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Protea glabra Thunb. Clanwilliam Sugarbush Kaiingsuikerbos Other Common Names: Brownsel Sugarbush, Age to first flowering: First flowers recorded Chestnut Sugarbush, Scented Protea, at 1 years, 50% estimated at 2 years, and Bierbos, Kaiingbos, Kaiinghout, Kayang 100% recorded at 3 years. Sugarbush, Kreupelwaboom, 1 Krukkelwaboom, Kruppelwaboom. g in Other Scientific Names: banksii Kotzsch ex er w Meisn, buekiana Meisn, pyrifolia Buek ex 0.5 Meisn, thunbergii (Endl). s flo % Site 1094 Records 0 0123456789101112 Population (1088 records): 21% Common, Age (Years after fire) 59% Frequent, 20% Rare. Height (1076 records): 6% 0.2-1 m tall, 45% 1- Dispersion (984 records): 67% variable, 2 m tall, 48% 2-5 m tall, 1% taller than 5 m. 31% clumped, 1% widespread. Pollinators (58 records): 74% beetles, Flowering (1058 records with: Jan 43, Feb 33, 10% birds, 10% bees or wasps, 3% flies, Mar 103, Apr 89, May 39, Jun 116, Jul 93, 2% butterflies or moths. Aug 145, Sep 149, Oct 174, Nov 59, Dec Detailed Pollinators (17 records): Monkey 15): Buds from Mar to Aug ; Flowering from Beetle (4), Southern Double-collared Jun to Sep 32; Peak Flowering from not Sunbird (2), Malachite Sunbird (2), Honey significant; Over from Sep to Nov; Fruit Bee (2), Green Stripy Beetle (2), Great from Sep to May; Nothing from Mar to Apr Protea Beetle (2), Orange-breasted Sunbird, and Dec. Peak levels at 91% in Aug. Green Monkey Beetle, Green Beetle. Historically recorded as flowering from Jul to Nov, principally Aug to Sep. Habitat: 2320 Distance to Ocean (1078 Altitude (m) records): 100% inland - 2120 further than 2 km from 1920 coast. 1720 Altitude (1078 records): 140 - 1520 1460 m; 620 lq - 800 med - 960 1320 uqm. 1120 920 Landform (1068 records): 620 47% shallow soil, 45% deep 420 soil, 7% rocky outcrops. 220 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN Slope (1072 records): 20 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 62% gentle incline, Growth (1050 records with: Jan 45, Feb 33, 15% platform, Mar 102, Apr 88, May 39, Jun 119, Jul 91, 13% hill top, N 7% steep incline, NW Aug 142, Sep 148, Oct 174, Nov 54, Dec 3% valley bottom. NE 15): Much from Sep to Nov; Rare from Sep W to Feb; None from all year round. Peak Aspect (840 records): levels at 64% in Oct. 31% East, 29% South, SW 23% North, E 17% West. S SE Soil Type (1063 records): 59% sandy, 26% rocky, 7% loamy, 7% gravelly, 1% clayey. Soil Colour (1054 records): 37% brown, 29% grey, 12% yellow, 9% white, 8% orange, 5% red. Geology (1031 records): 95% sandstone, 3% shale, 2% silcrete or ferricrete. Vegetation (1072 records): 99% shrubland. JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN Conservation Status and Threat: Seedlings (422 records): Absent in 99%: fewer Red Data List Status: Least Concern. seedlings than prefire adults in 3 cases. Occurrence (Fynbos): 6 943 km2 with 13% Seedlings found in Jan (2) and Sep. conserved and 11% lost; Occupancy: Fire Survival (24 records): 63% escaped fires 1 278 km2 with 17% conserved and 8% lost. in fire-safe areas, 21% resprouted from Fragmentation index: 12%. underground boles, 8% eliminated from the Nature Reserves (1078 records): 19% in nature area by fires, 8% survived by seedlings only. reserves - inadequately conserved. Habitat destruction (1058 records): Slender green beetle (AWA95081605); A 77% extensive natural habitat, 12% islands, small green longish beetle shiny with stripes 9% naturally fragmented habitats, lengthwise down its wing covers 1% naturally linear habitats. (OUT97092104); A lot of beetles on open Alien Invasive Species (1049 records): flowers (SMS98091401); 91% none, 4% Fabaceae (chiefly alien Habitat Acacia), 4% Pinus. Lots of very young plants next to edge of Alien Density (1048 records): 91% alien-free, seepage (AWA99091804); Increasing in the 7% sparse. sand! (AWAY0101501); Some in deep sand between rocks! Cultivation & Utilization: (AGRY4041707); In sandy soil: seems Picking (693 records): 100% no sign of suspicious! (AWA97082604); Crazy plants picking. on sand with not a rock bed in sight Cultivation Status: Plantings - 1 record (AWA98082805); (0.09%). Always on thinner soils or solid rock Witch's Broom Infestation: 75 records (7%). (AGR92082701-3); Grow in what seems solid rock (JAT94111803); Almost Atlassers Notes: exclusively on plateau with solid bed-rock Size (WIJ94041402); On rocky slabs One plant over 8m tall spectacular, within 20m (PMRY0100105, WIJY1031704); Grow only of it was a creeping form lying prostrate on in the cracks of the sandstone bedrock rock up to 1m diam.