DOCSLIB.ORG

Educator's Guide

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Educator's Guide Educator’s Guide Grades 6-12 INTRODUCTION EXHIBIT GUIDE In 1969, Americans landed two men on the Moon on the Apollo 11 mission. Development of space programs in the United States and the Soviet Union This epic achievement was the result of decades of scientific advancement began at the end of World War II, when each began building programs from and hundreds of thousands of individuals’ efforts. It was also the culmination the remains of the German V-2 program. Both countries scrambled to secure of more than twenty years of Cold War hostilities between America and military and technological advantage over the other, fueling a Cold War the Soviet Union and a beacon of hope during a contentious decade in between the two nations. The Space Race began in earnest with the launch American history. of the Soviet’s Sputnik, the first artificial Earth satellite, in 1957. The lessons learned from the early space program and the conflicts, at THE BEEP HEARD ROUND THE WORLD home and abroad, led to cooperation both on and off Earth. International Amid national shock and fear over the Soviet satellite, the United States partnerships in space grew from the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, an American- rushed to catch up. America launched their own artificial Earth satellite, Russian collaboration, to the International Space Station, a group effort from Explorer-I, January 31, 1958. Both countries applied their best minds and 15 countries that includes astronauts and experiments from many more. resources to developing the technology necessary to send humans to space, with the ultimate goal of landing humans on the Moon. Now America is on the cusp of another epic journey, this time to Moon and beyond to Mars. The Artemis program will land the first woman and next man on the Moon by 2024 and will build on that achievement to allow humans to explore further in space than ever before. The American space program today stands on the shoulders of all those who worked to make those first footprints on the Moon. This is a 1:1 model of Sputnik. Its beep could Diameter 22.8 inches be heard by tuning into the right radio wave Antenna length 9.5 feet frequency as it passed overhead in orbit. Weight 184 pounds 2 3 THE POINT OF CONTENTION A STRENGTHENED RESOLVE In October 1962, military tensions escalated between the Soviet Union and In 1962, President Kennedy told the country that America would land the United States. In response to American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy humans on the Moon by the end of the decade. His assassination in 1963 and Turkey capable of reaching the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union installed spurred the nation on to fulfill his legacy. nuclear missiles in Cuba capable of reaching the United States. The Cuban Missile Crisis, a 13-day confrontation over the placement of these weapons, was the closest the United States and the Soviet Union came to nuclear war. This nose cone is an unused flight-like Length/Height 95.5 inches test article of a U.S. Jupiter Missile. Width 65 inches Weight 900 pounds Materials Ceramic ablative coating and stainless steel These letters of achievement, grief, and hope between Wernher von Braun and Jacqueline Kennedy were exchanged only three months after President Kennedy’s assassination. 4 5 TRANSCRIPTS Mrs. John F. Kennedy February 11, 1964 Wernher von Braun Dear Dr von Braun February 1, 1964 I do thank you for your letter - about the Saturn – and about my husband. Mrs. John F. Kennedy What a wonderful world it was for a few years – with men like you to help Washington, D.C. realize his dreams for this country – And you with a President who admired and understood you - so that together you changed the way the world Dear Mrs. Kennedy: looked at America – and made us proud again- In our elation over the successful launch of the SA-5 last Wednesday—the Please do me one favor – sometimes when you are making an fifth in a successful string of launchings of the Saturn I rockets, but the first announcement about some spectacular new success – say something about capable of going into orbit—I must tell you how happy and grateful we are President Kennedy and how helped to turn the tide – so people won’t that this test came off so well. All of us connected with this undertaking forget. know only too well how eagerly the late President had been looking forward to this launching, which would at last establish the log awaited American I hope Iam not the only one to feel this way – It is my only consolation - that lead in the capability of orbiting heavy payloads. at least he was given time to do some great work on this earth, which now seems such a miserable and lonely place without him. The trust he had placed in us, and his confidence that we could succeed, How much more he could have done – but I must not think about that. offered great encouragement but placed on us an even greater sense of I do thank you for your letter obligation. I am enclosing a picture taken in front of the towering SA-5 rocket at Cape Kennedy on November 16th. The model at the left depicts Sincerely, the upper part of the rocket which is now orbiting the earth once every 94 minutes. The unit in orbit has a length of 83 feet and a weight of 37,800 lbs. Jacqueline Kennedy You have been overwhelmed with condolences from all over the world at After successfully launching satellites, both space programs began working the tragic death of your beloved husband. Like for so many, the sad news in earnest to send humans to explore the new frontier of space. The Soviet from Dallas was a personal blow to me. We do not know a better way of Union and the United States developed programs to put small single-person mourning the late President than to do our very best to make his dream and spacecraft into orbit around the Earth. Again, the rockets for the job were determination come true that “America must learn to sail on this new ocean evolved versions of military weapons. The next phase of the Space Race of space and be in a position second to none.” was to leap the technical hurdles required to take humans to the Moon. The United States and the Soviet Union had similar agendas: multi-person With deepest sympathy—Wernher von Braun flights with spacewalks, long duration flights, and spacecraft tests. The Soviet space program beat Americans to major milestones including the first person in space, the first spacewalk, and the first two- and three-person crewed space flights. 