ ••••_._ 1.5 97 3 4.0 25.0 ments from natural bottom, which averaged 91 12__ ••• __ •_•___ •__ .5 96 4 .5 2.5 13•••___ ••_. ___ ••• 2.0 96 4 3.5 18.0 percent sand and shell, yielded 5,631 live mollusks 14.____ •__ ••••_. __ 1.7 88 12 .5 2.0 15••__ ••__ ••••••__ .5 92 8 2.6 20.6 in 93 samples. 16._._ •••_. __ •__ ._ .7 99 1 .3 .7 17_. ___ •••_•••___ • 5.0 83 17 1.0 2.5 Pratt (1953) suggested that soft sediments and 18••___ •___ •_. __ ._ 1.5 96 4 6.5 58.0 19__ ••.____ ••_•• __ 1.0 84 16 1.6 24.0 associated hydrological conditions may be limIting 20. __ ••••_. __ ••_._ .5 00 1 5.6 140.0 21_ ••• ____ ••_,_,_, 1.0 98 2 3.4 67.8 because (1) rapid deposition hIlS a smothering 22___ ••_••_. __ • ___ 2.0 98 2 2.8 71.8 23. _. _••___ •__ •••_ 7.0 98 2 4.3 66.6 effect, (2) high organic content of soft sediments 24••••••_••_••••__ 2.0 79 19 11.7 316. 0 25.___ "'_"_•____ .7 Il'I 3 3.2 8.4 depletes dissolved oxygen, and (3) weak currents 26. __ • _"" ___ "'_ 7.0 99 1 4.0 16. 7 27•••••••_••••__ •• .7 97 3 5.0 11.0 in areas of deposition are insufficient for the re­ 28 ••____ • ___ ••_. __ 3.0 12 88 4.7 66. 3 29___ •• __ •__ .,_. __ 2.0 87 12 6.7 89.0 moval of toxic metabolic wastes. Comparisons of 30••__ •••_••_•___ • .3 98 2 6.2 78.0 sediments and environmental factors (Taylor and 31. __ •.____ .• ____ • 2.0 95 5 4.0 86.6 Saloman, 1968) in dredged and undredged areas at Average. ___ ._ 1.9 91 9 3.8 60.6 sampling stations lead us to conclude that the soft sediment is the principal factor limiting the abun­ LITERATURE CITED dance and diversity of benthic mollusks in bayfill canals of Boca Ciega Bay. Such sediments are as ABBOTT, R. TUCKER. 1954. American seashells. D. Van Nostrand Co., thick as 4 lll. in waterways that were dredged 15 Princeton, N.J., 541 pp. years ago. 1968. Seashells of North America. Golden Press, N.Y., 280 pp. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CLENCH, WILLIAM J. (EDITOR). 1941-69. Monographs of the marine mollusks of the The authors gratefully acknowledge confirma­ Western Atlantic. Johnsonia, vols. I-IV. Dep. tions and con'ections of identlflcations made by Mollusks, Mus. Compo Zool., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. Harry W. Wells, Department of Biology, Univer­ DRAGOVICH, ALEXANDER, and JOHN A. KELLY, JR. sity of DelawllTe, Newark, Del.; Joseph Rosewater, 1964. Ecological observations of macro-inverte­ Division of Mollusks, U.S. National Museum, brates in Tampa Bay, Florida, 1961-1962. Bull. Washington, D.C.; and George Radwin, San Diego Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib. 14: 74-102. GOODELL, H. G., and D. S. GORSLINE. Natural History Museum, San Diego, Calif. 1961. A sedimentologic study of Tampa Bay, Florida. Rep. Int. Geol. Congr., 21 Sess., Pt. 23, • HlIlmall Oollectioll, University of South Florida. Tampa. Fla. 33620. pp. 75-88. Int. Ass. Sediment., Copenhagen, 1961. 302 U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE HUTTON, ROBERT F., BONNII~ EI.DRED, K}:NNETH D. TAYLOR, JOHN L., and CARL H. SALOMAN. WOODBURN, and ROBERT INGLE. 1968. Some effects of h~'draulic dredging and coastal 1956. The ecology of Boca Ciega Bay with special development in Boca Ciega Bay, Florida. U.S. reference to dredging and filling operations. Fla. