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Jects: the Case of La Unión Mining District (SE Spain)

Jects: the Case of La Unión Mining District (SE Spain)

Vol. 8 Nº4 págs. 653-660. 2010 https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2010.08.056

www.pasosonline.org

Notas de investigación

The difficulties in the development of pro- jects: the case of La Unión Mining District (SE )

Héctor M.Conesai Institute of Terrestrial ()

Abstract: Mine sites are atypical industrial sites because they encompass not only economic but also and anthropologic components. The need of developing new economic opportunities in areas, where a “mining monoculture” was the economic backbone, has resulted in the re-inter- pretation of mining activity from a cultural viewpoint. Some traditional mining from both, recent and ancient times, have forgone mining activity and have become new tourist attractions sites. However, the process of developing tourism in these zones is not easy and necessarily incor- porates social, economic and environmental requirements. This paper describes the constraints, possibilities and efforts that meet in the former mining of La Unión, Southeast Spain. It will be investigated in a critic point of view the current projects that, though in low number, try to pre- serve the identity and of the town while generating relatively significant economic incomes. Keywords: Mining Heritage;Landscape;; Environmen; Souteast Spain.

Resumen: Las zonas mineras constituyen lugares de interés especial desde el punto de vista cultural ya que reúnen matices económicos, de paisaje y antropológicos. La necesidad de desarrollar nuevas oportunidades económicas en áreas dedicadas en exclusiva a la actividad minera ha llevado a reinter- pretar dicha actividad desde el punto de vista antropológico y cultural constituyendo en la actualidad importantes focos de atracción turística. Sin embargo, este proceso no es fácil y presenta una serie de condicionamientos sociales, económicos y medioambientales. Este artículo describe los puntos fuer- tes y débiles para el desarrollo del turismo minero en el pueblo de La Unión (Sureste de la península ibérica). Se investigará desde un punto de vista crítico los proyectos actuales, que aunque en pequeño número, tratan de preservar la identidad e historia locales a la vez que generar ingresos económicos.

Palabras clave : Patrimonio minero; Paisaje; Turismo cultural; Medio ambiente; Sureste de España.

i Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH-Zurich, Universitatstrasse 16, 8092-Zürich(Switzerland). Pho- ne:+41446336079. E-: [email protected]

© PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. ISSN 1695-7121 654 The difficulties in the development of mining tourism project...

