Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project

Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

November 2018

Final Report Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Final Report

Authors: Ryan Ellis, Grant Wells, Jarrad Clark Reviewer: Karen Crews Date: 20 November 2018 Submitted to: Phil Scott (Preston Consulting)

©Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 2018 The use of this report is solely for the Client for the purpose in which it was prepared. Phoenix Environmental Sciences accepts no responsibility for use beyond this purpose. All rights are reserved and no part of this report may be reproduced or copied in any form without the written permission of Phoenix Environmental Sciences or the Client.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 1/511 Wanneroo Rd BALCATTA WA 6021 P: 08 6323 5410 E: [email protected] Project code: 1211-ESP-LI-ECO

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd i Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Leichardt Industrials Pty Ltd (Leichardt) is investigating the feasibility of developing the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project (the Project). The Project aims to develop high purity industrial grade sodium chloride salt from seawater via a solar evaporation, crystallisation and raw salt purification operation. Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd was commissioned by Preston Consulting on behalf of Leichardt to undertake a desktop study and site reconnaissance to inform the Project’s pre-feasibility study. In relation to terrestrial flora and fauna, the desktop study and site reconnaissance aimed to: • identify the key environmental values of the Project area and surrounds • provide field-validation of the desktop data/review results • identify any environmentally significant areas. The review included interrogation of several State and Federal databases, as well as a review of scientific publications and relevant biological survey reports and encompassed: • flora and vegetation • terrestrial fauna (vertebrate and short-range endemic invertebrates) • subterranean fauna • aquatic invertebrate fauna. Key Environmental Values No nature reserves, conservation reserves or national parks occur within the study area or immediately adjacent. An area set aside for conservation of the Priority Ecological Community (PEC)(Priority 3 PEC, Horseflat land system of the Roebourne Plains) partially intersects the study area, but it is unlikely that there will be any direct overlap with planned infrastructure. The desktop review and reconnaissance survey did not identify the presence of any: • Threatened Flora listed as Matters of National Environmental Significance (MNES) under the Federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) • Protected (Threatened) Flora listed under the WA Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (WC Act) • Threatened Ecological Communities (TECs) listed as MNES under the EPBC Act • TECs listed by the WA Minister for the Environment. The desktop review and reconnaissance survey has identified the possible occurrence within the study area of: • 11 Priority flora listed under the WC Act • A PEC (Priority 3 PEC, Horseflat land system of the Roebourne Plains) listed under the WC Act • A potential area of the Priority 3 PEC, Coastal dune tussock grassland dominated by Whiteochloa airoides. A preliminary survey of an area mapped as the Priority 3 PEC, Coastal dune tussock grassland dominated by Whiteochloa airoides, determined that the immediate area was not representative of the PEC; however, further survey within this vicinity is recommended to ensure this initial assessment is validated.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd ii Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

The desktop review and reconnaissance survey assessed the possible occurrence within the study area of the following significant fauna and fauna habitat: • Threatened Fauna listed as MNES under the EPBC Act • Protected (Threatened) Fauna listed under the WC Act1 • Priority Fauna listed by DBCA • Species listed as Migratory under international agreements and recognised under the EPBC Act and/or WC Act, particularly migratory shorebirds • Short-range endemic (SRE) fauna. The results indicate that: • Of the broad fauna habitats identified during the site visit, the intertidal zone, comprising of beach, intertidal mudflat and mangrove habitats, are most likely to support species of conservation significance • 76 significant fauna species or subspecies potentially occurring within the study area. Of these listed species, the following were of note in that there was suitable habitat for: o A range of migratory shorebirds, five species of marine turtles, the North-western Free-tailed Bat (P1). o Potentially suitable habitat for Night Parrot (CR) and Bilby (VU). • No obvious SRE habitat (restricted habitats, rocky outcrops, wetlands) noted • Regionally, stygofauna and troglofauna are noted to occur no local records are available. Results The desktop review identified 76 significant fauna species or subspecies as potentially occurring within the study area. Based on the results of the reconnaissance survey, several migratory shorebirds, marine turtles and a few significant terrestrial species are likely to occur. Several other significant species were considered unlikely to occur within the study area due to the lack of suitable habitat. Habitat assessments could not be undertaken in some areas due to difficult access conditions, particularly central areas and the western portion of the study area, including shoreline areas. A Level 1 fauna survey will need to be undertaken across the entire study area to accurately assess the likelihood of occurrence of conservation significant species returned in the desktop review and confirm the targeted fauna survey scope. Targeted surveys are likely to be required for several migratory shorebird species, five species of marine turtles, the North-western Free-tailed Bat (P1) and potentially Night Parrot (CR) and Bilby (VU), pending results of a Level 1 survey. While no obvious SRE habitat (restricted habitats, rocky outcrops, wetlands) was identified in the site visit the whole study area was not accessible. However, given the multitude of SRE species records within or in close proximity to the study area, as well as many more south and west Cape Preston and east of the study area, near Karratha, including many that appear to be from habitats that occur within the study area, a Level 2 SRE survey is likely to be warranted. With regards to subterranean fauna, most lithologies within the Pilbara have the potential to support stygofauna and troglofauna. While limited sampling of coastal alluvial and colluvial substrates between the Fortescue and Maitland Rivers have been undertaken, particularly east of Cape Preston, it is clear that the Port Hedland Coast and Fortescue Basins support a diverse stygofauna assemblage. Within these basins, the stygofauna are often found across multiple creek systems, but their distribution is often long and narrow and therefore strictly speaking, adhere to the definition of SREs.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd iii Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Both troglofauna and stygofauna were found to be widely distributed within the iron ore deposits of the Cape Preston Iron Ore Precinct. The groundwater within the study area is likely to be fresh and therefore stygofauna are likely to be present within the alluvial and colluvial aquifers, however they are considered unlikely to be range restricted due to the nature of the aquifer. Stygofauna are considered likely to be absent from the estuarine and delta deposits and Monzogranite deposits. Depending on (fresh) water requirements for the Project, a pilot study that incorporates sampling outside of the study area is likely to be required in order to demonstrate widespread occurrence. Due to nature of the Project, troglofauna are considered unlikely to be a factor in the assessment and should not require sampling. Aquatic invertebrates are most likely to be of marine origin within the study area and at this stage are not expected to be required to be surveyed, including with respect to those associated with the algal mats. In summary, potential risks to the Project with the greatest degree of uncertainty, concern the migratory shorebirds and potential ecological value of habitats within the study area to them. Environmentally Significant Areas In summary, the key areas of environmental significance that may warrant consideration in design phase to avoid or minimise impacts upon are likely to be: • Of the broad fauna habitats identified during the site visit, the intertidal zone, comprising of beach, intertidal mudflat and mangrove habitats, are most likely to support species of conservation significance. This includes migratory shorebirds habitat. Targeted survey work is required to determine numbers and usage, and potential ecological value of habitats within the study area to them. • A Priority Ecological Community (PEC) (Priority 3 PEC, Horseflat land system of the Roebourne Plains) listed under the WC Act. • Sand dune habitat is noted to be important in providing protection from coastal process for the salt flats, and providing significant recreational areas at 40 Mile Beach. In a conservation sense, a potential area of the Priority 3 PEC, Coastal dune tussock grassland dominated by Whiteochloa airoides is noted to require further investigation. • Significant populations of Priority flora (locations currently unknown). Turtle nesting beaches, mangroves and algal mats are also noted to be environmentally significant and are discussed in O2 Environmental (2018).

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd iv Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... II CONTENTS ...... V LIST OF FIGURES ...... VI LIST OF TABLES ...... VI LIST OF APPENDICES ...... VII TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... VII 1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE ...... 1 1.1 Scope of work...... 1 1.2 Study area ...... 1 1.3 Project Description ...... 3 1.3.1 Disturbance ...... 4 2 METHODS ...... 6 2.1 Flora and vegetation ...... 6 2.2 Terrestrial fauna ...... 7 2.3 Subterranean fauna ...... 8 2.4 Aquatic invertebrates ...... 9 2.5 Site reconnaissance ...... 10 3 RESULTS ...... 11 3.1 Existing environment ...... 11 3.1.1 Interim Biogeographical Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA) ...... 11 3.1.2 Land systems ...... 13 3.1.3 Hydrology ...... 15 3.1.4 Conservation reserves and Environmentally Sensitive Areas ...... 17 3.2 Flora and vegetation desktop assessment ...... 17 3.2.1 Vegetation ...... 17 3.2.2 Flora ...... 20 3.3 Flora and vegetation reconnaissance survey ...... 24 3.3.1 Vegetation ...... 24 3.3.2 Flora ...... 24 3.3.3 Potential intake pipeline and pump station locations ...... 30 3.4 Terrestrial fauna ...... 32 3.4.1 Vertebrate fauna ...... 32 3.4.2 Short-range endemic invertebrates ...... 38 3.5 Subterranean fauna ...... 43 3.5.1 Geology ...... 43 3.5.2 Stygofauna ...... 44 3.5.3 Troglofauna ...... 45 3.6 Aquatic invertebrates ...... 45 4 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 47

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd v Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

4.1 Flora and vegetation ...... 47 4.2 Terrestrial fauna ...... 48 4.3 Subterranean fauna ...... 49 4.4 Aquatic invertebrates ...... 49 5 REFERENCES ...... 50

List of Figures Figure 1-1 Project location and study area ...... 2 Figure 1-2 Proposed Development Envelopes and indicative project layout (to be simplified) ..... 5 Figure 3-1 IBRA regions of the study area ...... 12 Figure 3-2 Land systems of the study area ...... 14 Figure 3-3 Drainage in the vicinity of the study area ...... 16 Figure 3-4 Vegetation associations of the study area (Shepherd et al. 2002) ...... 19 Figure 3-5 Desktop records of conservation significant flora and ecological communities ...... 23 Figure 3-6 Eragrostis xerophila grassland recorded on the Horseflat land system and considered representative of the Priority 3 PEC (top). Vegetation in the area mapped as the Priority 3 PEC, Coastal dune tussock grassland dominated by Whiteochloa airoides, within the study area (bottom) ...... 29 Figure 3-7 Vegetation at the four potential intake pipeline and pump station locations, clockwise from top, left location 1-4 ...... 31 Figure 3-8 Desktop records of conservation significant vertebrate fauna and site reconnaissance visit observations ...... 37 Figure 3-9 Desktop records of short-range endemic invertebrates ...... 42 Figure 3-11 Desktop records of subterranean fauna and surface geology ...... 46

List of Tables Table 1-1 Location and proposed extent of physical and operational elements ...... 4 Table 3-1 Description of land systems intersecting the study area ...... 13 Table 3-2 Extent and conservation status of the Shepherd et al. (2002) vegetation associations intersecting the study area (DBCA 2018a) ...... 18 Table 3-3 Threatened and Priority Ecological Communities in the vicinity of the study area ...... 18 Table 3-4 Weed species recorded by the desktop assessment near the study area...... 20 Table 3-5 Conservation significant flora records from the area of the desktop review ...... 21 Table 3-6 Broad vegetation types identified during the reconnaissance survey ...... 25 Table 3-7 Likelihood of occurrence within the study area of significant flora identified in the desktop assessment ...... 30 Table 3-8 Conservation significant fauna species identified in the desktop review ...... 34 Table 3-9 SRE invertebrates known from within 100 km of the study area ...... 38 Table 3-10 The surface geology of the study area ...... 43 Table 3-11 SRE stygofauna known from within 100 km of the study area (WAM 2018) ...... 44 Table 3-12 SRE troglofauna known from within 100 km of the study area (DPaW 2017a)...... 45

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd vi Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

List of Appendices Appendix 1 Flora species potentially occurring and recorded from the study area during the reconnaissance site visit ...... 54 Appendix 2 Terrestrial vertebrate fauna potentially occurring in the study area ...... 75 Appendix 3 Short-range endemic invertebrate fauna, subterranean fauna and aquatic invertebrate fauna potentially occurring in the study area ...... 92

Table of abbreviations Abbreviation Description BIF Banded Ironstone Formation CALM Department of Conservation and Land Management CAR Conservation and Reservation DBCA Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environmental Protection Authority EPBC Act Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Act 1999 LNG Liquefied Natural Gas MNES Matters of National Environmental Significance PEC Priority Ecological Communities SRE Short-range endemic TEC Threatened Ecological Communities WoNS Weed of national significance WA Western Australia WAM Western Australian Museum WC Act Wildlife Conservation Act 1950

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd vii Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE

Leichardt Industrials Pty Ltd (Leichardt) is investigating the feasibility of developing the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project (the Project), located approximately 50 km west-southwest of Karratha in north- west Western Australia (Figure 1-1). The Project aims to develop high purity industrial grade sodium chloride salt from seawater via a solar evaporation, crystallisation and raw salt purification operation. Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd (Phoenix) was commissioned by Preston Consulting on behalf of Leichardt to undertake a desktop study and site reconnaissance to inform the Project’s pre- feasibility study. In relation to terrestrial flora and fauna, the desktop study and site reconnaissance aimed to: • identify the key environmental values of the Project area and surrounds • provide field-validation of the desktop data/review results • identify any fatal flaws • determine the likely scope, timing and cost of terrestrial biological investigations required to support environmental approvals for the Project.

1.1 SCOPE OF WORK

A desktop study and site reconnaissance survey was undertaken for several terrestrial biological aspects. The scope of work comprised: • desktop study to define the potential environmental values present within the study area, specifically for the following environmental aspects: o terrestrial flora and vegetation o terrestrial vertebrate fauna (including and invertebrate (SRE) fauna) o aquatic (freshwater) invertebrate fauna o subterranean fauna. • site reconnaissance survey to help define key values • preparation of a succinct technical report identifying key environmental constraints and detailing the baseline environmental survey program required to inform further development and environmental approvals for the Project with regard to the above biological factors.

1.2 STUDY AREA

The study area for the desktop study comprised two Project tenements, E47/3072 and E47/3301, located along the coastline approximately 45 km west- southwest of Karratha (Figure 1-1). Further tenure could be added to the Project and would need to be included in survey work to support further environmental planning and impact assessment work. The study area based on E47/0072 and E47/3301 measures approximately 12,883 ha and will be expanded to include all potential Project Areas as discussed in the next section.

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s i h T Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The Project is a solar salt project that will utilise seawater and natural evaporation processes to produce a concentrated salt product. A production rate of 1.6 Million tonnes per annum (Mtpa) is being targeted. To meet this production, the following infrastructure will be developed:

• seawater intake, pump station and pipeline • concentrator ponds totalling approximately 2,700 hectares (ha) • pre-crystalliser and crystalliser ponds, totalling approximately 2,500 ha • drainage channels and pond walls • process Plant and dewatering facilities • desalination plant • bitterns disposal pipeline and outfall • power supply and power lines • pumps, pipelines and roads • groundwater bores • accommodation camp • administration buildings • workshops • laydown areas • communications facilities • a subsea pipeline and offshore export facility (including an option for a dredge channel) and • other associated infrastructure. The Proposal will produce salt products according to the following process: • Seawater will be pumped into the first concentrator pond before undergoing progressive concentration by solar evaporation as it flows through successive concentrator ponds. • The saturated brine will be pumped into pre-crystalliser and finally crystalliser ponds where further evaporation occurs and salt is deposited onto a pre-formed base of salt. • Bitterns will be pumped and disposed of via an ocean outfall (approximately 8 GLpa) at, or en- route, to the selected port option. • Salt will be removed from the drained crystalliser ponds by mechanical harvesters and stockpiled adjacent to the processing facilities. Salt will be exported by pumping the salt as a slurry to the Cape Preston East Port land, where a small pumping station will continue pumping through a subsea pipeline to an offshore port facility. Four port facility options are included in the Proposal: • Port Options 1 and 2 - A mooring and umbilicus for slurry / brine return serviced by: 1. a fleet of four dedicated Handimax / Panamax ships fitted with centrifuges for extracting and washing salt, and a loader conveyor or

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 3 Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

2. a converted Cape-sized vessel or custom barge with processing, stockpile and wharf: mooring & umbilicus for slurry / brine return. Fitted with centrifuges for extracting & washing salt, and ship loading system. • Port Option 3 – Constructed Offshore Wharf (approximately 200 x 200 m) based on a pylon platform. Fitted with centrifuges for extracting & washing salt, and ship loading system and all required services and • Port Option 4 – Dredge Channel & Constructed Island (approximately 200 x 200 m): Constructed either from dredged material retained within engineered structure OR a pylon platform with dredge spoil disposed offshore. Fitted with centrifuges for extracting & washing salt, and ship loading system and all required services. The port facility will be in one of two possible locations. Option 4 requires a dredge channel from the 10 m depth contour to the 15 m depth contour. Options 1-3 do not require dredging and are located further offshore (i.e. utilising a longer subsea pipeline) at the 15 m depth contour.

1.3.1 Disturbance

The Project will be developed within four separate development envelopes. The boundaries of these development envelopes are shown in Figure 1-2and described in Table 1-1. Table 1-1 Location and proposed extent of physical and operational elements Element Location Proposed Extent Physical Elements 1. Ponds Development Envelope – Figure 1-2 Disturbance of no more than 9000ha concentrator and crystalliser ponds, within the 13,000 ha Ponds Process Plant, desalination plant, Development Envelope. administration, accommodation camp, associated works (access roads, laydown, etc.) 2. Marine Development Envelope – Figure 1-2 Disturbance of no more than 45 ha seawater intake and pipeline, subsea salt within the 4,500 ha Marine slurry pipeline, bitterns pipeline, outfall Development Envelope. diffuser and mixing zone, export facilities 3. Access Development Envelope – roads, Figure 1-2 Disturbance of no more than 200ha pipelines and other services within the 7,000ha Access Development Envelope. Operational Elements Bitterns discharge Figure 1-2 Discharge of up to 8 GL/yr of bitterns within a dedicated offshore mixing zone. Desalination Plant discharge Figure 1-2 Discharge to evaporation ponds only. Groundwater abstraction Figure 1-2 Abstraction of no more than 0.5 GL/yr.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 4 COPYRIGHT: THIS DOCUMENT IS AND SHALL REMAIN THE PROPERTY OF PRESTON CONSULTING. THIS DOCUMENT MAY ONLY BE USED FOR THE PURPOSE FOR WHICH IT WAS COMMISSIONED AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE TERMS OF ENGAGEMENT FOR THE COMMISSION. PRESTON CONSULTING DOES NOT HOLD ANY RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MISUSE OF THIS DOCUMENT. 400000 420000 440000 Legend Tenement

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! ! Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

2 METHODS

While little survey data and biological information exists within and in the immediate vicinity of the study area, extensive survey and sampling data is available more broadly, particularly Cape Preston to the south and areas around Karratha and Dampier to the north, which together provide some contextual information for the desktop review and survey planning for the Project.

