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Sozialpsychologie 21 1 UM STICHWORTE ERWEITERTE INHALTSÜBERSICHT I. TEIL: GESCHICHTE DER SOZIALPSYCHOLOGIE 21 1. Kapitel: Sozialpsychologie als Psychologie der Gesellschaft 27 1.1 Bewußtseinsanaloge Psychologie der Gesellschaft 28 1.1.1 Herbarts Grundlegung der Sozialpsychologie 28 Herbarts Individualpsychologie: Erfahrung - Metaphysik - Allgemeine Metaphysik: Reale, Zusammen, mögliche Störung und Selbsterhaltungsreaktionen, objektive Scheinwelten, mechanische Universalstruktur. Spezielle Metaphysik - Mathematik. Herbarts Psychologie der Gesellschaft. Herbarts Wurzelgedanken zusammengefaßt. 1.1.2 Lindners "Grundzüge der Socialpsychologie" 39 Prozeß der Zivilisation - Sozialpsychologie: Gegenstand und Aufgabe - mechanomorphe Sprache - Analogisierung - deduktiv-analogisierende Methode - Politische Psychologie - Rezeptions Herbarts. 1.1.3 Schäffles "Grundriß der Socialpsychologie" 46 Anschluß an Herbart - biomorphe Sprache - Drei-Welten-Lehre - Vergeistigung und Individuation - Aufgaben der Individual- und der Sozialpsychologie - konstitutive Bedeutung der Strukturanalogie - Beispiele strukturanaloger Verhältnisse: Innere und äußere Psychophysik, psychophysische Gesamtkraft, Schwelle. 1.2 Handlungsanaloge Psychologie der Gesellschaft 54 Ch. A. Ellwood - "functional psychology" - analogisierende Übertragung - Eigenständigkeit der Gruppe und wider den sozialen Individualismus - Sozialpsychologie - konkrete Analogien: Anpassung an die Umwelt, soziale Gewohnheiten, soziales Umlernen - Sozialpsychologie oder psychologische Soziologie. 1.3 Reflexanaloge Psychologie der Gesellschaft 59 W. M. Bechterew - objektive Individualpsychologie - analoge Übertragung - Aufgabe der kollektiv- reflexologischen Sozialpsychologie - Methoden der Sozialpsychologie. 1.4 Sozialpsychologie oder Soziologie 63 2. Kapitel: Sozialpsychologie als universelle Entwicklungs- geschichte des kollektiven Geisteslebens 67 Anknüpfung an die Herbartianer - universelle Entwicklungsgeschichte. 2.1 Völkerpsychologie 71 Volk als soziale Einheit - "Volksgeist", "Volksseele" u.ä. - verbreitetes Mißverständnis. 2.1.1 Völkerpsychologie von Lazarus & Steinthal 79 Ergänzungsbedürftigkeit der Individualpsychologie - Notwendigkeit einer Völkerpsychologie - abstrakt programmatische Bestimmung der Völkerpsychologie - konkret forschungspraktische Bestimmung der Völkerpsychologie - Sozialpsychologie. 2.1.2 Völkerspsychologie von Wundt 84 Abweichung von den Herbartianern - Völkerpsychologie als Erweiterung der Individualpsychologie - Völkerpsychologie als universelle Entwicklungsgeschichte geistiger Erzeugnisse. 2.2 Geschichte als Sozialpsychologie 91 Geschichtsauffassung - Sozialpsychologie - soziale Prägung des Individuums - Postulat der Wandelbarkeit und historischen Kontingenz. 3. Kapitel: Sozialpsychologie als Massenpsychologie 95 Vordenker - F. C. Fresenius - passive Masse - aktive Masse. 3.1 Romanische Massenpsychologie 98 Massen und Massenerscheinungen - sozialgeschichtliche Anmerkung - Pathologisierung - individualistische Erklärung - S. Sighele - G. Tarde - G. Le Bon - Imitation, Suggestion, Infektion - Physiologisierung - Sozialpsychologie. 