Introduction mics and, at the same time, performing actions to conserve the heritage and the Traditional mining sites from ancient cultural identity are based on the ex- times are places where cultural, social, ploitation of the potential of the cultural economic and anthropologic aspects meet. tourism (Padró-Werner, 2000). The Eu- Mining zones may have had this considera- ropean Comission considers the cultural tion during thousand of years, generating tourism like a basic element in the Euro- the accumulation of “historic signals” of pean tourist strategy (CEC, 2002). the mining activities within local areas. Conversion of mining sites in “cultu- Since in these places the local history is joi- ral” targets for tourism has been done ned to mining, and mining is joined to the successfully in the last decades. In the- local identity, the recording of the history se sites there is a change in the percep- through the mining activity is a “walk” tion of the , from a productive through the ancient human generations of to a consumptive viewing the specific site. In other words, in these of the past (Pretes, 2002). Moreover, this zones there is a “perfect” assimilation bet- heritage represents the own identity and ween mining activity and local idiosyn- idiosyncrasy of this local , it crasy. is the testimony, signs, emblems from one In the last twentieth century many of prosperous and glorious past that help to the traditional mining sites suffered econo- strengthen the image and self-esteem of mic crisis due to the evolution of the extrac- these populations (Carvajal et al., 2002). tive techniques (more efficient and with At the moment, initiatives in this con- less manpower requirements), the new glo- text are being carried out in the U.K., bal market with the decreasing in , The Netherlands, Belgium, worths or the higher importance of , , Spain and (Hos- . These economic cri- pers, 2002). According to Armesto-Peña sis had lately social effects such as the pro- (2002) there are in at least five gressive abandonment of mining towns by hundred sites in old mining exploitations working class people, the disturbances of which have been converted into mining the traditional mining style of , the im- museums, natural protected areas, lei- possibility of getting new economic alterna- sure sites, etc. Some mining tives, high rates of unemployment, etc. and their related elements are considered Nowadays, tourism is an important as- a part of the human heritage because of pect of the human societies. Additionally, their historic values. Some old mining si- the modern society has developed a wide tes aorund the world have been included concept of tourism not only such as “ in the world heritage list of UNESCO time”, also like a cultural expression. This (UNESCO, 2005a). concept of includes all the possible The trend is reconstructing sites, buil- manifestations of the human activities, dings and instruments in situ, protecting from the art to economic activities. In this the natural and cultural environments case the culture integrates activities that and showing the elements in their con- have had strong influence in the human text. In some of these sites the tourism style of life and by its strong relations with constitutes an important roll for econo- certain communitites may be considered mic development and local restructuring specific and endowed of time. The conside- (Fernández and Guzmán-Ramos, 2004; ration of mining such as part of the historic Edward and Llurdes, 1996). culture can be affirmed because: 1) it is an Tourism in mining sites (like a type historic activity which in some cases flows of a cultural tourist experience) generates from ancient till nowadays; different feelings in relation to traditional 2) it has elements that affect the style of sun/ culture. It is necessary then to life (i.e. economic crisis, social resis- offer specialized services and offers diffe- tance periods, harsh working conditions) rent from the conventional parameters of feelings with “epic” tourism. According to Stebbins (1997) in and morality shapes (Ruiz-Ballesteros and the cultural tourist attractions there is a Hernández-Ramirez, 2007); 3) there is an higher identity tourist-object than in the interaction man- that creates images, mass tourism sites. Mining tourists have infrastructures, processes, techniques and different parameters of satisfaction in re- that reflects scientific or lation to the traditional ones. Then the aspects. services have to be improved in order to Tourism has a dynamic which satisfy these aspects. reinterprets continuously the heritage Nevertheless, this mining heritage (Nuryanti, 1996). Nowadays, the possibili- tourism has four problematic points ac- ties of generating new socioeconomic dyna- cording to Edwards and Llurdés i Coit

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(1996): 1) the low attractiveness for people worked in deplorable working con- due to a different standard of beauty, 2) the ditions. This facilitated the fast growth of huge size of the mining exploitations which a strong class conscience which generated makes them very expensive to restore, 3) a good organised proletariat (Egea-Bruno, the degradation of the environment asso- 2003). The mining activity acquired a new ciated to mining sites and iv) in most dimension in the middle of the XX century cases a location far from traditional tou- due to the new extractive techniques which rist circuits. The same authors mentioned changed the traditional concept of under- two additional factors that affect cultural ground mining to open cast mines. The : the traditional mass tou- economic crisis at the end of nineties last rism in Spain has been based mainly in century caused the definitive closing of the the traditional offer of sun/beach and the mining activities in this . scarcity of political interest to support mi- In La Unión Council, which is located ning heritage projects. in the center of this mining District, the According to Cameron (1999) four is- mines constituted the only economic ac- sues have to be overcome in the develop- tivity during centuries. This reason has ment of industrial heritage projects: a se- conditioned the socio-economic situation of lection of the suitable heritage elements this council which was tied to the up and for presentation; to determinate to whom downs of the mining activity throughout belongs the “” of the industrial the years. In spite of this “monoculture” heritage; if heritage can attract a sufficient character, economic alternatives to mining number of visitors; and finally, what is the were not proposed by successive Govern- time scale of the heritage making. ments. In Spain, the case of Riotinto in the This “mining-dependence” has caused a Southern region of Andalucia is the best lot of population fluctuations with a decli- example of mining heritage tourist pro- ne from 30’000 citizens in 1900 to 13’900 jects. The development of these projects in 1991 when the mining activity ceased. have been carried out by the Fundación Río These aspects have left a strong mark Tinto and are based on the “heritagitation” in the idiosyncrasy and character of La of the area: mining museum, restauration Union’s citizens, apart from the aforemen- of a mining railway, rehabilitation of urban tioned strong proletarian feelings. areas and archeologic, and the organiza- This situation has persisted during one tion of trips by the mining area (Hernán- decade until now when the nearby mass dez-Ramírez and Ruiz-Ballesteros, 2005). tourism center of “La Manga del Mar The success of the activities in this region Menor” has stimulated the local is supported by the increasing trend in the and is seen as a new source of richness to number of visitors (from 8000 in 1992 till overcome the crisis. In the last years con- 62500 in 2005). ventional mass tourism projects and small heritage projects “coexist” in this area. The The case of La Union town possibility of higher and faster cash-flow- results of the first ones is hindering the La Union town is located at Southeast possibility of developing projects related Spain and belong to the Murcia region. La with the local mining heritage which seem Union has been during a long time “synon- to have a long time response in the econo- ym” of mining in a regional and national mic point of view. level. The objectives of this work are pointing The mining history in this site started up general statements about tourism in during the Iberian period (Bronze Age) mining sites focusing in negative points, and continued with Phoenicians, Carthagi- necessities, opportunities and targets, and neans, etc., reaching a crucial point during applying to the case of La Union town. the Roman domain (209 b.C.). In this way this area has one of the longest mining his- The constraints and difficulties in tory in the Iberian Peninsula. the development of the mining tou- After the Roman decline, the mining rism in La Union’s town activity decreased among others reasons due to the depopulation of this zone (Man- The following aspects are generally teca and Berrocal, 1997). common in the most of mining sites and The middle of the XIX century mar- condition further projects of heritage: ked an inflexion point in this region - ta king place a “boom” of mining activities in Crisis after mining decline Southeast Spain based on a lot of small un- The traditional monoculture character derground exploitations. Thousand of peo- in mining sites has hindered in the most ple that came to this zone from different of cases the development of economic alter-