6 7 THE FIGHT FOR CIVIL RIGHTS While NASA worked to pull ahead in the Space Race, the United States struggled with political and social turmoil. The Civil Rights movement, begun in the 1940s, was at its peak through the 1960s. People seeking equality under the law and equality in society conducted sit-ins, marches, boycotts, and other means of protesting discrimination, spurring political reform. US involvement in the Vietnam War escalated through the 1960s. Kennedy/King Many joined the war effort to support the spread of American democratic values to a country at risk of falling to communism. Some men were forced This pin-back button is in response to the assassinations of Robert F. to join the war through conscription into the army. Anti-war sentiment Kennedy and Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968. and protests against American involvement in Vietnam gained momentum through the late 1960s. In 1973, the United States withdrew from Vietnam. Freedom Now CORE Stop Lynching, NAACP Legal Defense Fund Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in 1942 by a group of 50 Founded February 12, 1909, the National Association for the Advancement activists, one third were black while the rest were white, to protest racial of Colored People (NAACP) is the nation’s foremost, largest, and most segregation in the United States. Their primary tactics were to employ widely recognized civil rights organization. non-violent civil disobedience as a means of protesting segregation. CORE was instrumental in organizing the freedom rides in the American NAACP works to secure the political, educational, social, and economic South to protest segregated public transportation and assisted in many equality of rights in order to eliminate race-based discrimination and ensure demonstrations throughout the 1960s. the health and well-being of all persons. Among the Association’s top priorities was eradicating lynching of African- Americans. 8 9 The Apollo program began in 1961. A cabin fire during a prelaunch test A MONUMENTAL TEAM that killed the 3-person Apollo 1 crew brought home the dangers of space Over 400,000 individuals contributed to the success of the American exploration to the American public. A renewed focus on the importance space program. The best and brightest scientists, mathematicians, artists, of safety and precision in the American space program contrasted with the custodians, engineers, writers, coders, doctors, and hundreds of other jobs headlong rush to victory of the Soviets. Despite that, the Apollo program worked for over a decade to send humans to the Moon and bring them quickly outstripped the Soviet program. safely home again. STEADY AND READY TO GO The badges and hard hat belonged to employees of the Space Division of North American Rockwell Corporation and represent the thousands who worked behind the scenes on the Apollo team. North American Rockwell was primarily involved with the Apollo Command Module (capsule) and Service Module.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mission to Jupiter
    This book attempts to convey the creativity, Project A History of the Galileo Jupiter: To Mission The Galileo mission to Jupiter explored leadership, and vision that were necessary for the an exciting new frontier, had a major impact mission’s success. It is a book about dedicated people on planetary science, and provided invaluable and their scientific and engineering achievements. lessons for the design of spacecraft. This The Galileo mission faced many significant problems. mission amassed so many scientific firsts and Some of the most brilliant accomplishments and key discoveries that it can truly be called one of “work-arounds” of the Galileo staff occurred the most impressive feats of exploration of the precisely when these challenges arose. Throughout 20th century. In the words of John Casani, the the mission, engineers and scientists found ways to original project manager of the mission, “Galileo keep the spacecraft operational from a distance of was a way of demonstrating . just what U.S. nearly half a billion miles, enabling one of the most technology was capable of doing.” An engineer impressive voyages of scientific discovery. on the Galileo team expressed more personal * * * * * sentiments when she said, “I had never been a Michael Meltzer is an environmental part of something with such great scope . To scientist who has been writing about science know that the whole world was watching and and technology for nearly 30 years. His books hoping with us that this would work. We were and articles have investigated topics that include doing something for all mankind.” designing solar houses, preventing pollution in When Galileo lifted off from Kennedy electroplating shops, catching salmon with sonar and Space Center on 18 October 1989, it began an radar, and developing a sensor for examining Space interplanetary voyage that took it to Venus, to Michael Meltzer Michael Shuttle engines.
