Land Tenure Insecurity Constrains Cropping System Investment in the Jordan Valley of the West Bank
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Agriculture and the Future of Food: the Role of Botanic Gardens Introduction by Ari Novy, Executive Director, U.S
Agriculture and the Future of Food: The Role of Botanic Gardens Introduction by Ari Novy, Executive Director, U.S. Botanic Garden Ellen Bergfeld, CEO, American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America The more than 320 million Americans alive today depend on plants for our food, clothing, shelter, medicine, and other critical resources. Plants are vital in today’s world just as they were in the lives of the founders of this great nation. Modern agriculture is the cornerstone of human survival and has played extremely important roles in economics, power dynamics, land use, and cultures worldwide. Interpreting the story of agriculture and showcasing its techniques and the crops upon which human life is sustained are critical aspects of teaching people about the usefulness of plants to the wellbeing of humankind. Botanical gardens are ideally situated to bring the fascinating story of American agriculture to the public — a critical need given the lack of exposure to agricultural environments for most Americans today and the great challenges that lie ahead in successfully feeding our growing populations. Based on a meeting of the nation’s leading agricultural and botanical educators organized by the U.S. Botanic Garden, American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, this document lays out a series of educational narratives that could be utilized by the U.S. Botanic Garden, and other institutions, to connect plants and people through presentation -
Urban Agriculture: Long-Term Strategy Or Impossible Dream? Lessons from Prospect Farm in Brooklyn, New York
public health 129 (2015) 336e341 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Public Health journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/puhe Original Research Urban agriculture: long-term strategy or impossible dream? Lessons from Prospect Farm in Brooklyn, New York * T. Angotti a,b, a Urban Affairs & Planning at Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA b Prospect Farm in Brooklyn, New York, USA article info abstract Article history: Proponents of urban agriculture have identified its potential to improve health and the Available online 25 February 2015 environment but in New York City and other densely developed and populated urban areas, it faces huge challenges because of the shortage of space, cost of land, and the lack Keywords: of contemporary local food production. However, large portions of the city and metro- Urban agriculture politan region do have open land and a history of agricultural production in the not-too- Land use policy distant past. Local food movements and concerns about food security have sparked a Community development growing interest in urban farming. Policies in other sectors to address diet-related ill- Food safety nesses, environmental quality and climate change may also provide opportunities to Climate change expand urban farming. Nevertheless, for any major advances in urban agriculture, sig- nificant changes in local and regional land use policies are needed. These do not appear to be forthcoming any time soon unless food movements amplify their voices in local and national food policy. Based on his experiences as founder of a small farm in Brooklyn, New York and his engagement with local food movements, the author analyzes obstacles and opportunities for expanding urban agriculture in New York. -
Efficacy of Intercropping Pattern in Reducing Weeds Infestation in Okra, Maize and Pepper Intercrop
International Journal of Weed Science and Technology ISSN 4825-3499 Vol. 2 (1), pp. 063-069, January, 2018. Available online at www.advancedscholarsjournals.org © Advanced Scholars Journals Full Length Research Paper Efficacy of intercropping pattern in reducing weeds infestation in okra, maize and pepper intercrop *Ubini C. Thomas, Jaymiwhie Obanna and Ikogho B. Patrick Department of Crop and Soil Science, University of Port Harcourt, P. M. B 5323 Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Accepted 15 January, 2018 Field study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of intercropping pattern in reducing weed infestation in okra, maize and pepper intercrop; at the teaching and research farm of Rivers State University of Science and Technology Port Harcourt, Nigeria during 2009 and 2010 cropping season. Three intercropping pattern namely; alternate row intercropping, strip row intercropping and mixed intercropping were compared to sole cropping in a randomized complete block design replicated three times. The result reveal that weed biomass were significantly lower in both years in all forms of intercropping pattern compared to sole cropping or mono-cropping. Weed smothering efficiency in both years showed that mixed pattern (45.7%) >alternate row pattern (33.4%) > strip row pattern (11.5%). Crop yield were better in an intercrop system for maize and pepper in both years compared to -1 sole crop. However, mean okra fruit yield was highest in sole cropping (3253 kg ha ) when compared -1 to intercropping pattern. Maize yield was highest in mixed pattern (8,987 kg ha ) and lowest in sole -1 -1 cropping (6,955 kg ha ) while pepper fruit yield was highest in strip row pattern (5,435 kg ha ) and -1 lowest in mixed pattern (1,562 kg ha ). -
Sharecropping in the US South.∗