3.2 Freuds Sozial- oder Massenpsychologie 105 4. Kapitel: Sozialpsychologie als Psychologie des sozialen Erlebens 107 4.1 Bewußtseinspsychologie 108 R. M. Holzapfel: Sozialpsychologie im weiteren Sinne, Sozialpsychologie im engeren Sinne. 4.2 Akt- oder Funktionspsychologie 110 G. Roffenstein: Personale Sozialpsychologie, Psychologie der Suggestionswirkungen. 4.3 Wesensphänomenologie 112 E. Straus: Wesen und Vorgang der Suggestion. 5. Kapitel: Sozialpsychologie als verstehende Sozialpsychologie 115 E. Raab: Verstehende Sozialpsychologie - E. Spranger: Geisteswissenschaftliche Psychologie - C.H. Cooley: "Mutual understanding". 6. Kapitel: Sozialpsychologie als Psychologie der Vergesell- schaftung des Individuums 119 Varianten der Beziehung zwischen Individuum und Gesellschaft: parallelistisch, unistisch, interaktionistisch - Individuum als Funktionseinheit - Gesellschaft als Funktionseinheit - Sozialpsychologie - Sozialwerdung des Menschen - Vordenker: Baron de Montesquieu, A. Comte, L. Lévy-Bruhl, E. Durkheim, M. Halbwachs, A. F. Hamon, M. Weber - Methodik - beispielhafte Sozialpsychologien. 6.1 Ross' Theorie der Uniformierung 132 Psychologiesystematik - Uniformitäten als Voraussetzung einer funktionierenden Gesellschaft - Uniformierung durch soziale Einverleibung - das Entstehen einer überindividuellen "group individuality" - Prozeß der Uniformierung. 6.2 McDougalls Instinkttheorie 136 Grenzen und Möglichkeiten menschlicher Sozialisierbarkeit - Instinktausstattung - soziale Formbarkeit der Instinkte. 6.3 Historisch-materialistische Sozialpsychologie 139 6.3.1 Schneersohns "ökonomische Sozialpsychologie" 141 6.3.2 Oppenheimers "sozial-ökonomische Gruppentheorie" 143 6.3.3 Hellpachs "Sozialpsychologie des Werkraumes" 144 6.4 Fischers "Psychologie der Gesellschaft" 145 Institutionelle Formung - kulturelle Formung - Sozialpsychologie als Grundlagenwissenschaft. 7. Kapitel: Sozialpsychologie als soziale Biologie 149 Sozialpsychologie der Tiere - Sozialpsychologie des Kleinkindes - Sozialpsychologie als soziale Biologie. 8. Kapitel: Sozialpsychologie als Psychologie des Individuums in seiner sozialen Umwelt 155 Individuo- vs. soziozentrisch - individuozentrische Sozialpsychologie - experimentalpsychologisches Credo - theoretische Auffassungen der Beziehung zwischen Individuum und sozialer Umwelt. 8.1 Bewußtseinsbezügliche Auffassung 159 Moedes "systematische Gruppenpsychologie" - Gaults Psychologie der "conscious socio-psychic phenomena" - Dunlaps Psychologie der "social desires" - soziales Wollen - Differenzen. 8.2 Behavioristische Auffassung 163 Argumente für den Behaviorismus: praktisches Argument, methodologisches Argument, ontologisches Argument, evolutionstheoretisches Argument - F. H. Allports behavioristische Sozialpsychologie - Kantors "institutional conception of sozial psychology". 8.3 Handlungstheoretische Auffassung 168 Bedeutungshaltigkeit des psychologischen Gegenstandes: Handlung, Umwelt, Stimulus - Gegenstand der Sozialpsychologie: soziale Handlung, soziale Umwelt, sozialer Stimulus. 9. Kapitel: Sozialpsychologie als Psychologie interindividueller Beziehungen 173 9.1 Argumente als Beziehungsstifter 175 C. Cattaneo's "psichologia sociale" als "psicologia delle menti associate" (1863). 