    [Show full text]
  • Superalloy Metallurgy a Gleeble Study Of
    SUPERALLOY METALLURGY A GLEEBLE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL FRACTURE IN INCONEL 601 A Thesis presented to the Faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Materials Engineering by Alan C Demmons June 2016 © 2016 Alan C Demmons ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP TITLE: Superalloy Metallurgy A Gleeble Study Of Environmental Fracture In Inconel 601 AUTHOR: Alan C Demmons DATE SUBMITTED: June 2016 COMMITTEE CHAIR: Dan Walsh, Ph.D. Professor of Materials Engineering COMMITTEE MEMBER: Robert Crockett, Ph.D. Professor of Biomedical Engineering COMMITTEE MEMBER: Lanny Griffin, Ph.D. Professor of Biomedical Engineering iii ABSTRACT Superalloy Metallurgy a Gleeble Study of Environmental Fracture in Inconel 601 Alan Demmons At temperatures above 0.5 Tm and in aggressive atmospheres predicting alloy performance is particularly challenging. Nickel alloys used in regimes where microstructure and properties are altered dynamically present unique requirements. Exposure may alter properties with unexpected early failure. The Gleeble is a valuable tool for investigation and simulation of thermo-mechanical properties of an alloy in various regimes up to the threshold of melting. In this study, four regimes of temperature and strain rate were simulated in an argon atmosphere to both investigate and document normal and abnormal failure modes. Commercial Inconel 601 was tested in selected regimes and in two treatments (as received and strain aged). Next two exposed conditions (TEOS and Hydride) were tested. Slow strain-rate and high temperature produced brittle intergranular fracture. Exposure at elevated temperature to process gases reduced both strength and ductility in both TEOS and Hydride.
    [Show full text]
  • NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE)
    Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 13, EGU2011-5107-2, 2011 EGU General Assembly 2011 © Author(s) 2011 NASA’s Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) Richard Elphic (1), Gregory Delory (1,2), Anthony Colaprete (1), Mihaly Horanyi (3), Paul Mahaffy (4), Butler Hine (1), Steven McClard (5), Joan Salute (6), Edwin Grayzeck (6), and Don Boroson (7) (1) NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA USA ([email protected]), (2) Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA, (3) Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA, (4) NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA, (5) LunarQuest Program Office, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA, (6) Planetary Science Division, Science Mission Directorate, NASA, Washington, DC USA, (7) Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington MA USA Nearly 40 years have passed since the last Apollo missions investigated the mysteries of the lunar atmosphere and the question of levitated lunar dust. The most important questions remain: what is the composition, structure and variability of the tenuous lunar exosphere? What are its origins, transport mechanisms, and loss processes? Is lofted lunar dust the cause of the horizon glow observed by the Surveyor missions and Apollo astronauts? How does such levitated dust arise and move, what is its density, and what is its ultimate fate? The US National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council decadal surveys and the recent “Scientific Context for Exploration of the Moon” (SCEM) reports have identified studies of the pristine state of the lunar atmosphere and dust environment as among the leading priorities for future lunar science missions.
