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Production of Refined Carrageenan from Kappaphycus Alvarezii on Pilot

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Production of Refined Carrageenan from Kappaphycus Alvarezii on Pilot International Food Research Journal 24(Suppl): S522-S528 (December 2017) Journal homepage: http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my Production of refined carrageenan fromKappaphycus alvarezii on pilot plant scale: optimization of water extraction using Response Surface Methodology 1,2Sitti Nurmiah, 1Syarief, R., 1Sukarno. 3Peranginangin, R. 1Nurtama, B. and 4,5*Jaswir, I. 1Department of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia 2Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Pangkep, South Sulawesi, Indonesia 3Research Centre for Marine and Fisheries Product Processing and Biotechnology, Jakarta, Indonesia 4International Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia 5Department of Biotechnology Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia Article history Abstract Received: 7 March 2016 A refined carrageenan is a form of carrageenan, extracted from red algae and purified. Received in revised form: Important factors affecting the commercial production of carrageenan after alkaline extraction 27 September 2016 are the ratio of seaweed to water, temperature, and extraction time. In this study, extraction of Accepted: 10 February 2017 refined carrageenan fromKappaphycus alvarezii was conducted on pilot plan scale. Extraction conditions were varied, affecting the final characteristics of the carrageenan product. The Keywords optimum conditions investigated for the extraction process included the ratio of seaweed to water, temperature, and extraction time determined using Response Surface Methodology Carrageenan (RSM). Box-Behnken was used to investigate the interaction effects of three independent Extraction variables, namely seaweed to water ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time. The Optimization results showed that based on the RSM approach, ratio of seaweed to water, temperature and Pilot plant extraction time had a significant influence on the carrageenan. Optimum extraction conditions Response surface o methodology obtained were seaweed to water ratio of 1:25.22, extraction temperature of 85.80 C and extraction time of 4 h. Under these optimal conditions, the yield obtained was 31.74 % and gel strength was 1833.37 g.cm-2. © All Rights Reserved Introduction McHugh, 2003; Freile-Pelegrín and Robledo, 2008). This is then followed by extraction with water after Carrageenan, a hydrocolloid, is an important neutralization. Extraction with water dissolves or material which has found applications in human food withdraws the thallus polysaccharides from seaweed and the pet-food industry. It is used as a stabilizer, in the form of a slurry, facilitates the process of thickener, gelling agent and emulsifier (Van de Velde filtration and improves the yield of the carrageenan et al., 2002; Campo et al., 2009; Pereira et al., 2009, (Montolulu et al., 2008; Distantina et al., 2009). Robledo and Freile-Pelegrín 2011). Demand for Important factors related to water extraction gelling additives for food and non-food applications affecting the commercial production process are the is steadily increasing and alternative sources seaweed to water ratio, temperature and extraction for carrageenan production is highly in demand times. The use of disproportionate amounts of (McHugh, 2003). water in the extraction process is problematic in the Carrageenan is extracted from the red algae process of polysaccharide withdrawal and quality (Rhodophyta) which have undergone a process of of the resulting product (Rees, 1969; Basmal et al., purification. The extraction process is done in two 2005). Similarly, the temperature and time process of stages, the first extraction with alkaline is utilized all fractions of carrageenan extracted from seaweed commercially to change the precursor residues using water affects the speed and the power of that lead to increased gel strength in the final dissolution. product; this removes some of the sulphate groups Various reports describe the processing and from the molecules and increases the formation of functional properties of carrageenan extraction, 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose (Van de Velde et al., 2002; including Tuvikene et al., (2006). The results *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] 523 Sitti Nurmiah/IFRJ 24(Suppl): S522-S528 demonstrate that alkaline treatments gave higher Materials and methods extraction yields compared to aqueous treatment. Hayashi et al., (2007), studied the effects of Sample preparation different protocols of mariculture on the yield and Dried K. alvarezii seaweed was harvested in quality of carrageenan produced by K.alvarezii Bali, Indonesia. In the laboratory, all of the seaweeds