Universal Śaivism

Universal Śaivism Peter Bisschop - 978-90-04-38436-1 Downloaded from Brill.com07/16/2019 12:37:23AM via free access Gonda Indological Studies Published under the auspices of the J. Gonda Foundation Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences volume 18 Editor Peter C. Bisschop (Leiden) Editorial Board Hans T. Bakker (Groningen) Dominic D.S. Goodall (Paris/Pondicherry) Hans Harder (Heidelberg) Stephanie Jamison (Los Angeles) Ellen M. Raven (Leiden) Jonathan A. Silk (Leiden) The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/gis Peter Bisschop - 978-90-04-38436-1 Downloaded from Brill.com07/16/2019 12:37:23AM via free access Universal Śaivism The Appeasement of All Gods and Powers in the Śāntyadhyāya of the Śivadharmaśāstra Peter C. Bisschop leiden | boston Peter Bisschop - 978-90-04-38436-1 Downloaded from Brill.com07/16/2019 12:37:23AM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the prevailing cc-by-nc License at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This book has been realised thanks to the financial support of the European Research Council (erc) and the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research (nwo). Cover illustration: Multi-faced Śiva-liṅga from Mt. Harṣa (Rajasthan), Ajmer Government Museum. Photo by Peter C. Bisschop. Library of Congress Control Number: 2018955596 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1382-3442 ISBN 978-90-04-38246-6 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-38436-1 (e-book) Copyright 2018 by Peter C. Bisschop. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Peter Bisschop - 978-90-04-38436-1 Downloaded from Brill.com07/16/2019 12:37:23AM via free access Contents Preface vii Introduction 1 The Śivadharma . 4 The Teaching of the Śivadharmaśāstra . 6 The Date of the Śivadharmaśāstra ............ 9 The Provenance of the Śivadharmaśāstra . 25 The Śāntyadhyāya ....................... 27 Order and Organisation of the Mantra . 27 Iconographical Aspects . 39 Universal Śaivism . 41 Use of the Mantra . 43 Introduction to the Edition . 49 Sources for the Edition . 52 The Transmission in Nepal . 54 The Transmission in Bengal . 59 The Transmission in Kashmir . 60 The Transmission in South India . 61 The Critical Apparatus . 63 The Śāntyadhyāya: Edition 65 The Chapter on Appeasement: Translation 147 Appendix 189 Single-Text and Composite Manuscripts . 189 Śāntyadhyāya Single-Text Manuscripts . 189 Śāntyadhyāya Composite Manuscripts . 191 Peter Bisschop - 978-90-04-38436-1 Downloaded from Brill.com07/16/2019 12:37:23AM via free access A Commentary on the Śāntyadhyāya . 195 Transcription . 196 Translation . 197 Bibliography 201 Index 215 Peter Bisschop - 978-90-04-38436-1 Downloaded from Brill.com07/16/2019 12:37:23AM via free access Preface My first encounter with the Śivadharma goes back to the time of my PhD. In surveying the so-called Pañcāṣṭaka — five sets of eight Śaiva sacred sites (Bisschop 2006: 27–34)— I incorporated the readings of this list in the Śivadharmaśāstra on the basis of a Nepalese palm-leaf manuscript in the collection of the Cambridge University Library C (MS Add. 1645 = siglum N45 in the present work). In the years after I continued to be interested in the Śivadharma as an unexplored source on early, non-Tantric forms of Śiva worship. I started collecting images of manuscripts and gave a first presentation of my findings at the ‘Third International Workshop on Early Tantra’ at Hamburg University in the summer of 2010. As the title of my paper at the time shows (‘The Śāntyadhyāya of the Śivadharma: Its Relevance for the Study of Early Śaivism and Tantra’) my interest had focussed on one chapter in particular: the Śāntyadhyāya. I subsequently gave presentations on my work in progress at several workshops and conferences (‘Empires of Faith: South Asia as a Field of Global Religious Interaction’, Bochum, April 2013; ‘Tantric Communities in Contexts: Sacred Secrets and Public Rituals’, Vienna, February 2015; ‘Asia Beyond Boundaries Seminar’, London, October 2015; ‘Books of Śaiva Knowledge’, Hamburg, June 2016), and I got in touch with other scholars who had started working on different parts of the corpus. I also had the chance to read parts of my draft edition at the Leiden Summer School in Languages and Linguistics in 2014 and 2015. Finally, thanks to a grant of the European Research Council (ERC), I was able to organise ‘The Śivadharma Workshop: Manuscripts, Editions, Perspectives’ at Leiden University in September 2016. As the above trajectory indicates, I have had occasion to discuss my work with many colleagues along the way, all of whom have contributed Peter