2.1 FLORA AND VEGETATION

For the purposes of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), flora is defined as native vascular plants and vegetation is defined as groupings of different flora patterned across the landscape that occur in response to environmental conditions (EPA 2016a). The EPA’s objective for the factor flora and vegetation is: to protect flora and vegetation so that biological diversity and ecological integrity are maintained (EPA 2016a). There are several considerations for EIA for the factor flora and vegetation (EPA 2016a); however, the focus of this desktop review and site reconnaissance survey was on identifying significant flora and vegetation that may be present in the study area, in particular: • Threatened Flora listed as MNES under the Federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) • Protected (Threatened) Flora listed under the WA Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (WC Act) • Priority Flora listed by Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (DBCA) 1 • Threatened Ecological Communities (TECs) listed as MNES under the EPBC Act • TECs listed by the WA Minister for the Environment • Priority Ecological Communities (PECs) listed by DBCA. The following database searches were undertaken for the study area: • EPBC Act Protected Matters Search Tool for Threatened Flora and TECs listed as MNES • DBCA/WA Museum NatureMap for Threatened and Priority Flora records • DBCA and WA Herbarium Threatened and Priority Flora Databases • DBCA Threatened and Priority Ecological Communities Database for TECs and PECs. The search extent for the database searches was the study area plus a 40 km buffer. The following technical reports from surveys undertaken in the vicinity of the study area were reviewed: • Cape Preston Mining Estate consolidated vegetation, flora and fauna assessment (Maunsell AECOM 2008b) • Balmoral South. Consolidated vegetation, flora and fauna assessment (Maunsell AECOM 2008a)

1 The Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 has been proclaimed and will eventually supersede the WC Act regarding Threatened species and ecological communities. The part of the Act that deals with Threatened species and communities is not yet in effect, awaiting drafting of regulations for this part.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 6 Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

• Cape Preston Mining Estate. Consolidated vegetation, flora and fauna assessment (Maunsell AECOM 2008c) • Cape Preston vertebrate fauna survey (Phoenix 2009b) • Cape Preston short-range endemic invertebrate fauna survey (Phoenix 2009a) • Balmoral North and Balmoral South Stage 2 flora and vegetation assessment (AECOM 2009) • Austeel biological survey. Phase I (Biota & Trudgen & Associates 2009) • Draft environmental impact statement/environmental review and management programme for the proposed Wheatstone Project. Technical appendices (Chevron 2010) • Cape Preston East Environmental Studies. Flora and fauna review (GHD 2013) • Literature and desktop review flora and vegetation. Proposed Cape Preston Transport Corridor (Onshore Environmental 2013) • Targeted flora survey and Vegetation Management Plan for the Buckland Project: Stage 2 Haul Road (Phoenix 2017) • Onslow Townsite Strategy. Flora, vegetation and fauna assessment (ENV Australia 2011).

2.2 TERRESTRIAL FAUNA

For the purposes of EIA, the EPA defines terrestrial fauna as animals living on land or using land (including aquatic systems) for all or part of their lives and includes vertebrate (birds, mammals including bats, reptiles, amphibians, and freshwater fish) and invertebrate (arachnids, crustaceans, insects, molluscs and worms) groups (EPA 2016d). Fauna habitat is defined as the natural environment of an animal or assemblage of animals, including biotic and abiotic elements, that provides a suitable place for them to breed, forage, roost or seek refuge (EPA 2016d). The EPA’s objective for the factor terrestrial fauna is: to protect terrestrial fauna so that biological diversity and ecological integrity are maintained (EPA 2016d). There are several considerations for EIA for the factor terrestrial fauna (EPA 2016d); however, the focus of this desktop review was focused on identifying significant fauna and fauna habitat, in particular for: • Threatened Fauna listed as MNES under the EPBC Act • protected (Threatened) Fauna listed under the WC Act1 • Priority Fauna listed by DBCA • species listed as Migratory under international agreements and recognised under the EPBC Act and/or WC Act, particularly migratory shorebirds • short-range endemic (SRE) fauna. The following database searches were undertaken for the study area: • EPBC Act Protected Matters Search Tool for Threatened Fauna listed as MNES (DoEE 2018) • DBCA/WA Museum (WAM) NatureMap database (DBCA 2018c) • DBCA Threatened and Priority Fauna Database (DBCA 2018d) • WAM Arachnology/Myriapodology, Crustacea and Mollusca databases for SRE invertebrates • Phoenix invertebrate database for SRE invertebrates.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 7 Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

The search extent for the database searches was the centre point of the study area with a 40 km buffer. The WAM and Phoenix database searches where conducted with a buffer of about 100 km consistent with the nominal range of SRE species (Harvey 2002). The following technical reports from surveys undertaken in the vicinity of the study area were reviewed: • Short-range endemic invertebrate fauna survey of the Mineralogy Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Project (Phoenix 2009c) • Cape Preston short-range endemic invertebrate fauna survey (Phoenix 2009a) • The land snail component of a faunal survey in the Cape Preston area, Western Australia, collected by Phoenix Environmental Science [sic] during August, 2008 (Slack-Smith & Whisson 2009) • The short-range endemic invertebrate fauna from Cape Preston, Western Australia (WAM 2009) • Austeel biological survey. Phase I (Biota & Trudgen & Associates 2009) • Cape Preston marine turtle surveys January and March 2009 (Pendoley 2009) • Cape Preston Mining Estate consolidated vegetation, flora and fauna assessment (Maunsell AECOM 2008b) • Balmoral South. Consolidated vegetation, flora and fauna assessment (Maunsell AECOM 2008a) • Cape Preston Mining Estate. Consolidated vegetation, flora and fauna assessment (Maunsell AECOM 2008c) • Marine turtle nesting habitat and light spill assessment on the Eastern Beach of Cape Preston, Western Australia (Imbricata 2013) • Cape Preston East Environmental Studies. Flora and fauna review (GHD 2013) • Onslow Townsite Strategy. Flora, vegetation and fauna assessment (ENV Australia 2011) • Cape Preston Northern Quoll targeted survey (Ecoscape 2016) • An inspection of sea-turtle nesting activity, Cape Preston, December 2000 (CALM 2000)

2.3 SUBTERRANEAN FAUNA

For the purposes of EIA, the EPA (EPA 2016c) defines subterranean fauna as: fauna which live their entire lives (obligate) below the surface of the earth. They include stygofauna (aquatic and living in ground water) and troglofauna (air-breathing and living in caves and voids). The EPA’s objective with respect to subterranean fauna is its protection so that biological diversity and ecological integrity are maintained. The obligate underground existence with of subterranean fauna greatly increases the likelihood of short-range endemism and the possibility that a species’ conservation status may be impacted as a result of the implementation of a Proposal. Subterranean fauna species may therefore be considered to be significant due to being identified as Threatened or Priority species, locally endemic, potentially new species, occupying restricted habitats and/or forming part of a TEC or PEC (EPA 2016c). The search extent for the database searches was typically the study area plus a 40 km buffer. The WAM and Phoenix database searches where conducted with a buffer of about 100 km consistent with

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 8 Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd the nominal range of SRE species (Harvey 2002). The following database searches were undertaken for the study area: • EPBC Act Protected Matters Search Tool for Threatened Fauna listed as MNES (DoEE 2018) • DBCA/WA Museum NatureMap for Threatened and Priority Fauna records (DBCA 2018c) • DBCA Threatened and Priority Ecological Communities Database, including for subterranean- related TECs and PECs (DBCA 2018d) • WAM Arachnology/Myriapodology, Crustacea and Mollusca databases (WAM 2018) • Phoenix invertebrate database (Phoenix 2018). The following technical reports from surveys undertaken in the vicinity of the study area and relevant datasets and scientific publications were reviewed: • Subterranean fauna sampling at Balmoral South Iron Ore Project and adjacent area (Bennelongia 2008) • Assessment and conservation of aquatic life in the subsurface of the Pilbara region, Western Australia (Eberhard et al. 2004) • Stygofauna in the Pilbara region, north-west Western Australia: a review (Eberhard et al. 2005) • Groundwater Ostracods from the arid Pilbara region of north-western Australia: distribution and water chemistry (Reeves et al. 2007) • Surface geology of Australia 1:1,000,000 scale, Western Australia [Digital Dataset] (Stewart et al. 2008) • An arid zone awash with diversity: patterns in the distribution of aquatic invertebrates in the Pilbara region of Western Australia (Pinder et al. 2010) • Pilbara stygofauna: deep groundwater of an arid landscape contains globally significant radiation of biodiversity (Halse et al. 2014).

2.4 AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES

For the purposes of EIA, the EPA (2016b) defines the factor hydrological processes as the occurrence, distribution, connectivity, movement, and quantity of water. The EPA’s objective of the factor hydrological processes is: to maintain the hydrological regimes of groundwater and surface water so that environmental values are protected. Environmental values related to hydrological processes include ecosystem health values and beneficial uses (EPA 2016b). For the purposes of EIA, these are considered as either in-situ or extractive values, i.e.: • in-situ values are water dependent ecosystems and their associated recreational, cultural and aesthetic values – the EPA is focused here on environmentally significant water dependent ecosystems • extractive values are consumptive use for public water supply, agriculture, and industry – the EPA is focused here on impacts to significant current or potential water supplies, such as regional scale aquifers, and fresh, high order surface water systems. Environmentally significant water dependent ecosystems include, but are not limited to:

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 9 Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

• wetlands which are Ramsar listed, Conservation Category, or listed in the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia • wild and scenic rivers • wetland types which may be poorly represented • natural springs and pools, particularly in arid areas • ecosystems which support conservation significant flora/vegetation and fauna species or communities, including migratory waterbirds, bats, and subterranean fauna • ecosystems which support significant amenity, recreation and cultural values. Further, there are several considerations within the context of EIA for the factor aquatic fauna; here, the focus was on identifying significant fauna and fauna habitat, in particular for: • Threatened Fauna listed as MNES under the EPBC Act • Protected (Threatened) Fauna listed under the WC Act1 • Priority Fauna listed by DBCA • SRE aquatic fauna. The following database searches were undertaken for the study area: • EPBC Act Protected Matters Search Tool for Threatened Fauna listed as MNES • DBCA/WA Museum (WAM) NatureMap for Threatened and Priority Fauna records • DBCA Threatened and Priority Fauna Database • WAM Crustacea and Mollusca databases for SRE invertebrates • Phoenix invertebrate database for SRE invertebrates. The search extent for the database searches was typically the study area plus a 40 km buffer. The WAM and Phoenix database searches where conducted with a buffer of about 100 km consistent with the nominal range of SRE species (Harvey 2002). The following technical reports and scientific publications from surveys undertaken in the vicinity of the study area were reviewed: • Pilbara Biodiversity Survey 2002–2007 (Pinder et al. 2010) • Wheatstone LNG Development Claypan Ephemeral Fauna Survey (Biota 2010). The following technical reports and scientific publications from surveys undertaken in the vicinity of the study area were reviewed: • Further studies on the fairy shrimp genus Branchinella (Crustacea, Anostraca, Thamnocephalidae) in Western Australia, with descriptions of new species (Timms 2008).

2.5 SITE RECONNAISSANCE

A site reconnaissance was undertaken on 9-10 August 2018 the aim of which was to identify any obvious environmental constraints and identify key environmental values for planning purposes. At the request of the Client four areas selected as potential intake pipeline and pump station locations (Figure 1-1) were surveyed. Further planning has potentially eliminated some of these options and further studies will need to consider potential intake areas.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 10 Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

A large section of the study area was traversed by vehicle and by foot to gain access to tidal mangrove creeks, sandy/rocky beaches and tidal islands. Due to access and time constraints, some areas were not visited during the site reconnaissance, particularly in the western and central portion of the study area. Observations were made on vegetation communities, topography, soils and fauna habitat distribution, including Threatened and Priority species and communities.

3 RESULTS

3.1 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

3.1.1 Interim Biogeographical Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA)

The study area is located entirely within Roebourne (PIL4) subregion of the Pilbara bioregion (Figure 3-1). The Roebourne subregion is described as (Kendrick 2001): Quaternary alluvial and older colluvial coastal and subcoastal plains with a grass savannah of mixed bunch and hummock grasses, and dwarf shrub-steppe of Acacia stellaticeps or A. pyrifolia and A. inaequilatera. Uplands are dominated by Triodia hummock grasslands. Ephemeral drainage lines support Eucalyptus victrix or Corymbia hamersleyana woodlands. Samphire, Sporobolus and mangal occur on marine alluvial flats and river deltas. Resistant linear ranges of basalts occur across the coastal plains, with minor exposures of granite. Islands are either Quaternary sand accumulations, or composed of basalt or limestone, or combinations of any of these three. The subregion experiences an arid (semi-desert) tropical climate with highly variable rainfall, often influenced by cyclonic activity in the northwest of WA and falling during summer.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 11 420000 445000 Figure 3–1 IBRA regions of the study area Study area IBRA Subregion Chichester (PIL01) Roebourne (PIL04) 0 0 0 0 0 7 7

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3.1.2 Land systems

The study area intersects four land systems, as mapped by the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (Figure 3-2; Table 3-1). The Horseflat system is the dominant land system of the study area occupying approximately 52.7%, followed by the Littoral system (33.8%) and Cheerawarra system (13.3%), with the River system occupying less than 0.1% of the study area (Figure 3-2; Table 3-1). Less than 0.1% of the study area occurs in un-mapped non-terrestrial or intertidal areas occupied by marine habitats (Figure 3-2; Table 3-1). Table 3-1 Description of land systems intersecting the study area

% of study Land system Land system description Area (ha) area

Horseflat Gilgaied clay plains supporting Roebourne Plains grass grasslands and 6,789.48 52.7% minor grassy snakewood shrublands.

Littoral Bare coastal mudflats (unvegetated), samphire flats, sandy islands, 4,356.92 33.8% coastal dunes and beaches, supporting samphire low shrublands, sparse Acacia shrublands and mangrove forests.

Cheerawarra Sandy coastal plains and saline clay plains supporting soft and hard 1,717.58 13.3% spinifex grasslands and minor tussock grasslands.

River Narrow, seasonally active flood plains and major river channels 9.6 >0.1% supporting moderately close, tall shrublands or woodlands of acacias and fringing communities of eucalypts sometimes with tussock grasses or spinifex.

Un-mapped Ocean and marine areas (including intertidal areas). 9.29 >0.1%

Total 12,882.87 100%

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Figure 3–2 0 0 0 0 7 Land systems of the 7 study area Study area Land system Cheeraw arra System Horseflat System Littoral System River System Ruth System Other Lan d System s 0 0 0 0 9 6 7 0 2 4 Kilometres 1 :100,000

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3.1.3 Hydrology

3.1.3.1 Groundwater

No local groundwater information is available at present. The depth to groundwater within the Pilbara is highly variable. Across the coastal plain, away from watercourses, groundwater is typically 5-20 mbgl (meters below ground level) (Halse et al. 2014). More locally, at the Fortescue River mouth groundwater is 5–15 mbgl and at the Balmoral South Project was about 20–35 mbgl (Bennelongia 2008).

Groundwater in in the Pilbara is mostly fresh (1,500‐7,000 mg/L Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)), although more saline water has also been recorded, particularly under the Fortescue Marsh (Halse et al. 2014). This is consistent with results from studies in the nearby Fortescue River aquifer, that show that salinity in the aquifer rises from 345 mg/L TDS close to the river to more than 1,000 mg/L near the tidal flats where there is a marine saltwater interface (Commander 1994).

3.1.3.2 Surface water

The study area is situated between the Maitland and Fortescue Rivers, east of Cape Preston (Figure 3-3). The Maitland River is major Pilbara river that is situated within the southwest of the Port Hedland Coast Basin. It discharges over the coastal flats to the east of the study area and contributes significantly to groundwater recharge (DoW 2010; Ruprecht & Ivanescu 2000). There are at least three watercourses that intersect the study area and drain into the coastal salt flats; the largest of which occurs in the western third of the study area. Aerial imagery suggests that surface water persists for extended periods on these stream channels at the point where they empty into the coastal salt flats, presumably because the permeable, coarse alluvial deposits encounter the less permeable lacustrine sediments of the estuarine delta deposits and their associated denser marine derived groundwater.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 15 420000 470000 Figure 3–3 Aquatic systems in the vicinity of the study area Study area Proposed for

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3.1.4 Conservation reserves and Environmentally Sensitive Areas

No nature reserves, conservation reserves or national parks occur within the study area or immediately adjacent. The nearest nature reserves are the numerous offshore islands associated with the Great Sandy Island Nature Reserve (Class B), within the Passage Island Archipelago. The closest of these islands is a small unnamed island located approximately 1.3 km from the shoreline of the study area with South West Regnard Island and North East Regnard Island located 6.4 km and 7.3 km away respectively (Figure 1-1). Numerous additional offshore island nature reserves occur off the coastline north and south of the study area. The nearest mainland conservation reserve is the Murujuga National Park, located approximately 39 km northeast of the study area on the Burrup Peninsula (Figure 1-1). These are managed by DBCA for the conservation of flora and fauna and are vested with the Conservation Commission of WA. Approximately 42% of the study area occurs on Unallocated Crown Land, particularly in the central and eastern portions of the study area. This Unallocated Crown Land comprises of former leasehold land ex Karratha and Mardie Stations excised in 2015 that are proposed for conservation by the DBCA. There are also four Important Bird Areas / Key Biodiversity Areas (IBAs / KBAs) within 150 km of the study area, Dampier Saltworks (30 km northeast), Lowendal Islands (80 km northwest), Barrow Island (90 km west-northwest) and Montebello Islands (93 km northwest) (BirdLife Australia 2017).