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 67: 213-241. State Bd. Conscrv., Tech. Ser. 17(1), 86 pp. 1969. Sediments, oceanographic observations, and KEEN, A. MYRA. floristic data from Tampa Bay, Florida, and adja­ 1963. Marine molluscan genera of western North cent waters, 1961-65. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., America. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif., Data Rep. 34, i + 561 pp. on 9 microfiches. 126 pp. THORSON, GUNNAR. McLEAN, RICHARD A. 1956. Marine level-bottom communities of recent 1951. The Pelecypoda or bivalve mollusks of Porto seas, their temperature adaptation and their Rico and the Virgin Islands. Scientific Survey "balance" between predators and food animals. of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. N.Y. Trans. N.Y. Aca.d. ScL, Sect. 2,18: 693-700. Acad. Sci. 17, 183 pp. WAGNER, ROBERT J. L., and R. TUCKER ADBOTT OLSSON, AXEL A" ANNE HARDISON, WILLIAM G. FARGO, (EDITORS). and HENRY A. PILSBRY. 1967. Va.n Nostrand's sta.ndard r.atalog of shells. 1953. Pliocene of southern Florida. 2d ed. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 8, 458 pp. N.J.,303pp. PERRY, LOUISE M., and JEANNE S. SCHWENGEL. WARMKE, GERMAINE L., and R. TUCKER ABBOTT. 1951i. Marine shells of the western coast of Florida. 1962. Caribbean seashells. Livingston Publishing Palaeontological Research Institute, Ithaca, N.Y., Co., Narberth, Penn., 348 pp. 318 pp. PHII.LIPS, RONALD C. APPENDIX 1960. Ecology and distribution of marine algae found in Tampa Bay, Boca Ciega Bay, and at A Checklist Of Mollusks From Boca Ciega Tarpon Springs, Florida. Quart. J. Fla. Acad. Bay, Florida Sci. 23: 222-260. POMEltOY, LAWRENCE R. We identified 168 species of mollusks repre­ 1960. Primary productivity of Boca Ciega Bay, senting 69 families from BCF collections in Boca Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib. 10: 1-10. Ciega Bay. Of these, members of 156 species were PRATT, DA.VID M. 1953. Abundance and growth of Venus lIIercenaria alive. The number was increased to 72 families and Callocardia tIlorrhuana iu relution to the char­ and 188 species by including mollusks recorded in acter of bottom sediments. J. Mar. Res. 12: 60-74. other st,udies. The additions are coded within the SALOMAN, C.o\RL H. list by surname initials of the authors who re­ 1965. Bait shrimp (Penaeu8 duorarutll) in Tampa Bay, Florida-biology, fishery economics, and ported them: B. and B.-Bullock and Boss (see changing habitat. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. footnote 2); H.-Hutton et aI. (1956); D. and Sci. Rep. Fish. 52C, iii + 16 pp. K.-Dragovich and Kelly (1964). Mollusks not SALOMAN, CARL H., and JOHN L. TAYLOR. 1968. Hydrographic observations in Tampa Bay, collected alive in this investigation are denoted Florida, and the adjacent Gulf of Mexico-l965­ by an asterisk (*). We identified some specimens 1966. U.S. Fish Wildl." Serv., Data Rep. 24, 39 only after comparison with specimens in the U.S. pp. on 6 microfiches. National Museum (+). Classifications are" based SPRINGER, VICTOR G., and KENNETH D. WOODBURN. 1960. An ecological study of the fishes of the Tampa on Abbott (1954, 1968) and Warmke and Abbott Bay area. Fla. State Bd. Conserv., Prof. Pap. (1962). Ser. I, 104 pp. CLASS SYKES, JAMES E. FissurelUdae 1967. The role of research in the preservation of estuaries. Trans. 32d N. Amer. Wildl. Natur. Diodora cayenen8is (Lamarck) Resourc. Conf., pp. 1.',0-160. Trochldae SYKES, JAMES E., and JOHN H. FINUCANE. *Callio8toma jujubinum tampalln8fJ (Conrad) 1964. Occurrence in Tampa Bay, Florida, of imma­ ture species dominant in Gulf of Mexico commercial Turblnldae fisheries. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 65: Arlln6 tricarinata (Stearns) 369-379. Turbo castanllU8 (Gmelin) TAYLOR, JOHN L. 1965. Bottom samplers for estuarine reseal'cb. Nerlddae Chesapeake Sci. 6: 233-234. *Neritina. T6cliva.ta (Say)