Bisschop - 978-90-04-38436-1 Downloaded from Brill.com07/16/2019 12:37:23AM via free access viii Preface to it in one way or another. I should first of all like to thank the partici- pants of the 2016 Leiden workshop, in particular Elizabeth Cecil, Csaba Dezső, Marco Franceschini, Dominic Goodall, Nirajan Kafle, Timothy Lubin, Florinda De Simini, Nina Mirnig, Judit Törzsök and Yuko Yokochi. Several of them I should mention once more: Elizabeth Cecil for chal- lenging me to express my thoughts more clearly on a number of occa- sions; Dominic Goodall for pertinent remarks on Śaiva matters; Florinda De Simini and Nina Mirnig for providing me with images of several of the manuscripts that I have used for the edition; and Yuko Yokochi for reading through the entire work and providing me with critical feed- back. Likewise, I thank Hans Bakker, Arlo Griffiths and Harunaga Isaac- son for reading and commenting upon an earlier version of this book. Bill Mak enlightened me on several Jyotiḥśāstra peculiarities. Anil Kumar Acharya deserves thanks from all students of the Śivadharma for prepar- ing an e-text. I would also like to thank Kristen de Joseph for proofread- ing and correcting my English. I am indebted to the various libraries and institutions whose manuscripts I have used for my work: the Asha Archives, Kathmandu; the Asiatic Society, Kolkata; the Institut Française de Pondichéry; the National Archives of Kathmandu; the Nepal German Manuscript Preservation Project; the Oriental Research Institute and Manuscripts Library, Trivandrum; the Oriental Research Library, Srinagar; the University Library of Cambridge; and the University of Pennsylvania Libraries. This project was made possible thanks to the support of the European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Project 609823, and the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) Open Compe- tition Project 360-63-110. I am particularly grateful to the J. Gonda Fund Foundation for supporting the publication of this book in open access. Leiden, May 2018 Peter Bisschop - 978-90-04-38436-1 Downloaded from Brill.com07/16/2019 12:37:23AM via free access Introduction The traditions that have evolved around the worship of the god Śiva show a remarkable tendency and capacity to absorb other cults, deities and principles. This point is well illustrated by the subject of the present study, a lengthy mantra, addressed to all gods and powers, for the paci- fication (śānti) of any malevolent influences. Running through the in- vocation is the underlying notion that all worldly and cosmic power is ultimately dependent upon and oriented towards Śiva. I refer to this ide- ology as ‘Universal Śaivism’. At the time the mantra was composed, the worship of Śiva and his aniconic form, the liṅga, had been popular for several centuries, but in contrast to Brahmanism, Buddhism or Jainism, it had no recognisable canon, nor had Śaivism developed into an organ- ised religion with well defined roles of ascetics, priests and laity. This period then sees an intensive production of texts, culminating in an over- arching conception of Śaivism as the religion dedicated to and taught by Śiva. The composers of these texts participated in and adapted already existing models to create their normative vision of Śaivism from what must actually have been a plurality of practices on the ground. The mantra that forms the subject of this study is part of the Śiva- dharmaśāstra, a text belonging to the corpus of lay Śaiva literature gen- erally referred to as Śivadharma ‘Religion of Śiva’. It is taught in the Śiva- dharmaśāstra’s sixth chapter, also going under the name of Śāntyadhyā- ya ‘Chapter on Appeasement’. The Śivadharma had long been neglected by scholars, though it has arguably played a crucial role in the forma- tion, development and institutionalisation of Śaivism, making it a key text for the study of the religion’s social and ritual formations.1 The Śiva- dharmaśāstra is the first text that systematically targets and integrates 1 For a long time the Śivadharma was known almost exclusively through Hazra’s two summaries of the first two works of the corpus, the Śivadharmaśāstra and the Śiva- Peter Bisschop - 978-90-04-38436-1 Downloaded from Brill.com07/16/2019 12:37:23AM via free access 2 Introduction the growing body of lay devotees of Śiva, offering them a distinctive social system and model of religious practice and ritual.2 While its main teaching centres around the liṅga cult, running through the text is an at- tempt to integrate and subsume all other religious traditions under the heading of ‘Śaivism’.

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