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natives in parallel to the mining activities. tors or old mining owners have been more The searching for these alternatives usua- focused in reconverting mining in lly takes place during the decline or just af- high mass tourism zones, obviating the ter the ending of the mining works. These cultural or indiosincrasic aspects of the situations are generally less favorable for local community. the development of new economic alternati- It is usual the most of projects are ca- ves due to the following factors: nalized by association or foundations with - in case of declining economic situations, the support of the public institutions (Her- the possibilities of doing high invests re- nández-Ramírez and Ruiz-Ballesteros, sult riskier than in a normal economic 2005). juncture. In the case of La Unión, local and re- - the change of activity in a society with gional authorities have developed small le- strong identity marks can not be assu- gal figures in order to protect the mining med in short period of time. This fact heritage. However in some cases, this mi- needs a progressive assumption in the ning heritage has been damaged (Mante- citizens and authorities. ca, 2003). Projects such as the creation of - during an economic decline there are a mining thematic park have focused the social factors which are unfavora- interest of both administrations in the ble to carry out new: laboral conflicts, last years. However, these projects are high unemployed ratios, emigration to overdimensioned and need high inves- another places, etc. tments which are difficult to provide. Till In La Union town the ending of the now, local Foundations, nearby universi- mining activity at the turn of the last cen- ties, local Council and particulars have tury brought a socioeconomic crisis to this carried out small projects in order to pre- Council, manifested in one of the highest serve “cultural and heritage aspects of the unemployment ratio in the Murcia Region traditional mining life”. But these projects (more than 20%) and resulting in the loss of have not enough size to consider the tou- population by emigration. This fact hinde- rism like an important economic source. red the possibilities of carrying out big pro- jects due to the absence of investors and the Lack of tourist infrastructures unfavourable social situation of the town. Generally mining sites have no tourist Nevertheless, politicians and government infrastructures: , tourist informa- trust in the tourism like the best economic tion places, good , restau- alternative for the town (La Verdad de Car- rants adapted to tourist necessities, etc. tagena, 2005). Complementary tourist services or leisure The nearby high mass tourism site of La activities (sport facilities, another cultu- Manga del Mar Menor has stimulated the ral facilities) are also commonly absence. local economy of LaUnion in order to facili- Mining sites located near “mass tou- tate services to tourists. At the same time rism” places may solve the lack of the urban growing of the town is receiving or other leisure services and moreover potentially tourists since the prices are re- may offer an aditional attraction to con- latively cheaper and the atmosphere is less ventional tourists. On the other hand, in crowded in comparison to the main tourist these cases the mining sites are reduced . Moreover, the communications to a simple “one journey” attraction with with the nearby tourist places are suitable. limited capacities to generate important This could be taken for the local authorities cash-flows. to offer much more that simple “residence” La Union’s town has the particularity to these tourists and at the same time to of been situated near one of the most im- reaffirm the identity of the town. portant mass tourist centers in the - nish Mediterranean : La Manga del Who has the initiative? Mar Menor. This fact, increases the possi- Generally, the mining towns come from bilities of receiving tourists and take the periods of economic recession (see latter advantage of “using” the important tou- paragraph). This aspect promotes the sear- rist infrastructures of the nearby areas: ching of new economic opportunities but at good communitcations, , ho- the same time is a signal that points up the tels, . lower economic capacity to effect big inves- tments. Then, it is usual to recur to public Environment, safety… investments in order to carry out projects. Mining activities are known for In this case the time-scale gets longer and their deleterious effects on the environ- the projects are generally spread in deca- ment. Mining wastes are sources of pollu- des. tion to the ground- and surface- , In the case of La Union, private inves- and in their vicinities. This