- flowerhead typical! (PVR94082901); Many grow out of cracks in (AGRY0012934); rocky escarpment (WIJ93082703); Grows Some gigantic (AWA96082101); out of cracks in solid bedrock in level areas Also many plants of height 2 and 3 - an age (WIJ94041205); On rocks (SGAY1022406- spread? (TLE97101106) ; Quite a few young 7; SGAY1022509, TLE98111707); plants - older plants very old with old thick Concentrated on rocky areas with shallow stumps (WMP97100401); soils (SGAY1022510); Confined to rocky Flowering areas (SHR95052701-2, SHR95061802 Its usual self this time of the year with WMPY2051201); Confined to rocky outcrop everything from nothing to cone (TLE97101203, TLEY0052001); On rocky (AWA98082703); Some bushes had buds outcrops (TLEY0052005, TLEY0052102-3, flowers and new growth all together TLEY0092302-3+06-7); Growing on cliff (JAT97083002); face (TLEY0052104, TLEY0092401); All buds (some quite large) aborted Witches Broom (AGRY0092916); All buds dead 5-10% of plants dead with Witches Broom (SAS99042602); Most have buds which have (AGRY0012940); totally dried up (WIJ94041404); Very heavily infested (WMP97100401); Forms and hybrids Heavily infested (LYM99072502, 1 plant seen with very large leaves -almost P. PGD93091801, SAS99042403, laurifolia like -but typical glabra SAS99042503, SAS99042603, flowerheads (AGRY0103136); VCH99072502); Occasional Growth (SMRY0050602); On one plant New growth on small plants (AWA96082007, (SMR98082704); Covered and not very AWA97082702); Many young with new healthy (VCH98082705); No Witches growth (AWA97082201); Broom – unusual! (WMP99042503); Stress and mortality Devils Growth (AWA96082203); Dying! Of which seven are 'non-seedlings' (AWA95082608); Looked stressed Confusing Species: None noted. (AWA96082002); Experiencing water stress Records of identification queries = 9 (SHRY0070901); Many dying – drought? (WIJY1031713); Almost half of seen were Variation and Taxonomy: No variation noted. dead (AGRY0102606); Utilization Distribution: Add. Some chopped down - for firewood? INCLUDEPICTURE (AGRY5122905); Pollination "C:\\temp\\atlas\\PRGLAB_m.jpg" \* As always has this longish green striped (really MERGEFORMAT \d ridged on elytra) beetle (AGRY0092315); Protea inopina Rourke Large-nut Sugarbush Stompiewaboom Other Common Names: None known. 1 Other Scientific Names: None. g n eri w o l 21 Records 0.5 f es t Population (19 records): 11% Common, i S 63% Frequent, 26% Rare. % Dispersion (19 records): 53% variable, 0 42% clumped, 5% evenly distributed. 0123456789101112 Flowering (21 records with: Jan 1, Feb 2, Mar Age (Years after fire) 0, Apr 0, May 3, Jun 0, Jul 0, Aug 3, Sep 1, Oct 0, Nov 0, Dec 11): Buds from Dec to Jan Height (21 records): 5% 0-0.2 m tall, 90% 0.2- and May and Aug; Flowering from Aug; 1 m tall, 5% 1-2 m tall. Peak Flowering not recorded; Over not Pollinators (1 record): 100% beetles. significant; Fruit from Sep to Feb; Nothing Detailed Pollinators: No additional data. not significant. Peak levels unreliable at 2320 100% in Aug. Historically recorded as Habitat: Altitude (m) flowering from Sep to Dec. Distance to Ocean (19 records): 2120 100% inland - further than 2 km 1920 from coast. 1720 Altitude (19 records): 560 - 760 m; 1520 620 lq - 660 med - 680 uqm. 1320 1120 Landform (19 records): 63% deep 920 soil, 21% shallow soil, 620 16% rocky outcrops. 420 Slope (19 records): 79% gentle 220 incline, 21% steep incline. 20 Aspect (18 records): 44% North, 00.20.4 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN 36% East, 11% South, 8% West. Growth (21 records with: Jan 1, Feb 2, Mar 0, N Apr 0, May 3, Jun 0, Jul 0, Aug 3, Sep 1, Oct 0, Nov 0, Dec 11): Much from Feb and Sep; Soil Type (19 Rare from Feb, May, Aug and Dec; None records): NW NE from Dec to Jan, May and Aug. Peak levels 58% sandy, unreliable at 100% in Sep. 37% loamy, W SW 5% gravelly. S E Soil Colour (19 SE records): 63% brown, 26% grey, 5% white, 5% orange. Geology (18 records): 94% sandstone, 6% conglomerate. Vegetation (19 records): 100% shrubland. Conservation Status and Threat: Red Data List Status: Vulnerable D2(i,ii). Occurrence (Fynbos): 6 km2 with 0% conserved JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN and 9% lost; Occupancy: 9 km2 with 0% conserved and 12% lost. Fragmentation Seedlings (9 records): All without any seedlings index meaningless. present. Nature Reserves (19 records): 5% in nature Fire Survival : No data. reserves - inadequately conserved. Age to first flowering: Data only recorded at Habitat destruction (19 records): 100% at 7 years. 79% extensive natural habitat, 21% islands. Alien Invasive Species (17 records): 100% none. Alien Density (17 records): 100% alien-free. Cultivation & Utilization: Picking (17 records): 94% no sign of picking, 6% lightly picked. Cultivation Status: Plantings - 2 records (10%). Witch's Broom Infestation: 4 records (19%). Confusing Species: None noted. Records of identification queries = 1. Atlassers Notes: Damage Variation and Taxonomy: None recorded. Most buds do not mature and ends of stems all withering bark (CAR93080801); Distribution: Add. All badly damaged by insects, leaves also badly INCLUDEPICTURE damaged (CAR93080801); Numbers "C:\\temp\\atlas\\PRINOP_m.jpg" \* Approx 50 plants seen (LYM98120507); MERGEFORMAT \d Probably 100-150 adults (NAH92081512); Protea nitida Miller Wagon Tree Waboom Other Common Names: Large-flower Jun (5), Jul (9), Aug (21), Sep (7), Oct (5), Erodendrum, Proud Protea, Tree Protea, Nov (17) and Dec (8).