3.2 FLORA AND VEGETATION DESKTOP ASSESSMENT

3.2.1 Vegetation

3.2.1.1 Native vegetation extent and status

A vegetation type is considered under represented if there is less than 30% of its original distribution remaining. Several key criteria are applied to vegetation clearing from a biodiversity perspective, as follows (EPA 2000): • the ‘threshold level’ below which species loss appears to accelerate exponentially within an ecosystem level is regarded as being at a level of 30% (of the pre-European, i.e. pre-1750 extent of the vegetation type) • a level of 10% of the original extent is regarded as being a level representing Endangered • clearing which would result in an increase in the threat level such that it changes the assigned remaining status classification (see below) should be avoided. Shepherd et al. (2002) have assigned the status of vegetation remaining (to pre-European extent) into five classes: • Presumed Extinct – probably no longer present in the bioregion • Endangered2 – <10% of pre-European extent remains • Vulnerable2 – 10-30% of pre-European extent exists • Depleted2 – >30% and up to 50% of pre-European extent exists • Least Concern – >50% pre-European extent exists and subject to little or no degradation over a majority of this area.

2 or a combination of depletion, loss of quality, current threats and rarity gives a comparable status.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 17 Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

The study area is located within the Eremaean botanical province (EPA 2016e). Broad scale vegetation mapping of the area (Shepherd et al. 2002) identifies four vegetation associations represented within the study area (Figure 3-4). The study area is predominantly mapped as association 175 Short bunch grassland - savannah/grass plain (Pilbara), occupying approximately 62.9% of the study area (Table 3-2; Figure 3-4). All vegetation associations are extensively represented in the Roebourne subregion and have over 84% remaining according to DBCA (2018a) and therefore the status of Least Concern (Table 3-2). Table 3-2 Extent and conservation status of the Shepherd et al. (2002) vegetation associations intersecting the study area (DBCA 2018a)

Pre- % of Current % association Description European Status Area (ha) study extent (ha) remaining extent (ha) area

Low forest; mangroves Least 43 (Kimberley) or thicket; 217,449.27 183,250.09 84.27 649.33 5.0% Concern mangroves (Pilbara)

Hummock grasslands, Least 117 919,517.05 886,005.79 96.36 950.12 7.4% grass steppe; soft spinifex Concern

Least 127 Bare areas; mud flats 737,724.05 697,871.38 94.60 2,915.27 22.6% Concern

Short bunch grassland - Least 175 savannah/grass plain 526,957.95 524,640.18 99.56 8,105.52 62.9% Concern (Pilbara)

Un-mapped Ocean and marine areas 262.64 2.0% Total 12,882.87 100%

3.2.1.2 Threatened and priority ecological communities

No TECs listed under the EPBC Act or WC Act were identified in the database search results. Four PECs were identified within the area of the desktop review, with two occurring within the study area, Horseflat land system (P3) and Coastal dune native tussock grassland (P3) (Table 3-3, Figure 3-5). Table 3-3 Threatened and Priority Ecological Communities in the vicinity of the study area

Conservation Buffer Community ID Community name Proximity to study area status (km) Horseflat land system Horseflat Land System of Priority 3 2 Within and adjacent to southern the Roebourne Plains boundary of study area Coastal dune native Coastal dune tussock Priority 3 0.5 Within and 13 km northeast of tussock grassland grassland dominated by study area Whiteochloa airoides Roebourne Plains Roebourne Plains coastal Priority 1 2 32 km east of study area gilgai grasslands grasslands with gilgai microrelief on deep cracking clay Burrup Peninsula rock Burrup Peninsula rock pile Priority 1 0.2 42 km northeast of study area pile communities communities

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Figure 3–4 7 7 Vegetation associations of the study area 117 (Shepherd et al. 2002)

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3.2.2 Flora

The desktop study identified high species diversity, 454 records of flora species, within the area of the desktop review (Figure 3-5; Appendix 1). The list comprised species from 65 families and 198 genera. A total of 20 species are introduced, including six species listed as a declared pest / weed of national significance (WoNS) (Table 3-4). A total of 17 conservation significant flora species were identified from the database searches and literature review as previously recorded in or near the study area including: • One Priority 1 species • One Priority 2 species • 13 Priority 3 species • Two Priority 4 species. Table 3-4 Weed species recorded by the desktop assessment near the study area

Family Species WoNS

Amaranthaceae *Aerva javanica

Asteraceae *Arctotheca calendula

Asteraceae *Bidens bipinnata

Poaceae *Cenchrus ciliaris

Poaceae *Chloris barbata

Cyperaceae *Cyperus polystachyos

Solanaceae *Datura leichhardtii Yes

Asteraceae *Flaveria trinervia

Euphorbiaceae *Jatropha gossypiifolia

Malvaceae *Malvastrum americanum

Malvaceae *Melochia pyramidata

Cactaceae *Opuntia stricta Yes

Fabaceae *Parkinsonia aculeata Yes

Asteraceae *Parthenium hysterophorus Yes

Passifloraceae *Passiflora foetida

Fabaceae *Prosopis glandulosa x velutina Yes

Fabaceae *Prosopis pallida Yes

Asteraceae *Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum

Poaceae *Setaria italica

Fabaceae *Vachellia farnesiana

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 20 Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Table 3-5 Conservation significant flora records from the area of the desktop review Cons. Species Description and habitat (DBCA 2018b) Family status Chenopodiaceae Atriplex lindleyi P3 Monoecious, short-lived annual or perennial, herb, ca 0.2 m high. Crabhole plains. subsp. conduplicata Malvaceae Corchorus P3 Spreading shrub, to 0.6 m high. Fl. yellow, Apr to Jun or Aug to Nov. Sand, red sandy loam with congener limestone. Sand dunes, plains. Poaceae Eragrostis P3 Knotty or bulbous rhizomatous, perennial, grass-like or herb, 0.45-0.5 m high. Fl. Mar to May or Aug lanicaulis to Oct. Red sandy clay. Flats. Amaranthaceae Gomphrena P3 Spreading or erect annual, herb, to 0.25 m high, bracteoles forming hoods over the tepals. Fl. cucullata white/pink/purple, Feb or May. Red sandy loam, clayey-sand. Open floodplains. Amaranthaceae Gomphrena P3 Prostrate or erect to spreading annual, herb, to 0.15 m high. Fl. white, Mar to Sep. Sand, sandy to leptophylla clayey loam, granite, quartzite. Open flats, sandy creek beds, edges salt pans & marshes, stony hillsides. Goodeniaceae Goodenia nuda P4 Erect to ascending herb, to 0.5 m high. Fl. yellow, Apr to Aug. Red-brown sandy loam on floodplains.

Goodeniaceae Goodenia pallida P1 Erect herb, to 0.5 m high. Fl. purple, Aug. Red soils.

Apocynaceae Gymnanthera P3 Erect shrub, 1-2 m high. Fl. cream-yellow-green, Jan to Dec. Sandy soils. cunninghamii Rubiaceae Oldenlandia sp. P3 Spreading annual, herb, 0.05-0.1 m high. Fl. blue, Mar. Cracking clay, basalt. Gently undulating plain Hamersley with large surface rocks, flat crabholed plain. Station (A.A. Mitchell PRP 1479) Meliaceae Owenia acidula P3 Tree, 3-8 m high. Fl. white-brown/cream. Clay.

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Cons. Species Description and habitat (DBCA 2018b) Family status Fabaceae Rhynchosia P4 Compact, prostrate shrub, to 0.5 m high. Fl. yellow. Pebbly, shingly coarse sand amongst boulders. bungarensis Banks of flow line in the mouth of a gully in a valley wall. Celastraceae Stackhousia P3 Dense broom-like perennial, herb, to 0.45 m high. Fl. green/yellow/brown. Skeletal soils. Sandstone clementii hills. Celastraceae Stackhousia P3 Spreading perennial, herb, to 0.7 m high. Fl. yellow, May to Aug. Sandy soils on limestone. umbellata Combretaceae Terminalia P3 Spreading, tangled shrub or tree, 1.5-3 m high. Fl. green-yellow, May or Jul or Dec. Sand. Amongst supranitifolia basalt rocks. Poaceae Themeda sp. P3 Tussocky perennial, grass-like or herb, 0.9-1.8 m high. Fl. Aug. Red clay. Clay pan, grass plain. Hamersley Station (M.E. Trudgen 11431) Aizoaceae Trianthema sp. P2 Annual, prostrate and open herb: 0.02 m high and 0.20 m wide. Pink flower, March – May, July, Python Pool September. Low undulating hills, plain in brown clayey-sand, rocky soil on flat plain. (G.R. Guerin & M.E. Trudgen GG 1023) Fabaceae Vigna P3 Prostrate or scrambling vine, 1 m high. Flowers yellow, May to September. rockpiles amongst triodiophila cobbles and boulders in shallow, red-brown or brown, clayey-sand or loam

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 22 420000 470000 Figure 3–5 Desktop records of significant flora and # *# !( *!( ecological communities *# !( !( *# Atriplex lindleyi subsp. !!(!( !( !( !( !( !( # !( * Gomphrena cucullata !( !( *# Gomphrena leptophylla !( *# Goodenia nuda !( *# Goodenia pallida !( *# Gymnanthera cunninghamii !( Oldenlandia sp. Ham e rsle y !( S tation (A.A. Mitch e ll PRP 1479) !(!( 0

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Roe bourne Plains gilgai grassland s, Priority 1 (WC Act) h T Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

3.3 FLORA AND VEGETATION RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

3.3.1 Vegetation

A total of 11 broad vegetation types were identified during the reconnaissance survey (Table 3-6). One vegetation type, Eragrostis spp. tussock grasslands on flat and undulating plains in clay, clay loam soils and crabhole country was recorded on the Horseflat land system and is considered representative of the Priority 3 PEC, Horseflat land system of the Roebourne Plains (Figure 3-6). A foot search was conducted within the area mapped as the Priority 3 PEC, Coastal dune tussock grassland dominated by Whiteochloa airoides, within the current study area. This area was dominated by the vegetation type, Acacia coriacea shrubland over low open *Aerva javanica shrubland over low *Cenchrus ciliaris tussock grassland on coastal dunes and sandy coastal plains (Figure 3-6). This area was recorded to be in a degraded condition due to the prevalence of the weed species *Cenchrus ciliaris which dominated the grass stratum and *Aerva javanica which was co-dominant in the low shrub layer and was not considered therefore representative of the PEC where the grass layer is dominated by Whiteochloa airoides. Vegetation condition in the areas surveyed was recorded to be in degraded to excellent condition. The prevalence of weed species across much of the study area resulted in the majority of the vegetation being recorded from very good to degraded condition. Some small areas in the Tecticornia shrublands on the clay pans and mudflats were recorded to be in excellent due to the absence of weeds and minimal other disturbances.

3.3.2 Flora

The reconnaissance survey was not conducted at an optimal time for a flora survey in this bioregion and subsequently the diversity of flora present at the time of the survey was therefore likely to be lower than would occur during the optimal survey period following suitable seasonal conditions. However, it was apparent from the survey that species richness may be not be high due to the dominance of a low number of vegetation types, prominence of weed species across the majority of the area surveyed and evidence of significant disturbance from pastoral activities. None of the significant flora species identified by the desktop assessment were sighted during the reconnaissance survey. Assessment of the likelihood of these species being present identified suitable habitat in the study area (sighted during the reconnaissance survey) for 11 species that are subsequently considered to potentially occur (Table 3-7). The remaining six species identified from the desktop assessment are considered unlikely to occur due to a lack of suitable habitat within the study area. Several weed species were recorded in the study area including *Cenchrus ciliaris, *Aerva javanica and *Vachelia farnesiana. No Declared Pests or WoNS were recorded during the reconnaissance survey.

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Table 3-6 Broad vegetation types identified during the reconnaissance survey

Vegetation type Representative photograph

Spinifex longifolius hummock grassland on foredune of coastal dune.

Tall open Acacia coriacea shrubland over low open *Aerva javanica shrubland over low *Cenchrus ciliaris tussock grassland on coastal dunes and sandy coastal plains.

*Cenchrus ciliaris tussock grassland on sandy coastal plains.

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Vegetation type Representative photograph

Isolated low shrubs to low open shrublands over Triodia spp. and *Cenchrus ciliaris grassland on sandy coastal plains and sandy islands on bare tidal mudflats.

Eragrostis spp. tussock grasslands on flat and undulating plains in clay, clay loam soils and crabhole country.

Mid to tall open Acacia spp. shrublands over Eragrostis spp. tussock grasslands on flat and undulating plains in clay, clay loam soils.

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Vegetation type Representative photograph

Mid to tall open Acacia spp. shrublands over Triodia spp. tussock grasslands on flat and undulating plains in clay, clay loam soils.

Low open Tecticornia spp. shrublands on low clay depressions and on edges of tidal mudflats.

Low Tecticornia spp. shrublands on tidal mudflats.

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Vegetation type Representative photograph

Mangroves with samphire communities on tidal mudflats.

Isolated low trees to low open Eucalyptus woodland over isolated tall to tall open Acacia and Melaleuca spp. shrubland over mixed grassland and isolated sedges in riparian zone of defined creeks and drainage lines.

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Figure 3-6 Eragrostis xerophila grassland recorded on the Horseflat land system and considered representative of the Priority 3 PEC (top). Vegetation in the area mapped as the Priority 3 PEC, Coastal dune tussock grassland dominated by Whiteochloa airoides, within the study area (bottom)

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Table 3-7 Likelihood of occurrence within the study area of significant flora identified in the desktop assessment Cons. Species Likelihood of occurrence status Atriplex lindleyi subsp. conduplicata P3 Possible suitable habitat in study area

Corchorus congener P3 Possible suitable habitat in study area

Eragrostis lanicaulis P3 Possible suitable habitat in study area

Gomphrena cucullata P3 Possible suitable habitat in study area

Gomphrena leptophylla P3 Possible suitable habitat in study area

Goodenia nuda P4 Possible suitable habitat in study area

Goodenia pallida P1 Possible suitable habitat in study area

Gymnanthera cunninghamii P3 Possible suitable habitat in study area

Oldenlandia sp. Hamersley Station (A.A. P3 Possible suitable habitat in study area Mitchell PRP 1479) Owenia acidula P3 Possible suitable habitat in study area

Rhynchosia bungarensis P4 Unlikely, lack of suitable habitat in study area

Stackhousia clementii P3 Unlikely, lack of suitable habitat in study area

Stackhousia umbellata P3 Unlikely, lack of suitable habitat in study area

Terminalia supranitifolia P3 Unlikely, lack of suitable habitat in study area

Themeda sp. Hamersley Station (M.E. P3 Possible suitable habitat in study area Trudgen 11431) Trianthema sp. Python Pool (G.R. Guerin & P2 Unlikely, lack of suitable habitat in study area M.E. Trudgen GG 1023) Vigna triodiophila P3 Unlikely, lack of suitable habitat in study area

3.3.3 Potential intake pipeline and pump station locations

No significant flora were recorded during the reconnaissance survey at any of the four potential locations. Location 2 occurred within the area mapped as the Priority 3 PEC, Coastal dune tussock grassland dominated by Whiteochloa airoides, however as noted previously (section 3.3.1) vegetation in this area was in a degraded condition and was not considered representative of the PEC. Vegetation at two of the remaining three areas (locations 1 and 3) was also poor or degraded dune vegetation (Figure 3-7). Vegetation at location 4 was a mangrove/samphire shrubland recorded to be in very good condition.

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Figure 3-7 Vegetation at the four potential intake pipeline and pump station locations, clockwise from top, left location 1-4

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3.4 TERRESTRIAL FAUNA

3.4.1 Vertebrate fauna

Records for 362 terrestrial vertebrate fauna species and subspecies were identified in the study area. This comprised of one freshwater fish, six frogs, 89 reptiles (including two introduced species), 226 birds (including four introduced) and 40 mammals (including nine introduced) (Appendix 2). Only conservation significant freshwater fish species were returned in the desktop review and are considered further in this report. Aquatic mammals, including whales, dolphins and the Dugong were excluded from the desktop review results. A total of 76 species or subspecies of conservation significance were identified, including 21 listed under the EPBC Act and 19 under the WC Act as Threatened, Conservation Dependent or Specially Protected (Table 3-8). Fifty-two species are listed as Migratory under the EPBC Act and WC Act. A further ten species are listed as Priority species by the DBCA (Table 3-8). Three conservation significant species, all migratory species, have previously been recorded within the study area (Figure 3-8): • Bar-tailed Godwit (Mig. and VU or CR at subsp. level) • Ruddy Turnstone (Mig.) • Common Greenshank (Mig.). A preliminary assessment of the likelihood of occurrence for species of conservation significance recorded in the desktop review was undertaken based on the known distribution and ecology of species, presence of records in the proximity to the study area and habitats identified during the site reconnaissance survey (Table 3-8). The majority of conservation significant species identified in the desktop review are migratory shorebirds and/or marine species (Table 3-8). Three migratory shorebird species have been recorded on the coastline within the study area with numerous species recorded to the north and south of the study area (Figure 3-8). These records largely occur in the vicinity of Dampier, Karratha saltworks to the north of the study area, Cape Preston to the south and numerous offshore islands (Figure 3-8). Significant marine species are discussed in O2 (2018). The results of the desktop review highlight the lack of local surveys for migratory shorebirds and need to undertake targeted shorebird surveys to adequately assess the occurrence and determine potential impacts of the Project on species of conservation significance. The site reconnaissance survey identified potential shorebird habitat within the majority of accessible shoreline areas. Migratory shorebirds may also occur further inland from the coast in saltpan habitat following inundation events. The desktop review also recorded five conservation significant marine turtle species (Flatback Turtle, Green Turtle, Hawksbill Turtle, Leatherback Turtle and Loggerhead Turtle). All have the potential to occur from time to time offshore and in the tidal mangrove creeks, although the Loggerhead Turtle is only rarely recorded that far north (pers. comm. Kellie Pendoley, Pendoley Environmental). The desktop review identified a single record of the Green turtle from within 100 m of the study area in the eastern portion (Figure 3-8). This record is however located more than 500 m from the shoreline and it is likely the record is correctly from the adjacent area of shoreline where suitable beaches are present. Three species (Flatback, Green, Hawksbill) have previously been recorded on mainland and island beaches within 40 km north and south of the study area. No turtles or evidence of any species were observed during the site reconnaissance survey due to access constraints. Suitable nesting habitat occurs along a large portion of accessible coastline and

