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Kānuka Handbook PUBLISHED BY HIKURANGI BIOACTIVES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP HANDBOOK KĀNUKA PUBLICATION INFORMATION Introduction n 2017 Hikurangi Bioactives Limited Partnership (HBLP) biologists from Victoria University in Wellington to learn more successfully applied to the Erosion Control Funding about the potential of kānuka as a natural health product. The IProgramme for a two-year project called ‘Optimising Kānuka other key member of the team was Bella Paenga, who kept the Production’. HBLP had been set up the year before as part of the lines of communication open between HBLP and the scientists Hikurangi Group, a cluster of charitable trusts and companies, and the owners of 16 Māori land blocks who were our partners on and commercial entities that were looking to promote economic this project, along with the wider community who we hope will development for the communities in the Waiapū Valley. With so benefit from our growing knowledge. much kānuka growing on local land blocks, it made sense to find Kānuka Handbook is a compilation of what HBLP has learned out more about kānuka as both an environmental asset and an about kānuka, along with contributions by experts who share our economic opportunity. passion for this amazing plant. We are grateful to the Ministry for HBLP believes that kānuka is part of the solution to erosion control, Primary Industries, who not only funded ‘Optimising Kānuka both by stabilising the soil (it is a pioneer species, one of the first Production’ but have also supported the publication of this natives to grow on cleared or disturbed land) and because of booklet, intended for landowners who want to know more about the potential value of its bioactive compounds (scientific testing kānuka and its ecological and economic value, and why kānuka has revealed antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties), should no longer be seen as scrub but as a taonga. which might create alternative land use options. ‘Optimising Kānuka Production’ was designed so that landowners, hapū and businesses interested in creating opportunities with kānuka would have credible and scientifically rigorous knowledge to guide their decisions and planning. The science was managed by Gisborne-based contractors Irene Lopez-Ubiria and Alvaro Vidiella from VLU Science. Originally from Spain, and brought to New Zealand by the avocado industry, Irene and Alvaro have a background in understanding how ecosystems can be managed so that commercial, environmental and heritage values are DAMIAN SKINNER balanced and protected. They worked with chemists and MANAGING DIRECTOR, HBLP he ‘Optimising Kānuka Production’ project was jointly This Community ECFP Project is a creative use of the funding to funded by the Erosion Control Funding Programme seek out new science and opportunities for this abundant native T (ECFP) and Hikurangi Bioactives Limited Partnership species. The project aims to elevate the understanding of kānuka (HBLP), and supported by the Gisborne District Council. so that, like mānuka, it might become an economically significant The ECFP fund was established in Te Tairāwhiti nearly 30 years native resource. Thanks goes to HBLP and their community ago to assist planting of highly erodible lands by giving funding of landowners for the research, trials and resources they have Publication to East Coast landowners and community groups to tackle produced. The Ministry of Primary Industries and Te Uru Rākau the region’s severe erosion problem. Around 26% of land in are very pleased to be associated with the Kānuka Handbook, Information Tairāwhiti is at risk of severe erosion, and it causes long-term and hope that sharing this information assists entrepreneurs and damage to the productivity of rural land. The flow-on effect is landowners to see new opportunities with kānuka. Kānuka Handbook is published by Text © individual contributors as credited, 2020. This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing economic, making it harder for agriculture and horticulture to Hikurangi Bioactives Limited Partnership for the purpose of private study, research, criticism, Images © Hikurangi Bioactives Limited turn a profit, and causing damage to infrastructure like roads 6434 Waiapū Road, RD1, Ruatōria 4081. Partnership, 2020. or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this book may be reproduced by any process, and bridges. Erosion also ruins water quality as a large amount Edited by Damian Skinner. Cover image and illustrations in 'A Guide stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any of sediment makes its way into river systems. The natural to Identifying Kunzea' © Jeremy Rolfe, Copy edited by Jane Parkin. form, without the prior permission of Hikurangi and cultural values of land and the