    [Show full text]
  • JUICE Red Book
    ESA/SRE(2014)1 September 2014 JUICE JUpiter ICy moons Explorer Exploring the emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants Definition Study Report European Space Agency 1 This page left intentionally blank 2 Mission Description Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer Key science goals The emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants Characterise Ganymede, Europa and Callisto as planetary objects and potential habitats Explore the Jupiter system as an archetype for gas giants Payload Ten instruments Laser Altimeter Radio Science Experiment Ice Penetrating Radar Visible-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging Spectrometer Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph Imaging System Magnetometer Particle Package Submillimetre Wave Instrument Radio and Plasma Wave Instrument Overall mission profile 06/2022 - Launch by Ariane-5 ECA + EVEE Cruise 01/2030 - Jupiter orbit insertion Jupiter tour Transfer to Callisto (11 months) Europa phase: 2 Europa and 3 Callisto flybys (1 month) Jupiter High Latitude Phase: 9 Callisto flybys (9 months) Transfer to Ganymede (11 months) 09/2032 – Ganymede orbit insertion Ganymede tour Elliptical and high altitude circular phases (5 months) Low altitude (500 km) circular orbit (4 months) 06/2033 – End of nominal mission Spacecraft 3-axis stabilised Power: solar panels: ~900 W HGA: ~3 m, body fixed X and Ka bands Downlink ≥ 1.4 Gbit/day High Δv capability (2700 m/s) Radiation tolerance: 50 krad at equipment level Dry mass: ~1800 kg Ground TM stations ESTRAC network Key mission drivers Radiation tolerance and technology Power budget and solar arrays challenges Mass budget Responsibilities ESA: manufacturing, launch, operations of the spacecraft and data archiving PI Teams: science payload provision, operations, and data analysis 3 Foreword The JUICE (JUpiter ICy moon Explorer) mission, selected by ESA in May 2012 to be the first large mission within the Cosmic Vision Program 2015–2025, will provide the most comprehensive exploration to date of the Jovian system in all its complexity, with particular emphasis on Ganymede as a planetary body and potential habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • A Perspective on the Design and Development of the Spacex Dragon Spacecraft Heatshield
    A Perspective on the Design and Development of the SpaceX Dragon Spacecraft Heatshield by Daniel J. Rasky, PhD Senior Scientist, NASA Ames Research Center Director, Space Portal, NASA Research Park Moffett Field, CA 94035 (650) 604-1098 / [email protected] February 28, 2012 2 How Did SpaceX Do This? Recovered Dragon Spacecraft! After a “picture perfect” first flight, December 8, 2010 ! 3 Beginning Here? SpaceX Thermal Protection Systems Laboratory, Hawthorne, CA! “Empty Floor Space” December, 2007! 4 Some Necessary Background: Re-entry Physics • Entry Physics Elements – Ballistic Coefficient – Blunt vs sharp nose tip – Entry angle/heating profile – Precision landing reqr. – Ablation effects – Entry G’loads » Blunt vs Lifting shapes – Lifting Shapes » Volumetric Constraints » Structure » Roll Control » Landing Precision – Vehicle flight and turn-around requirements Re-entry requires specialized design and expertise for the Thermal Protection Systems (TPS), and is critical for a successful space vehicle 5 Reusable vs. Ablative Materials 6 Historical Perspective on TPS: The Beginnings • Discipline of TPS began during World War II (1940’s) – German scientists discovered V2 rocket was detonating early due to re-entry heating – Plywood heatshields improvised on the vehicle to EDL solve the heating problem • X-15 Era (1950’s, 60’s) – Vehicle Inconel and Titanium metallic structure protected from hypersonic heating AVCOAT » Spray-on silicone based ablator for acreage » Asbestos/silicone moldable TPS for leading edges – Spray-on silicone ablator
    [Show full text]
  • Exploration of the Moon
    Exploration of the Moon The physical exploration of the Moon began when Luna 2, a space probe launched by the Soviet Union, made an impact on the surface of the Moon on September 14, 1959. Prior to that the only available means of exploration had been observation from Earth. The invention of the optical telescope brought about the first leap in the quality of lunar observations. Galileo Galilei is generally credited as the first person to use a telescope for astronomical purposes; having made his own telescope in 1609, the mountains and craters on the lunar surface were among his first observations using it. NASA's Apollo program was the first, and to date only, mission to successfully land humans on the Moon, which it did six times. The first landing took place in 1969, when astronauts placed scientific instruments and returnedlunar samples to Earth. Apollo 12 Lunar Module Intrepid prepares to descend towards the surface of the Moon. NASA photo. Contents Early history Space race Recent exploration Plans Past and future lunar missions See also References External links Early history The ancient Greek philosopher Anaxagoras (d. 428 BC) reasoned that the Sun and Moon were both giant spherical rocks, and that the latter reflected the light of the former. His non-religious view of the heavens was one cause for his imprisonment and eventual exile.[1] In his little book On the Face in the Moon's Orb, Plutarch suggested that the Moon had deep recesses in which the light of the Sun did not reach and that the spots are nothing but the shadows of rivers or deep chasms.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Entropy Alloy: Challenges and Prospects