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 32 Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd beaches, particularly in the eastern portion of shoreline in the study area; however, these areas are used extensively by for recreational four-wheel drive and motorbike activities which cause a significant amount of disturbance and damage to the beaches. Shoreline in the western portion of the study area was inaccessible by vehicle and its suitability for marine turtles could not be assessed. The lack of records within the vicinity of the study area indicates that this section of coast has been poorly surveyed for turtles, compared with the Karratha and Cape Preston areas, Barrow Island and other offshore islands (Figure 3-8). Of the three terrestrial reptiles of conservation significance identified in the desktop review, only Airlie Island Ctenotus (VU/P3) and Lined Soil-crevice Skink (P4) are considered to have the potential to occur within the study area. Both have previously been recorded in the vicinity of Burrup Peninsula and south of Karratha; however, may occur in areas of suitable habitat within the study area. Few terrestrial conservation significant birds not directly associated with aquatic habitats were recorded in the desktop review and the likelihood of occurrence for both is dependent on habitats present within the study area. Suitable Peregrine Falcon (OS) has previously been recorded within 10 km east of the study area and despite the absence of nesting habitat identified during the site reconnaissance survey, it may occasionally occur within the study area to forage. No Night Parrot (CR) records were identified within the 40 km desktop search area and habitat within visited areas of the study area during the site reconnaissance survey was not considered suitable for the species due to unsuitable vegetation structure or the severely fragmented and/or degraded occurrence of mature spinifex grassland and samphire communities where it did occur. Further detailed assessment of habitats within the study area would be required to determine whether targeted audio recordings for the species would be required (DPaW 2017b), particularly in the western portion of the study area that was not visited during the site reconnaissance survey. Several conservation significant terrestrial mammals were recorded in the desktop review; however, records of any within the vicinity of the study area are sparse and habitats observed within the study area are not considered suitable for them (Table 3-8). Of the species identified in the desktop review, only three species are considered likely to occur within habitats observed within accessible areas during the site reconnaissance survey, North-western Free-tailed Bat (P1), Water-Rat (P4) and Short- tailed Mouse (P4). Suitable habitat was identified within mangrove habitat present within the study area for the mangrove specialist North-western Free-tailed Bat and targeted ultrasonic bat recordings will need to be undertaken in the vicinity any mangrove communities, particularly any that are likely to be disturbed as a result of the Project. Similarly, the Water-Rat may also occur within mangrove communities and other habitats associated with the shoreline and Short-tailed Mouse may occur throughout a large portion of the study area, including degraded areas if conditions are suitable. All other conservation significant terrestrial mammal species are considered unlikely to occur due to the absence of any suitable habitats such as roosting and/or denning habitat and foraging habitat to support them, or the highly degraded and fragmented condition of those that would normally be suitable, particularly Northern Quoll (EN), Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat (VU), Spectacled Hare-wallaby (P3), Ghost Bat (VU) and Western Pebble-mound Mouse (P4).

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Table 3-8 Conservation significant fauna species identified in the desktop review

Conservation status Likelihood Species Common name of EPBC Act WC Act DBCA occurrence Fish (1) Leiopotherapon aheneus Fortescue Grunter P4 Unlikely Reptiles (8) Liasis olivaceus barroni Pilbara Olive Python VU VU Unlikely Caretta Loggerhead Turtle EN/Mig EN Likely Chelonia mydas Green Turtle VU/Mig VU Likely Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle VU/Mig VU Likely Natator depressus Flatback Turtle VU/Mig VU Likely Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Turtle EN/Mig VU Likely Ctenotus angusticeps Airlie Island Ctenotus VU P3 Likely Notoscincus butleri Lined Soil-crevice Skink P4 Possible Birds (59) Pandion haliaetus Osprey Mig Mig Likely Oxyura australis Blue-billed Duck P4 Possible Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift Mig Mig Likely Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover VU/Mig Mig Likely Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover EN/Mig EN/Mig Possible Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover Mig Mig Possible Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover Mig Mig Possible Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover Mig Mig Possible Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon OS Possible Fregata ariel Lesser Frigatebird Mig Mig Possible Glareola maldivarum Oriental Pratincole Mig Mig Possible Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Mig Mig Possible Oceanites oceanicus Wilson's Storm Petrel Mig Mig Unlikely Anous stolidus Common Noddy Mig Mig Unlikely Chlidonias leucopterus White-winged Black Tern Mig Mig Possible Onychoprion anaethetus Bridled Tern Mig Possible Sterna albifrons Little tern Mig Possible Sterna bergii Crested Tern Mig Mig Likely Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Mig Mig Likely Sterna dougallii Roseate Tern Mig Mig Likely Sterna hirundo Common Tern Mig Mig Likely Sterna nereis Fairy Tern VU VU Likely Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail Mig Mig Unlikely Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail Mig Mig Possible Calonectris leucomelas Streaked Shearwater Mig Mig Unlikely Macronectes giganteus Southern Giant Petrel EN/Mig Mig Unlikely Puffinus huttoni Hutton's Shearwater EN Possible Puffinus pacificus Wedge-tailed Shearwater Mig Mig Possible

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Conservation status Likelihood Species Common name of EPBC Act WC Act DBCA occurrence Pezoporus occidentalis Night Parrot EN CR Unlikely Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Mig Mig Likely Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone Mig Mig Likely Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Mig Mig Possible Calidris alba Sanderling Mig Mig Likely Calidris canutus Red Knot EN/Mig Mig Likely Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper CR/Mig VU/Mig Likely Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper Mig Mig Possible Calidris minuta Little Stint Mig Possible Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Mig Mig Likely Calidris subminuta Long-toed Stint Mig Mig Possible Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot CR/Mig VU/Mig Possible Gallinago stenura Pin-tailed Snipe Mig Mig Possible Limicola falcinellus Broad-billed Sandpiper Mig Possible Mig Mig Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit (& VU or Likely (& VU) CR) Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica baueri VU/Mig VU/Mig Possible (western Alaskan) Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica menzbieri CR/Mig VU/Mig Possible (northern Siberian) Limosa Black-tailed Godwit Mig Possible Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew CR/Mig VU/Mig Possible Numenius minutus Little Curlew Mig Mig Possible Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Mig Mig Likely Phalaropus lobatus Red-necked Phalarope Mig Mig Possible Tringa brevipes Grey-tailed Tattler Mig Mig P4 Likely Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Mig Mig Possible Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Mig Mig Likely Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper Mig Mig Possible Tringa totanus Common Redshank Mig Mig Possible Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper Mig Possible Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed Tern Mig Likely Sula leucogaster Brown Booby Mig Mig Unlikely Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis Mig Mig Possible Mammals (8) Dasyurus hallucatus Northern Quoll EN EN Unlikely Rhinonicteris aurantia (Pilbara) Pilbara leaf-nosed Bat VU VU Unlikely Lagorchestes conspicillatus Spectacled Hare-wallaby P3 Unlikely leichardti Macroderma gigas Ghost Bat VU VU Unlikely North-western Free-tailed Mormopterus cobourgianus P1 Likely Bat

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Conservation status Likelihood Species Common name of EPBC Act WC Act DBCA occurrence Hydromys chrysogaster Water-rat P4 Likely Leggadina lakedownensis Short-tailed Mouse P4 Likely Western Pebble-mound Pseudomys chapmani P4 Unlikely Mouse

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s i h T Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

3.4.2 Short-range endemic invertebrates

The WAM database searches returned a total of 459 records of potential SRE invertebrates (Arachnology/Myriapodology – 175; Crustacea – 62; Mollusca – 222) within approximately 100 km of the study area (excl. Barrow Island) (Figure 3-9; Appendix 3). These include at least 69 distinct taxa, comprising at least nine taxa of Mygalomorph spider, at least 28 taxa of Araneomorph spider, at least five taxa of scorpions, at least one taxa of pseudoscorpion, at least four taxa of millipede, one taxa of centipede, five taxa of slaters (isopoda), and 16 taxa of snails (mollusca) (Table 3-9). Most of the records are unnamed species, with only 14 species taxonomically described (Table 3-9). One of the SRE records is from within the study area and 15 species are located within 150 m of the study area. All were collected in 2004 during the Pilbara Biological Survey by CALM (now DBCA). Nemesiidae sp. indet., a potential SRE Mygalomorph spider was collected inside the study area approximately 130 m inside the northern boundary. The 15 potential SREs collected within 150 m of the study area are also located close to the northern boundary and consist of three Mygalomorph spiders, nine Araneomorph spiders, and two scorpions. The coastal area to the east (Dampier Archipelago) shows a high density of mollusc SREs in the vicinity of the Project and another area approximately 13-18 km to the south-west of the study area shows a mixture of spider, scorpion, myriapod and mollusc SREs, including four confirmed taxa of millipedes, Antichiropus ‘DIP049’, Antichiropus sp. indet., Boreohesperus delicatus and Boreohesperus undulatus (Figure 3-9). The importance of coastal saline flats and lakes for SRE invertebrate fauna has recently been demonstrated by the description of a new genus of trap-door spiders, Hesperonatalius (Castalanelli et al. 2017). This genus includes three species of SREs, two of which currently only known from Lake MacLeod about 400 km south-west of the study area, and one from dune systems near Geraldton. In summary, there is high potential for terrestrial SREs to occur in the study area, in particular trap- door spiders and gastropods, based on the number of records both east and west of the study area from habitats that occur within the study area (e.g. bunch grass of the Horseflats land system, riparian zones of tidal marshes and grasslands of the coastal Littoral land system). Table 3-9 SRE invertebrates known from within 100 km of the study area

Higher taxon, Family Species SRE status Location Arachnida - Mygalomorphae (trap-door spiders) Nemesiidae Aname `sp. indet. Potential outside study area, close to study area Nemesiidae Aname `MYG001 group` Potential outside study area Nemesiidae Aname `MYG271-DNA` Potential outside study area Nemesiidae Aname `MYG516` Potential outside study area Nemesiidae Aname `MYG579` Potential outside study area Barychelidae Aurecocrypta `po3` Potential outside study area Barychelidae Barychelidae sp. indet. Potential outside study area Nemesiidae Kwonkan `MYG195` Potential outside study area, close to study area Nemesiidae Kwonkan `po2` Potential outside study area Barychelidae Synothele `preston` Potential outside study area Nemesiidae Nemesiidae `sp. indet.` Potential Inside and outside study area

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Higher taxon, Family Species SRE status Location Nemesiidae Yilgarnia `sp. indet.` Potential outside study area Arachnida - Araneomorphae (spiders) Oonopidae Grymeus `sp. 2` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Grymeus `sp. 4` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Grymeus `sp. 11` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Grymeus `sp. 12` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Grymeus `sp. indet` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Myrmopopaea `sp. 13` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Myrmopopaea `sp. 17` Potential outside study area, close to study area Oonopidae Myrmopopaea `sp. 18` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Myrmopopaea `sp. 19` Potential outside study area, close to study area Oonopidae Myrmopopaea `sp. indet.` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Oonopinae `ROAAA` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Oonopinae `ROAAA` `sp. 1` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Oonopinae `ROAAA` `sp. 2` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Oonopinae `ROAAB` `sp.` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Opopaea flava Potential outside study area Oonopidae Opopaea `flava 2` Potential outside study area, close to study area Oonopidae Opopaea `sp. 2` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Opopaea `sp. 4` Potential outside study area, close to study area Oonopidae Opopaea `sp. 5` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Opopaea `sp. 6` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Opopaea `sp. 7` Potential outside study area, close to study area Oonopidae Opopaea `sp. 8` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Opopaea `sp. 16` Potential outside study area, close to study area Oonopidae Opopaea `sp. 17` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Opopaea `sp. 21` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Opopaea `sp. indet.` Potential outside study area Oonopidae Xestaspis `pilbara` Potential outside study area, close to study area Oonopidae Xestaspis `varisetosa` Potential outside study area, close to study area Oonopidae Xestaspis `sp. indet.` Potential outside study area, close to study area

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Higher taxon, Family Species SRE status Location Salticidae Paraplatoides darwini Potential outside study area Selenopidae Karaops `sp. indet.` Potential outside study area Zodariidae Spinasteron casuarium Potential outside study area Arachnida - Scorpiones (scorpions) Buthidae Lychas `glauerti` Potential outside study area Buthidae Lychas `gracilimanus` Potential outside study area Buthidae Lychas `nubby` Potential outside study area Buthidae Lychas `sp. 5` Potential outside study area, close to study area Buthidae Lychas `sp. indet.` Potential outside study area, close to study area Urodacidae Urodacus `sp. 7` Potential outside study area Urodacidae Urodacus `sp. indet.` Potential outside study area Arachnida - Pseudoscorpiones (pseudoscorpions) Garypidae Synsphyronus `Mortland River` Potential outside study area Garypidae Synsphyronus `sp. Indet.` Potential outside study area Diplopoda (millipedes) Paradoxosomatidae Antichiropus `DIP025` Confirmed outside study area Paradoxosomatidae Antichiropus `DIP049` Confirmed outside study area Paradoxosomatidae Antichiropus `sp. indet.` Confirmed outside study area Paradoxosomatidae Boreohesperus delicatus Confirmed outside study area Paradoxosomatidae Boreohesperus undulatus Confirmed outside study area Chilopoda (centipedes) Cryptopidae Cryptops `sp. Indet.` Potential outside study area Isopoda (slaters) Armadillidae Barrowdillo `s2` Potential outside study area Armadillidae Buddelundia `14hr` Potential outside study area Armadillidae Buddelundia `33` Potential outside study area Armadillidae Buddelundia `36` Potential outside study area Armadillidae Buddelundia `61` Potential outside study area Molluscs Camaenidae Quistrachia cf. herberti Potential outside study area Camaenidae Quistrachia cf. legendrei Potential outside study area Camaenidae Quistrachia herberti Potential outside study area Camaenidae Quistrachia legendrei Potential outside study area Camaenidae Quistrachia legendrei sp. `Burrup` Potential outside study area Camaenidae Quistrachia legendrei sp. `Dampier Arch.` Potential outside study area Camaenidae Rhagada angulata Potential outside study area

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 40 Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Higher taxon, Family Species SRE status Location Camaenidae Rhagada dampierana Potential outside study area Camaenidae Rhagada elachystoma Potential outside study area Camaenidae Rhagada intermedia Potential outside study area Camaenidae Rhagada minima Potential outside study area Camaenidae Rhagada ngurrana Potential outside study area Camaenidae Rhagada perprima Potential outside study area Camaenidae Rhagada radleyi `Du Boulay` n.sp. Potential outside study area Camaenidae Rhagada `Cape Preston` n.sp. Potential outside study area Glacidorbidae Glacidorbis sp. Potential outside study area

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 41 XW

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3.5 SUBTERRANEAN FAUNA

A total of 87 records of subterranean fauna were returned from WAM database searches (excl. Barrow Island) (Figure 3-10). This includes seven species of stygofauna and four species of troglofauna. The closest records of which were approximately 16.5 km south-west of the study area. These records do not include the early subterranean records reported by Bennelongia (2008) for the Balmoral South Iron Ore Project (and which references records from Central Block and other Cape Preston Iron Ore Precinct surveys), which occurs immediately west of the study area and where species richness is higher for both stygofauna and troglofauna than provided by WAM.

3.5.1 Geology

The surface geology of the study area is dominated by relatively young Quaternary age deposits namely, alluvium (Qa), colluvium (Qrc) and with a single minor instance of aeolian sand dunes (Table 3-10; Figure 3-10), all of which have the potential support subterranean fauna. Estuarine and delta deposits (Qe) also comprise a large portion of the study area (also Quaternary age deposits) and are considered unlikely to support subterranean fauna. The remainder is comprised of the much older, mesoarchean aged, Monzogranite (Agaie), which due to lower porosity is considered unlikely to support subterranean fauna. Table 3-10 The surface geology of the study area

Description % of Likelihood of occurrence Surface Abbreviation Area study (after EPA 2016f) geology (see Figure 3-10) (ha) area Stygofauna Troglofauna

Alluvium Channel and flood plain Qa 5,063 39.3% Likely Likely alluvium; gravel, sand, silt, clay, locally calcreted

Estuarine and Coastal silt and evaporite Qe 4,519 35.1% Unlikely Unlikely delta deposits deposits; estuarine, lagoonal, and lacustrine deposits

Colluvium Colluvium, sheetwash, talus; Qrc 1,876 14.6% Likely Likely gravel piedmonts and aprons over and around bedrock; clay-silt-sand with sheet and nodular kankar; alluvial and aeolian sand-silt-gravel in depressions and broad valleys in Canning Basin; local calcrete, reworked laterite

Monzogranite Monzogranite Agaie 983 7.6% Unlikely Unlikely

Coastal sand Dunes, sandplain with dunes Qd 379 2.9% Unlikely Unlikely dunes and swales; may include numerous interdune claypans; residual and aeolian sand with minor silt and clay; aeolian red quartz sand, clay

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 43 Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Description % of Likelihood of occurrence Surface Abbreviation Area study (after EPA 2016f) geology (see Figure 3-10) (ha) area Stygofauna Troglofauna

and silt, in places gypsiferous; yellow hummocky sand

Ocean water 63 0.5% NA NA

Total 12,883 100.0%

3.5.2 Stygofauna

Both the lower Fortescue Basin (which includes the Fortescue River) and Port Hedland Coast Basin (which includes the Maitland River) support a rich stygofauna assemblage (Halse et al. 2014). Species found in coastal plain alluvium of the Fortescue River may occur across several river catchments or, at least, may occur widely along the catchment (Bennelongia 2008). The WAM database search returned a total of 59 records of stygofauna. These include five species which are potential SREs (Figure 3-10; Table 3-11), all of which are associated with the alluvial aquifer of the Fortescue River, at least 30 km south and west of the study area and are therefore of limited relevance to the Project. At Cape Preston, which occurs within the Port Hedland Coast Basin and is approximately 6 km of the study area, Bennelongia (2008) reported that no species were restricted to the Balmoral South study area, where up to 13 species were recorded (see Table 5.1 of Bennelongia 2008), being common to the larger Cape Preston Iron Ore Precinct stygofauna assemblage (where up to 51 species were recorded, also see Table 5.1 in Bennelongia 2008). The report concluded that Cape Preston Iron Ore Precinct species’ were likely to be even further widely distributed within the Banded Ironstone Formation (BIF) of the area (Bennelongia 2008). While little sampling has been undertaken within coastal substrates between the Fortescue and Maitland Rivers and no water quality data is currently available for the study area, groundwater is expected to be fresh (section 3.1.3) and both the Fortescue and Port Hedland Coast Basins are known to support a rich assemblage of stygofauna, therefore it is expected that stygofauna will be present. However, they are also expected to be widespread within the relatively young Holocene alluvium and Quaternary colluvium that dominates the study area (Table 3-10; Figure 3-10), but distinct from those occurring within the BIF’s of the Cape Preston Iron Ore Precinct. Stygofauna are expected to be absent from the estuarine and delta (Qe) deposits and Monzogranite (Agaie) deposits. Table 3-11 SRE stygofauna known from within 100 km of the study area (WAM 2018)

