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Evaluating Ecotourism: the Case of North Sulawesi, Indonesia Sheryl Ross*, Geo!Rey Wall Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont

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Evaluating Ecotourism: the Case of North Sulawesi, Indonesia Sheryl Ross*, Geo!Rey Wall Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont Tourism Management 20 (1999) 673}682 Evaluating ecotourism: The case of North Sulawesi, Indonesia Sheryl Ross*, Geo!rey Wall Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont. Canada N2L 3GI Abstract Ecotourism can contribute to both conservation and development and involves, as a minimum, positive synergistic relationships between tourism, biodiversity and local people, facilitated by appropriate management. This paper applies a framework for the development and evaluation of ecotourism to three protected areas in North Sulawesi. Due to its spectacular endemic biodiversity, the potential for providing quality nature experiences in North Sulawesi is high and tourism development is occurring rapidly. Site-level evaluations of ecotourism in three protected areas were performed to illustrate the application and the utility of the framework as a tool for evaluation and to assess the status of tourism in North Sulawesi. It is revealed that current relationships between people, resources and tourism in North Sulawesi have yet to provide the mutual bene"ts necessary for successful ecotourism. The approach and framework used to arrive at these conclusions have wide applicability for assessing the achievements of ecotourism at speci"c sites and for directing appropriate management strategies for ecotourism in protected areas. ( 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Biodiversity; Conservation; Development; Ecotourism; Local involvement; Natural areas; Indonesia 1. Introduction ecotourism has yet to be proposed. In a previous paper (Ross & Wall, 1999) a framework for the development Ecotourism has been widely recognized as a form of and evaluation of ecotourism was presented and justi"ed nature tourism which is expected to contribute to both (Fig. 1, top). It was argued that ecotourism has the conservation and development. Yet, for a variety of rea- potential to contribute to both conservation and devel- sons, ecotourism sites often fall short of these objectives opment and, as a minimum, it involves the creation of and there is a need to design e!ective means to assess positive synergistic relationships between tourism, biodi- ecotourism's accomplishments, shortcomings and poten- versity and local people through the application of tials. Fundamental functions of ecotourism are the pro- appropriate management strategies. The framework pro- tection of natural areas, the provision of high-quality vides both a means of articulating relationships among tourism experiences and the stimulation of local econo- key aspects of tourism as well as a pictorial means of mies, through provision of resources for conservation, indicating the status of ecotourism at particular sites. environmental education and local empowerment. The The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the utility degree to which these variables are functioning, or have of the framework as a tool for the evaluation of ecotour- the potential to function, essentially represents the e!ec- ism through its application to three protected areas in tiveness of an ecotourism site. Existing relationships North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Case studies of a marine between natural resources, tourism and local human national park, a terrestrial national park and a nature populations can be used to assess the status of ecotour- reserve, albeit within one province of a single country, ism and assist in deployment of e!ective management demonstrate the wide applicability of the framework. strategies. In order to set the locational context of the empirical Although the literature on ecotourism is growing rap- work, a brief discussion of the Indonesian and North idly, a standardized means for site-level assessment of Sulawesi biodiversity and tourism contexts is provided. The three case study sites are introduced as parts of these discussions. Research methods and the nature of the * Corresponding author. Fax: #519-746-2031. evidence used in the case studies are discussed brie#y. 0261-5177/99/$- see front matter ( 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 2 6 1 - 5 1 7 7 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 4 0 - 0 674 S. Ross, G. Wall / Tourism Management 20 (1999) 673}682 Fig. 1. The ecotourism framework applied to the three sites in North Sulawesi (solid line"solid relationship, dotted line"evidence of progress). Space does not permit the detailed presentation of each forest biome and the second richest expanse of tropical case study. Rather, a comparative approach is adopted rainforest in the world next to Brazil (Whitmore, 1990). with information on all three sites being presented in Because of the nature of the archipelago's complex, geo- a common format. This permits evaluation of each indi- logical origins, many of its islands support unique #ora vidual site, comparison between them and, by extension, and fauna found nowhere else in the world. assessment of the present status of tourism in North Unfortunately, Indonesia also possesses the greatest Sulawesi. The paper concludes with a re#ection on the number of species threatened with extinction and is des- general utility of the framework. Readers interested troying its forests faster than almost any other country in in a full description of the conceptual framework which the world. With a growing human population of over 200 is applied in this paper are urged to consult the paper million, further demands for food, energy, timber and by Ross and Wall (1999) in a previous issue of this other forest products will result in the continued destruc- journal. tion of forests by way of agricultural production, shifting cultivation and associated "res, urban development and mining. 2. Biodiversity and conservation in Indonesia and North As a megadiversity country, strategies to conserve Sulawesi what is left of Indonesia's biological resources are desper- ately needed. With a growing awareness of the necessity Indonesia, consisting of approximately 17,000 islands to protect its diverse habitats, the government has now which span a distance of 5200 km and an area of set aside in protected areas an ambitious 17.2% of 2,000,000 km, possesses some of the world's greatest its land and sea, totaling close of 50 m ha (Suprian & expanses of tropical forest and continuous coral systems. Sukandar, 1996). Ecotourism, largely focused on parks Indonesia contains 10% of the Earth's tropical moist and protected areas, has been highlighted as a priority for S. Ross, G. Wall / Tourism Management 20 (1999) 673}682 675 economic development and conservation of resources by and islands (5 islands) o! Manado's northeastern coast. the government of Indonesia in both its Biodiversity Situated in a region of the world which holds the greatest Action Plan and its national economic development marine biodiversity, all the coastlines in the park are plans (BAPPENAS/NRMP/USAID, 1993; Caldecott, fringed with coral reefs which are home to over 2500 1994). Because of its large tracts of tropical wilderness species of "sh and threatened species such as the dugong and biodiversity, travel through Indonesia, to destina- (Dugong dugon), several species of giant clam, and the tions such as North Sulawesi, is of increasing interest to hawksbill and green turtle. On land, it contains 20% of nature tourists. the province's mangrove forests. Thus management of Over a century ago, naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace this protected area requires careful consideration given set foot on the shores of Celebes (now Sulawesi), and the breadth of its ecological diversity and the population became intrigued with its unusual #oral and faunal in- of 20,000 people living within its boundaries. In light of habitants. Sulawesi possessed not only a mixture of Aus- its recognition and marketing as a `world-classa diving tralian and Asian species but was also home to many destination, Bunaken National Park is considered the endemic species found nowhere else in the archipelago jewel of the province's ecotourism potential (Volkman, (such as the now highly endangered babirusa (Babyrousa Caldwell & Oey, 1995). babiruss). The pre-historic isolation of parts of Sulawesi Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park (previously is evident due to its extraordinarily high degree of known as Dumoga Bone National Park) encompasses mammalian endemism (Michaux, 1993). The northern approximately 10% of North Sulawesi's land mass province, North Sulawesi, holds the greatest level of (close to 300,000 ha). The park contains several types of endemism, due to its long geological history of mountain rainforest including lowland, montane and cloud forest and water barriers, and island bridges from north east and has been recognized as an important reserve and west (Whitton, Mustafa & Henderson, 1987). Al- for primate conservation. Scenic hiking trails through though Sulawesi is not especially high in richness or a variety of ecosystems provide excellent wildlife view- number of species, its high degree of endemism implies ing opportunities, including a great diversity of bird signi"cant concern for conservation of its peculiar en- and butter#y species. The park houses the majority of demic rainforest diversity and its spectacular coral reefs. North Sulawesi's peculiar endemic species, such as Tar- Bunaken National Marine Park, Bogani Nani War- sius Spectrum (the world's smallest primate), the red- tabone National Park and Tangkoko Duasudara Nature knobbed hornbill (Rhyticeros cassidix), and one of its Reserve are three of the most important protected areas most prized wildlife attractions, the endangered
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