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RENCONTRE INTERNA Tlonale JACK KÉROUAC LES DELA RENCONTRE INTERNA TlONALE JACK KÉROUAC No 2 The image of Québec in Jack Kérouac ' s fiction Maurice Poteet avril 1987 Publié par : LES AVANr-VIRE Une. "R e.nc.on:tJte. ,znteJr.na.Üona.ie. Ja.c.k KéJtoua.c" auAa. l,ze.u à Québe.c. le..6 1eJr., 2, 3 e.t 4 oc.tobl1.e. pI1.0c.hMn. En pl1.épMa.Üon, e.n l,zm,znMl1.e. à .ta. pMole.· méa.ndl1.,zque. e.t b,zgMl1.ée. qu,z pl1.e.ndl1.a. 6011.me. e.t, .60UVeJr.Mne., .6' ,zmpo.6eJr.a. a.iOI1..6, le..6 Ava.nt-düe. .6e. pl1.é.6e.nte.nt c.omme. une. .6éJt,ze. d' étu­ de..6 ou de. doc.ume.nu, l,{ttéJtMI1.e..6 ou a.u:tJte..6, .6u.11. .ta. v,ze. e.t l' oe.UVI1.e. de. Ja.c.k KéJtoua.c.. L' événe.me.nt c.heJr.cha.nt à m,ze.ux dél,{m,zteJr. .ta. .6péc.,z6,zc.,zté c.a.na.d,ze.nne. - 611.a.nçM.6e. de. Ja.c.k KéJtoua.c, le..6 Ava.nt-d,zI1.e., à l'a.ve.na.nt, e.nv,z.6a.ge.nt c.e.t Mpe.C.t ,zmpOl1.ta.nt mM.6 longte.mp.6 ;'gnOl1.é de. .6on ,zde.nüté, qu,z le. l1.a.ppl1.oche. .6,zngul,{è!1.e.me.nt de. ce. que. noU.6 a.VOYl.6 été na.guè!1.e., comme. c.o.e.ee.c.­ ü v;'té, e.t a.U.6.6,z b,ze.n .6Omme..6 e.nc.OI1.e.. V' ,zc.,z e.t d' M.e.ee.u.I1..6 e.n AméJt,zque. 611.a.nçM.6e., de..6 peJr..6pe.CÜVe..6 ,znéd,{te..6 e.t OI1.,zg,zna.ie..6 noU.6 .6eJr.ont pftOPO­ .6é e..6 e.n c. e. .6 e. Yl.6 • MM.6 lo,zn de. .6e. l,{m,{teJr. à c.e.tte. .6eule. fté6le.ùon, li .ta. fte.c.heJr.c.he. du de..6t,zn d'un pe.uple. à :tJta.veJr..6 c.e.lu,z qu;' e.n pM~t ma.-Znte.na.nt .ta. fte.pfté­ .6e.nta.Üon à .ta. 60ü ca.duque. e.t pl1.ophéüque., le..6 Ava.nt-d,zl1.e. .6Oul,{gne.nt a.U.6.6,z la. va.ie.u.I1. e.t l' ütéJtêt de. c.e.t écüva.-Zn e.ncOl1.e. :tJtop peu c.onnu ou ma.i c.onnu, dont une. te.lle. le.c.tu.l1.e., même. a.tte.nt,zve., ne. .6auAa.-Zt épu,z.6eJr. .ta. muU,z6011.me. totilité. Un e. 60ü d,zM,zpé.6 le..6 fte.moU.6 c.üc.oYl.6ta.nc.,zé.6 qu,z e..6tompa.,ze.nt .ta. p.tu.l1.ilité du .6e.Yl.6, .6e.u.t fte..6te. le. te.xte., jeune. à j a.ma.-Z.6 e.t, POu.l1. qu,zc.onque. l' a.bol1.de. .6a.Yl.6 a. püoü, d'une. üche..6.6e. 6écon­ de. e.t toujou.l1..6 l1.e.nouve.lée. Rém,z FeJr..ta.nd Québe.c., le. 25 ja.nv,zeJr. 1987 AVANT-PROPOS "Dans les romans de Jack Kérouac, le thème spécifique du Québec revêt une certaine importance: toutefois sous l'angle de l'identité réelle de Kérouac, l 'héritage culturel du Québec est transformé et exprimé d'une façon beaucoup plus profonde que ces simples références". Cette courte phrase, tirée du texte qui suit, exprime en quelque sorte l'invitation que nous fait Maurice Poteet dans ce second numéro des Avant-dire de la Rencontre internationale Jack Kérouac. En fait, nous sommes conviés à beaucoup plus; non seulement Poteet fait-il ressor­ tir l 'image du Québec dans le texte et du texte (voir explication en page 1) mais il nous convie aussi à pénétrer parallèlement l'univers de la littérature franco-américaine contemporaine de Kérouac. Finale­ ment, l e texte nous laisse avec une interrogation sur cette image au­ tre du Québec, ou image de l'autre Québec. Bien que tous admettent la séparation de l'oeuvre de Kérouac entre les romans de "la route" et ceux de "L owell", ou "Beat" et "Lowell", ou encore, comme certai ns 1 e sout i ennent, entre 1es romans "franco-améri­ cains" et les romains "américains", il n'en demeure pas moins que l'en­ semb l e s'inscrit dans une même cosmologie, "one heaven and one hell" (p.2). Ainsi, tout en gardant intacte cette division, Maurice Poteet part à la recherche de cette vision du monde, cette vaste Légende des Duluoz dans l aquelle niche l'héritage canadien-français de Kérouac. La particularité de sa recherche réside dans la tentative d'insérer l'écriture de Kérouac dans le monde des valeurs et des formes de repré­ sentation de sa communauté d'origine. Dans cette analyse littéraire sans pareil, Poteet nous convainc de l'importance de l 'héritage culturel franco-américain, non pas comme unique entrée dans la connaissance de l' écrivain mais comme un des pôles de cette tension au fondement de l'identité de Kérouac. Et quoi de mieux pour exprimer cette tension que la trouvaille