Higher taxon Species SRE status location

Syncarida Atopobathynella schminkei Potential outside study area

Ostracoda Humphreyscandona pilbarae Potential outside study area

Ostracoda Areacandona fortescuensis Potential outside study area

Ostracoda Areacandona clementia Potential outside study area

Ostracoda Humphreyscandona imperfecta Potential outside study area, only known from Two Mile Well, Mardie Station

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3.5.3 Troglofauna

Little troglofauna sampling has been conducted within coastal alluvium or colluvium between the Fortescue and Maitland Rivers. The WAM database searches returned a total of 17 troglofauna records. Four species are considered potential SREs and as with the stygofauna records, the WAM troglofauna records are associated with the Fortescue River, principally from the mesa country to the east of the river channel (Figure 3-10; Table 3-12), and are therefore of limited relevance to the study area. Considerable troglofauna survey effort has also been undertaken within the Cape Preston Iron Ore Precinct (Bennelongia 2008) however the geology here is also unlike that of the study area and is again of limited relevance. Coastal communities of troglofauna occur at Cape Range (Humphreys 1993) and Barrow Island (Humphreys et al. 2013) but are also of limited relevance. Troglofauna are known from most Pilbara substrates (EPA 2016f) and are expected to occur within the study area but are not expected to be range restricted. Table 3-12 SRE troglofauna known from within 100 km of the study area (DPaW 2017a)

Higher taxon Species SRE status location

Pseudoscorpiones Ideoblothrus westi Potential outside study area

Schizomida Hubbardiidae `SCHAAA``SCH006` Potential outside study area

Isopoda Hanoniscus `ISO012` Potential outside study area

Pauropoda Pauropoda `B03` Potential outside study area

3.6 AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES

There is a paucity of records of aquatic invertebrates in the vicinity of the study area. The WAM database searches returned a total of two records of aquatic invertebrates, the aquatic snail Glacidorbis sp. within approximately 100 km of the study area (excl. Barrow Island and marine species), which is also a potential SRE. Habitats of non-marine aquatic invertebrates recorded in the desktop review are largely temporary fresh waterbodies, such as roadside pools, claypans, creek pools and gnammas on granite (WAM database). Aquatic invertebrates are generally widespread. In contrast, aquatic invertebrates of saline inland waterbodies, in particular crustaceans, are considered target-groups for SRE surveys (EPA 2016g). Little is known about the coastal saline flats, which are likely to be influenced by marine fauna.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 45 !

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4 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The purpose of a desktop study is to gather contextual information on the area to be surveyed from existing surveys, literature, database searches and spatial information be used to provide background information for the field survey to facilitate making a decision on an appropriate survey type (EPA 2016e).

4.1 FLORA AND VEGETATION

The desktop review and reconnaissance survey has identified the possible occurrence within the study area of: • 11 Priority flora • a Priority 3 PEC, Horseflat Land System of the Roebourne Plains A preliminary survey of an area mapped as the Priority 3 PEC, Coastal dune tussock grassland dominated by Whiteochloa airoides, identified the area to be in a degraded condition and therefore not representative of the PEC, further extended survey within this area is recommended to ensure this initial assessment is validated. These findings indicate the necessity for a detailed flora survey which is required when the desktop study finds that the area supports a high diversity of flora or vegetation, restricted landforms or vegetation units and significant flora or vegetation (EPA 2016e). As the desktop study has identified the possible presence of conservation significant flora and vegetation the detailed survey should incorporate a targeted survey to gather comprehensive information on significant flora and/or vegetation. A detailed survey requires comprehensive survey design including: • consideration of the optimal survey timing for the botanical province • multiple sampling events in the same season or in different seasons to describe the representative flora and vegetation of the study area • multiple quadrats located at representative points throughout each vegetation type. The study area occurs in the Eremaean botanical province for which the optimal survey period is 6-8 weeks post-wet season (March – June) and in the dry season (after winter rainfall if possible) (EPA 2016e). Review of the flowering periods for the significant flora that may potentially occur in the study area identified that seven taxa (comprised of four annuals and three perennials) flower in autumn, two taxa (two perennial species) flower in spring and there was no flowering period recorded for the remaining two perennial taxa on FloraBase (DBCA 2018b). Seawater intake location planning has progressed since the reconnaissance survey was completed and the comments below may not be relevant to final design. Locations 1 and 3 for the intake pipeline and pump station would appear to have the lowest conservation value of the four potential locations. Vegetation type and condition were similar at location 2 however, as this area has been mapped previously as PEC this area may be considered more valuable and require greater survey effort to clearly indicate that it is not representative of the PEC. Location 4 was recorded to be in good condition and subsequently may be considered to have greater conservation value than the remaining locations.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 47 Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

4.2 TERRESTRIAL FAUNA

The level of assessment has not yet been determined for the Project; however, further survey work is likely to be required to support environmental approvals, particularly in relation to conservation significance species identified in the desktop review as potentially occurring in the study area. Based on the results of the desktop review and subsequently site visit, some conservation significant species are considered likely to occur within the study area and will require further survey effort such as shorebirds and the North-western Free-tailed Bat, while others require a more complete assessment of habitats occurring within the study area to determine the likelihood of occurrence and need for further targeted surveys to address potential impacts on the species for environmental approvals. A Level 1 survey of the entire study area should initially be undertaken to allow for detailed habitat assessment and to determine the need to undertake any further targeted surveys for conservation significant species (i.e. Night Parrot and marine turtles) and refine planning of other targeted surveys (i.e. shorebirds). Due to access constraints, a helicopter would be required to facilitate adequate survey effort across the whole area. Of the broad fauna habitats identified during the site visit, the intertidal zone, comprising of beach, intertidal mudflat and mangrove habitats, are most likely to support species of conservation significance. These areas provide suitable habitat for migratory shorebirds, many of which are listed under State (WC Act) and Commonwealth (EPBC Act) legislation. Surveys for migratory shorebirds must be conducted in potential shorebird areas where either (DoEE 2017): • no suitable survey records exist • records are too old to be considered reliable • characteristics of the area have changed. While there are few records of migratory shorebirds in the vicinity of the study area, the majority of records from the desktop review occur in the vicinity of Dampier, Karratha saltworks to the north of the study area, Cape Preston to the south and numerous offshore islands (Figure 3-8), indicating limited survey effort for shorebirds in the study area. The results of the desktop review highlight the lack of migratory shorebird surveys locally and the need to undertake targeted surveys to adequately assess the occurrence and determine potential impacts. Targeted migratory shorebird surveys should encompass both aerial and on the ground counts to determine the importance of the rocky shores, beaches, mangroves, algal mat and salt pan habitats occurring within the study area to determine if the site meets criteria of nationally or internationally important migratory bird habitat. Internationally important migratory bird habitat is habitat that supports (DoEE 2017): • one per cent of the individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of waterbird, or • a total abundance of at least 20,000 waterbirds. Nationally important migratory bird habitat is habitat that supports (DoEE 2017): • 0.1 per cent of the flyway population of a single species of migratory shorebird OR • 2,000 migratory shorebirds OR • 15 migratory shorebird species. There are four Important Bird Areas / Key Biodiversity Areas (IBAs / KBAs) within 100 km of the study area – Barrow Island, Lowendal Islands, Dampier Saltworks and Montebello Islands (BirdLife Australia 2017). Subsequently it is important that migratory shorebird surveys extend beyond the immediate

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 48 Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd vicinity of the study area. Aerial imagery indicates that potential shorebird habitat extends beyond the extent of the study area and these areas should be included in initial targeted migratory shorebird surveys. If the study area looks like it will meet any of the five important habitat criteria listed above, it may also be prudent to survey similar habitat present in the broader vicinity of the study area. While suitable terrestrial habitat was identified for marine turtles within accessible parts of the study during the site visit, these areas were also heavily used for recreational purposes by four-wheel drives and motorbikes. It is not known how this will impact turtles that may potentially use the area to nest; however, further targeted surveys and assessment into the likelihood of occurrence by the species would need to be undertaken to adequately address the matter. Other parts of the study area inaccessible by recreational vehicles may provide additional suitable nesting habitat for marine turtles, which could be determined as part of a Level 1 survey to refine the survey effort for targeted marine turtle surveys for the Project. The Night Parrot is best surveyed using remote acoustic recorders and nocturnal surveys in accordance with interim guidelines for preliminary surveys of Night Parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis) in Western Australia (DPaW 2017b). The extent of potential habitat within the study area identified in the Level 1 survey would determine the survey effort required in relation to targeted surveys. Similarly, the North-western Free-tailed Bat is also best detected using ultrasonic call recorders. Targeted survey effort for this species would largely focus on mangroves and adjacent habitats likely to support the species. While no obvious SRE habitat (restricted habitats, rocky outcrops, wetlands) were identified in the site visit however, the whole study area was not accessible. However, given the multitude of SRE species records within or in close proximity to the study area, as well as many more south and west Cape Preston and east of the study area, near Karratha, including many that appear to be from habitats that occur within the study area, a Level 2 SRE survey is warranted, depending on the nature of the Project.

4.3 SUBTERRANEAN FAUNA

While groundwater salinity within the study area is not known, it is expected to be fresh and occur 5- 20m below ground level (Halse et al. 2014). These groundwater conditions do not preclude stygofauna or troglofauna. Further the coastal alluvium and colluvium deposits have the capacity to support subterranean fauna, as demonstrated at Cape Range (Humphreys 1993), Barrow Island (Humphreys et al. 2013) and elsewhere in the coastal Pilbara including diverse assemblages within the Port Hedland Coast Basin and nearby Fortescue River Basin (Halse et al. 2014). The assemblages of the study area are however not expected to be restricted in distribution and will likely occur well outside of the study area. The estuarine and delta deposits (Qe) and Monzogranite (Agaie) are considered unlikely to support subterranean fauna and together comprise 42.7% of the study area. As no direct extraction will be required for the Project and subterranean fauna are not expected to occur within the salt flat landforms (estuarine and delta deposits; Qe) on which the evaporation ponds would be cited, no subterranean surveys are expected to be required for this component of the Project. Should freshwater be required for processing (for example) and be sourced from local groundwater supplies, a pilot study survey would likely be required to demonstrate the expected unrestricted stygofauna community.

4.4 AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES

Aquatic invertebrates are mostly likely to be of marine origin within the study area and are not expected to require further surveys.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 49 Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

5 REFERENCES

AECOM. 2009. Balmoral North and Balmoral South Stage 2 flora and vegetation assessment. AECOM Australia Pty Ltd, Perth, WA. Unpublished report prepared for Mineralogy. Bennelongia. 2008. Subterranean fauna sampling at Balmoral South Iron Ore Project and adjacent areas. Bennelongia Environmental Consultants, Jolimont, WA. Unpublished report prepared for International Minerals Pty Ltd. Biota. 2010. Claypan Ephemeral Fauna Survey. Document No. WHST-STU-ET-RPT-0091. Biota Environmental Science Pty Ltd, West Leederville, WA. Unpublished report to Chevron Australia Pty Ltd. Biota & Trudgen & Associates. 2009. Austeel biological survey. Phase I. Biota Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd and M. E. Trudgen & Associates, Mt Hawthorn, WA. Unpublished report prepared for Austeel Pty Ltd. BirdLife Australia. 2017. Key Biodiversity Areas. BirdLife Australia. Available at: http://birdlife.org.au/projects/KBA/volunteers-kba (accessed 21/09/2017). CALM. 2000. An inspection of sea-turtle nesting activity, Cape Preston, December 2000. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, WA. Castalanelli, M. A., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J. & Harvey, M. S. 2017. Molecular and morphological evidence for a new genus of small trapdoor spiders from arid Western Australia (Araneae : Mygalomorphae : Nemesiidae : Anaminae). Invertebrate Systematics 31: 492–505. Chevron. 2010. Draft environmental impact statement/environmental review and management programme for the proposed Wheatstone project. Technical appendices. Chevron Australia Pty Ltd, Perth, WA. Commander, D. P. 1994. Hydrogeology of the Fortescue River alluvium, Ashburton Plain, Carnarvon Basin. Geological Survey of Western Australia Profesional Papers 37. DBCA. 2018a. 2017 Statewide Vegetation Statistics (formerly the CAR Reserve Analysis) - Report. Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth. DBCA. 2018b. Florabase. Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. Available at: http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/ DBCA. 2018c. NatureMap. Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. Available at: https://naturemap.dpaw.wa.gov.au/default.aspx DBCA. 2018d. Threatened Flora, Fauna and Ecological Communities database searches. Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, WA. DoEE. 2017. EPBC Act Policy Statement 3.21—Industry guidelines for avoiding, assessing and mitigating impacts on EPBC Act listed migratory shorebird species,. Department of Environment and Energy, Canberra, Australia. DoEE. 2018. Protected Matters Search Tool. Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra, ACT. Available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/protected-matters-search- tool DoW. 2010. Regional water plan. Department of Water, Governent of Western Austalia. Available at: https://www.water.wa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/5167/93030.pdf DPaW. 2017a. Interim guideline for preliminary surveys of Night Parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis) in Western Australia. Department of Parks and Wildlife, Kensington, WA. Available at: https://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/plants- animals/animals/interim_guideline_for_night_parrot_survey.pdf DPaW. 2017b. Night Parrot. Department of Parks and Wildlife, Kensington, WA. Available at: https://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/plants-and-animals/threatened-species-and- communities/threatened-animals/487-night-parrot (accessed 9 June 2017). Eberhard, S. M., Halse, S. A. & Humphreys, W. F. 2005. Stygofauna in the Pilbara region, north- west Western Australia: a review. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88: 167–176.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 50 Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Eberhard, S. M., Halse, S. A., Scanlon, M. D., Cocking, J. S. & Barron, H. J. 2004. Assessment and conservation of aquatic life in the subsurface of the Pilbara region, Western Australia. World subterranean biodiversity. Proceedings of an international symposium held on 8–10 December 2004 in Villeurbanne, France: 61–68. Ecoscape. 2016. Cape Preston Northern Quoll reconnaissance survey. Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd, North Fremantle, WA. Unpublished report prepared for CITIC Pacific Mining Management. ENV Australia. 2011. Onslow Townsite Strategy. Flora, vegetation and fauna assessment. ENV Australia Pty Ltd, Perth, WA. Unpublished report for LandCorp. EPA. 2000. Position Statement No. 2. Environmental protection of native vegetation in Western Australia. Clearing of native vegetation, with particular reference to the agricultural area. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, WA. Position Statement No. 2. Available at: http://edit.epa.wa.gov.au/EPADocLib/1032_PS2.pdf EPA. 2016a. Environmental Factor Guideline: Flora and vegetation. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, WA. Available at: http://www.epa.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/Policies_and_Guidance/Guideline-Flora- Vegetation-131216_4.pdf EPA. 2016b. Environmental Factor Guideline: Hydrological processes. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, WA. Available at: http://www.epa.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/Policies_and_Guidance/Guideline-Hydrological- Processes-131216_3.pdf EPA. 2016c. Environmental Factor Guideline: Subterranean fauna. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, WA. Available at: http://www.epa.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/Policies_and_Guidance/Guideline-Subterranean- Fauna-131216_3.pdf EPA. 2016d. Environmental Factor Guideline: Terrestrial fauna. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, WA. Available at: http://www.epa.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/Policies_and_Guidance/Guideline-Terrestrial- Fauna-131216_3.pdf EPA. 2016e. Technical Guidance: Flora and vegetation surveys for Environmental Impact Assessment. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, WA. Available at: http://www.epa.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/Policies_and_Guidance/EPA%20Technical%20Gui dance%20-%20Flora%20and%20Vegetation%20survey_Dec13.pdf EPA. 2016f. Technical Guidance: Sampling methods for subterranean fauna. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, WA. Available at: http://www.epa.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/Policies_and_Guidance/Tech%20guidance- %20Sampling-Subt-fauna-Dec-2016.pdf GHD. 2013. Cape Preston East Environmental Studies. Flora and fauna review. GHD, Perth, WA. Unpublished report prepared for Iron Ore Holdings Ltd. Halse, S. A., Scanlon, M. D., Cocking, J. S., Barron, H. J., Richardson, J. B. & Eberhard, S. M. 2014. Pilbara stygofauna: deep groundwater of an arid landscape contains globally significant radiation of biodiversity. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 78: 443–483. Harvey, M. S. 2002. Short-range endemism among the Australian fauna: some examples from non- marine environments. Invertebrate Systematics 16: 555–570. Humphreys, G., Alexander, J., Harvey, M. S. & Humphreys, W. F. 2013. The subterranean fauna of Barrow Island, north-western Australia: 10 years on. Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 83: 145–158. Humphreys, W. F. 1993. The significance of the subterranean fauna in biogeographical reconstruction: examples from Cape Range peninsula, Western Australia. In: Humphreys W.F. (Ed) The Biogeography of Cape Range. Records of the Western Australian Museum 45: 165–192.