Turnover or Cash? Sharecropping in the US South.∗ Guilherme de Oliveira University of Amsterdam February 4, 2017 Abstract Between 1880 and 1940, US post offices alleviated the isolation of the Southern countryside by posting information about jobs in the growing industrial sector. Hence, post offices enhanced the outside options of employees in a time employers in the farm- ing sector used sharecropping - a contract where employers paid employees with a share of the harvested crop - to avoid labor turnover costs. This paper finds that a new post office in a county decreased sharecropping, which is evidence that sharecropping mostly resulted from the lack of outside options for employees. This is an innovative result in the share contract literature, usually more concerned about sector-level reasons such as labor turnover than about outside options. Furthermore, new light is shed on the current use of sharecropping and other share contracts such as franchising. Since share- cropping and franchising are a form of entrepreneurship, this paper suggests a reason for the negative relation between GDP per capita and entrepreneurship. Keywords: Share Contracts; Turnover; Outside Option. JEL classification: J41; J43; N30; N50. ∗I would like to thank Giuseppe Dari-Mattiacci and Carmine Guerriero for their invaluable contribution as my supervisors. I am especially grateful for the thorough comments by Torsten Jochem and Mehmet Kutluay, and to the input given by the participants at 2016 Conference of the European Law & Economics Association, 2016 Congress of the European Economic Association, 2016 Conference of the Spanish Law & Economics Association, 2016 Conference on Empirical Legal Studies in Europe, the 2015 Ronald Coase Institute Workshop - Tel Aviv, the brownbag seminar of the Finance Group at the University of Amsterdam, and at the Tinbergen Institute PhD seminar. -
Slavery, Sharecropping, and Sexual Inequality
University of New Orleans ScholarWorks@UNO Sociology Faculty Publications Department of Anthropology and Sociology Summer 1989 Slavery, Sharecropping, and Sexual Inequality Susan A. Mann University of New Orleans, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/soc_facpubs Part of the Gender and Sexuality Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, and the Race and Ethnicity Commons Recommended Citation Mann, Susan A. 1989. "Slavery, Sharecropping, and Sexual Inequality." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture & Society 14, no. 4: 774-798. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Anthropology and Sociology at ScholarWorks@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Slavery, Sharecropping, and Sexual Inequality Author(s): Susan A. Mann Source: Signs, Vol. 14, No. 4, Common Grounds and Crossroads: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in Women's Lives (Summer, 1989), pp. 774-798 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3174684 . Accessed: 12/04/2011 15:32 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. -
Sharecropping in Alabama During Reconstruction: an Answer to a Problem and a Problem in the Making? (Suggested Grade Level: 10Th Grade Advanced U.S
Title of Lesson: Sharecropping in Alabama during Reconstruction: An Answer to a Problem and a Problem in the Making? (Suggested grade level: 10th Grade Advanced U.S. History to 1877) This lesson was created as a part of the Alabama History Education Initiative, funded by a generous grant from the Malone Family Foundation in 2009. Author Information: Mary Hubbard, Advanced Placement History Teacher, Retired Alabama History Education Initiative Consultant Background Information: The following links offer background information on Alabama sharecroppers during Reconstruction: • Encyclopedia of Alabama offers an extensive selection of articles and multimedia resources dealing with almost all aspects of Alabama history, geography, culture, and natural environment. Typing the word “sharecropping” into the search window yields 18 results, a mix of articles and some very powerful photographs of Alabama sharecroppers that were taken in the 1930s. The first article gives a solid overview of the history of sharecropping/tenant farming and contains links to the other resources. It includes this relevant statement: “It has been estimated that as late as early 1940s, the average sharecropper family’s income was less than 65 cents a day.” • PBS: The American Experience offers a wealth of resources for teachers. The material related to sharecropping was developed in conjunction with the American Experience series entitled “Reconstruction: The Second Civil War.” Overview of lesson: This lesson is designed to introduce the Reconstruction Period and generate greater student interest in learning about how it both succeeded and failed as a response to conditions in the South at the end of the Civil War. It focuses on the sharecropping/tenant system which developed right after the war ended, and persisted in Alabama well into the 1940s. -
Sustainable Development: Intercropping for Agricultural Production
