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1. Introduction
THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 122:109È150, 1999 May ( 1999. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. GALAXY STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS: STAR FORMATION RATE AND EVOLUTION WITH REDSHIFT M. TAKAMIYA1,2 Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and Gemini 8 m Telescopes Project, 670 North Aohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720 Received 1998 August 4; accepted 1998 December 21 ABSTRACT The evolution of the structure of galaxies as a function of redshift is investigated using two param- eters: the metric radius of the galaxy(Rg) and the power at high spatial frequencies in the disk of the galaxy (s). A direct comparison is made between nearby (z D 0) and distant(0.2 [ z [ 1) galaxies by following a Ðxed range in rest frame wavelengths. The data of the nearby galaxies comprise 136 broad- band images at D4500A observed with the 0.9 m telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory (23 galaxies) and selected from the catalog of digital images of Frei et al. (113 galaxies). The high-redshift sample comprises 94 galaxies selected from the Hubble Deep Field (HDF) observations with the Hubble Space Telescope using the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 in four broad bands that range between D3000 and D9000A (Williams et al.). The radius is measured from the intensity proÐle of the galaxy using the formulation of Petrosian, and it is argued to be a metric radius that should not depend very strongly on the angular resolution and limiting surface brightness level of the imaging data. It is found that the metric radii of nearby and distant galaxies are comparable to each other. -
Nuclear Properties of Nearby Spiral Galaxies from Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Imaging and STIS Spectroscopy
Nuclear Properties of Nearby Spiral Galaxies from Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS imaging and STIS Spectroscopy.1 M. A. Hughes1, D. Axon11, J. Atkinson1, A. Alonso-Herrero2, C. Scarlata7, A. Marconi4, D. Batcheldor1, J. Binney6, A. Capetti5, C. M. Carollo7, L. Dressel3, J. Gerssen12, D. Macchetto3, W. Maciejewski4,10, M. Merrifield8, M. Ruiz1, W. Sparks3, M. Stiavelli3, Z. Tsvetanov9, ABSTRACT We investigate the central regions of 23 spiral galaxies using archival NICMOS imag- ing and STIS spectroscopy. The sample is taken from our program to determine the masses of central massive black holes (MBH) in 54 nearby spiral galaxies. Stars are likely to contribute significantly to any dynamical central mass concentration that we find in our MBH program and this paper is part of a series to investigate the nuclear properties of these galaxies. We use the Nuker law to fit surface brightness profiles, derived from the NICMOS images, to look for nuclear star clusters and find possible extended sources in 3 of the 23 galaxies studied (13 per cent). The fact that this fraction is lower than that inferred from optical Hubble Space Telescope studies is probably due to the greater spatial resolution of those studies. Using R-H and J-H colors and equiv- alent widths of Hα emission (from the STIS spectra) we investigate the nature of the stellar population with evolutionary models. Under the assumption of hot stars ionizing the gas, as opposed to a weak AGN, we find that there are young stellar populations (∼10–20 Myr) however these data do not allow us to determine what percentage of the 1Centre for Astrophysical Research, STRI, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK. -
Classification of Galaxies Using Fractal Dimensions
UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-1999 Classification of galaxies using fractal dimensions Sandip G Thanki University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Thanki, Sandip G, "Classification of galaxies using fractal dimensions" (1999). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/8msa-x9b8 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. -
Atlas Menor Was Objects to Slowly Change Over Time
C h a r t Atlas Charts s O b by j Objects e c t Constellation s Objects by Number 64 Objects by Type 71 Objects by Name 76 Messier Objects 78 Caldwell Objects 81 Orion & Stars by Name 84 Lepus, circa , Brightest Stars 86 1720 , Closest Stars 87 Mythology 88 Bimonthly Sky Charts 92 Meteor Showers 105 Sun, Moon and Planets 106 Observing Considerations 113 Expanded Glossary 115 Th e 88 Constellations, plus 126 Chart Reference BACK PAGE Introduction he night sky was charted by western civilization a few thou - N 1,370 deep sky objects and 360 double stars (two stars—one sands years ago to bring order to the random splatter of stars, often orbits the other) plotted with observing information for T and in the hopes, as a piece of the puzzle, to help “understand” every object. the forces of nature. The stars and their constellations were imbued with N Inclusion of many “famous” celestial objects, even though the beliefs of those times, which have become mythology. they are beyond the reach of a 6 to 8-inch diameter telescope. The oldest known celestial atlas is in the book, Almagest , by N Expanded glossary to define and/or explain terms and Claudius Ptolemy, a Greco-Egyptian with Roman citizenship who lived concepts. in Alexandria from 90 to 160 AD. The Almagest is the earliest surviving astronomical treatise—a 600-page tome. The star charts are in tabular N Black stars on a white background, a preferred format for star form, by constellation, and the locations of the stars are described by charts. -
Caldwell Catalogue - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Caldwell catalogue - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Log in / create account Article Discussion Read Edit View history Caldwell catalogue From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Main page Contents The Caldwell Catalogue is an astronomical catalog of 109 bright star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies for observation by amateur astronomers. The list was compiled Featured content by Sir Patrick Caldwell-Moore, better known as Patrick Moore, as a complement to the Messier Catalogue. Current events The Messier Catalogue is used frequently by amateur astronomers as a list of interesting deep-sky objects for observations, but Moore noted that the list did not include Random article many of the sky's brightest deep-sky objects, including the Hyades, the Double Cluster (NGC 869 and NGC 884), and NGC 253. Moreover, Moore observed that the Donate to Wikipedia Messier Catalogue, which was compiled based on observations in the Northern Hemisphere, excluded bright deep-sky objects visible in the Southern Hemisphere such [1][2] Interaction as Omega Centauri, Centaurus A, the Jewel Box, and 47 Tucanae. He quickly compiled a list of 109 objects (to match the number of objects in the Messier [3] Help Catalogue) and published it in Sky & Telescope in December 1995. About Wikipedia Since its publication, the catalogue has grown in popularity and usage within the amateur astronomical community. Small compilation errors in the original 1995 version Community portal of the list have since been corrected. Unusually, Moore used one of his surnames to name the list, and the catalogue adopts "C" numbers to rename objects with more Recent changes common designations.[4] Contact Wikipedia As stated above, the list was compiled from objects already identified by professional astronomers and commonly observed by amateur astronomers. -
