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The Eastern Necropolis in Cairo and Its Buffer Zone Towards a Sustainable Conservation Strategy

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The Eastern Necropolis in Cairo and Its Buffer Zone Towards a Sustainable Conservation Strategy ` THE EASTERN NECROPOLIS IN CAIRO AND ITS BUFFER ZONE TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION STRATEGY by GHADA MOHAMED ATTIA A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, CAIRO UNIVERSITY GIZA – EGYPT 2015 ` THE EASTERN NECROPOLIS IN CAIRO AND ITS BUFFER ZONE TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION STRATEGY by GHADA MOHAMED ATTIA = A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING Under the Supervision of Prof. Dr. Mohammed M.El Barmelgy Prof. Dr. Soheir Zaki Hawas Prof. of Urban Planning Prof. of Architecture Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Engineering Cairo University Cairo University Dr. Shaimaa Samir Ashour Lecturer Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, CAIRO UNIVERSITY GIZA – EGYPT 2015 ` THE EASTERN NECROPOLIS IN CAIRO AND ITS BUFFER ZONE TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION STRATEGY by GHADA MOHAMED ATTIA A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING Approved by the Examining Committee Prof. Dr. Mohammed M. el Barmelgy Prof. Dr. Soheir Zaki Hawas Prof. Dr. Ahmed Mohammed Amin Prof. Dr. Hisham Mahmoud Aref. (Prof. of Architecture-Engineering-El-Fayoum University) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, CAIRO UNIVERSITY GIZA – EGYPT 2015 ` Engineer’s Name: GHADA MOHAMED ATTIA Date of Birth: 27/June/1964 Nationality: Egyptian E-Mail: [email protected] Address: 43-El Mousheir Ahmed Ismail-Sheraton- Heliopolis Registration Date: 1/10/2012 Awarding Date: 2015 Degree: Master of Science Department: Architectural Engineering Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Mohammed M. el Barmelgy Prof. Dr. Soheir Zaki Hawas Dr. Shaimaa Samir Ashour (Lecturer Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport) Examiners: Prof. Dr. Hisham Mahmoud Aref (Prof. of Architecture- Engineering-El-Fayoum University) Prof. Dr. Ahmed Mohammed Amin Prof. Dr. Mohammed M. el Barmelgy Prof. Dr. Soheir Zaki Hawas Title of Thesis: THE EASTERN NECROPOLIS IN CAIRO AND ITS BUFFER ZONE TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION STRATEGY Key Words: The Eastern Necropolis, World heritage, Regional planning, Field work survey, Sustainable conservation strategy, Base map. Summary: The Eastern Necropolis (the City of the Dead) is part of the World Heritage of Old Cairo in the URHC 2010-2012, for its Heritage and cultural value. Due to its unique position in the middle between Old Cairo and Manshiet Naser (one of the most populated slums in the world of an about one million inhabitant) the area is acting as a separator between them. It underlies a diversity of forces and conflict of policies that lead to urban informality that could ruin the sky line of Old Historic Cairo. Preserving the sky line of Historic Cairo is the aim of this study, by applying A SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION STRATEGY FOR THE EASTERN NECROPOLIS & ITS BUFFER ZONE, which will supposedly slow down further slum formation and . The research is divided into: 1)Observations: visual studies, 2)Theoretical and documentary studies; Conservation of heritage areas as an approach to regional planning, 3)Applied international studies; comparative studies 4) Field Work and Survey; Evaluation for the study zone and creating a Base Map for the Eastern Necropolis of scale 1/800, 5)Research results; Final conclusion, Proposed conservation strategy for the Eastern Necropolis and the Base Map for the Eastern Necropolis in Cairo ` ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my supervisors; Professor Dr. Mohammed El Barmelgy for his support and wisdom, Professor Dr. Soheir Zaki Hawas and Dr. Shaimaa Ashour for their guidance and advice. I am in deepest gratitude for my family for their great help, support and patience. I would like to send special regards to Dr. Shaimaa Ashour who was so energetic, inspirational, showed concern and always motivated , and guided me to the way of how to do things. i ` DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this work to the soul of my parents (Prof. Dr. Mohammed Attia, Prof. Dr. Sohair Salem), also to the soul of my Uncle (Prof. Dr. Mohammed Halim Salem) who will always inspire me as long as I live. I will never stop learning from them and recall all their sincerity and love they gave to the people around them and to everything they did; they also inspired me how to give it all for everything I do . I also dedicate this effort to the love of my Aunt (Prof. Dr. Nabila Salem) who always encouraged, taught me to be ambitious and to rely on no one but God. ii ` THE EASTERN NECROPOLIS IN CAIRO AND ITS BUFFER ZONE TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION STRATEGY by GHADA MOHAMED ATTIA A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING - CAIRO UNIVERSITY GIZA – EGYPT 2015 iii ` TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................. i DEDICATION........................................................................................ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................. vii ABSTRACT............................................................................................. viii PART I CHAPTER I 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................ 1 1.1. WORK SHEET............................................................................ 2 1.1.1. Point of Research................................................................. 2 1.1.2. Questions............................................................................. 3 1.1.3. Aim...................................................................................... 3 1.1.4. Hypothesis........................................................................... 3 1.1.5. Objective.............................................................................. 4 1.1.6. Results.................................................................................. 4 2. METHODOLOGY........................................................................... 5 2.1. RESEARCH STRUCTURE.......................................................... 6 3. PILOT STUDY.................................................................................. 9 3.1. DEFINITION OF THE STUDY ZONE......................................... 9 3.1.1. Over View............................................................................. 9 3.1.2. Variables.............................................................................. 10 3.1.3. Extension Potentialities....................................................... 13 3.1.4. External Forces Acting on the Study Zone........................... 14 3.2. VISUAL STUDIES......................................................................... 17 3.2.1. Change of Land Use Over Time (before and after)............. 17 3.2.2. Mixed Uses.......................................................................... 24 3.2.3. Activities on Border Sides................................................... 26 3.2.4. Activities inside the cemeteries........................................... 29 3.3. PROBLEMS.................................................................................... 30 3.3.1. Conflict of Policies.............................................................. 30 3.3.1.1. UNESCO ................................................................. 30 3.3.1.2. The New Strategic Plan for Cairo (Cairo 2050)...... 32 3.3.1.3. LIVEINSLUMS NGO.............................................. 34 3.3.1.4. Previous Urban Conservation Projects in Historic Cairo......................................................................... 36 3.3.2. Pollution .............................................................................. 40 iv ` CHAPTER II READINGS (Historical, Theoretical and Documentary) 4. HISTORY AND EVOLUTION.................................................... 42 4.1. HISTORIC CAIRO........................................................................ 42 4.2. TALE OF THE FIRST ARAB SETTLEMENTS......................... 43 4.2.1. El Fustat............................................................................... 43 4.2.2. Al-Askar............................................................................... 43 4.2.3. Al-Qatai................................................................................ 44 4.2.4. Al Qahirah............................................................................ 44 4.2.4.1. Heritage of Fatimid City Planning................................. 45 4.2.4.2. Rise and Fall of Medieval CAIRO................................. 46 4.2.4.3. Mamluk's Social and Physical Elements Which Influenced Rise and Fall of Medieval Cairo.................. 46 4.3. EVOLUTION OF CEMETERIES............................................... 48 4.4. MYTHS AND TRADITION.......................................................... 49 4.4.1. Myth about Moqattam Hills................................................ 49 4.4.2. Burial Tradition.................................................................... 49 5. CONSERVATION of URBAN
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