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is especially important when these lands Specificities and possibilities of the are used for crops or urban development, mining tourism in La Union town since there is high risk of metal exposure to humans (Conesa et al. 2008). All these Not all the tourists which visit cultu- factors can compromise the “future” of the ral attractions can be classified as cultural mining tourist generating rebuff and bad tourists since in the most of cases there image. Carrying out environmental res- are higher percentages of people that go to toration works are necessary in order to the cultural attractions as part of a wider offer a good image and attract people. tourism experience (such as beach holi- In other hand, mining exploitations day) (Richards, 1996). This aspect and the and factories need to follow some rules proximity of the mass tourism at La Manga and fulfill legal dispositions about emer- del Mar Menor may stimulate the visits to gencies, accidents, safety, etc. In this way, La Union’s town. a small accident, even without any injured There are some aspects that have to be people, may damage strongly the future of pointed up in relation to the development of the attraction. the “mining tourism” in La Union. The most significative element in re- lation to environmental pollution from Promotion of the Mining Landscape this area is the Portman Bay. This Bay, Landscape is part of the culture and is whose area covers around 1.5 km2, was considered also a human heritage. For the completely filled with the mining wastes UNESCO (2005b) the cultural landscapes generated by the mining refining proces- “are illustrative of the evolution of human ses. Martinez-Frias (1997) considered the society and settlement over time, under the Portman Bay “the most contaminated bay influence of the physical constraints and/ in the entire Mediterranean”. Nowadays, or opportunities presented by their natural the regeneration of the Portman Bay, in- environment and of successive social, eco- cluding the of nautic sport fa- nomic and cultural forces, both external cilities, is considered the key to the tourist and internal”. Fowler (2003) considers that development of the Council. industrial and urban landscapes can be in- has become an im- cluded in the World Heritage list “if they are portant issue worldwide because its conse- of outstanding universal value and meet quences in environmental health, loss of the criteria”. (2004) affirms that “as soil productivity and therefore the related a cultural landscape, the mine sits at the socioeconomic impacts. The remediation of nexus of history politics, and culture, the polluted is then considered a key for focal point of a contested moral landscape”. the economic reactivation in many sites, In La Unión a small Project supported however this issue is not easy to achieve by Cartagena and La Unión’s since in remediation projects usually meet Council has reconverted an old road that multiple factors (environmental, techni- crosses mines and interesting geologic for- cal, legislative, economical) which are site mations into a walking cultural route which specific dependent. Nowadays the public provides an exciting view of the past of the health concern in relation to soil contami- mines (Manteca et al., 2000). This road, ca- nation has taken the attention of regula- lled “Carretera del 33”, has been promoted tors which have brought the publication in local scale by brochures or newspapers of norms, contamination thresholds and notes and offers the possibility of mixing legally rules in relation to soil pollution culture, science, sport and nature. Another issues. In general, laws have included the route called “Lo Veremos”, placed at the obligation of effecting the soil reclama- urban zone, allows observing from outside tion if some previous proposed thresholds two examples of the old underground mi- are surpassed (BOE 2005). Conesa et al. ning activity and some mining machinery. (2008) showed a proposal for the environ- More efforts have to be done in this as- mental restoration of the Cartagena-La pect: hiking routes, eco-tourism, authoc- Unión Mining District under the adequa- tonous medicinal flora of the zone, bycicle te protection of the mining heritage ele- routes, etc… ments. According to these authors, the environmental restoration may be seen by Museums, machinary and infrastruc- the local authorities or local cultural asso- tures ciations as a barrier that can strangle the , refining centers, old machi- economic development. Usually, the envi- nery, factories, smelters, pit head frames, ronmental or restoration actions that have etc. All these elements are present in the to be carried out are expensive and local most of mining sites and reflect the history administrations are not able to cover these of the human . There are some expenses. inventories of the mining heritage of the