Session 3551 Sustainable Development: Intercropping for Agricultural Production Saeed D. Foroudastan, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Olivia Dees, Research Assistant Engineering Technology and Industrial Studies Department Middle Tennessee State University Abstract The damaging effects of monoculture threaten the sustainability of our world. Genetic engineering, or biotechnology, gravely endangers the future integrity of genes with possible unforeseen mutations. For example, Monsanto has created a terminator technology that will not allow farmers to reproduce their own plants from secondary seeds. This minimizes the diversity of plant crop varieties by which farmers have relied upon for centuries. Biotechnology may thereby cause irreparable damage to the sustainability of the world’s food supply. Although all biotechnology is not wrongful, most genetically engineered crops are potentially so dangerous that even insurance companies will not cover farmers that use them. Furthermore, the introduction of patent clone seeds will undermine the ability of rural farmers to compete for survival by raising prices on conventional seeds. This corners decision making into acceptance of the same crop cultivation. Environmental effects are devastating as more pesticides and herbicides are used for these plants, and resistant pests may abound. In addition, exponential population growth in cities presents the problem of land availability. The trick is to make the maximum use of space while balancing the environment. The beauty of intercropping is that many types exist so that specialization for different climates and terrain may be applied to a particular region. Research shows successful results with intercropping. Organic farmers often have superior net cash returns, making it a feasible option for mass production. -
INTERCROPPING Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Intercropping in Semi-Arid Areas, Held at Morogoro, Tanzania, 4-7 August 1980 INTERCROPPING
IDRC-186e INTERCROPPING Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Intercropping in Semi-Arid Areas, held at Morogoro, Tanzania, 4-7 August 1980 INTERCROPPING Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Intercropping in Semi-Arid Areas, held at Morogoro, Tanzania, 4-7 August 1980 Editors: C.L. Keswani and B.J. Ndunguru University of Dar es Salaam Tanzania National Scientific Research Council International Development Research Centre The International Development Research Centre is a public corporation created by the Parliament of Canada in 1970 to support research designed to adapt science and technology to the needs of developing countries. The Centre's activity is concentrated in five sectors: agriculture, food and nutrition sciences; health sciences; information sciences; social sciences; and com- munications. IDRC is financed solely by the Parliament of Canada; its policies, however, are set by an international Board of Governors. The Centre's headquarters are in Ottawa, Canada. Regional offices are located in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. ©1982 International Development Research Centre Postal Address: Box 8500, Ottawa, Canada K1G 3H9 Head Office: 60 Queen Street, Ottawa Keswani, C.L. Ndunguru, B.J. University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam TZ Tanzania National Scientific Research Council, Dar es Salaam TZ International Development Research Centre, Ottawa CA IDRC-186e Intercropping : proceedings of the Second Symposium on Intercropping in Semi-Arid Areas, held at Morogoro, Tanzania, 4-7 August, 1980. Ottawa, Ont., IDRC, 1982. 168 p. : ill. /Intercropping/, /semi-arid zone/-/agricultural research/, /Africa/, /culti- vation practices/, /plant breeding/, /plant protection/, /crop yield/, /research results/, /research methods/. UDC: 631.584(213) ISBN: 0-88936-318-8 Microfiche edition available Contents Foreword R. -
Cultivating Farmworker Injustice: the Resurgence of Sharecropping
Cultivating Farmworker Injustice: The Resurgence of Sharecropping JENNIFER T. MANION* Certain industries in the United States have always relied upon inexpensive, undemanding, and plentiful immigrant workforces. This reliance on outside labor is most notable in the agricultural industry. Indeed, from the southern plantationsfueled by slave labor to the strawberry fields on the West Coast tended by Japanesefarmers, much of the agriculturalwork in this country has been performed by newly--and involuntarily-arrivedpopulations who lack the freedom or ability to seek other means ofsupport. With immigrationfrom other countries, Mexico in particular,on the rise, it is no surprise that many Hispanic immigrants arefinding work in the agriculturalindustry. What is surprisingis that despite the enactment of laws gearedtoward protectingthese workers, they arefinding themselves little better off than their predecessors. The dijffculties that immigrant farmworkers continue to face are due in part to employers' efforts to evade the requirements of protective legislation by labeling their farmworkers as independentcontractors in sharecroppingcontracts. I. INTRODUCTION Lured by the possibility of achieving the independence that they had sought, the Ramirez family of Salinas, California, entered a contract with a local vegetable broker, Veg-a-Mix, that seemed to offer the family a chance to finally "own[ ] [their] own farm and earn[ ] a living from it."' Under the contract, the Ramirez family received a loan from Veg-a-Mix to grow zucchini and in return promised to sell their crops exclusively through the broker.2 After working under these contracts for several years, however, the Ramirez family has nothing to3 show for their hard work except a debt to Veg-a-Mix for approximately $65,000. -
A Substantial Component in Sustainable Organic Agriculture