    Materials Today Volume 19, Number 6 July/August 2016 RESEARCH Review High-entropy alloy: challenges and prospects RESEARCH: Y.F. Ye, Q. Wang, J. Lu, C.T. Liu and Y. Yang* Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are presently of great research interest in materials science and engineering. Unlike conventional alloys, which contain one and rarely two base elements, HEAs comprise multiple principal elements, with the possible number of HEA compositions extending considerably more than conventional alloys. With the advent of HEAs, fundamental issues that challenge the proposed theories, models, and methods for conventional alloys also emerge. Here, we provide a critical review of the recent studies aiming to address the fundamental issues related to phase formation in HEAs. In addition, novel properties of HEAs are also discussed, such as their excellent specific strength, superior mechanical performance at high temperatures, exceptional ductility and fracture toughness at cryogenic temperatures, superparamagnetism, and superconductivity. Due to their considerable structural and functional potential as well as richness of design, HEAs are promising candidates for new applications, which warrants further studies. Introduction When designing alloys, researchers previously focused on the From ancient times, human civilization has striven to develop new corners of a phase diagram to develop a conventional alloy, which materials [1], discovering new metals and inventing new alloys occupy only a small portion of the design space, as illustrated by that have played a pivotal role for more than thousands of years.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Exploration Roadmap
    The Global Exploration Roadmap January 2018 What is New in The Global Exploration Roadmap? This new edition of the Global Exploration robotic space exploration. Refinements in important role in sustainable human space Roadmap reaffirms the interest of 14 space this edition include: exploration. Initially, it supports human and agencies to expand human presence into the robotic lunar exploration in a manner which Solar System, with the surface of Mars as • A summary of the benefits stemming from creates opportunities for multiple sectors to a common driving goal. It reflects a coordi- space exploration. Numerous benefits will advance key goals. nated international effort to prepare for space come from this exciting endeavour. It is • The recognition of the growing private exploration missions beginning with the Inter- important that mission objectives reflect this sector interest in space exploration. national Space Station (ISS) and continuing priority when planning exploration missions. Interest from the private sector is already to the lunar vicinity, the lunar surface, then • The important role of science and knowl- transforming the future of low Earth orbit, on to Mars. The expanded group of agencies edge gain. Open interaction with the creating new opportunities as space agen- demonstrates the growing interest in space international science community helped cies look to expand human presence into exploration and the importance of coopera- identify specific scientific opportunities the Solar System. Growing capability and tion to realise individual and common goals created by the presence of humans and interest from the private sector indicate and objectives. their infrastructure as they explore the Solar a future for collaboration not only among System.
    [Show full text]
  • UFGS 40 05 13 Pipelines, Liquid Process Piping
    ************************************************************************** USACE / NAVFAC / AFCEC / NASA UFGS-40 05 13 (October 2007) Change 2 - 02/20 ------------------------------------ Preparing Activity: USACE Superseding UFGS-40 05 13 (April 2006) UNIFIED FACILITIES GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS References are in agreement with UMRL dated July 2021 ************************************************************************** SECTION TABLE OF CONTENTS DIVISION 40 - PROCESS INTERCONNECTIONS SECTION 40 05 13 PIPELINES, LIQUID PROCESS PIPING 10/07, CHG 2: 02/20 PART 1 GENERAL 1.1 UNIT PRICES 1.1.1 Measurement 1.1.2 Payment 1.1.2.1 Connections to Existing Piping 1.1.2.2 Connections to Existing Equipment 1.2 REFERENCES 1.3 SUBMITTALS 1.4 QUALIFICATIONS 1.4.1 Experience 1.4.2 Double Containment Piping System Manufacturer 1.4.3 Welders 1.5 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING 1.6 PROJECT/SITE CONDITIONS 1.6.1 Environmental Requirements 1.6.2 Existing Conditions 1.7 SEQUENCING AND SCHEDULING 1.8 MAINTENANCE 1.8.1 Service 1.8.2 Extra Materials PART 2 PRODUCTS 2.1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 2.1.1 Design Requirements 2.1.2 Performance Requirements 2.1.2.1 Buried Piping Systems 2.1.2.2 Above Grade Piping Systems 2.2 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT 2.2.1 Standard Products 2.2.2 Identification and Tagging 2.3 DUCTILE IRON PIPING SYSTEM 2.3.1 Ductile Iron Pipe SECTION 40 05 13 Page 1 2.3.2 Ductile Iron Joints 2.3.2.1 Mechanical Joints 2.3.2.2 Push-on Joints 2.3.2.3 Restrained Joints 2.3.2.4 Flanged Joints 2.3.3 Ductile Iron Fittings 2.3.4 Corrosion Control 2.4 CARBON STEEL PIPING