DISTRIBUTION OF MOLLUSKS IN AN ESTUARY 303

417-060 0 . 71 - 9 Melane1lldae Murlcidae MelaneUa bilineata (Alder) Eupleura .ulcidrntata Dall Melanella intermedia (Cantraine) Murez cellulo8u8 Conrad Murez pomum Gmelin Epltonlldae Thai. haemastoma jf,oridaraa (Conrad)-B. and B. Bpitonium IIngulatum (Say) Ur08alpi1lZ perrugata (Conrad) Bpikmium hymprey.i (Kiener) Bucclnldae Epikmium rupicola (Kurtl) Busycon contrarium (Conrad) Rl8801dae BUlycon .piratum (Lamarck) RiBBOina ckesaeli (Miehaud) ColumbeUidae VltrlnelUdae +Anachi8 8emiplicata Stearns CyclostremiBcus beaui Fisher-further verification Anachi8 obe.a (C. B. Adams) pending. ARachi. 08treieola Sowerby Cyclostremiscus .uppre••u. Dall-futher verification ColumbeUa rUlticoidc. Heilprin-B. and n. pending. Mitrella lunata (Say) + Teino.toma crypto.pira (no author on specimen)­ Melongenldae further verification pending. Melongrna corona (Gmelin) Truncatellldae NaslIBrlldae *Truncatella pulchella Pfeiffer NaB8ariu. vibex (Say) Turritellidae Fasclolarlidae Vermicularia Jargoi Olsson Fasciolaria hunteria (Perry) Caecldae Fasciolaria tulipa (Linne) Pleuroploca gigantea (Kiener)-H. cooperi S. Smith Caecum pulchellum Stimpson Olivldae MeioeeraB nitidum (Stimpson) Oliva .ayana Ravenel Olivella perpleza Olsson ModuUdae Olivella mutica (Say) Modulu. modulu. (Linne) Olivella ftoralia Duclos Cerlthlldae Marglne1lldae Bittium varium (Pfeiffer) Bullata ovuliJormt". (Orbigny) CerithiopaiB emer.oni (C. B. Adams)-B. and B. Hyalina avmacea (Deshayes) Cerith.iop8i. g,emi (C. B. Adams) M arginella aureocincta Stearns Cerithium mU.CGrum Say Per.icula lavalleeana (Orbigny) Cerithium floridanum M6rch Prunutn apicinum (Menke) 8eila adamsi (H. C. Lea) Conidae Trlphorldae Conus ftoridanu. Gabb-H. Triphora Rigrocincta (C. B. Adams) Conu. jaspideu. Gmclin-H. *Conu8 .tearn.i Conrad Potamldldae Terebridae BatiUaria minima (Gmelin) Terebra concava vin08a Dall Calyptraeldae Terebra di.locata Say Calyptraeo cmtraliB Conrad Terebra protezta Conrad Orepidula aculeata (Gmelin) Turridae Orepidula Jomicata (Linne) *OlyphotuTTi. rugirima (Dall) Orepidula maculo.a Conrad *Monili.pira leucocyma (Dall) Orepidula plana Say Pyrgocythara hemphilli Bartsch and Rehder Strombldae 8tellatoma .tellata (Stearns) 8trombuB alatua Gmelin-B. and B. Bullidae Natlddae Bulla .triata Bruguillre Natica puailla Say Atyldae Polinieu duplieat'U8 (Say) HafllinoetJ antillarum (Orbigny) 8inum per.pectiwm (Say)-B. and :Q. Haminoea BUccinea (Conrad)

