ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION | Mapping

Intervention suitability map Types of interventions

Table 2. Overview of types of ecosystem restoration interventions including examples, benefits to users and ecosystems, and contribution to SCRSE project goals

Benefits Contribution to SCRSE project goals Types of Categories of Explanation and examples interventions interventions Direct to To ecosystem Water Food DRR users restoration security Security

Protection of riverbanks and flooding areas against overgrazing, Riverbank arable farming, tree cutting and water erosion. In the case of protection artificial reservoirs also protect the inflow area.

Protection of an area against degrading activities, such as grazing, agriculture and/or tree cutting. Often cut-and-carry Area closure systems and fruit harvesting are allowed. Sometimes closures Direct - function as back-up grazing area for emergencies. The closure Productivity of can be realized by fencing or by (community) agreements Erosion livestock more Direct – More Improved control, reliable. resilient groundwater increased Indirect - Increased rangelands and Protection Agreements on sustainable use of forested areas, including recharge, flow production strengthened availability of forests, reduced and Forest controlled harvesting of wood and other natural products. regulation, of forage water fruits, berries risk of droughts, restoration management Increasing the ecological and socio-economic value through tree biodiversity, and other resources and other flooding and planting, wildlife management, control of invasive species, etc. (micro)climate natural natural disease regulation products products in outbreaks Agreements on grazing patterns, assignment of wet/dry season Rangeland times of and emergency grazing areas, sustainable wood harvesting, management scarcity wildlife management

Urban water and Collection and safe disposal of waste(water) waste management

Discourage Limit agricultural practices in these areas. Ensure that in crop agriculture production areas due measures are taken to control erosion

Basic SWC Mulching, grass strips, soil bunds

SWC to control Tree planting, tree strips (wind breaks), life fencing, agroforestry wind erosion Terracing, contour bunds, contour ploughing, tied ridges, grass- SWC for slopes strips, contour trenching

SWC for very steep Stone structures above ground such as stone bunds, trenches, slopes hillside terracing, check dams, tree strips Higher yields, more Indirect – Improved Direct – SWC for weak soils Soil moisture management, mulching reliable improved groundwater Direct – more Reduced risk of yields. surface water Soil and recharge, water crop diversity, drought, flooding Conservation The three main CA principles are: minimal soil disturbance, Possibility to availability to water flow regulation higher yields and disease agriculture (CA) permanent soil cover and crop rotations produce agriculture and conservation and soil formation. and increased outbreaks. crops with a groundwater Permanent Production of permanent crops such as fruit trees, tea, coffee, Increased yield reliability Improved higher resources for agriculture and qat biodiversity preparedness market- consumption Produce crops outside the flooding period, or flood resistant Flood-adapted value crops. Apply flood control interventions, such as soil bunds and agriculture diversion ditches. Apply spate irrigation or floodwater spreading spreading Biological Revegetation, afforestation, reforestation and protection of trees. interventions Planting of species that promote soil stability. Controlled grazing

Erosion control Small and larger scale structures constructed with manual labour structures to control erosion, such as gabions

Also known asvalley tanks. Larger excavations for water storage Hafir dams on flat to gently sloping lands Small natural depresssions in which runoff concentrates made Ponds impervious to prevent leaking Small hill-side half-moon shaped embankments on medium- Direct – More Table 1. Legend belonging to the ecosystem restoration suitability map listing the Hill-side dams Direct – higher steep slopes used to promote infiltration and store water resilient water Direct - yields recommended types of ecosystem restoration interventions per suitability zone Open water reservoirs build to trap water coming of bare rock Improved Groundwater supply, less rain Off-stream Rock catchments increased (irrigation) and areas water recharge, flow dependency for CHARACTERIZATION RECOMMENDED TYPES OF INTERVENTIONS water storage water productivity of Undergound cisterns dug out and lined to store water, keep it availability regulation crop production, Zone Birkads availability livestock Current Slope and stream Soil and water conservation cool and (when covered) prevent evaporation reduced risk of Protection and restoration Off-stream water storage In-stream water storage (watering) land use specifications (SWC) flooding Managed aquifer Infiltration of surface water into an aquifer via infiltration wells to Flat to gentle sloping Basic SWC, flood-adapted A1 - Hafirs, ponds recharge store water and improve its quality areas (<5%) agriculture Hafirs, ponds, hillside Roof rainwater Use of suitable roof surface – tiles, metal sheets or plastics – to A2 Gentle slopes (5-10%) - SWC measures for slopes dams harvesting intercept rainfall, and conduct it to a storage tank SWC for slopes or permanent Hillside dams, rock Small dams accross a waterway that counteract erosion by A3 Steep slopes (10-25%), - Check dams Arable land agriculture catchments reducing flow velocity Very steep slopes Discourage agriculture, forest A4 Permanent agriculture Rock catchments Very small open water reservoirs consisting of a wall (earth or Direct – More (>25%) management Micro-dams Direct – higher concrete) in a narrow valley aimed at storing water Improved Direct - resilient water Flat to gentle sloping Basic SWC, SWC for weak soils, Hafirs, ponds, micro dams, yields A5 - water Groundwater increased supply, less rain areas (<3%), Weak Soils SWC to control wind erosion birkads In-stream Small open water reservoirs consisting of an earthen or concrete (irrigation) and Valley dams availability recharge, flow water dependency for Discourage agriculture, forest SWC for weak soils and slopes, water storage wall on a concave location to store water productivity of A6 Slope > 3%, Weak Soils Micro-dams, birkads and water regulation availability and crop production, management permanent agriculture livestock Reinforced concrete walls across seasonal rivers capturing quality quality reduced risk of Sand dams (watering) R1 Slopes < 10% Rangeland management Biological interventions Hafirs, ponds, birkads coarse sediments,thereby storing shallow groundwater flooding Reinfoced concrete walls across seasonal rivers that store R2 Rangelands Steep slopes (10-25%) Rangeland management Biological interventions Hill-side dams, birkads Subsurface dams shallow groundwater Very steep slopes R3 Area closures Biological interventions Rock catchments (>25%)