de Poteet sur la signification du nom Duluoz; de Du­ Lu, prononcé à l'anglaise, qui fait émerger un "du loup", ou Rivière­ du-Loup, origine de la famille Kérouac au Québec, qui s'associe à oz, du magicien d'Dz, ce classique de l a culture américaine. Bref, l' asso­ ciation est saisissante et nous incite à aller au fond de ce texte, principalement pour ce 1 ien qu 'établ it Maurice Poteet avec la 1 ittéra­ ture franco-américaine. L'auteur poursuit ici dans sa volonté de situer Kérouac dans le monde de son héritage culturel. Il s'agit à ma connaissance d'une unique tentative de comparaison des romans de Kérouac avec certains écrivains franco-américains contemporains ou ayant précédé Kérouac. On ne peut qu'être étonné de 1 a parenté ex i stant entre 1 a fami 11 e "Del usson " de Ducharme (The Delusson Family) et la famille Martin de The TOvln and the City. Et que dire du petit "Beson" du Canuck de Cami lle Lessard (Lowell, 1936) qui, sans l 'ombre d'un doute, constitue un jumeau de Gérard dans la sainteté. Effet du hasard ou non, Beson avait également un frère ... préoccupé par sa fragilité et sa pureté. Finalement, la division reconnue (1) dans la littérature du Terroir et celle de l'émi­ gration nous conduit avec Poteet à d'intéressantes hypothèses sur l'oeu­ vre de Kérouac elle-même. Au début des années soixante-dix, le Département de littérature de l'U­ niversité de Montréal décidait d'approfondir le thème de l'image du Québec dans la littérature étrangère. Des romans français, canadi ens­ anglais et américains furent ainsi l'objet d'analyses et de disserta­ tions. C' est dans ce climat combien propice que Maurice Poteet s'est lancé à l a recherche du portrait du Québec dessiné par l a littérature franco-américaine d'expression anglaise. Le défi apparaît d'autant plus intéressant que l'image exp l orée provi ent de cet autre Québec, "le Québec d'en-bas", celui de l'émigration et des "petits Canadas" des vil les industrielles de la Nouvelle-Angleterre; l'image d'ici offer­ te par un ai lleurs étrangement familier. Mais s'agit-il de notre Québec à nous ? A tout prendre, ce Québec dont on recherche l'image n 'a ni cadre géographique précis, ni peut-être d'existence réelle. Ne s'agi­ rait-il pas de l'être du Québec, c'est-à-dire l'univers canadien-fran­ çais non seulement dans sa volonté mais aussi dans son impossibilité de s 'enraciner sur l e continent nord-américain. Condition existentiell e de la race humaine vécue ici sans l'illusion de la permanence de l'ex­ tra-individuelle, le social, la nation, qui n'a que le mouvement et la tension d'hier à aujourd'hui pour se maintenir, et qui a tenté histo­ riquement la voie mythique pour se croire permanent. Drame individuel dont Kérouac ne pouvait se détourner vu l'effrondrement de son héritage ethno-culturel, drame collectif aussi, dont il n'est pas sûr qu'il puis­ se se vivre froidement sans illusion. L'image du Québec dans les romans de Kérouac interroge le Québec contemporain et l'image qu' i l veut se donner . La recherche de Maurice Poteet est une pièce importante dans la discussion de cette quête permanente. Loui s Dupont Le 13 avril 1987 (1) Voir Richard Santerre (1974), "Le roman franco-américain en Nouvel­ le-Angleterre, 1878-1943", Thèse de troisième cycle , Boston Collège. ENGLISH SUMMARY Maurice Poteet's research constitutes a rare attempt to situate Jack Kerouac's fiction within the framework of his ethnie community, notably with regard to the many parallels he draws with contemporary franco­ american litterature. Surprisingl y, we discover that the Martin fami­ ly of The Town and the City closely resembles the Delusson's of Duchar­ me's Delusson fam ily, and that Jack's brother, Gérard, has a twin in t he Lessard' s Canuck, who also claim s sainthood before dying as about the same age beside a younger brother. In looking closely at the image of Québec in Jack's Kerouac fiction , Poteet proposes a very convincing picture of the intense tension bet­ ween the past and the present that lies at the basis of Kerouac's iden­ tity.
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