9.2 Handlungen als Beziehungsstifter 178 Deweys Theorie der Genese des Geistes aus der Notwendigkeit sozialer Koordinierung: sozial berechenbar werden, soziale Genese des Geistes, Sozialpsychologie - Meads sozialer Behaviorismus: semantischer Behaviorismus, "social acts", Gesten und signifikante Symbole, Sozialpsychologie, Geist, Selbst und Selbstbewußtsein, technisches und kommunikatives Interagieren, Individualpsychologie zwischen "physiologischer Psychologie" und Sozialpsychologie - Sullivans "Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry" - "The Social Psychology of Robert E. Park". 10. Kapitel: Systematiken der Sozialpsychologie 193 Eulenburg (1897 und 1901): Sozialpsychologie, Völkerpsychologie, Massenpsychologie. Stoltenberg (1914 und 1922): Soziopsychologie, Psychosoziologie, soziologische Psychologie. Fischer (1922): Soziologie, Sozialwissenschaften, Sozialpsychologie. Müller-Freienfels: Sozialbiopsychologie. II. TEIL: HAUPTSTRÖMUNGEN DER SOZIALPSYCHOLOGIE 199 1. Kapitel: Strukturale Sozialpsychologie 205 1.1 Psychoanalytische Ausrichtung 206 1.2 Sozioökonomische Ausrichtung 209 1.3 Kritische Psychologie 212 2. Kapitel: Symbolisch-interaktive Sozialpsychologie 215 2.1 Linguistischer Ansatz 215 2.2 Rollentheoretischer Ansatz 217 3. Kapitel: Individualpsychologische Sozialpsychologie 223 3.1 Attitüden 223 3.2 Kognitive Gestaltprinzipien 225 3.3 Kognitive Prozesse und Strukturen 227 3.4 Verarbeitung sozialer Informationen 230 4. Kapitel: Gruppenpsychologische Sozialpsychologie 235 4.1 Gruppendynamik 235 4.2 Logik des sozialen Lebens 239 Sozialer Wertaustausch - sozialer Gedankenaustausch. III. TEIL: TENDENZEN DER SOZIALPSYCHOLOGIE 241 1. Kapitel: Krisendiagnosen 247 1.1 Krisentyp I: Verbessern 248 Zweifel an der gelungenen Bedingungskontrolle - Zweifel an der außerexperimentellen Gültigkeit der Befunde - Zweifel an der praktischen Verwertbarkeit - Zweifel an der ethischen Vertretbarkeit - Kritik an der ideologisch bedingten Einseitigkeit der Theorien und ihrer Gegenstände. 1.2 Krisentyp II: Erweitern 252 Soziokultureller Kontext - soziale Identität. 1.3 Krisentyp III: Wenden 253 2. Kapitel: Semantische Sozialpsychologie 255 2.1 Lebensweltlicher Aspekt 258 Vorgeschichte - narrative Ordnung - lebensweltliche Sozialpsychologie - Beispiele: Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie, Selbsterleben und Identität, Gewalt - Abgrenzungen. 2.2 Sprach- und kulturwissenschaftlicher Aspekt 266 Sprache als Gebilde - Herkunftsfrage, Antworten und Folgefragen - "turn to language" - Sprache und Interaktion - andere Kulturgüter - soziale Repräsentationen - Umgangswissen - Subjektive Theorien - kulturelle Modelle - subjektiv, intersubjektiv, transsubjektiv - Kulturwesen "Mensch" - Abgrenzung - Beispiel für eine kulturpsychologische Betrachtung von Emotionen - institutionsgeschichtliche Anmerkung. 2.3 Historischer Aspekt 289 Moderate Historisierung: Abstraktionsvariante, Moderationsvariante - Radikale Historisierung: strukturale Variante, postmoderne Variante - Neue Metatheorie der Sozialpsychologie: Neues Gegenstandsverständnis, historische und kulturelle Kontingenz, kulturelle Konstruktion, reaktives Theoretisieren, ideologiekritische Funktion der Sozialpsychologie - Gegenpositionen - Übergang und Verbindung.
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