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Jamal-Shaila-MPS-PLAN-August INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF SMARTPHONE APPLICATIONS FOR TRIP PLANNING AND TRAVEL OUTCOME By Shaila Jamal Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Planning Studies at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2016 © Copyright by Shaila Jamal, 2016 Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures .................................................................................................................... v Abstract ............................................................................................................................ vii List of Abbreviations and Symbols Used ..................................................................... viii Glossary ............................................................................................................................ ix Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................. x Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Objective .................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Ethical Considerations .............................................................................................. 4 1.4 Smartphone Use and Travel Choice Survey – 2015 ................................................. 4 1.5 Analysis..................................................................................................................... 8 1.6 Thesis Outline ........................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2: Exploratory Analysis of the Use of Smartphone Applications for Trip Planning and Travel Outcome ......................................................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Literature Review.................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Sample Characteristics of Smartphone Use and Travel Choice Survey – 2015 ..... 14 2.4 Smartphone Usage Pattern of the Respondents ...................................................... 27 2.5 Exploratory Analysis of Smartphone Applications Use and Travel Choices ......... 30 ii 2.6 Summary and Conclusion ....................................................................................... 47 Chapter 3: Smartphone and Mobility: How the Use of Smartphone Applications Affect Travel Decisions ................................................................................................... 49 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 49 3.2. Literature Review................................................................................................... 51 3.3. Methodology .......................................................................................................... 59 3.4. Results of Trip Planning Models ........................................................................... 67 3.5. Results of Travel Outcome Models ....................................................................... 73 3.6. Summary and Conclusion ...................................................................................... 79 Chapter 4: Conclusion .................................................................................................... 82 4.1 Summary and Policy Implications from Exploratory Analysis .............................. 82 4.2 Summary of Model Results and Future Studies ..................................................... 85 Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 90 Appendix A: Survey Questionnaire ................................................................................. 98 Appendix B: Online version of Smartphone Use and Travel choice Survey -2015 ...... 110 Appendix C: Promotional Leaflet for Survey Distribution ........................................... 117 iii List of Tables Table 1: Average Frequency of Round Trips in a Week .................................................. 18 Table 2: Average of Number of Trips, Duration and Distance Travelled in a Day .......... 19 Table 3: Smartphone Application Use for Trip Planning ................................................. 35 Table 4: Smartphone Application Use for Trip Planning (2) ........................................... 37 Table 5: Impact of Smartphone Application Use on Travel Outcome ............................. 46 Table 6: Summary of Previous Studies on ICT and Travel Behaviour ............................ 53 Table 7: Descriptive Statistics .......................................................................................... 61 Table 8: Ordered Response Model for Trip Planning Activities ...................................... 70 Table 9: Binary Choice Model for Travel Outcomes ....................................................... 76 iv List of Figures Figure 1: Summary of Data Collected through Smartphone Use and Travel Choice Survey -2015 ....................................................................................................................... 6 Figure 2: Flow Diagram of Database Preparation from Smartphone Use and Travel Choice Survey - 2015.......................................................................................................... 7 Figure 3: Percentage of the Respondents according to Age Group .................................. 15 Figure 4: Percentage of the Respondents according to Gender ........................................ 15 Figure 5: Percentage of the Respondents according to Studentship Status ...................... 16 Figure 6: Percentage of the Respondents according to Employment Status .................... 16 Figure 7: Percentage of the Respondents according to Annual Individual Income Group ........................................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 8: Percentage of the Respondents according to Trip Purpose and Frequency of Weekly Round Trips ......................................................................................................... 18 Figure 9: Percentage of the Respondents according to Number of Daily Trips ............... 19 Figure 10: Percentage of the Respondents according to Daily Total Travel Time ........... 20 Figure 11: Percentage of the respondents according to daily total distance travelled ...... 21 Figure 12a: Percentage of the Respondents according to Mode of Transport by Weekday Work and School Travel ................................................................................................... 22 Figure 13a: Percentage of the Respondents according to Travel Accompany by Weekday Work and School Travel ................................................................................................... 23 Figure 14: Percentage of the Respondents according to Number of Vehicles in the Household ......................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 15: Percentage of the Respondents according to Number of Bi-cycles in the Household ......................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 16: Percentage of the Respondents according to Transit Pass Ownership ............ 25 Figure 17: Respondents’ Level of Agreement on Attitudinal Statements ........................ 26 Figure 18: Percentage of the Respondents according to Years of Smartphone Use ......... 27 Figure 19: Extent of Impact of Smartphone Use on Frequency of Trips by Purpose ....... 28 Figure 20: Percentage of the Respondents according to Number of Online Shopping .... 28 v Figure 21: Percentage of the Respondents according to Effects of e-shopping on Shopping Trips .................................................................................................................. 29 Figure 22: Percentage of the Respondent according to Level of Dependency on Smartphones by Purpose ................................................................................................... 30 Figure 23: Purpose-wise Mean Level of Dependency on Smartphone Applications by Age Cohort ........................................................................................................................ 32 Figure 24: Frequency of Using Smartphone Applications for Trip Planning ................... 33 Figure 25: Dependency on Social Networking Applications ........................................... 34 Figure 26: Level of Dependency on Smartphone Applications for Specific Travel Need Activities ........................................................................................................................... 41 Figure 27: Mean Usage of Smartphone Applications by Different Factor ....................... 43 Figure 28: Impact of Smartphone Use on Travel Outcomes ............................................ 44 Figure 29:
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