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zone (Manteca and Berrocal, 1997), that the province, 17% from the rest of Spain include mining machinery, underground and 12% are foreigners. galleries, open pits, etc., in total more Another kind of projects related with than one hundred sites. However, there the traditional local life is the Huerto Pío is not a general plan to restorate them or Project, also carried by Fundación Sierra make them visitable. In this way, the he- Minera. It consists in the reconstruction ritage seems to be “present” but only in an of a traditional local garden in which the academic point of view. The existence of a endemic authochtonous flora is shown. In mining heritage is then justified by some spite of the small size of the attraction academics and historians but it is not as- the number of visitors has increased con- sumed completely by the “society”. This tinuously from its inauguration in 2002. aspect is pointed up by Prats (2003) when During 2005 almost 2500 people have vi- affirms the theoretical and methodologic sited these attractions: 1800 from schools weakness in the development of a lot of tou- and 650 from the local area that in some rist heritage projects and the assumption cases also collaborate in works of environ- of “thesis” not completely signed up. The mental . “heritagization” in this case, seems to be The mining Museum of La Unión is “artificial” and the local population does the most successful action within the lo- not feel recognized in this process. It is ne- cal mining heritage development. The vi- cessary then, a better establishment of the sitors of the museum are not only restrai- mining heritage concept and to preserve ned to a regional scale but more people those elements that really define the “art from outside are currently interested in of the local mining”. The implication of the it. Around 10000-13000 visitors come an- local with their work experiences, nually to this museum, around 50 % from “mining legends” may generate feelings of organized trips (schools, cultural associa- “true experiences” in the visitors and at the tions, organized trips), 30% are tourists same time may implicate the local commu- from the nearby tourist area of “La Man- nity in the development of the mining he- ga” and 20% are others from the local and ritage projects. The question the remains regional communities. The data of the is if the mining heritage is valid by itself last ten years reflect a constant number to stimulate the development of projects or visitors in the museum. However, the (internal development from the local com- highest number of visitors was reached munity) or if it is necessary the interven- when the entrance was free, being the tion of public institutions (external develo- annual average of visitors around 15,000. pment from not-local community). This is The payment for entrance reduced the the key of the mining heritage projects and number of visitors, but mainly this de- may condition the future of these activities creasing came from the local community since at long term a project without the that visited the museum like a part of the support (at least emotional support) of the routine walks. local community is almost a failed trial. The projects that have been carried out Other cultural aspects in relation to mining heritage are scarce. Mining, like it was commented above, Recently, a former mine has been opened to has an important mark in the idiosyn- public visits which also offers the possibili- crasy of the citizens in mining towns. ty of celebrating social and cultural events This idiosyncrasy may be expressed by et- for reduced groups. Other initiatives came no-cultural manifestations. In La Unión, from European projects such as the case the flamenco Festival called “Cante de las of the “JARA” project, a European LIFE Minas” –Songs of the Mines- has recove- project, (see at http://www.fundacionsie- red the local-traditional flamenco songs rraminera.org/proyectos/jara/index.htm) which were song by the local miners. The that has been managed by the “Sierra Mi- feelings of nostalgie or anachronism are nera” Foundation. In this project two mi- present in the local community which re- nes haves been restored including actions members in this cultural manifestation to decrease the environmental risks of the the mining past of the town. Nevertheless, surroundings. Nevertheless this project it seems that the most important success seems to be reserved for the local commu- of the festival is that has connected with nity, which includes schools or local cultu- the “global” flamenco community and in ral associations. The attraction started its this way its repercussion takes place in visits in July 2005. From august 2005 to a national scale. During the weeks of the December 1600 people visited the mine: flamenco festival some cultural activities 350 from schools, 350 from different asso- with the base of mining take place in the ciations. The most of visitors come from the town: photography, paintings, etc. The local area (55%), 16% come from the rest of