Udhaya Nandhini and SomasundaramAvailable Ind. online J. Pure at App.www.ijpab.com Biosci. (2020 ) 8(2), 133-143 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8007 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. (2020) 8(2), 133-143 Review Article Intercropping – A Substantial Component in Sustainable Organic Agriculture D. Udhaya Nandhini1* and E. Somasundaram2 1Post Doctoral Fellow, Centre of Excellence in sustaining Soil Health, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College & Research Institute, Trichy-620 027 Tamil Nadu 2Professor and Head, Department of Sustainable Organic Agriculture, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, Tamil Nadu, India *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 3.03.2020 | Revised: 7.04.2020 | Accepted: 11.04.2020 ABSTRACT st The greatest challenge of the 21 century in many developing countries are to produce more and more basic necessities namely food, fodder, fuel and fibre for ever increasing human and animal population from the limited available land. The availability of land for agriculture is shrinking every day as it is increasingly utilized for non-agricultural purposes. Under this situation, one of the important strategies to increase agricultural output is development of high intensity cropping systems including intercropping system which involves biotic and abiotic stress resistant, soil building, protein rich and oil producing crops. Intercropping is a ways to increase diversity in an agricultural ecosystem. This review summarizes the most important aspects of intercropping system in organic agriculture. Keywords: Intercropping, Stress resistant, Agricultural ecosystem, Diversity INTRODUCTION agricultural systems following objectives such Sustainable agriculture is a type of agriculture as: ecological balance, more utilization of that is more efficient in use of resources, for resources, increasing the quantity and quality the benefit of human, and is in balance with and reduce yield damage to pests, diseases and the environment. -
Does Land Tenure Systems Affect Sustainable Agricultural
sustainability Article Does Land Tenure Systems Affect Sustainable Agricultural Development? Nida Akram 1 , Muhammad Waqar Akram 1, Hongshu Wang 1,* and Ayesha Mehmood 2 1 College of Economics and Management, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China 2 Institute of knowledge and leadership, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-159-4600-2021 Received: 5 July 2019; Accepted: 17 July 2019; Published: 18 July 2019 Abstract: The current study aims to investigate the agricultural investment differences among three kinds of land lease agreements and their effect on farmers’ decisions regarding sustainable growth in terms of soil conservation and wheat productivity, using cross-sectional data from rural households in Punjab, Pakistan. The “multivariate Tobit model” was used for the empirical analysis because it considers the possible substitution of investment choices and the tenancy status’ endogeneity. Compared to agricultural lands on lease contracts, landowners involved in agribusiness are more likely to invest in measures to improve soil and increase productivity. Moreover, the present study has also identified that the yield per hectare is much higher for landowners than sharecroppers, and thus, the Marshall’s assumption of low efficiency of tenants under sharecroppers is supported. Keywords: land tenure; soil conservation; Investment decision; farm productivity; land use sustainability; agricultural development 1. Introduction The reformation of agricultural land has garnered broad support in many countries. Such reformation depends to a certain extent on the assumption that agrarian land under secured land tenancy status is preferable to other types of land right arrangements [1,2]. Secured land rights ensure permanent retention of farmland, which incentivizes and encourages farmers to invest in sustainable development for long-term benefits. -
Women's Agricultural Knowledge and Its Effects on Soil Nutrient Content In
Women’s agricultural knowledge and its effects on soil nutrient content in the Nyalenda urban gardens of Kisumu, Kenya Nicolette Tamara R.J.M. Jonkman1, Esmee D. Kooijman1, Boris Jansen1, Nicky R.M. Pouw2, Karsten Kalbitz3 5 1 Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics group, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1090 GE, the Netherlands 2 Governance and Inclusive Development Programme Group, Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 WS, The Netherlands 10 3 Soil Resources and Land Use group, Institute of Soil Science and Site Ecology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany Correspondence to: Nicolette Tamara Jonkman ([email protected]) Acknowledgements We would like to sincerely thank all those who aided us in the preparation and execution of this research project. Amoung 15 which: the Kisumu VIRED team, including professor JB Okeyo-Owour and Dan Abuto, and the CABE team in Nairobi, including Dr. Hannington Odame. Abstract. In Kisumu up to 60% of the inhabitants practice some form of urban agriculture, with just under 50% of the workers being female. On average, women spend more hours a day in the gardens than men. To increase yields, women’s 20 knowledge has to be considered in agricultural management. However, women face greater obstacles in land ownership, investment, and farm inputs due to social and cultural constraints as consequence of their gender. This case study aimed to determine what agricultural knowledge the women farmers there hold, where they get their knowledge, what motivates them in their choice of agricultural management and finally how their choices influence the soils nutrient content.