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  • Literaturverzeichnis

    Literaturverzeichnis

    Literaturverzeichnis Abaimov, A.P., 2010: Geographical Distribution and Ackerly, D.D., 2009: Evolution, origin and age of Genetics of Siberian Larch Species. In Osawa, A., line ages in the Californian and Mediterranean flo- Zyryanova, O.A., Matsuura, Y., Kajimoto, T. & ras. Journal of Biogeography 36, 1221–1233. Wein, R.W. (eds.), Permafrost Ecosystems. Sibe- Acocks, J.P.H., 1988: Veld Types of South Africa. 3rd rian Larch Forests. Ecological Studies 209, 41–58. Edition. Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria, Abbadie, L., Gignoux, J., Le Roux, X. & Lepage, M. 146 pp. (eds.), 2006: Lamto. Structure, Functioning, and Adam, P., 1990: Saltmarsh Ecology. Cambridge Uni- Dynamics of a Savanna Ecosystem. Ecological Stu- versity Press. Cambridge, 461 pp. dies 179, 415 pp. Adam, P., 1994: Australian Rainforests. Oxford Bio- Abbott, R.J. & Brochmann, C., 2003: History and geography Series No. 6 (Oxford University Press), evolution of the arctic flora: in the footsteps of Eric 308 pp. Hultén. Molecular Ecology 12, 299–313. Adam, P., 1994: Saltmarsh and mangrove. In Groves, Abbott, R.J. & Comes, H.P., 2004: Evolution in the R.H. (ed.), Australian Vegetation. 2nd Edition. Arctic: a phylogeographic analysis of the circu- Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, pp. marctic plant Saxifraga oppositifolia (Purple Saxi- 395–435. frage). New Phytologist 161, 211–224. Adame, M.F., Neil, D., Wright, S.F. & Lovelock, C.E., Abbott, R.J., Chapman, H.M., Crawford, R.M.M. & 2010: Sedimentation within and among mangrove Forbes, D.G., 1995: Molecular diversity and deri- forests along a gradient of geomorphological set- vations of populations of Silene acaulis and Saxi- tings.
  • Bmm Whs Nomination Dossier Appendix H: Biodiversity Inventory

    Bmm Whs Nomination Dossier Appendix H: Biodiversity Inventory

    Biodiversity Inventory - Appendix H BMM WHS NOMINATION DOSSIER APPENDIX H: BIODIVERSITY INVENTORY 1 BARBERTON – MAKHONJWA MOUNTAIN LANDS WORLD HERITAGE SITE PROJECT Biodiversity Resource Inventory by Anthony Emery, Marc Stalmans and Tony Ferrar July 2016 Version 1.1 Biodiversity Resource Inventory 2 Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Executive Summary The Biodiversity Resource Inventory forms one of the base documents for the development of the Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains (BMM) World Heritage Site (WHS) nomination dossier to UNESCO. The aim of the document is to summarise and assess the biodiversity found within the BMM WHS. To achieve this currently known biodiversity data has been collated, summarised and mapped, special emphasis has been placed on the features of the local Centre of Plant Endemism and the functioning of ecosystems. These biodiversity data have been assessed according to their conservation status and main ecological threats and trends. These resources will form the bases of providing the main biodiversity attraction for visitors. The BMM WHS is located in the mountainous areas surrounding Barberton through to Badplaas. The Core Area of the BMM WHS is made up of four nature reserves located in an arc from Badplaas through the Nkomazi Wilderness, down the Komati River Valley and into the mountains of the Songimvelo Nature Reserve and the Mountainlands Nature Reserve. This area forms an important conservation corridor between the Kruger National Park and the Highveld and conservation areas within Swaziland. The importance of this area has been highlighted in numerous previous conservation and tourism development initiatives such as the Biodiversity Tourism Corridor and the Songimvelo-Malolotja Transfrontier Conservation Area.