F1 Slopes < 10% Forest management - Hafirs, ponds

Forests/ Forest management, area Hill-side dams, rock F2 Steep slopes (10-25%) - bushlands closures catchments Very steep slopes Forest management, area Valley dams, rock F3 - (>25%) closures catchments Basic SWC, flood-adapted Managed aquifer W1a River valleys, Basement Riverbank protection agriculture recharge, hafirs Regularly flooding, Managed aquifer W2a Wetlands/ Riverbank protection Flood-adapted agriculture Basement recharge, hafirs River valleys River valleys, Riverbank protection, W1b (agriculture, Flood-adapted agriculture Hafirs Limestones, Weak soils conservation areas rangelands, Regularly flooding, Riverbank protection, area W2b forest) - - Limestones, Weak soils closures, W3 Artificial reservoirs Riverbank protection Life fencing -

Urban water and waste B1 Towns Biological interventions Roof rainwater harvesting Built-up management In-streamareas storage suitability Forest management, SWC to Roof rainwater harvesting, B2 Settlements Life fencing In-stream storage suitability control wind erosion birkads StreamEroded order, silty to clayey riverbed Biological interventions, erosion E1 Severe gully erosion Area closures - Stream1 order,areas silty to clayey riverbed control structures Small sandy gullies, Biological interventions, erosion Check-dams, (small) valley Riverbank protection 12Sandy stream order 1 control structures dams Sandy gullies and Check-dams, (leaky) sand sediment, Riverbank protection - 23on streams, stream order 2 dams, valley dams Sandy seasonal Subsurface dams, sand basement Riverbank protection - 34rock streams, stream order 3 dams, valley dams (Fafan) Sandy seasonal rivers, Riverbank protection - Subsurface dams Stream4 order, sandystream riverbed order 4 Small clayey gullies, Biological interventions, erosion Riverbank protection Check dams Stream1 order, sandystream riverbed order 1 control structures Silty to Clayey gullies, stream clayey Riverbank protection - Valley dams 12 order 2 sediment, Clayey seasonal on limestone Riverbank protection - Valley dams 23 streams, stream order 3 (Jerer) Clayey seasonal rivers, Riverbank protection - Valley dams 34 stream order 4

4 Figure 1. Examples of ecosystem restoration interventions organized per type. All pictures taken in the SCRSE project area by Acacia Water. 3R suitability zones 3R suitabilityA1, Agriculture, zones 0-5% A1,A2, Agriculture, Agriculture, 0-5% >5-10-% A2,A3, Agriculture, Agriculture, >5-10-% >10-25% A3,A4, Agriculture, Agriculture, >10-25% >25% A4,A5, Agriculture, Agriculture, >25% Weak soils, 0-3% A5,A6, Agriculture, Agriculture, Weak Weak soils, soils, 0-3%>3% Lafa Issa A6,R1, Agriculture, Rangelands, Weak 0-10% soils, >3% R1,R3, Rangelands, Rangelands, 0-10%>10-25% R3,R4, Rangelands, Rangelands, >10-25%>25% R4,F1, Rangelands,Forest/bushland, >25% 0-10% F2, Forest/bushland, >10-25% Hadow F1, Forest/bushland, 0-10% F3, Forest/bushland, >25% F2, Forest/bushland, >10-25% W1a, Agriculture/rangeland, river valley, basement rock F3, Forest/bushland, >25% W1b, Flooding areas, basement W1a, Agriculture/rangeland, river valley, basement rock W2a, Agriculture/rangeland, river valley, limestone W1b, Flooding areas, basement W2b, Flooding areas, limestones W2a, Agriculture/rangeland, river valley, limestone W3, Reservoir W2b, Flooding areas, limestones B1, Town W3, Reservoir B2, Settlement B1, Town StrengtheningE1, severe gully erosion Community Resilience in Somali Region, (SCRSE), a Protracted Crisis, Horn of Africa Program B2, Settlement PosterE1, severe and gully map erosion developed by Acacia Water. Significant contributions to the underlying assessment were made by the Wetlands International, the Ethiopian Red Cross Society, The Netherlands Red Cross, the women and men of Jijiga, Gursum and Tuliguled, and Taye Alemayehu.