The Caldwell Catalogue+Photos
The Caldwell Catalogue was compiled in 1995 by Sir Patrick Moore. He has said he started it for fun because he had some spare time after finishing writing up his latest observations of Mars. He looked at some nebulae, including the ones Charles Messier had not listed in his catalogue. Messier was only interested in listing those objects which he thought could be confused for the comets, he also only listed objects viewable from where he observed from in the Northern hemisphere. Moore's catalogue extends into the Southern hemisphere. Having completed it in a few hours, he sent it off to the Sky & Telescope magazine thinking it would amuse them. They published it in December 1995. Since then, the list has grown in popularity and use throughout the amateur astronomy community. Obviously Moore couldn't use 'M' as a prefix for the objects, so seeing as his surname is actually Caldwell-Moore he used C, and thus also known as the Caldwell catalogue. http://www.12dstring.me.uk/caldwelllistform.php Caldwell NGC Type Distance Apparent Picture Number Number Magnitude C1 NGC 188 Open Cluster 4.8 kly +8.1 C2 NGC 40 Planetary Nebula 3.5 kly +11.4 C3 NGC 4236 Galaxy 7000 kly +9.7 C4 NGC 7023 Open Cluster 1.4 kly +7.0 C5 NGC 0 Galaxy 13000 kly +9.2 C6 NGC 6543 Planetary Nebula 3 kly +8.1 C7 NGC 2403 Galaxy 14000 kly +8.4 C8 NGC 559 Open Cluster 3.7 kly +9.5 C9 NGC 0 Nebula 2.8 kly +0.0 C10 NGC 663 Open Cluster 7.2 kly +7.1 C11 NGC 7635 Nebula 7.1 kly +11.0 C12 NGC 6946 Galaxy 18000 kly +8.9 C13 NGC 457 Open Cluster 9 kly +6.4 C14 NGC 869 Open Cluster -
An Atlas of Hubble Space Telescope Spectra and Images of Nearby Spiral Galaxies1 M
The Astronomical Journal, 126:742–761, 2003 August # 2003. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. AN ATLAS OF HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE SPECTRA AND IMAGES OF NEARBY SPIRAL GALAXIES1 M. A. Hughes,2 A. Alonso-Herrero,3 D. Axon,2,4 C. Scarlata,5 J. Atkinson,2 D. Batcheldor,2 J. Binney,6 A. Capetti,7 C. M. Carollo,8 L. Dressel,5 J. Gerssen,5 D. Macchetto,5 W. Maciejewski,9,10 A. Marconi,9 M. Merrifield,11 M. Ruiz,2 W. Sparks,5 M. Stiavelli,5 Z. Tsvetanov,12 and R. van der Marel5 Received 2003 April 17; accepted 2003 May 6 ABSTRACT We have observed 54 nearby spiral galaxies with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) on the Hubble Space Telescope to obtain optical long-slit spectra of nuclear gas disks and STIS optical (R band) images of the central 500 Â 500 of the galaxies. These spectra are being used to determine the velocity field of nuclear disks and hence to detect the presence of central massive black holes. Here we present the spectra for the successful observations. Dust obscuration can be significant at optical wavelengths, and so we also combine the STIS images with archival Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer H-band images to produce color maps to investigate the morphology of gas and dust in the central regions. We find a great variety in the different morphologies, from smooth distributions to well-defined nuclear spirals and dust lanes. Key words: galaxies: nuclei — galaxies: spiral 1. INTRODUCTION Merritt 2000; Gebhardt et al. -
Terry Adrian's Finest NGC Chart/Log System
