European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety

13(2): 165-175, 2021; Article no.EJNFS.67594 ISSN: 2347-5641

Phytoconstituent of floribunda Seeds

O. E. Ezim1* and F. Idih2

1University of Port Harcourt, East/West Road, PMB 5323 Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria. 2Kogi State University, P. M. B 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author OEE designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author FIhandled the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI:10.9734/EJNFS/2021/v13i230385 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Rasha Mousa Ahmed Mousa, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Reviewers: (1) Salimullah Khan, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan. (2) Mohammad Arifur Rahman, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Bangladesh. Complete Peer review History:http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/67594

Received 12 February 2021 Accepted 21 April 2021 Original Research Article Published 26 April 2021

ABSTRACT

Allanblackia floribunda seed is one of the underutilized and under-exploited seeds in Nigeria, it is a flowering in the family that has been used over the years in folk medicine especially in managing hypertension in Africa. This study seeks to evaluate the phytoconstituents of Allanblackia floribunda. Qualitative phytochemical screening, proximate analysis and volatile compounds present in the seeds were evaluated using standard methods. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids and saponins in the seeds. The result from the proximate compositions showed that the seed had high fibre (4.21%), lipid (10.46%), protein (19.25%), and carbohydrate (61.26%) contents. The GCMS result revealed the presence of compounds with medicinal and nutritional potentials, among these compounds are caryophyllene (13.228%) and oleic acid (2.021%). This study revealed that an Allanblackia floribunda seed has phytoconstituent with nutritional and medicinal importance.

Keywords: Phytoconstituent; Allanblackia floribunda; proximate; volatile compounds; bioactive compounds.

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*Corresponding author: Email: [email protected];

Ezim and Idih; EJNFS, 13(2): 165-175, 2021; Article no.EJNFS.67594

1. INTRODUCTION RiversState, Nigeria. The fruit was sliced and the seeds extracted, it was sorted to remove the spoilt seeds and dried in a laboratory oven set at Allanblackia floribunda, known in English as 0 “tallow tree”, is a species of in the 50 C, after drying, it was ground into a fine clusiaceae family that has been long used in powder using a manual blender and stored in traditional African medicine to treat hypertension freezer bag till analysis. [1].The wood is said to be resistant to termites but is not particularly durable. 2.2 Phytochemical Screening

Allanblackia floribunda seeds yield an edible fat Phytochemical screening was done using a used in cooking, soap making and the cosmetic method by Evans and Trease[4]. industry. Recently the international food industry has become interested in the fat as a natural 2.3 Proximate Composition solid component for margarines and similar products. The seeds are eaten in times of food Proximate analysis was done using a standard scarcity and are also used as bait in trap. The method [3]. fruit's slimy pulp can be made into jams and jellies. In Nigeria the wood is used in the 2.3.1 Determination of volatile components construction of local houses. Twigs have been of plant sample used as candlesticks, in congo a decoction of the bark or leaves is taken to treat asthma, This was done using the GC/MS method. bronchitis and cough. Sap squeezed from the bark is a component of a medicine used to treat The milled sample was extracted in urethral discharge. Small twigs are used as dichloromethane after soaking for 5 days. 10 g of chew-sticks or toothpicks. the sample was weighed into a well stopper bottle and 20 ml of the organic solvent was Phytochemicals which are simply chemicals of added. The mixtures were vigorously agitated plant origin are produced by through and were left to stand for 5 days. The crude primary or secondary metabolism. They extract was collected by filteration into a quartz generally have biological activity in the plant host beaker, the process was repeatedly carried out and play a role in plant growth or defense for two more consecutive times. The combined against competitors, pathogens, or predators [2]. aliquot was concentrated on a steam bath to These chemicals have been proven to be about 5 mland purified by passing through a relevant in nutrition and medicine. This study is pasture pipette packed with silica gel and designed to determine phytochemicals in anhydrous sodium sulphate on a membrane and Allanblackia floribunda seeds. air-dried to about 2ml for gas chromatographic analysis. Proximate analysis (quantitative analysis of macromolecules) employs a combination of The extract of the sample was subjected to different techniques, such as extraction, Kjeldahl, GC/MS analysis for, characterization of different NIR to determine protein, fat, moisture, ash and compositions. Gas chromatographic Model: carbohydrate level in food samples. In this study 7890A (GC) analysis was performed on an macromolecules in Allanblackia floribunda seeds Agilent Technologies interfaced with Mass were determined using standard method [3]. and Selective Detector model: 5975C (MSD). The the volatile compounds in the sample were electron ionization was at a 70 v with an ion analysed using GCMS. source temperature at 250oC. Highly pure helium . gas (99.9% purity) was used as carrier gas, 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS while HP-5 (30mm X 0.25mm X 0.320µm) was used as the stationary phase. The oven 2.1 Preparation of Allanblackia temperature was at 60oC held for 0.5 minute and floribundaSeed Samples ramped to 14oC at the rate of 4oC/minutes holding for a minute, then ramped to 280 Fresh Allanblackia floribunda fruit samples were degrees while holding for 5 minutes at the rate of o collected from a farmland in Aluu, Rivers State, 8 C /minutes. 1µ/l was auto injected. Nigeria and Identified in the Department of Plant 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Science, University of Port Harcourt,