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economic support of the Festival is provi- Carvajal, D.J., González, A., Carvajal, ded by public administrations, , uni- J.M. versities and private companies. All these 2002 “Patrimonio minero y paisaje urba- aspects and the important mediatic reper- no”. III Congreso Internacional sobre cussion of the Festival, may make us think Patrimonio Geológico y Minero. Defen- about the long term of this activity for the sa del Patrimonio y Desarrollo Regio- town. nal. VII Sesión Científica. Universidad In La Unión town is celebrated during Politécnica de Cartagena. Instituto each Easter a of . The acceptation and affluence of this event is Geológico Minero de España. Cartage- increasing each year showing the good ac- na 24, 25 y 26 de octubre de 2002. pp.76 ceptation of this activity. CEC (Comission of the European Commu- nities) Conclusions 2002 Report on community measures affec- ting tourism (2000). Comission Staff The necessity of searching for economic Working Paper. , 15.3.2002, alternatives in tradicional mining sites SEC(2002) 300. has found in the cultural aspects of the Conesa, H.M., Schulin, R., Nowack, B. mining a good source to attract tourists. 2008 “Mining landscape: a cultural tou- However, the steps are difficult to do due rist opportunity or an environmental to the numerous constraints that appear problem? The case of the Cartagena-La in mining “monoculture” communities. In Unión Mining District (SE Spain)” Eco- La Union twon (SE Spain) some projects logical Economics. 64 (690-700) to attract tourist are being carried out ba- Edwards, J.A., Llurdés i Coit, J.C. sed on diverse aspects: industrial herita- 1996 “Mines and : Industrial he- ge, landscape, environment, cultural and ethnic aspects, history. All these projects ritage tourism” Annals of Tourism Re- are useful in order to preserve the inden- search 23, 341-363. tity of the town and also to generate some Egea-Bruno, P.M. economic flow but to get this purpose much 2003 “La minería contemporánea en la more efforts have to be done. Authorities Sierra Minera de Cartagena-La Unión” see the tourism like the key for the econo- In: I. Rábano, J.I. Manteca and C. Gar- mic development of the council. However, cía, eds., Patrimonio geológico y minero it needs to be defined if the town is going y desarrollo regional (pp. 31-42). Ins- to play an active role (e.g. supplying it own tituto Geológico y Minero de España, tourist products) and/or a “collateral” role , Spain. (e.g. simply providing services for the near- Fernández, G., Guzmán-Ramos, A. by mass tourism area). 2004“El patrimonio industrial-minero como recurso turístico cultural: El caso References de un pueblo fãbrica en ” Pa- sos. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Armesto-Peña, J.L. Cultural 2, 101-109. 2002 Metodología para la transformación Fowler, P.J. de labores mineras en parques temáti- 2003 “World Heritage Cultural Landsca- cos. Proyecto Fin de Carrera. Universi- pes. 1992-2002”. World Heritage Pa- dad de Vigo, Galicia, Spain. pers. Number 6. U.N.E.S.C.O World BOE (Boletín Oficial del Estado) Heritage Centre, , France. 133 pp. 2005 Real Decreto 9/2005, de 14 de ene- Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/do- ro, por el que se establece la relación cuments/publi_wh_papers_06_en. de actividades potencialmente conta- (accessed 27 July 2006) minantes del suelo y los criterios y es- Hernández-Ramírez, M. Ruiz-Ballesteros, tándares para la declaración de suelos E. contaminados. (BOE n°15 de 18.01.05), 2005 “Apropiación patrimonial en contex- pp. 1833–1843. tos mineros de Andalucía” Revista de Bridge, G. dialectología y tradiciones populares. 2004 “Contested Terrain: Mining and the 60, 103-127 environment” Annual Review of Envi- Hospers, G.J. ronment and 29, 205-259. 2002 “Industrial and re- Cameron, C.M. gional restructuring in the European 1999 “Emerging industrial heritage: the Union” European Plannning Studies, politics of selection” Museum Anthropo- 10: 397-404. logy. 23: 58-73.

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PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 8(4). 2010 ISSN 1695-7121