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Native Forest Tree Conservation in Tropical Agroforests: Case Study of Cacao Farms in the Atlantic Forest of Southern Bahia, Brazil

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Native Forest Tree Conservation in Tropical Agroforests: Case Study of Cacao Farms in the Atlantic Forest of Southern Bahia, Brazil ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! #$%&'(!)*+(,%!%+((!-*.,(+'$%&*.!&.!%+*/&-$0!$1+*)*+(,%,2!3$,(!,%456!*)! -$-$*!)$+7,!&.!%8(!9%0$.%&-!:*+(,%!*)!,*4%8(+.!;$8&$<!;+$=&0! ! >(18$.!>?!>-@&.%6! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 ! ! ! Copyright 2011 Meghan M. McGinty All rights reserved ! ! ! ABSTRACT Native forest tree conservation in tropical agroforests: Case study of cacao farms in the Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia, Brazil Meghan M. McGinty Agroforests are model systems for ecological conservation in tropical agricultural landscapes because they integrate biodiversity conservation and rural livelihoods. Whether agroforests are long-term solutions for conserving biodiversity in agricultural landscapes may depend sapling regeneration of native forest trees in agroforests. In this dissertation, I ask two main questions: are native forest trees regenerating in agroforests and if so, what are the ecological and social drivers? I tested the influence of potential seed sources from both the landscape and parent trees found in the agroforest. I also examined how a set of social factors affected native forest tree regeneration. The social drivers I tested include tree management and use, land tenure and state-restricted rights to harvest native timber. I found that a number of native pioneer species are regenerating at relatively high frequencies and abundances. I also found that many secondary native forest tree species are also regenerating although their sapling are found less frequently and at lower abundances. Most primary forest tree species present as adults are not regenerating and lacked sapling in the agroforests. The influence of the ecological factors was limited. The main drivers of native forest tree regeneration on farms are the understorey management and the rural extension services that assisted farms obtain state-restricted rights. ! ! TABLE OF CONTENTS List of tables and figures…………………………………………………………ii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………….………iv Dedication……………………………………………………………….….…….v Introduction……………………………………………………………………….1 Chapter 1: Tree management and the diversity of native forest trees in tropical shaded perennial crop agroforestry systems: A review ……………………………………4 Chapter 2: #$%&'(!)*+(,%!%+((!-*.,(+'$%&*.!&.!%+*/&-$0!$1+&-40%4+(2!!%8(!-$,(!*)!-$-$*! $1+*)*+(,%!,6,%(7,!&.!%8(!9%0$.%&-!-*$,%$0!+$&.)*+(,%!*)!,*4%8(+.!;$8&$<!;+$=&0CCCC??DE! ! 38$/%(+!B2 F*%(.%&$0!)*+!&.-+($,(5!-*.,(+'$%&*.!/*0&-6!())(-%&'(.(,,2!.$%&'(!)*+(,%!%+((! 8$G&%$%!&.!-*-*$!)$+7,!&.!,*4%8(+.!;$8&$<!;+$=&0……………..……………………………94 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………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farms with saplings/# farms with adults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aZA<!:[+$%&*Q!O?ZBaD<!<!5?)?Q!"<!/QS?S"<!.QAS!)$+7,R! :&14+(!Z2!Y&.($+!+(1+(,,&*.!,8*V&.1!$!,&1.&)&-$.%!.(1$%&'(!&.)04(.-(!*)!%8(!)+(N4(.-6!*)!-0($+&.1!&.! -$-$*!$1+*)*+(,%+6!)$+7,!P.QASR!*.!%8(!,%(7!5(.,&%6!*)!,$/0&.1,!P&.5?`8$R!*)!%8(!,/(-&(,! !"#$%&'()*#+,-"*-.#<!$!0$%(!,(-*.5$+6!.$%&'(!)*+(,%!%+((!,/(-&(,!P+AQS?ABb"<!5?)?!Q"<!%[+$%&*Q[A?BO<! 3?W?Q!aZc<!/QS?SAaSR!&.!,*4%8(+.!;$8&$<!;+$=&0!AS"S! CHAPTER THREE Table 1: Internationally and Brazilian federally listed and legally protected native forest trees species found in the cocoa agroforests of the Atlantic coastal forest of southern Bahia, Brazil. Table 2: Summary of analysis of environmental policies that affect native forest tree management in cocoa agroforests in the Atlantic coastal forest of southern Bahia, Brazil in June 2011 Table 3: Summary of percentage of farmers (n=56) with affirmative responses in interviews to different aspects of understanding laws that determine native forest tree management and experiences law enforcement on cocoa farms in southern Bahia, Brazil 2010 Table 4: Summary of p-values of the Chi-square testing for correlation among the different aspects of understanding of the law and experience with law enforcement for cocoa farmers (n=56) in southern Bahia, Brazil 2010. Table 5: Parameter estimates for regression model predicting the species richness of native forest tree saplings (n=56 participants nested in n=20 farms, R2= 0.12, RMSE=0.42, p=0.17) Figure 1: Regression model predicting the species richness of native forest tree saplings (n=56 participants nested in n=20 farms, R2= 0.12, RMSE=0.42, p=0.17) with three categorical variables: contact with law enforcement, prohibited to harvest native timber and legal rights to harvest native timber. ! &&&! ! ! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to acknowledge all the collaborators that made this project possible. In particular I would like to thank Dr. Wayt Thomas, Dr. Christine Padoch, Dr. Maria Uriarte and Dr. Regina R.H. Sambuichi. I would also like to acknowledge the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology and the Institute for Latin American Studies at Columbia University in New York City in addition to the Instituto Cabruca, Floresta Viva and the State University of Santa Cruz (UESC) in southern Bahia, Brazil for their institutional support. I also want to acknowledge my mother Patricia J. McGinty for her unfailing support and my aunt Kelly Burnett for her encouragement me to become a biologist. ! &'! ! ! DEDICATION I dedicate this PhD dissertation to all the farmers who took the time to open themselves up to share their experiences, opinions, concerns, stories, families and farms with me. I also dedicate this PhD dissertation to the native forest trees of southern Bahia, Brazil for all of their magnanimous beauty. ! '! ! "! 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