coastal environment are Department of Conservation. Bioactives Limited Partnership. Commissioned photography by Josie McClutchie. Illustrations in 'A New Taxonomy for Kunzea under threat from erosion, and the fund has worked with local WILLIAM WETERE Design by Mariam Abubakar and Draggnett Design. ericoides' © Peter de Lange, Unitec. Published January 2020. stakeholders to find solutions. SENIOR ADVISOR, TE URU RĀKAU 3 he Myrtaceae are, as a rule, flowers appear to form a flattened head as the flowers have virtually no stem – difficult to identify without – hence ‘corymbiform’); as the first few hence the designation ‘spiciform’ for T flowering material. In some floral whorls open, the vegetative bud this species. genera flowers are essential. For may become active, thus drawing up the Please be aware that Kunzea is ‘tricky’, Kunzea this is also the cas and, accurate corymbiform inflorescence into a distinct so on rare occasions species that are determinations are best made with raceme. Sometimes in good flowering normally hairy will appear hairless, e.g. flowering specimens. Nevertheless, years or in late-season flowering this K. salterae and – very rarely – K. robusta. the New Zealand species can mostly terminal vegetative growth may flower Similarly, when ascertaining growth habit, be resolved without flowers, using a again, often as an elongate raceme in note that some species with a tree habit combination of geographic location, which the flowers are so widely spaced can on occasion be prostrate shrubs, habitat and elevation, and branchlet as to appear ‘solitary’. Late-season and some usually shrubby species, such hair type. flowering is seen in all species, but in as K. sinclairii, can develop into trees. those with corymbiform inflorescences This guide uses a combination of One species, K. amathicola, has two you will find, if you work back from characters for identification in the field, growth states. In mobile sand it often the branchlet apex, the site of the first and which will enable (in most cases) occurs as small shrubs with leaves that flowering of the season retained, usually an accurate determination. Problems are small, broadly oblong to egg-shaped as a short, compact raceme. Because will occur in urban settings and other with the broadest part towards the tip, of these changes to inflorescences frequently disturbed habitats, such as and with very hairy margins; these are during the flowering season, the initial roadsides, within forestry plantations and best considered as ‘persistent juveniles’ inflorescence is best for identification. tracksides, because in these situations as they retain the juvenile foliage even K. sinclairii is unusual in that it very hybrids between the various species can though they will flower. Sometimes rarely has late-season flowering, and be locally common. For seed collecting, you can find these ‘persistent juveniles’ A Guide to the inflorescences are mostly retained it is advised to avoid any habitat where growing adjacent to the ‘adult’ trees of as corymbiform structures, whilst those there has been repeated disturbance. the same species. of K. linearis uniquely resemble spikes, Identifying Kunzea Determinations should be done using fresh material. Most species can be quickly identified using a 10× hand lens K. triregensis (for K. ericoides, a 20× lens is necessary) WRITTEN BY to inspect the hairs. This will separate K. linearis K. robusta PETER DE LANGE and JEREMY ROLFE your Kunzea into one of two key groups K. sinclairii – those with conspicuous ‘long’ antrorse, K. amathicola K. linearis K. robusta antrorse-appressed hairs (i.e. leaning K. robusta K. salterae towards the tip of the branchlet, in some K. robusta cases pressed against it), and those with K. toelkenii short bristly hairs (or no obvious hairs at all). For hair determinations it is important that you use young branchlets, and hold K. amathicola K. robusta K. robusta K. serotina these up to the light when examining the K. tenuicaulis branchlet hairs. Once you have worked K. amathicola out your hair type, consider the growth K. ericoides K. robusta habit and inflorescence type, then look K. ericoides K. serotina K. robusta at where you are in New Zealand. Note K. serotina that only one species, the Three Kings K. robusta islands endemic K. triregensis, grows in isolation from all others; the other nine species usually grow with one or more other species. K. robusta The inflorescences of Kunzea are all K. serotina terminated by a vegetative bud, which may or may not become active during or shortly after flowering. In most species the initial inflorescence, though a compact raceme (in which flowers 0 100 200 300 arise at close intervals along the stem), kilometres resembles a corymb (in which the 5 Identification characters Species Guide
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