304 U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Retuaidae Plnnldae Het'U8a canaliculata (Say) Atrina rigida Lightfoot Pyramlde1l1dae Mytilidae Odo8tomia acutiden8 Dall Amllgdalum papyria (Conrad) Odo8tomia impreBsa (Say) Brachidonte8 6ZUat'U8 (Linn~) Odoatomia producta Dall Lioberu8 caatanB'U8 (Say) Od08tomia 8/11ninuda C. B. Adams Lithophaga biBulcata (Orbigny) Od08tomia sp. Modiolu8 demi88u8 (Dillwyn)-H. pyramidella crenulata (Holmes) ModitJl'U8 demia8U8 gran08ia8imu8 (Sowerby)-B. and +Sayella hemphilli (DaD) B. TurboniUa conradi Bush (Dall) ModitJlu8 americanuB (Leach) Turbonilla dalli Bush MU8culu8 lateralia (Say) Acteoclnldae Pllcatulldae Cylichna bidentata (Orbigny) Plicatula gibb08a Lamarck Acteonldae Ostreldae Acteon puncto8triatua (C. B. Adalns) CraB808trBa virginica (Gmelin) 08trea eque8tri8 Say Aplyslldae 08trea frOM Linn~ Bursatella leachi plei Rang Pectlnldae Elloblldae Aequipecten irradianB concentricuB (Say) Mela7npu8 cojJB'U8 (Linn~) Anomlldae CLASS AMPHINEURA Anomia 8implez Orbigny CrassatelHdae Ischnochltonldae Cra88ineUa lunulata Conrad Chaetopleura apiculata (Say) 18chnochiton papillo8U8 (C. B. Adams) Cardlddae Cardita ftoridana Conrad Chltonldae Venericardia perplana (Conrad) Chiton tuberculatu8 Linn~-H. Venericardia tridentata (Say) CorblcuHdae CLASS SCAPHOPODA P8eudocyrena ftoridana (Conrad)-B. and B. DentaUidae Erydnldae Dentalium eboreum Conrad Erycina ;ftoridana Vanatta Dentalium antillarum Orbigny MY8ella planulata (Stimpson) Dentalium sp. (resembles D. teroaianum Philippi) Montacutldae CLASS PELECYPODA M ontacuta ftoridana Dall Luclnldae Solemyaddae *Anodontia alba Link Solemya occidentali8 Deshayes Anodontia philippiana (Reeve) . Codakia orbiculata (Montagu)-B. and B. NucuHdae Lueina multilineata (Tuomey and Holmes) Nucula proxima Say Phacoide8 naBBWa (Conrad) NucuIanldae DipIodontidae Nuculana acuta Conrad Diplodonta punctata (Say) Arddae Chamldae Anadara tran8ver8a (Say) *Chama congregata Conrad *Arca zebra Swainson Barbatia cancellaria (Lamarck) Cardlldae Barbatia candida (Helbling)-D. and K. Dinocardium robuatum vanhyningi (Clench and L. Noetia pondero8a (Bay) C. Smith) Laevicardium mortoni (Conrad) Glycymerldldae Trachllcardium egmontianum (Shuttleworth) Glycymeria pectinata (Gmelin) Trachycardium muricatum (Linn6) DISTRIBUTION OF MOLLUSKS IN AN ESTUARY 305 Venerldae Semelldae Anomalocardia cuneimeriB (Conrad) Abra aequalis (Say) Chione cancellata (Linne) Cumingia tellinoides (Conrad) Chione grus (Holmes) Semele bellastriata (Conrad) Chione intapurpurea Conrad-B. and B. Semele proficua (Pulteney) Cyclinella tenuis (Recluz) Semele purpurascens (Gmelin) Dosinia discus (Reeve) Dosinia elegans Conrad-B. and B. Donacldae Macrocallista nimbosa Lightfoot Donax variabilis Say Mercenaria campechiensis (Gmelin) Parastarte triql£etra (Conrad) Sangulnolarlldae Pitar julminata (Menke) Tage/us divisus Spengler Pitar simpsoni (Dall) TagclltS plebeius (Lightfoot) *Transennella conradina Da11 *Transenclla stimpsoni Da11 Solenldae Petrlcolldae Ensis minor Dall Pdricola pholadijorrt~is Lamarck Corbulldae Mactrldae Corbula barrattiana C. B. Adams Corbula caribaea Orbigny Anatina plicatella (Lamarck) Corbit/a eontraeta Say Mactra jragilis Gmelin Mulinia lateralis (Say) Pholadldae Spisula solidissima (DiUwyn)-B. and B. Cyrtoplcura costata (Linne) Telllndae Martesia cuneijormis Say Psammotreta intastriata (Say)-B. and B. Pandorldae Macoma constricta (Bruguillre) Tellidora cristata Recluz *Pandora trilineata Say Tellina aequistriata Say Pandora bushiana Dall Tellina altemma Say Lyonslldae Tellina lineata Turton Tellina mera Say Lyonsia hyalina ftoridana (Conrad) Tellina tampaensis Conrad Perlplomatldae Tellina sp. (resembles T. tnana Da11) Tellina versicolor DeKay Periploma sp.

306 U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE