Permaculture Orchard Handout

COVER CROPS IN A WHOLE FARM SYSTEM by Lynda Prim The Benefits of Cover Crops Cover crops are plants grown specifically for their soil-enhancing qualities. Many farm crops such as clover, vetch, field peas, oats, buckwheat, winter wheat, and winter rye can be soil rejuvenators. They also function to protect areas of the soil between plantings and build soil fertility as living mulches or turned in as green manure. Legume cover crops, such as peas, clovers, cowpeas, fava beans, and vetch, store nitrogen for future use by other plants. The presence of cover crops on the landscape can increase nutrient capture and lower soil erosion, both of which can improve water quality. In annual row-cropping systems where biomass is being removed by annual harvest cover crops have been found to have a positive impact on soil quality by helping to offset the carbon and nutrient losses. A self-seeded cover crop system is a technique that can minimize competition with row crops, save the farmer time and money, while taking advantage of the effectiveness of self-seeding for plant vigor. A crop rotation system with grass that includes other suitable plant associations im- proves the soil by mobilizing and, at the same time, continuously renewing its biotic potential. Cover cropping and crop rotations together are organic management practices that can help to restore biological diversity in the landscape by providing plant diversity and habitat for beneficial insects in the field and garden while protecting the soil and building its fertility. Cover cropping in a crop rotation system allows for growing annual vegetable crops while re- placing the nutrients removed by the cultivars without the use of off-farm inputs. Cover crops can also supply rotational grazing for small-scale livestock. For this reason, an organic farm or garden can become a habitat for all the species living in the system — from cultivated and wild crops, to livestock, to beneficial and predator insects, to microbial life in the soil. In this context, the farmer/gardener maintains and manages biological diversity. The crop rotation contributes to the management of diversity by moving the cover crops in the field or garden through time and space as needed. Managing for Biodiversity In a whole farm system, biological diversity provides the most favorable conditions for a balance to become established in an ecosystem. For farmers/gardeners this means that the natural control of weeds, pests, and plant diseases are more likely to be effective in such a diverse system and that the occurrence of specific population explosions of a pest or disease is less likely. Diversity in an ecosystem or on the farm is more than just the number of species present — just as important are the links between the species that are present. In a whole farm system, one of the keys to creating more diverse, balanced habitats is finding species that can provide links to lots of other species. When planting cover crops, remember that the plants provide habitat for both beneficial insects and soil organisms. To enhance the attraction of beneficial insects specialized wildflowers and other insectiary plants can be added to the mix. Managing the land to grow a cultivated annual crop or permanent crop inevitably in- volves a simplification of the ecosystem, and therefore, the inter-relationships which usually keep potential pest or disease outbreaks under control can be adversely affected. Cover cropping and crop rotations improve insect and disease control by managing the system to benefit the soil and the crop. Monoculture, on the other hand, encourages many pest problems because the pests specific to a crop can multiply out of proportion when that crop is grown in the same place year after year. Pests are most easily kept in control when the soil grows dif- ferent crops over a number of years. Mixed plantings or intercropping of one or more plant species (polycultures) also provides diversity. For example: • low growing clover planted in permanent pathways between planting beds or as an understory for vegetable crops provides diversity and acts as a “living mulch; • perennial cover crops on the orchard floor provide beneficial insect habitat and can be man- aged by mowing for mulch and to maintain beneficial insect sanctuary Plant mixtures tend to have greater efficiency (or total yield) than monocultures. This is because mixed plant systems utilize resources like light, water, and nutrients more efficiently and, when legumes are grown, there is also the benefit of nitrogen fixation. Mixed plantings also result in a reduction in the spread of pests and diseases and increased opportunities for natural predators or improved weed control because there is more competition. Combinations of cover crop plants are useful for cycling nitrogen, building organic matter and microbial biomass for example: legumes such as peas, fava beans and vetch legume in combination with a grass such as winter rye. A favorite of traditional farmers throughout millennia are oats combined with field peas which also makes an excellent livestock hay. In permanent systems, like orchards, clover, alfalfa or sainfoin, with grass provides a long term cover with the same benefits as annual cover crop systems. Growing Cover Crops A cover crop can be annual or perennial. Annual cover crop species include, but are not limited to: winter wheat, spring barley, winter rye, oats, field peas, bell beans (favas), cowpeas, buckwheat, and vetch. A cover crop scheme can be spring or fall planted depending on the crop that is preceding or following. They can also be planted as a reseeding annual cover crop on land that is going to be rested for several seasons. Cover crops that are planted in early spring can be turned into the soil before planting summer annual crops. For instance: • spring barley or oats and field peas can be planted as soon as the soil can be worked and turned into the soil as green manure in time to plant tomatoes and squash; • oats and peas can also be left to grow all season and to winter kill with the hard frost leaving a protective mulch on the soil over the winter; • spring-planted vetch can be left to grow until summer when it can be mowed and inter- planted with tomatoes. The vetch enhances the growing environment for the tomatoes. If you don’t mow it, vetch will reseed itself and re-grow in the spring. An oat/fieldpea/vetch cover crop scheme is a classic in organic systems because it is well balanced in terms of cycling nitrogen and providing short term soil mineralization while boosting microbial biomass. Vetch in this annual cover crop mix serves the propose of attract- ing beneficial insects. Several varieties of vetch (Purple, Common, Hairy) can be mixed together to optimize beneficial habitat. Annual cover crops can be used within perennial cropping systems such as orchards and vineyards when the goal is to build soil, manage weeds, or provide seasonal protection for the soil and beneficial habitat. Perennial cover crops species can include: clovers, medics, alfalfa, sainfoin, and grasses. A low-growing clover like New Zealand White or White Dutch (6” to 8” tall at maturity is a good choice for permanent garden bed systems, field cropping systems where an understory crop is desired, and in orchards or vineyards. Salina Strawberry clover (also low- growing, 6” to 8” tall at maturity) can be added for diversity and to enhance the attraction of beneficial insects The low-growing clovers will take foot and equipment traffic once established. Mowing is an essential technique to manage the growth and vigor of perennial cover crops. High mowing of perennial cover crops, timing of mowing, and leaving unmown strips of perennial cover crop as sanctuary for beneficials are all strategies to maximize the effectiveness of perennial cover crop systems. To sow a cover crop it is necessary to prepare the surface of the soil by shallow tillage and raking. The seed can be broadcast or drilled depending on the scale, design, and equipment. It’s important that the soil surface be opened up to make a seed bed and that the seed is covered at the proper planting depth. If broadcasting the seed distribute it as evenly over the soil surface as possible whether using a mechanical broadcast seeder or if broadcasting by hand. After broadcasting, the seeds can be covered by hand using a rake or mechanically using a harrow so that the seeds are covered with soil but not buried too deeply. When raking by hand, it helps to tamp the soil lightly with the back of the rake to make sure that the seeds are in contact with moist soil. In drier climates, it is often necessary to pre-irrigate unless the soil already has good moisture. A cover crop can be planted anywhere you need it as the next crop in a rotation with vegetable and grain crops. An early spring cover crop is desirable before planting summer crops, but it isn't worth the trouble if the cover crop will be growing less than 6 to 8 weeks because there won’t be enough biomass developed to provide the “green manure” benefit. Allow at least 2 weeks after turning in a cover crop to allow for decomposition of the plant material and assimilation of soil nutrients. The early stages of the decomposition process, right after the residues are incorporated into the soil, can inhibit seed germination and root growth. It’s especially important to incorporate winter rye well and allow time for decomposition because excessive amounts of spring residue produced by winter rye can delay crop planting and actually decrease the availability of nitrogen to subsequent crops because the nitrogen is tied up or ‘immobilized’ by the decomposing residues.

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