    [Show full text]
  • Exploration Timeline A
    HOW DID OUR MOON FORM? MEET A LUNAR GEOLOGIST — Dr. Jeff Taylor, University of Hawaii What do you do? —— How did you get interested in this field? What is the most interesting question about the Moon that scientists are trying to solve? Do you want to go to the Moon? If someone wants to become a scientist, what should they do? EVOLUTION OF OUR MOON TRY THIS — What’s Needed Early Stages: A Magma Ocean — Make an Impact! Students model impact events and develop an understanding of the processes that cause cratering on the lunar surface. Getting Started Big Impacts, Big Basins — What features do they observe? Do they see the large round areas that have smooth dark interiors? Do they see smaller circular features? How might these have formed? What to Do Basin Filling — What do they observe? Can they identify different features of the crater? How do craters help geologists “see into” the inside of a planet? How did impactors traveling at different “velocities” influence the crater size or distribution of ejecta? Do the crater sizes or depths change? Wrapping Up Recent History — Can they identify impact basins, craters, and rays? EXPLORATIONXPLORATION TIMELINEIMELINE HINA MOVES TO THE MOON: Humans have been asking questions about our Moon since we first looked up at it in the sky. A HAWAIIAN STORY ABOUT OUR MOON WhatWhat isis oourur MMoonoon mmadeade oof?f? WWhathat aarere tthehe llightight aandnd ddarkark mmarkings?arkings? DDoesoes tthehe MMoonoon hhaveave ooceansceans aandnd aann aatmosphere?tmosphere? As telescopes became ever more powerful, the Moon’s rugged surface was revealed in increasing detail, but observations from Earth could not answer many scientific questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Gao-21-330, Nasa Lunar Programs
    Report to Congressional Committees May 2021 NASA LUNAR PROGRAMS Significant Work Remains, Underscoring Challenges to Achieving Moon Landing in 2024 GAO-21-330 May 2021 NASA LUNAR PROGRAMS Significant Work Remains, Underscoring Challenges to Achieving Moon Landing in 2024 Highlights of GAO-21-330, a report to congressional committees Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found In March 2019, the White House The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has initiated eight directed NASA to accelerate its plans lunar programs since 2017 to help NASA achieve its goal of returning humans to for a lunar landing by 4 years, to 2024. the Moon. NASA plans to conduct this mission, known as Artemis III, in 2024. Accomplishing this goal will require NASA has made progress by completing some early lunar program development extensive coordination across lunar activities including initial contract awards, but an ambitious schedule decreases programs and contractors to ensure the likelihood of NASA achieving its goal. For example, NASA’s planned pace to systems operate together seamlessly develop a Human Landing System, shown below, is months faster than other and safely. In December 2019, GAO spaceflight programs, and a lander is inherently more complex because it found that NASA had begun making supports human spaceflight. decisions related to requirements, cost, and schedule for individual lunar Notional Human Landing System programs but was behind in taking these steps for the Artemis III mission. The House Committee on Appropriations included a provision in 2018 for GAO to review NASA’s proposed lunar-focused programs. This is the second such report.
    [Show full text]
  • Jacques Tiziou Space Collection
    Jacques Tiziou Space Collection Isaac Middleton and Melissa A. N. Keiser 2019 National Air and Space Museum Archives 14390 Air & Space Museum Parkway Chantilly, VA 20151 [email protected] https://airandspace.si.edu/archives Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Biographical / Historical.................................................................................................... 1 Scope and Contents........................................................................................................ 2 Arrangement..................................................................................................................... 2 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 2 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 4 Series : Files, (bulk 1960-2011)............................................................................... 4 Series : Photography, (bulk 1960-2011)................................................................. 25 Jacques Tiziou Space Collection NASM.2018.0078 Collection Overview Repository: National Air and Space Museum Archives Title: Jacques Tiziou Space Collection Identifier: NASM.2018.0078 Date: (bulk 1960s through
    [Show full text]