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3.1 Phytochemical Screening Terpenoids are reported to have anti- inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-malarial, inhibition of

Table 1. Phytochemical Screening of cholesterol synthesis and anti-bacterial [6]. Allanblackia floribunda seeds Saponins are chemical compounds that reduce the uptake of certain nutrients. Constituents A. Concentration Alkaloids + The result obtained showed low moisture Flavonoids + content. The high amount of moisture in foods Tannins ++ makes them vulnerable to microbial attack, Triterpenoids + leading to spoilage. The moisture content of any Carbohydrates ++ food is an index of its water activity and is used Saponins + as a measure of stability and susceptibility to (+++) = High concentration; (++) = Moderate microbial contamination. The value (62.26%) for concentration; (+) = low concentration; (-) = Absent carbohydrate content was significantly high,this might suggest that Allanblackia floribunda seeds 3.2 Proximate Analysis can be used as source of energy. The protein content is 19.25, Effiong et al., stated that any Table 2. Proximate composition plant food that provide about 12% of their caloric ofAllanblackia Floribunda seeds value from protein are considered good sources of protein [7]. Thus, the sample meets this Analysis A. Floribunda seeds (%) requirement. Moisture 2.24 ± 0.02 Ash 2.58 ± 0.02 The proportion of ash is a reflection of the Fibre 4.21 ± 0.03 mineral contents present in the food materials [8- Lipid 10.46 ± 0.03 9]. The ash content was found to be 2.58 which Protein 19.25 ± 0.02 suggest a substantial deposit of mineral Carbohydrate 61.26 ± 0.05 elements in the A. floribunda seeds. Crude fibre provides the bulk of food to relieve constipation The phytochemical screening of Allanblackia [10]. Fibre also protects the body against colon floribunda seed showed the presence of cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular illnesses flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids and [11]. The values of crude fiber obtained indicate saponin. Flavonoids and tannins are phenolic that Allanblackia floribunda seeds can give bulk compounds and plant phenolics acts as primary to food. antioxidants or free radical scavengers [5].

Fig. 1. GCMS Spectrum of Allanblackia Floribunda seeds

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93 100 133 91 41 69 79 105

50 77 120 55 67 81 39 147 161 95 65 189 27 43 51 175 204 15 75 87 141 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 (mainlib) Caryophyllene

Fig. 1a.

105 100

50 161 41 94 81 91 204 119 27 43 55 39 69 133 147 189 57 83 128 175 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 (mainlib) Naphthalene, 1,2,4a,5,6,8a-hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-

Fig. 1b.