cultivated in Brazil. Refilda et al., (2009), studied were washed with tap water to remove salt, sand and some parameters influencingextraction process of attached epiphytes. The process was repeated twice. carrageenan from red algae (Eucheuma cottonii); The ‘clean seaweed’ sample was processed further. Montolulu et al., (2008), found that extraction with water at a temperature of 50-70°C makes it possible Design of carrageenan extraction on pilot plant scale to produce a high yield of carrageenan with high Extraction tank (1000 L) used on pilot plant molecular weight. However, these studies are limited scale was made of a stainless steel vessel and to laboratory scale. Additionally, the quantity and cylindrical double jacket with a water heater between quality of the resulting carrageenan are different, the cylinder. The vessel was designed as 1000 L in limiting their direct application. volume (diameter = 2000 mm, height = 1000 mm), There are many different methods used to an agitator located in the center of the vessel was extract carrageenans from seaweed and processing driven by an electromotor. A temperature sensor was conditions are usually considered trade secrets by the placed inside the vessel to control the temperature. manufacturers as these affect the final carrageenan The extraction tank was heated by a burner (diesel properties. Therefore research and development oil) placed outside of the extraction tank. of carrageenan are subsequently directed more towards trials at the pilot plant scale. Production of Carrageenan extraction carrageenan on a pilot plant scale is necessary before The ‘clean seaweed’ samples (20 kg) were being applied on the industrial scale. The geometric extracted in 6% hot potassium hydroxide solution difference between process conditions of laboratory for 2 h at 85ºC. After the alkaline extraction, the scale and industrial scale production allows for the algae were neutralized by washing with running differences in resulting carrageenan. Hence, the tap water until they had a pH of about 8-9 (Hoffman important factors affecting the carrageenan production et al., 1995). The material was then transferred to process are seaweed to water ratio, temperature and an extraction tank set with extraction conditions at time of extraction. These are the process conditions different seaweed to water ratio, temperature and time that need to be controlled, in order to obtain optimum (Table 1). The resultant paste was filtered in a rotary conditions for carrageenan production at the pilot vacuum filter, using diatomaceous earth (celite) as a plant scale. filter aid. During filtration, the filtrate was pumped Optimization of the extraction condition of into the precipitation tank and simultaneously a carrageenan is done using Response Surface solution of 1% KCl was added to precipitate the Methodology (RSM) with the Box-Behnken design. carrageenan. The carrageenan was separated on a RSM is a collection of statistical and mathematical filter press and pressed in a hydraulic press to remove methods that are useful for modeling and analyzing as much water as possible. Finally, the carrageenan engineering problems (Montgomery, 2001; Bas and fibers were recovered and dried at 50oC for 18 h, Boyaci 2007; Raissi and Farsani 2009). The main weighed and milled into a fine powder to pass an idea of this method is to determine the effect of 80 mesh. A flow chart of the carrageenan extraction independent variables on the response, to get a model process is shown in Figure 1. of the relationship between independent variables and the response and to get process conditions that Determination of carrageenan yield produce the best response (Giovanni 1983). Data is quite limited on the properties of pilot The carrageenan yield (%) was determined plant scale-extracted carrageenan using water after according to the formula: alkaline extraction. Hence the present study aims to use RSM with Box-Behnken design as a tool for Yield (%)= Wc/Wm.100 optimizing the extraction conditions on pilot plant scale to obtain maximum yield and gel strength. where Wc is the extracted carrageenan weight (g) and This research can be used as a reference for the Wm is the dry seaweed weight (g) used for extraction. development industry in the form of Small Medium Business. Sitti Nurmiah/IFRJ 24(Suppl): S522-S528 524 Determination of gel strength of carrageenan and time (h, C) were independent variables studied Gel strength of carrageenan was determined to optimize yield and gel strength of K. alvarezii using a Texture Analyzer (TAXT Plus, Stable Micro extracts. The extraction yield (%) and gel strength Systems Ltd., Surrey, England). Carrageenan solution (g.cm-2) are the most important characteristic was prepared by dissolving 3 g of carrageenan for carrageenan production. These two responses powder and 0.6 g KCl to 197 ml of distilled water were
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