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Imbricata. 2013. Marine turtle nesting habitat and light spill assessment on the Eastern Beach of Cape Preston, Western Australia. Imbricata Pty Ltd, Northbridge, WA. Unpublished report prepared for GHD Australia. Kendrick, P. 2001. Pilbara 2 (PIL2—Fortescue Plains subregion). In: May, J. E. & McKenzie, N. L. (eds) A biodiversity audit of Western Australia's 53 biogeographical subregions in 2002. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, WA, pp. 559–567. Maunsell AECOM. 2008a. Balmoral South. Consolidated vegetation, flora and fauna assessment. Maunsell AECOM Australia Pty Ltd, Perth, WA. Unpublished report prepared for International Minerals. Maunsell AECOM. 2008b. Cape Preston Mining Estate consolidated vegetation, flora and fauna assessment. Maunsell AECOM Australia Pty Ltd, Leederville, WA. Unpublished report prepared for International Minerals. Maunsell AECOM. 2008c. Cape Preston Mining Estate. Consolidated vegetation, flora and fauna assessment. Maunsell AECOM Australia Pty Ltd, Perth, WA. Unpublished report prepared for International Minerals. O2 Environmental. 2018. Eramurra Industrial Salt Project marine environmental pre-feasibility study. O2 Environmental, Dunsborough, WA. Unpublsihed report prepared for Leichardt Industries Pty Ltd. Onshore Environmental. 2013. Literature and desktop review flora and vegetation. Proposed Cape Preston Transport Corridor. Onshore Environmental Consultants Pty Ltd, Yallingup, WA. Unpublished report prepared for Iron Ore Holdings Ltd. Pendoley. 2009. Cape Preston marine turtle surveys January and March 2009. Pendoley Environmental Pty Ltd, Booragoon, WA. Unpublished report prepared CITIC Pacific Mining Management Pty Ltd. Phoenix. 2009a. Cape Preston short-range endemic invertebrate fauna survey. Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd, Balcatta, WA. Unpublished report prepared for Maunsell AECOM Pty Ltd. Phoenix. 2009b. Cape Preston vertebrate fauna survey. Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd, Northbridge, WA. Unpublished report prepared for International Minerals Pty Ltd. Phoenix. 2009c. Short-range endemic invertebrate fauna survey of the Mineralogy Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Project. Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd, Balcatta, WA. Unpublished report prepared for Mineralogy Pty Ltd. Phoenix. 2017. Targeted flora survey and Vegetation Management Plan for the Buckland Project: Stage 2 Haul Road. Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd, Balcatta, WA. Unpublished report to BC Iron Ltd. Phoenix. 2018. Phoenix Environmental Sciences invertebrate database. Ltd, P. E. S. P., Balcatta, WA Pinder, A. M., Halse, S. A., Sheil, R. J. & McRae, J. M. 2010. An arid zone awash with diversity: patterns in the distribution of aquatic invertebrates in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 78: 205–246. Reeves, J. M., De Deckker, P. & Halse, S. A. 2007. Groundwater Ostracods from the arid Pilbara region of northwestern Australia: distribution and water chemistry. Hydrobiologia 585: 99–118. Ruprecht, J. & Ivanescu, S. 2000. Surface hydrology of the Pilbara region: Summary report, Surface water hydrology report, Series no. 32. Water and Rivers Commission, Perth, WA. Shepherd, D. P., Beeston, G. R. & Hopkins, A. J. M. 2002. Native vegetation in Western Australia. Extent, type and status. Department of Agriculture, South Perth, WA. Resource Management Technical Report 249. Slack-Smith, S. & Whisson, C. 2009. The land snail component of a faunal survey in the Cape Preston area, Western Australia, collected by Phoenix Environmental Science [sic] during August,

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 52 Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

2008. Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA. Unpublished report prepared for Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd. Stewart, A. J., Sweet, I. P., Needham, R. S., Raymond, O. L., Whitaker, A. J., Liu, S. F., Phillips, D., Retter, A. J., Connolly, D. P. & Stewart, G. 2008. Surface geology of Australia 1:1,000,000 scale, Western Australia [Digital Dataset]. The Commonwealth of Australia, G. A., Canberra. Available at: http://www.ga.gov.au. Timms, B. V. 2008. Further studies on the fairy shrimp genus Branchinella (Crustacea, Anostraca, Thamnocephalidae) in Western Australia, with descriptions of new species. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24: 289–306. WAM. 2009. The short-range endemic invertebrate fauna from Cape Preston, Western Australia. Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA. Unpublished report prepared for Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd. WAM. 2018. WA Museum Arachnology/Myriapodology, Crustacea and Mollusca database. Museum, W. A., Welshpool, WA

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Appendix 1 Flora species potentially occurring and recorded from the study area during the reconnaissance site visit

Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Acanthaceae Avicennia marina White Mangrove ● Acanthaceae Dicliptera armata ● Aizoaceae Gunniopsis calcarea ● Aizoaceae Sesuvium portulacastrum ● Aizoaceae Trianthema sp. Python Pool (G.R. Guerin & M.E. Trudgen GG 1023) P2 (DBCA list) ● Aizoaceae Trianthema triquetrum Red Spinach ● Aizoaceae Trianthema turgidifolium ● Aizoaceae Zaleya galericulata Hogweed ● Aizoaceae Zaleya galericulata subsp. galericulata ● Amaranthaceae Aerva javanica Kapok Bush ● ● ● Amaranthaceae Alternanthera angustifolia ● Amaranthaceae Alternanthera nana Hairy Joyweed ● Amaranthaceae Alternanthera nodiflora Common Joyweed ● Amaranthaceae Amaranthus cuspidifolius ● Amaranthaceae Amaranthus induratus ● Amaranthaceae Amaranthus mitchellii Boggabri Weed ● Amaranthaceae Amaranthus undulatus ● Amaranthaceae Gomphrena affinis ● Amaranthaceae Gomphrena affinis subsp. pilbarensis ● Amaranthaceae Gomphrena cucullata P3 (DBCA list) ● ● Amaranthaceae Gomphrena cunninghamii ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Amaranthaceae Gomphrena leptoclada subsp. leptoclada ● Amaranthaceae Gomphrena leptophylla P3 (DBCA list) ● ● Amaranthaceae Ptilotus aervoides ● Amaranthaceae Ptilotus astrolasius ● Amaranthaceae Ptilotus auriculifolius ● Amaranthaceae Ptilotus axillaris Mat Mulla Mulla ● Amaranthaceae Ptilotus calostachyus Weeping Mulla Mulla ● Amaranthaceae Ptilotus carinatus ● Amaranthaceae Ptilotus clementii Tassel Top ● Amaranthaceae Ptilotus divaricatus Climbing Mulla Mulla ● Amaranthaceae Ptilotus fusiformis ● Amaranthaceae Ptilotus gomphrenoides ● Amaranthaceae Ptilotus helipteroides Hairy Mulla Mulla ● Amaranthaceae Ptilotus macrocephalus Featherheads ● Amaranthaceae Ptilotus murrayi ● Amaranthaceae Ptilotus nobilis Tall Mulla Mulla ● Amaranthaceae Ptilotus obovatus Cotton Bush ● Amaranthaceae Ptilotus villosiflorus ● Amaranthaceae Surreya diandra ● Apocynaceae Cynanchum floribundum Dumara Bush ● Apocynaceae Cynanchum viminale subsp. australe Caustic Bush ● Apocynaceae Gymnanthera cunninghamii P3 (DBCA list) ● ● ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Araliaceae Trachymene didiscoides ● Araliaceae Trachymene glaucifolia Wild Carrot ● Araliaceae Trachymene oleracea ● Araliaceae Trachymene oleracea subsp. oleracea ● Asteraceae Angianthus cunninghamii Coast Angianthus ● Asteraceae Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed ● ● Asteraceae Bidens bipinnata Bipinnate Beggartick ● ● Asteraceae Blumea tenella ● Asteraceae Calotis plumulifera ● Asteraceae Centipeda minima Spreading Sneezewood ● Asteraceae Centipeda minima subsp. macrocephala ● Asteraceae Flaveria trinervia Speedy Weed ● ● Asteraceae Gnephosis arachnoidea Cobwebby-headed Gnephosis ● Asteraceae Ixiochlamys cuneifolia ● Asteraceae Launaea sarmentosa ● ● Asteraceae Olearia axillaris Coastal Daisybush ● Asteraceae Olearia sp. Kennedy Range (G. Byrne 66) ● ● Asteraceae Parthenium hysterophorus Parthenium Weed ● ● Asteraceae Pluchea dentex ● Asteraceae Pluchea longiseta ● Asteraceae Pluchea rubelliflora ● Asteraceae Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum Jersey Cudweed ● ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Asteraceae Pterocaulon sphacelatum Apple Bush ● Asteraceae Pterocaulon sphaeranthoides ● Asteraceae Rhodanthe floribunda ● Asteraceae Rhodanthe humboldtiana ● Asteraceae Rhodanthe margarethae ● Asteraceae Roebuckiella oncocarpa ● Asteraceae Streptoglossa adscendens ● Asteraceae Streptoglossa bubakii ● Asteraceae Streptoglossa decurrens ● Asteraceae Streptoglossa liatroides ● Asteraceae Streptoglossa odora ● Asteraceae Streptoglossa tenuiflora ● Boraginaceae Ehretia saligna False Cedar ● Boraginaceae Ehretia saligna var. saligna ● Boraginaceae Heliotropium crispatum ● Boraginaceae Heliotropium cunninghamii ● Boraginaceae Heliotropium curassavicum Smooth Heliotrope ● Boraginaceae Heliotropium glanduliferum ● Boraginaceae Heliotropium heteranthum ● Boraginaceae Heliotropium tenuifolium Mamukata ● Boraginaceae Trichodesma zeylanicum Camel Bush ● Brassicaceae Lepidium pedicellosum ● Brassicaceae Lepidium pholidogynum ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Brassicaceae Lepidium platypetalum Slender Peppercress ● Cactaceae Opuntia stricta Common Prickly Pear ● ● Campanulaceae Lobelia arnhemiaca ● Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia tumidifructa ● Capparaceae Capparis spinosa ● Capparaceae Capparis spinosa subsp. nummularia Coastal Caper ● Caryophyllaceae Polycarpaea holtzei ● Caryophyllaceae Polycarpaea longiflora ● Celastraceae Stackhousia clementii P3 (DBCA list) ● ● Celastraceae Stackhousia umbellata P3 (DBCA list) ● Ceramiaceae Spyridia filamentosa ● Chenopodiaceae Atriplex isatidea Coast Saltbush ● Chenopodiaceae Atriplex lindleyi subsp. conduplicata P3 (DBCA list) ● ● ● Chenopodiaceae Atriplex semilunaris Annual Saltbush ● Chenopodiaceae Enchylaena tomentosa Barrier Saltbush ● Chenopodiaceae Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Barrier Saltbush ● Chenopodiaceae Maireana tomentosa Felty Bluebush ● Chenopodiaceae Neobassia astrocarpa ● Chenopodiaceae Rhagodia eremaea Thorny Saltbush ● Chenopodiaceae Rhagodia preissii ● Chenopodiaceae Rhagodia preissii subsp. obovata ● Chenopodiaceae Salsola australis ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Chenopodiaceae Sclerolaena bicornis var. bicornis Goathead Burr ● Chenopodiaceae Sclerolaena costata ● Chenopodiaceae Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Copperburr ● Chenopodiaceae Sclerolaena glabra ● Chenopodiaceae Sclerolaena hostilis ● Chenopodiaceae Sclerolaena uniflora Two-spined Saltbush ● Chenopodiaceae Tecticornia auriculata ● Chenopodiaceae Tecticornia halocnemoides Shrubby Samphire ● Chenopodiaceae Tecticornia halocnemoides subsp. tenuis ● Chenopodiaceae Tecticornia indica ● Chenopodiaceae Tecticornia indica subsp. leiostachya Samphire ● Chenopodiaceae Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit ● Cleomaceae Cleome viscosa Tickweed ● Combretaceae Terminalia circumalata ● Combretaceae Terminalia supranitifolia P3 (DBCA list) ● Commelinaceae Commelina ensifolia Wandering Jew ● Convolvulaceae Bonamia erecta ● Convolvulaceae Bonamia pilbarensis ● Convolvulaceae Cressa australis ● Convolvulaceae Cuscuta australis Australian Dodder ● Convolvulaceae Cuscuta victoriana ● Convolvulaceae Evolvulus alsinoides Tropical Speedwell ● Convolvulaceae Evolvulus alsinoides var. villosicalyx ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Convolvulaceae Ipomoea coptica ● Convolvulaceae Ipomoea costata Rock Morning Glory ● Convolvulaceae Ipomoea macrantha ● Convolvulaceae Ipomoea muelleri Poison Morning Glory ● Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pes-caprae ● Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis ● Convolvulaceae Ipomoea plebeia Bellvine ● Convolvulaceae Operculina aequisepala ● Convolvulaceae Polymeria lanata ● Cucurbitaceae Cucumis argenteus ● Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melo Ulcardo Melon ● Cucurbitaceae Cucumis variabilis ● Cucurbitaceae Trichosanthes cucumerina ● Cucurbitaceae Trichosanthes cucumerina var. cucumerina ● Cymodoceaceae Halodule uninervis ● Cyperaceae Cyperus bifax Downs Nutgrass ● Cyperaceae Cyperus bulbosus Bush Onion ● Cyperaceae Cyperus cunninghamii ● Cyperaceae Cyperus cunninghamii subsp. cunninghamii ● Cyperaceae Cyperus difformis Rice Sedge ● Cyperaceae Cyperus iria ● Cyperaceae Cyperus polystachyos Bunchy Sedge ● ● Cyperaceae Cyperus pulchellus ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Cyperaceae Cyperus squarrosus ● Cyperaceae Cyperus vaginatus Stiffleaf Sedge ● Cyperaceae Fimbristylis dichotoma Eight Day Grass ● Cyperaceae Fimbristylis microcarya ● Cyperaceae Fimbristylis simulans ● Cyperaceae Schoenoplectiella laevis ● Ditrichaceae Eccremidium arcuatum ● Elatinaceae Bergia ammannioides ● Elatinaceae Bergia trimera ● Euphorbiaceae Adriana tomentosa ● Euphorbiaceae Adriana tomentosa var. tomentosa ● Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia australis Namana ● Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia australis var. australis ● Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia australis var. subtomentosa ● Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia biconvexa ● Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia boophthona Gascoyne Spurge ● Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia careyi ● Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia coghlanii Namana ● Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia drummondii Caustic Weed ● Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia myrtoides ● Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia sharkoensis ● Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia tannensis ● Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia tannensis subsp. eremophila Desert Spurge ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia trigonosperma ● Euphorbiaceae Jatropha gossypiifolia Bellyache Bush ● ● Fabaceae Acacia ampliceps ● Fabaceae Acacia ampliceps x sclerosperma subsp. sclerosperma ● Fabaceae Acacia ancistrocarpa Fitzroy Wattle ● Fabaceae Acacia aptaneura ● Fabaceae Acacia arida ● Fabaceae Acacia bivenosa ● Fabaceae Acacia citrinoviridis ● Fabaceae Acacia coriacea Wirewood ● ● Fabaceae Acacia coriacea subsp. coriacea ● Fabaceae Acacia coriacea subsp. pendens ● Fabaceae Acacia elachantha ● Fabaceae Acacia ligulata Umbrella Bush ● Fabaceae Acacia monticola Gawar ● Fabaceae Acacia orthocarpa Needleleaf Wattle ● Fabaceae Acacia pyrifolia Ranji Bush ● Fabaceae Acacia pyrifolia var. pyrifolia ● Fabaceae Acacia sclerosperma subsp. sclerosperma ● Fabaceae Acacia sp. Airlie Island (V. Long VL 163) ● ● Fabaceae Acacia stellaticeps ● Fabaceae Acacia synchronicia ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Fabaceae Acacia trachycarpa Minni Ritchi ● Fabaceae Acacia tumida Pindan Wattle ● Fabaceae Acacia tumida var. pilbarensis ● Fabaceae Acacia xiphophylla ● Fabaceae Aeschynomene indica Budda Pea ● Fabaceae Alysicarpus muelleri ● Fabaceae Cajanus cinereus ● Fabaceae Canavalia rosea Wild Jack Bean ● Fabaceae Crotalaria dissitiflora subsp. benthamiana ● Fabaceae Crotalaria medicaginea ● Fabaceae Crotalaria medicaginea var. neglecta ● Fabaceae Crotalaria novae-hollandiae New Holland Rattlepod ● Fabaceae Crotalaria novae-hollandiae subsp. novae- hollandiae ● Fabaceae Cullen cinereum ● Fabaceae Cullen graveolens ● Fabaceae Cullen pogonocarpum ● Fabaceae Cullen stipulaceum ● Fabaceae Desmodium muelleri ● Fabaceae Erythrina vespertilio Yulbah ● Fabaceae Gastrolobium polystachyum Horned Poison ● Fabaceae Indigastrum parviflorum ● Fabaceae Indigofera colutea Sticky Indigo ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Fabaceae Indigofera linifolia ● Fabaceae Indigofera linnaei Birdsville Indigo ● Fabaceae Indigofera monophylla ● Fabaceae Indigofera trita ● Fabaceae Indigofera trita subsp. trita ● Fabaceae Lotus cruentus Redflower Lotus ● Fabaceae Neptunia dimorphantha Sensitive Plant ● Fabaceae Parkinsonia aculeata Parkinsonia ● ● Fabaceae Petalostylis labicheoides Slender Petalostylis ● Fabaceae Prosopis glandulosa x velutina ● ● Fabaceae Prosopis pallida Mesquite ● ● Fabaceae Prosopis sp. ● Fabaceae Rhynchosia australis Rhynchosia ● Fabaceae Rhynchosia bungarensis P4 (DBCA list) ● ● ● Fabaceae Rhynchosia minima Rhynchosia ● Fabaceae Senna artemisioides subsp. oligophylla ● Fabaceae Senna glutinosa ● Fabaceae Senna glutinosa subsp. glutinosa ● Fabaceae Senna notabilis ● Fabaceae Senna venusta ● Fabaceae Sesbania cannabina Sesbania Pea ● Fabaceae Sesbania formosa White Dragon Tree ● Fabaceae Swainsona formosa ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Environmental desktop review and reconnaissance site visit for the Eramurra Industrial Salt Project Prepared for Leichhardt Industrials Pty Ltd

Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Fabaceae Swainsona kingii ● Fabaceae Swainsona pterostylis ● Fabaceae Tephrosia clementii ● Fabaceae Tephrosia rosea Flinders River Poison ● Fabaceae Tephrosia rosea var. clementii ● Fabaceae Tephrosia sp. Fortescue (A.A. Mitchell 606) ● Fabaceae Tephrosia sp. NW Eremaean (S. van Leeuwen et al. PBS 0356) ● Fabaceae Tephrosia supina ● Fabaceae Vachellia farnesiana Mimosa Bush ● ● Fabaceae Vigna lanceolata var. lanceolata ● Fabaceae Vigna sp. Hamersley Clay (A.A. Mitchell PRP 113) ● Fabaceae Vigna triodiophila P3 (DBCA list) ● ● Fabaceae Zornia muelleriana subsp. congesta ● Frankeniaceae Frankenia ambita ● Frankeniaceae Frankenia pauciflora Seaheath ● Gentianaceae Schenkia clementii ● Goodeniaceae Goodenia forrestii ● Goodeniaceae Goodenia lamprosperma ● Goodeniaceae Goodenia microptera ● Goodeniaceae Goodenia muelleriana ● Goodeniaceae Goodenia nuda P4 (DBCA list) ●

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Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Goodeniaceae Goodenia pallida P1 (DBCA list) ● ● Goodeniaceae Scaevola crassifolia Thick-leaved Fan-flower ● Goodeniaceae Scaevola cunninghamii ● Goodeniaceae Scaevola spinescens Currant Bush ● Goodeniaceae Velleia glabrata Pee the Bed ● Haloragaceae Gonocarpus ephemerus ● Hydrocharitaceae Halophila decipiens ● Hydrocharitaceae Halophila minor ● Hydrocharitaceae Halophila ovalis Sea Wrack ● Hydrocharitaceae Halophila spinulosa ● Hydrocharitaceae Thalassia hemprichii ● Lamiaceae Clerodendrum floribundum Lollybush ● Lamiaceae Clerodendrum floribundum var. floribundum ● Lamiaceae Clerodendrum tomentosum ● Lauraceae Cassytha filiformis Love Vine ● Loranthaceae Amyema sanguinea var. sanguinea ● Lythraceae Ammannia multiflora ● Malvaceae Abutilon cunninghamii ● Malvaceae Abutilon lepidum ● Malvaceae Abutilon malvifolium Bastard Marshmallow ● Malvaceae Abutilon oxycarpum Flannel Weed ● Malvaceae Abutilon oxycarpum subsp. Prostrate (A.A. Mitchell PRP 1266) ●

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Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Malvaceae Brachychiton acuminatus ● Malvaceae Corchorus congener P3 (DBCA list) ● Malvaceae Corchorus parviflorus ● Malvaceae Corchorus tridens ● Malvaceae Corchorus walcottii Woolly Corchorus ● Malvaceae Hibiscus brachysiphonius ● Malvaceae Hibiscus leptocladus ● Malvaceae Hibiscus sturtii Sturt's Hibiscus ● Malvaceae Hibiscus sturtii var. platychlamys ● Malvaceae Lawrencia viridigrisea ● Malvaceae Malvastrum americanum Spiked Malvastrum ● ● Malvaceae Melhania oblongifolia ● Malvaceae Melochia pyramidata ● ● Malvaceae Sida arsiniata ● Malvaceae Sida fibulifera Silver Sida ● Malvaceae Sida rohlenae subsp. rohlenae ● Malvaceae Sida sp. Excedentifolia (J.L. Egan 1925) ● Malvaceae Sida sp. spiciform panicles (E. Leyland s.n. 14/8/90) ● Malvaceae Sida spinosa Spiny Sida ● Malvaceae Triumfetta appendiculata ● Malvaceae Triumfetta clementii ● Malvaceae Triumfetta leptacantha ●

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Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Malvaceae Waltheria indica ● Meliaceae Owenia acidula Gruie P3 (DBCA list) ● ● Menispermaceae Tinospora smilacina Snakevine ● Molluginaceae Glinus oppositifolius ● Molluginaceae Trigastrotheca molluginea ● Moraceae Ficus aculeata var. indecora Ranji ● Moraceae Ficus platypoda Native Fig ● Moraceae Ficus virens Albayi ● Moraceae Ficus virens var. virens ● Myrtaceae Corymbia dichromophloia ● Myrtaceae Corymbia greeniana ● Myrtaceae Corymbia hamersleyana ● Myrtaceae Corymbia opaca ● Myrtaceae Eucalyptus camaldulensis subsp. obtusa Blunt-budded River Red Gum ● Myrtaceae Eucalyptus camaldulensis subsp. refulgens ● Myrtaceae Eucalyptus victrix ● Myrtaceae Eucalyptus xerothermica ● Myrtaceae Melaleuca linophylla ● Myrtaceae Osbornia octodonta Myrtle Mangrove ● Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia burbidgeana ● Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia coccinea Tar Vine ● Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa ●

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Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia gardneri ● Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia paludosa ● Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia repleta ● Nyctaginaceae Commicarpus australis Perennial Tar Vine ● Oleaceae Jasminum didymum subsp. lineare Desert Jasmine ● Orobanchaceae Striga curviflora ● Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida Stinking Passion Flower ● ● Phrymaceae Mimulus gracilis ● Phrymaceae Peplidium muelleri ● Phrymaceae Peplidium sp. E Evol. Fl. Fauna Arid Aust. (A.S. Weston 12768) ● Phyllanthaceae Flueggea virosa ● Phyllanthaceae Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides Dogwood ● Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus baccatus ● Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus maderaspatensis ● Pittosporaceae Pittosporum phillyreoides Weeping Pittosporum ● Plantaginaceae Stemodia grossa Marsh Stemodia ● Plantaginaceae Stemodia kingii ● Plantaginaceae Stemodia viscosa Pagurda ● Plumbaginaceae Aegialitis annulata Club Mangrove ● Plumbaginaceae Muellerolimon salicorniaceum ● Poaceae Acrachne racemosa ●

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Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Poaceae Aristida contorta Bunched Kerosene Grass ● Poaceae Astrebla pectinata Barley Mitchell Grass ● Poaceae Cenchrus ciliaris Buffel Grass ● ● ● ● Poaceae Chloris barbata Purpletop Chloris ● ● Poaceae Chloris pectinata Comb Chloris ● Poaceae Chloris pumilio ● Poaceae Chrysopogon fallax Golden Beard Grass ● Poaceae Cymbopogon ambiguus Scentgrass ● Poaceae Cymbopogon procerus Lemon Grass ● Poaceae Dactyloctenium radulans Button Grass ● Poaceae Dichanthium fecundum Curly Bluegrass ● Poaceae Dichanthium sericeum subsp. humilius ● Poaceae Digitaria ctenantha Comb Finger Grass ● Poaceae Enneapogon caerulescens Limestone Grass ● Poaceae Enneapogon cylindricus Jointed Nineawn ● Poaceae Enteropogon ramosus Windmill Grass ● Poaceae Eragrostis cumingii Cuming's Love Grass ● Poaceae Eragrostis dielsii Mallee Lovegrass ● Poaceae Eragrostis eriopoda Woollybutt Grass ● Poaceae Eragrostis falcata Sickle Lovegrass ● Poaceae Eragrostis lanicaulis P3 (DBCA list) ● Poaceae Eragrostis leptocarpa Drooping Lovegrass ●

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Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Poaceae Eragrostis tenellula Delicate Lovegrass ● Poaceae Eragrostis xerophila Knotty-butt Neverfail ● Poaceae Eriachne benthamii Swamp Wanderrie ● Poaceae Eriachne mucronata Mountain Wanderrie Grass ● Poaceae Eriachne obtusa Northern Wandarrie Grass ● Poaceae Eriachne tenuiculmis ● Poaceae Eulalia aurea ● Poaceae Iseilema dolichotrichum ● Poaceae Iseilema eremaeum ● Poaceae Iseilema vaginiflorum Red Flinders Grass ● Poaceae Panicum decompositum Native Millet ● Poaceae Panicum laevinode ● Poaceae Paraneurachne muelleri Northern Mulga Grass ● Poaceae Paspalidium basicladum ● Poaceae Paspalidium clementii Clements Paspalidium ● Poaceae Paspalidium rarum Rare Paspalidium ● Poaceae Paspalidium tabulatum ● Poaceae Perotis rara Comet Grass ● Poaceae Phragmites karka Tropical Reed ● Poaceae Setaria dielsii Diels' Pigeon Grass ● Poaceae Setaria italica Italian Millet ● ●

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Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Poaceae Sorghum plumosum Plume Canegrass ● Poaceae Spinifex longifolius Beach Spinifex ● ● Poaceae Sporobolus virginicus Marine Couch ● Poaceae Themeda sp. Hamersley Station (M.E. Trudgen 11431) P3 (DBCA list) ● ● Poaceae Themeda triandra ● Poaceae Tragus australianus Small Burrgrass ● Poaceae Triodia angusta ● Poaceae Triodia epactia ● Poaceae Triodia pungens Soft Spinifex ● Poaceae Triodia wiseana Limestone Spinifex ● Poaceae Triraphis mollis Needle Grass ● Poaceae Whiteochloa cymbiformis ● Poaceae Xerochloa barbata Rice Grass ● Poaceae Xerochloa imberbis Rice Grass ● Poaceae Xerochloa laniflora Rice Grass ● Polygalaceae Polygala glaucifolia ● Portulacaceae Calandrinia ptychosperma ● Portulacaceae Calandrinia quadrivalvis ● Portulacaceae Portulaca conspicua ● Portulacaceae Portulaca intraterranea ● Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea Purslane ● Primulaceae Aegiceras corniculatum River Mangrove ●

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Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Proteaceae Grevillea pyramidalis Caustic Bush ● Proteaceae Hakea lorea Witinti ● Proteaceae Hakea lorea subsp. lorea ● Pteridaceae Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia ● Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera exaristata Ribbed Mangrove ● Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora stylosa Spotted-leaved Red Mangrove ● Rubiaceae Oldenlandia crouchiana ● Rubiaceae Oldenlandia sp. Hamersley Station (A.A. Mitchell PRP 1479) P3 (DBCA list) ● ● Rubiaceae Synaptantha tillaeacea ● Rubiaceae Synaptantha tillaeacea var. tillaeacea ● Santalaceae Santalum acuminatum Quandong ● Santalaceae Santalum lanceolatum Northern Sandalwood ● Sapindaceae Alectryon oleifolius ● Sapindaceae Alectryon oleifolius subsp. oleifolius ● Sapindaceae Diplopeltis eriocarpa Hairy Pepperflower ● ● Sapindaceae Diplopeltis stuartii var. stuartii Desert Pepperflower ● Scrophulariaceae Eremophila forrestii subsp. forrestii ● Scrophulariaceae Eremophila longifolia Berrigan ● Scrophulariaceae Myoporum montanum Native Myrtle ● Solanaceae Datura leichhardtii Native Thornapple ● ● Solanaceae Duboisia hopwoodii Pituri ●

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Conservation

Family Species name Common name status

Introduced Protected EPBC Matter NatureMap Threatened DBCA Priority Flora and Herbarium WA data Phoenix Solanaceae Nicotiana occidentalis Native Tobacco ● Solanaceae Solanum cleistogamum ● Solanaceae Solanum diversiflorum ● Solanaceae Solanum esuriale Quena ● Solanaceae Solanum gabrielae ● Solanaceae Solanum horridum ● Solanaceae Solanum lasiophyllum Flannel Bush ● Solanaceae Solanum phlomoides ● Surianaceae Stylobasium spathulatum Pebble Bush ● Violaceae Hybanthus aurantiacus ● Zygophyllaceae Tribulus hirsutus ● Zygophyllaceae Tribulus occidentalis Perennial Caltrop ● Zygophyllaceae Tribulus platypterus Cork Hopbush ● Zygophyllaceae Tribulus suberosus ●

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Appendix 2 Terrestrial vertebrate fauna potentially occurring in the study area

Family Species Common name Conservation status

Matters

BirdData

PriorityFauna

Introduced

NatureMap

EPBC Protected

DBCAThreatened and

Fish Terapontidae Leiopotherapon aheneus Fortescue Grunter P4 (WC Act) ● ● Amphibians Hylidae Cyclorana maini Sheep Frog ● Hylidae Litoria rubella Little Red Tree Frog ● Limnodynastidae Neobatrachus aquilonius Northern Burrowing Frog ● Limnodynastidae Neobatrachus kunapalari Kunapalari Frog ● Limnodynastidae Notaden nichollsi Desert Spadefoot ● Myobatrachidae Uperoleia saxatilis Pilbara Toadlet ● Reptiles Agamidae Amphibolurus gilberti Ta-ta Dragon ● Agamidae Gowidon longirostris Long-nosed Dragon ● Agamidae Ctenophorus caudicinctus Ring-tailed Dragon ● Agamidae Ctenophorus isolepis Crested Dragon ● Agamidae Ctenophorus nuchalis Central Netted Dragon ● Agamidae Pogona minor minor Western Bearded Dragon ● Agamidae Pogona minor mitchelli Pilbara Bearded Dragon ● Agamidae Tympanocryptis cephalus Pebble Dragon ● Boidae Antaresia stimsoni Stimson's Python ● Boidae Aspidites melanocephalus Black-headed Python ●

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Family Species Common name Conservation status

Matters

BirdData

PriorityFauna

Introduced

NatureMap

EPBC Protected

DBCAThreatened and

Boidae Liasis olivaceus barroni Pilbara Olive Python VU (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● Carphodactylidae Nephrurus levis pilbarensis Pilbara Smooth Knob-tailed Gecko ● Carphodactylidae Nephrurus wheeleri cinctus Pilbara Banded Knob-tailed Gecko ● Cheloniidae Caretta caretta Loggerhead Turtle EN/Mig. (EPBC); EN (WC Act) ● Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas Green Turtle VU/Mig. (EPBC); VU (WC Act) ● ● ● Cheloniidae Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle VU/Mig. (EPBC); VU (WC Act) ● ● ● Cheloniidae Natator depressus Flatback Turtle VU/Mig. (EPBC); VU (WC Act) ● ● ● Dermochelyidae Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Turtle EN/Mig. (EPBC); VU (WC Act) ● Diplodactylidae Diplodactylus bilybara Fat-tailed Gecko ● Diplodactylidae Diplodactylus galaxias Northern Pilbara Beak-faced Gecko ● Diplodactylidae Diplodactylus mitchelli Mitchell's Gecko ● Diplodactylidae Diplodactylus savagei Southern Pilbara Beak-faced Gecko ● Diplodactylidae Lucasium stenodactylum Sandplain Gecko ● Diplodactylidae Lucasium wombeyi Wombey's Gecko ● Diplodactylidae Rhynchoedura ornata Western Beaked Gecko ● Diplodactylidae Strophurus elderi Jewled Gecko ● Diplodactylidae Strophurus strophurus Western Spiny-tailed Gecko ● Elapidae Acanthophis wellsi Pilbara Death Adder ● Elapidae Aipysurus laevis Olive Seasnake ● Elapidae Brachyurophis approximans North-western Shovel-nosed Snake ● Elapidae Demansia psammophis cupreiceps Yellow-faced Whipsnake ● Elapidae Furina ornata Moon Snake ●

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Family Species Common name Conservation status

Matters

BirdData

PriorityFauna

Introduced

NatureMap

EPBC Protected

DBCAThreatened and

Elapidae Hydrelaps darwiniensis ● Elapidae Hydrophis major ● Elapidae Hydrophis stokesii Stoke’s Seasnake ● Elapidae Parasuta monachus Monk Snake ● Elapidae Pseudechis australis Mulga Snake ● Elapidae Pseudonaja mengdeni Western Brown Snake ● Elapidae Pseudonaja modesta Ringed Brown Snake ● Elapidae Suta punctata Spotted Snake ● Gekkonidae Gehyra pilbara Pilbara Gehyra ● Gekkonidae Gehyra punctata Spotted Gehyra ● Gekkonidae Gehyra purpurascens Purplish Gehyra ● Gekkonidae Gehyra variegata Variegated Gehyra ● Gekkonidae Hemidactylus frenatus Asian House Gecko ● ● Gekkonidae Heteronotia binoei Bynoe's Gecko ● Pygopodidae Delma nasuta ● Pygopodidae Delma pax ● Pygopodidae Delma tincta ● Pygopodidae Lialis burtonis Burton's Legless Lizard ● Pygopodidae Pygopus nigriceps Hooded Scalyfoot ● Scincidae Carlia munda Shaded-litter Rainbow Skink ● Scincidae Carlia triacantha Desert Rainbow Skink ● Scincidae Ctenotus angusticeps Airlie Island Ctenotus VU (EPBC); P3 (WC Act) ●

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Family Species Common name Conservation status

Matters

BirdData

PriorityFauna

Introduced

NatureMap

EPBC Protected

DBCAThreatened and

Scincidae Ctenotus duricola ● Scincidae Ctenotus grandis titan ● Scincidae Ctenotus helenae ● Scincidae Ctenotus pantherinus ocellifer Leopard Ctenotus ● Scincidae Ctenotus robustus ● Scincidae Ctenotus rubicundus ● Scincidae Ctenotus saxatilis Rock Ctenotus ● Scincidae Ctenotus schomburgkii ● Scincidae Ctenotus serventyi ● Scincidae Ctenotus superciliaris ● Scincidae Ctenotus uber uber Spotted Ctenotus ● Scincidae Cyclodomorphus melanops Slender Blue-tongue ● Scincidae Egernia cygnitos Western Pilbara Spiny-tailed Skink ● Scincidae Egernia pilbarensis Pilbara Skink ● Scincidae Eremiascincus isolepis ● Scincidae Eremiascincus musivus Mosaic Desert Skink ● Scincidae Lerista bipes ● Scincidae Lerista clara ● Scincidae Lerista muelleri ● Scincidae Lerista verhmens ● Scincidae Liopholis striata Night Skink ● Scincidae Menetia greyii ●

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Family Species Common name Conservation status

Matters

BirdData

PriorityFauna

Introduced

NatureMap

EPBC Protected

DBCAThreatened and

Scincidae Menetia surda surda ● Scincidae Morethia ruficauda exquisita ● Scincidae Notoscincus butleri Lined Soil-crevice Skink P4 (WC Act) ● ● Scincidae Notoscincus ornatus ● Scincidae Proablepharus reginae ● Scincidae Tiliqua multifasciata Central Blue-tongue ● Typhlopidae Indotyphlops braminus Flowerpot Blind Snake ● ● Varanidae Varanus acanthurus Spiny-tailed Monitor ● Varanidae Varanus brevicauda Short-tailed Pygmy Monitor ● Varanidae Varanus eremius Pygmy Desert Monitor ● Varanidae Varanus gouldii Bungarra or Sand Monitor ● Varanidae Varanus panoptes rubidus ● Varanidae Varanus pilbarensis Pilbara Rock Monitor ● Birds Acanthizidae Gerygone fusca Western Gerygone ● ● Acanthizidae Gerygone tenebrosa Dusky Gerygone ● ● Acanthizidae Pyrrholaemus brunneus Redthroat ● Acanthizidae Smicrornis brevirostris Weebill ● ● Accipitridae Accipiter cirrocephalus Collared Sparrowhawk ● ● Accipitridae Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk ● ● Accipitridae Aquila audax Wedge-tailed Eagle ● ● Accipitridae Circus approximans Swamp Harrier ● ●