99 100

59 73

50 Si

114 45 100 43 58 60 74 41 83 86 115 0 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 (mainlib) Trimethyl(1-propenyl)silane

Fig. 1c.

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43 100

O 99 O 50

O 129 29 74 102 45 55 15 18 31 36 39 50 61 81 84 87 91 115 131 144 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 (mainlib) Pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-, ethyl ester

Fig. 1d. 159 100 144

N

130 50 N 44 70 40 F N F 116 52 97 55 66 76 79 90 103 111 156 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 (mainlib) Pyrimidine, 2,4-difluoro-6-dimethylamino-

Fig. 1e.

109 100

81 67 50 53 95 OH 27 39 79 43 51 29 77 91 15 84 123 12 18 31 46 73 87 105 115 137 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 (mainlib) 1-(1-Butyny)cyclopentanol

Fig. 1f.

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67 100 41 79

39

50 55 81 91 77 105 43 65 OH 57 83 119 123 51 97 109 133 37 59 63 75 89 115 137 147 151 166 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 (mainlib) Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane,-3-cyclopropyl,-7-hydroxymethyl, (cis)

Fig. 1g. 74 100

87 O 50 43

41 55 O 29 69 59 83 97 143 31 48 111 118 129 157 171 185 199 213 227 239 270 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 (mainlib) Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester

Fig. 1h.

67 100

81 O 41 55 95 50 O 29 109 59 74 123 87 136 150 294 33 164 178 221 263 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 (mainlib) 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester

Fig. 1i.

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55 100

41 O 69 74 50 83 97 O 29 110 264 123 137 180 222 151 166 194 202 210 231 239 247 255 278 296 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 (mainlib) 10-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester

Fig. 1j.

74 100 298

87 O 43 O 50 55 143 255 69 83 97 199 111 129 185 29 139 157 205 213 223 267 18 171 241 280 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 (mainlib) Heptadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester

Fig. 1k. 43 100

O

O 50 O O OH S Br 187 61 73 127 OH O 85 205 OH 69 97 109 145 81 155 169 219 229 247 269 0 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 (mainlib) 6-O-Acetyl-1-[[4-bromophenyl]thio]-β-d-glucoside S,S-dioxide

Fig. 1l.

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55 100

185 O 131 S 50 O 69 87 316 61 74 97 285 153 217 83 135 167 109 125 143 157 199 231 243 255 273 0 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 (mainlib) Methyl 11-thia-octadecanoate

Fig. 1m.

41 100 55 HO

29 O 50 69 83 97 60 73 111 264 15 123 137 151 166 175 182 189 199 207 220 235 246 280 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 (mainlib) Oleic Acid

Fig. 1n.

Fig. 1a-n. Spectrum and molecular structure of chemical compounds present inAllanblackia Floribunda seeds

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Table 3. Chemical compounds present inAllanblackia Floribunda seeds

Peak IUPAC name RetentionTime Percentage yield

1 Caryophyllene 9.612 13.228% 2 Naphthalene 10.543 2.805% 3 Trimethyl(1-propenyl)silane 12.640 3.094% 4 Pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-, ethyl ester 12.742 8.507% 5 Pyrimidine, 2,4-difluoro-6-dimethylamino- 12.838 2.089% 6 1-(1-Butyny)cyclopentanol 15.732 8.596% 7 Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane,-3-cyclopropyl,-7-hydroxymethyl 16.654 13.221% 8 Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester 16.939 23.340% 9 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester 19.035 3.444% 10 10-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester 19.084 13.092% 11 Heptadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester 19.386 5.759% 12 Oleic Acid 22.291 2.021% 13 6-O-Acetyl-1-[[4-bromophenyl]thio] -beta-d-glucoside S,S-dioxide 22.323 0.376% 14 Methyl 11-thia-octadecanoate 22.366 0.132% 15 Oleic Acid 22.393 0.295%

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© 2021 Ezim and Idih; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Peer-review history: The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/67594

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