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Family Species Common name Conservation status

Matters

BirdData

PriorityFauna

Introduced

NatureMap

EPBC Protected

DBCAThreatened and

Accipitridae Circus assimilis Spotted Harrier ● ● Accipitridae Elanus caeruleus Black-shouldered Kite ● Accipitridae Elanus caeruleus subsp. axillaris Australian Black-shouldered Kite ● Accipitridae Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle ● ● Accipitridae Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite ● ● Accipitridae Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite ● ● Accipitridae Hamirostra melanosternon Black-breasted Buzzard ● ● Accipitridae Hieraaetus morphnoides Little Eagle ● ● Accipitridae Milvus migrans Black Kite ● ● Accipitridae Pandion haliaetus Osprey Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● Acrocephalidae Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed Warbler ● ● Aegothelidae Aegotheles cristatus Australian Owlet-nightjar ● ● Alaudidae Mirafra javanica Horsfield's Bushlark ● ● Anatidae Anas gracilis Grey Teal ● ● Anatidae Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck ● ● Anatidae Aythya australis Hardhead ● ● Anatidae Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck ● ● Anatidae Cygnus atratus Black Swan ● ● Anatidae Dendrocygna arcuata Wandering Whistling Duck ● Anatidae Dendrocygna eytoni Plumed Whistling Duck ● ● Anatidae Malacorhynchus membranaceus Pink-eared Duck ● Anatidae Nettapus pulchellus Green Pygmy-goose ●

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Family Species Common name Conservation status

Matters

BirdData

PriorityFauna

Introduced

NatureMap

EPBC Protected

DBCAThreatened and

Anatidae Oxyura australis Blue-billed Duck P4 (WC Act) ● Anatidae Stictonetta naevosa Freckled Duck ● Anhingidae Anhinga novaehollandiae Australasian Darter ● ● Apodidae Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● ● Ardeidae Ardea garzetta Little Egret ● Ardeidae Ardea intermedia Intermediate Egret ● ● Ardeidae Ardea modesta Eastern Great Egret ● Ardeidae Ardea novaehollandiae White-faced Heron ● Ardeidae Ardea pacifica White-necked Heron ● ● Ardeidae Ardea sacra Eastern Reef Egret ● Ardeidae Butorides striata Striated Heron ● ● Ardeidae Ixobrychus flavicollis Black Bittern ● ● Ardeidae Nycticorax caledonicus Rufous Night Heron ● ● Artamidae Artamus cinereus Black-faced Woodswallow ● ● Artamidae Artamus leucorynchus White-breasted Woodswallow ● ● Artamidae Artamus personatus Masked Woodswallow ● ● Burhinidae Burhinus grallarius Bush Stone-curlew ● ● Burhinidae Esacus magnirostris Beach Stone-curlew ● ● Campephagidae Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike ● ● Campephagidae Lalage tricolor White-winged Triller ● Caprimulgidae Eurostopodus argus Spotted Nightjar ● Centropodidae Centropus phasianinus Pheasant Coucal ● ●

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Family Species Common name Conservation status

Matters

BirdData

PriorityFauna

Introduced

NatureMap

EPBC Protected

DBCAThreatened and VU/Mig. (EPBC); Mig. (WC Charadriidae Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover ● ● ● ● Act) Charadriidae Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover EN/Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● ● Charadriidae Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover ● ● Charadriidae Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● ● Charadriidae Elseyornis melanops Black-fronted Dotterel ● ● Charadriidae Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel ● Charadriidae Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● ● Charadriidae Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● ● Charadriidae Vanellus tricolor Banded Lapwing ● ● Ciconiidae Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus Black-necked Stork ● Columbidae Columba livia Domestic Pigeon ● ● Columbidae Geopelia cuneata Diamond Dove ● ● Columbidae Geopelia humeralis Bar-shouldered Dove ● ● Columbidae Geopelia striata Peaceful Dove ● Columbidae Geophaps plumifera Spinifex Pigeon ● ● Columbidae Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon ● ● Columbidae Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing ● ● Columbidae Phaps histrionica Flock Bronzewing ● ● Columbidae Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-Dove ● ● Corvidae Corvus bennetti Little Crow ● ● Corvidae Corvus orru Torresian Crow ● ●

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Family Species Common name Conservation status

Matters

BirdData

PriorityFauna

Introduced

NatureMap

EPBC Protected

DBCAThreatened and

Cracticidae Cracticus nigrogularis Pied Butcherbird ● ● Cracticidae Cracticus tibicen Australian Magpie ● ● Cuculidae Cacomantis pallidus Pallid Cuckoo ● Cuculidae Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield's Bronze Cuckoo ● ● Cuculidae Chrysococcyx osculans Black-eared Cuckoo ● Dicaeidae Dicaeum hirundinaceum Mistletoebird ● ● Dicruridae Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark ● ● Dicruridae Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail ● ● Dicruridae Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail ● ● Dicruridae Rhipidura phasiana Mangrove Grey Fantail ● ● Dromaiidae Dromaius novaehollandiae Emu ● ● Estrilidae Emblema pictum Painted Finch ● ● Estrilidae Heteromunia pectoralis Pictorella Mannikin ● ● Estrilidae Neochmia ruficauda Star Finch ● ● Estrilidae Taeniopygia guttata Zebra Finch ● ● Falconidae Falco berigora Brown Falcon ● ● Falconidae Falco cenchroides Australian Kestrel ● ● Falconidae Falco longipennis Australian Hobby ● ● Falconidae Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon OS (WC Act) ● ● ● Falconidae Falco subniger Black Falcon ● Fregatidae Fregata ariel Lesser Frigatebird Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● ● Glareolidae Glareola maldivarum Oriental Pratincole Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● ●

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Family Species Common name Conservation status

Matters

BirdData

PriorityFauna

Introduced

NatureMap

EPBC Protected

DBCAThreatened and

Glareolidae Stiltia isabella Australian Pratincole ● Gruidae Grus rubicunda Brolga ● ● Haematopodidae Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher ● ● Haematopodidae Haematopus longirostris Pied Oystercatcher ● ● Halcyonidae Dacelo leachii Blue-winged Kookaburra ● ● Halcyonidae Todiramphus chloris pilbara Collared Kingfisher ● ● Halcyonidae Todiramphus pyrrhopygius Red-backed Kingfisher ● ● Halcyonidae Todiramphus sanctus Sacred Kingfisher ● ● Hirundinidae Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow ● ● Hirundinidae Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● Hirundinidae Petrochelidon ariel Fairy Martin ● ● Hirundinidae Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin ● ● Hydrobatidae Oceanites oceanicus Wilson's Storm Petrel Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● Jacanidae Hydrophasianus chirurgus Pheasant-tailed Jacana ● Laridae Anous stolidus Common Noddy Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● Laridae Chlidonias leucopterus White-winged Black Tern Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● Laridae Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull ● ● Laridae Onychoprion anaethetus Bridled Tern Mig. (WC Act) ● ● ● ● Laridae Sterna albifrons Little tern Mig. (WC Act) ● ● Laridae Sterna bengalensis Lesser Crested Tern ● ● Laridae Sterna bergii Crested Tern Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● Laridae Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ●

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Family Species Common name Conservation status

Matters

BirdData

PriorityFauna

Introduced

NatureMap

EPBC Protected

DBCAThreatened and

Laridae Sterna dougallii Roseate Tern Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● Laridae Sterna hirundo Common Tern Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● Laridae Sterna hybrida Whiskered Tern ● ● Laridae Sterna nereis nereis Fairy Tern VU (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● Maluridae Malurus lamberti Variegated Fairy-wren ● ● Maluridae Malurus leucopterus Variegated Fairy-wren ● ● Maluridae Malurus melanocephalus Red-backed Fairy-wren ● Meliphagidae Epthianura aurifrons Orange Chat ● Meliphagidae Epthianura tricolor Crimson Chat ● ● Meliphagidae Gavicalis virescens Singing Honeyeater ● Meliphagidae Lacustroica whitei Grey Honeyeater ● Meliphagidae Lichmera indistincta Brown Honeyeater ● ● Meliphagidae Manorina flavigula Yellow-throated Miner ● ● Meliphagidae Melithreptus gularis Black-chinned Honeyeater ● Meliphagidae Ptilotula flavescens Yellow-tinted Honeyeater ● Meliphagidae Ptilotula penicillata White-plumed Honeyeater ● Meliphagidae Ptilotula plumula Grey-fronted Honeyeater ● Meliphagidae Sugomel niger Black Honeyeater ● Meropidae Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater ● ● Motacillidae Anthus australis Australian Pipit ● ● Motacillidae Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● Motacillidae Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ●

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Family Species Common name Conservation status

Matters

BirdData

PriorityFauna

Introduced

NatureMap

EPBC Protected

DBCAThreatened and

Otididae Ardeotis australis Australian Bustard ● ● Pachycephalidae Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush ● ● Pachycephalidae Oreoica gutturalis pallescens Crested Bellbird ● ● Pachycephalidae Pachycephala lanioides White-breasted Whistler ● ● Pachycephalidae Pachycephala melanura Mangrove Golden Whistler ● ● Pachycephalidae Pachycephala pectoralis Golden Whistler ● Pachycephalidae Pachycephala rufiventris Rufous Whistler ● ● Pardalotidae Pardalotus rubricatus Red-browed Pardalote ● ● Pardalotidae Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote ● ● Passeridae Passer domesticus House Sparrow ● ● Passeridae Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow ● ● Pelecanidae Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican ● ● Petroicidae Eopsaltria pulverulenta Mangrove Robin ● Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant ● ● Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant ● ● Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant ● ● Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant ● ● Phasianidae Coturnix ypsilophora Brown Quail ● ● Podargidae Podargus strigoides Tawny Frogmouth ● ● Podicipedidae Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary-headed Grebe ● ● Podicipedidae Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe ● ● Pomatostomidae Pomatostomus superciliosus White-browed Babbler ●

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Family Species Common name Conservation status

Matters

BirdData

PriorityFauna

Introduced

NatureMap

EPBC Protected

DBCAThreatened and

Pomatostomidae Pomatostomus temporalis Grey-crowned Babbler ● ● Procellariidae Calonectris leucomelas Streaked Shearwater Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● Procellariidae Macronectes giganteus Southern Giant Petrel EN/Mig. (EPBC); Mig. (WC Act) ● Procellariidae Puffinus huttoni Hutton's Shearwater EN (WC Act) ● Procellariidae Puffinus pacificus Wedge-tailed Shearwater Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● ● Psittacidae Cacatua roseicapilla Galah ● ● Psittacidae Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella ● ● Psittacidae Melopsittacus undulatus Budgerigar ● ● Psittacidae Neophema bourkii Bourke's Parrot ● Psittacidae Nymphicus hollandicus Cockatiel ● ● Psittacidae Pezoporus occidentalis Night Parrot EN (EPBC); CR (WC Act) ● Psittacidae Platycercus zonarius Australian Ringneck ● Ptilonorhynchidae Ptilonorhynchus guttatus Western Bowerbird ● Rallidae Fulica atra Eurasian Coot ● ● Rallidae Gallinula tenebrosa Dusky Moorhen ● Rallidae Gallirallus philippensis Buff-banded Rail ● Rallidae Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen ● ● Rallidae Porzana pusilla Baillon's Crake ● ● Rallidae Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake ● ● Recurvirostridae Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt ● Recurvirostridae Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt ● Recurvirostridae Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet ●

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Family Species Common name Conservation status

Matters

BirdData

PriorityFauna

Introduced

NatureMap

EPBC Protected

DBCAThreatened and

Rostratulidae Rostratula australis Australian Painted Snipe ● Scolopacidae Limicola falcinellus Broad-billed Sandpiper Mig. (WC Act) ● ● Scolopacidae Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● Scolopacidae Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● ● Scolopacidae Calidris alba Sanderling Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● ● Scolopacidae Calidris canutus Red Knot EN/Mig. (EPBC); Mig. (WC Act) ● ● ● ● CR/Mig. (EPBC); VU/Mig. (WC Scolopacidae Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper ● ● ● ● Act) Scolopacidae Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● ● Scolopacidae Calidris minuta Little Stint Mig. (EPBC) ● Scolopacidae Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● ● Scolopacidae Calidris subminuta Long-toed Stint Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● CR/Mig. (EPBC); VU/Mig. (WC Scolopacidae Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot ● ● ● ● Act) Scolopacidae Gallinago stenura Pin-tailed Snipe Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● Scolopacidae Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) (& VU/CR Scolopacidae Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit ● ● ● ● at subsp level) Scolopacidae Limosa lapponica baueri Bar-tailed Godwit (western Alaskan) VU/Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● CR/Mig. (EPBC); VU/Mig. (WC Scolopacidae Limosa lapponica menzbieri Bar-tailed Godwit (northern Siberian) ● Act) Scolopacidae Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit Mig. (WC Act) ● ● ● CR/Mig. (EPBC); VU/Mig. (WC Scolopacidae Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew ● ● ● ● Act)

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Family Species Common name Conservation status

Matters

BirdData

PriorityFauna

Introduced

NatureMap

EPBC Protected

DBCAThreatened and

Scolopacidae Numenius minutus Little Curlew Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● Scolopacidae Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● ● Scolopacidae Phalaropus lobatus Red-necked Phalarope Mig (EPBC); Mig. (WC Act) ● ● Scolopacidae Tringa brevipes Grey-tailed Tattler Mig. (EPBC); P4/Mig. (WC Act) ● ● ● ● Scolopacidae Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● ● Scolopacidae Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● ● Scolopacidae Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper Mig. (WC Act) ● ● ● ● Scolopacidae Tringa totanus Common Redshank Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● Scolopacidae Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● Strigidae Ninox boobook Boobook Owl ● Strigidae Ninox connivens Barking Owl ● ● Sturnidae Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed Tern Mig. (WC Act) ● ● ● Sulidae Sula leucogaster Brown Booby Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● Sylviidae Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark ● Sylviidae Cincloramphus mathewsi Rufous Songlark ● Sylviidae Eremiornis carteri Spinifex-bird ● ● Threskiornithidae Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill ● ● Threskiornithidae Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis Mig. (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● Threskiornithidae Threskiornis moluccus Australian White Ibis ● Threskiornithidae Threskiornis spinicollis Straw-necked Ibis ● ● Turnicidae Turnix velox Little Button-quail ● ● Tytonidae Tyto alba Barn Owl ●

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Family Species Common name Conservation status

Matters

BirdData

PriorityFauna

Introduced

NatureMap

EPBC Protected

DBCAThreatened and

Zosteropidae Zosterops lateralis Grey-breasted White-eye ● Zosteropidae Zosterops luteus Yellow White-eye ● ● Mammals Bovidae Bos taurus European Cattle ● ● Canidae Canis lupus familiaris Dog ● ● Canidae Vulpes vulpes Red Fox ● ● ● Dasyuridae Dasykaluta rosamondae Little Red Kaluta ● Dasyuridae Dasyurus hallucatus Northern Quoll EN (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● Dasyuridae Ningaui timealeyi Pilbara Ningaui ● Dasyuridae Sminthopsis macroura Stripe-faced Dunnart ● Delphinidae Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser's Dolphin ● Emballonuridae Taphozous georgianus Common Sheathtail-Bat ● Equidae Equus asinus Donkey ● ● Equidae Equus caballus Horse ● ● Felidae Felis catus Cat ● ● ● Hipposideridae Rhinonicteris aurantia (Pilbara) Pilbara leaf-nosed Bat VU (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● Leporidae Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit ● ● Lagorchestes conspicillatus Macropodidae Spectacled Hare-wallaby ● ● leichardti P3 (WC Act) Macropodidae Macropus robustus Euro ● Macropodidae Macropus rufus Red Kangaroo ● Macropodidae Petrogale rothschildi Rothschild's Rock-wallaby ●

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Family Species Common name Conservation status

Matters

BirdData

PriorityFauna

Introduced

NatureMap

EPBC Protected

DBCAThreatened and

Megadermatidae Macroderma gigas Ghost Bat VU (EPBC; WC Act) ● ● ● Molossidae Mormopterus cobourgianus North-western Free-tailed Bat P1 (WC Act) ● Muridae Hydromys chrysogaster Water-rat P4 (WC Act) ● ● Muridae Leggadina lakedownensis Short-tailed Mouse P4 (WC Act) ● ● Muridae Mus musculus House Mouse ● ● ● Muridae Notomys alexis Spinifex Hopping-mouse ● Muridae Pseudomys chapmani Western Pebble-mound Mouse P4 (WC Act) ● ● Muridae Pseudomys delicatulus Delicate Mouse ● Muridae Pseudomys hermannsburgensis Sandy Inland Mouse ● Muridae Pseudomys nanus Western Chestnut Mouse ● Muridae Rattus rattus Black Rat ● ● ● Muridae Rattus tunneyi Pale Field-rat ● Muridae Zyzomys argurus Common Rock-rat ● Pteropodidae Pteropus alecto Black Flying-fox ● Pteropodidae Pteropus scapulatus Little Red Flying-fox ● Tachyglossidae Tachyglossus aculeatus Short-beaked Echidna ● Vespertilionidae Nyctophilus arnhemensis Arnhem Land Long-eared Bat ● Vespertilionidae Nyctophilus daedalus North-western Long-eared Bat ● Vespertilionidae Nyctophilus geoffroyi Lesser Long-eared Bat ● Vespertilionidae Scotorepens greyii Little Broad-nosed Bat ● Vespertilionidae Vespadelus finlaysoni Finlayson's Cave Bat ●

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Appendix 3 Short-range endemic invertebrate fauna, subterranean fauna and aquatic invertebrate fauna potentially occurring in the study area

SUBMITTED AS SEPARATE FILE DUE TO SIZE

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