RASC FINEST NGC No. NGC Con Type R.A. Dec m_v Size Remarks Seen Date Autumn 1 7009 Aqr PN 21:04.2 -11:02 8.3 25" !! Saturn Nebula; small bright oval 2 7293 Aqr PN 22:29.6 -20:48 6.5 12'50" !! Helix Nebula; large, diffuse; use filter 3 7331 Peg G-Sb 22:37.1 +34:25 9.5 10.7x4.0 !! large, bright spiral galaxy 4 7635 Cas EN 23:20.7 +61:12 - 15x8 Bubble Neb.; very faint; 1/2 deg SW of M52 5 7789 Cas OC 23:57.0 +56:44 6.7 16 !! 300*; faint but very rich cluster 6 185 Cas G-E0 00:39.0 +48:20 11.7 2x2 companion to M31; paired with NGC 147 7 281 Cas EN 00:52.8 +56:36 - 35x30 !! large faint nebulosity near eta Cas 8 457 Cas OC 01:19.1 +58:20 6.4 13 80*; rich; one of the best Cas clusters 9 663 Cas OC 01:46.0 +61:15 7.1 16 80*; look for NGC's 654 and 659 nearby 10 I 289 Cas PN 03:10.3 +61:19 12.3 34" dim oval smudge; use nebula filter 11 7662 And PN 23:25.9 +42:33 9.2 20" !! Blue Snowball; annular at high power 12 891 And G-Sb 02:22.6 +42:21 10 13.5x2.8 !! faint, classic edge-on with dust lane 13 253 Scl G-Scp 00:47.6 -25:17 7.1 25.1x7.4 !! very large and bright but at low altitude 14 772 Ari G-Sb 01:59.3 +19:01 10.3 7.1x4.5 diffuse spiral galaxy 15 246 Cet PN 00:47.0 -11:53 8.0 3'45" faint (closer to 11 m); dark mottling 16 936 Cet G-SBa 02:27.6 -01:09 10.1 5.2x4.4 near M77; NGC 941 in the same field 17 869/84 Per OC 02:20.0 +57:08 ~4.4 30/30 !! Double Cluster; 350*; use low mag. -
Number of Objects by Type in the Caldwell Catalogue
Caldwell catalogue Page 1 of 16 Number of objects by type in the Caldwell catalogue Dark nebulae 1 Nebulae 9 Planetary Nebulae 13 Galaxy 35 Open Clusters 25 Supernova remnant 2 Globular clusters 18 Open Clusters and Nebulae 6 Total 109 Caldwell objects Key Star cluster Nebula Galaxy Caldwell Distance Apparent NGC number Common name Image Object type Constellation number LY*103 magnitude C22 NGC 7662 Blue Snowball Planetary Nebula 3.2 Andromeda 9 C23 NGC 891 Galaxy 31,000 Andromeda 10 C28 NGC 752 Open Cluster 1.2 Andromeda 5.7 C107 NGC 6101 Globular Cluster 49.9 Apus 9.3 Page 2 of 16 Caldwell Distance Apparent NGC number Common name Image Object type Constellation number LY*103 magnitude C55 NGC 7009 Saturn Nebula Planetary Nebula 1.4 Aquarius 8 C63 NGC 7293 Helix Nebula Planetary Nebula 0.522 Aquarius 7.3 C81 NGC 6352 Globular Cluster 18.6 Ara 8.2 C82 NGC 6193 Open Cluster 4.3 Ara 5.2 C86 NGC 6397 Globular Cluster 7.5 Ara 5.7 Flaming Star C31 IC 405 Nebula 1.6 Auriga - Nebula C45 NGC 5248 Galaxy 74,000 Boötes 10.2 Page 3 of 16 Caldwell Distance Apparent NGC number Common name Image Object type Constellation number LY*103 magnitude C5 IC 342 Galaxy 13,000 Camelopardalis 9 C7 NGC 2403 Galaxy 14,000 Camelopardalis 8.4 C48 NGC 2775 Galaxy 55,000 Cancer 10.3 C21 NGC 4449 Galaxy 10,000 Canes Venatici 9.4 C26 NGC 4244 Galaxy 10,000 Canes Venatici 10.2 C29 NGC 5005 Galaxy 69,000 Canes Venatici 9.8 C32 NGC 4631 Whale Galaxy Galaxy 22,000 Canes Venatici 9.3 Page 4 of 16 Caldwell Distance Apparent NGC number Common name Image Object type Constellation -
Caldwell Certificate Data
A B C D E F G H 1 CFAS CALDWELL OBSERVING LOG 2 3 Caldwell Number NGC Number Type Distance MAGNITUDE DATE TIME EQUIPMENT 4 5 C1 6 Close NGC 188 Open Cluster 4.8 kly 8.1 7 C2 8 Close NGC 40 Planetary Nebula 3.5 kly 11.4 9 C3 10 Close NGC 4236 Galaxy 7000 kly 9.7 11 C4 12 Close NGC 7023 Open Cluster 1.4 kly 7 13 C5 14 Close NGC 0 Galaxy 13000 kly 9.2 15 C6 16 Close NGC 6543 Planetary Nebula 3 kly 8.1 17 C7 18 Close NGC 2403 Galaxy 14000 kly 8.4 19 C8 20 Close NGC 559 Open Cluster 3.7 kly 9.5 21 C9 22 Close NGC 0 Nebula 2.8 kly 0 23 C10 24 Close NGC 663 Open Cluster 7.2 kly 7.1 25 C11 NGC 7635 Nebula 7.1 kly 11 26 Close 27 C12 NGC 6946 Galaxy 18000 kly 8.9 28 Close 29 C13 NGC 457 Open Cluster 9 kly 6.4 30 Close 31 C14 NGC 869 Open Cluster 7.3 kly 4.3 32 Close A B C D E F G H 33 C15 NGC 6826 Planetary Nebula 2.2 kly 8.8 34 Close 35 C16 NGC 7243 Open Cluster 2.5 kly 6.4 36 Close 37 C17 NGC 147 Galaxy 2300 kly 9.3 38 Close 39 C18 NGC 185 Galaxy 2300 kly 9.2 40 Close 41 C19 NGC 0 Nebula 3.3 kly 7.2 42 Close 43 C20 NGC 7000 Nebula 1.8 kly 0 44 Close 45 C21 NGC 4449 Galaxy 10000 kly 9.4 46 Close 47 C22 NGC 7662 Planetary Nebula 3.2 kly 8.3 48 Close 49 C23 NGC 891 Galaxy 31000 kly 9.9 50 Close 51 C24 NGC 1275 Galaxy 230000 kly 11.6 52 Close 53 C25 NGC 2419 Globular Cluster 275 kly 10.4 54 Close 55 C26 NGC 4244 Galaxy 10000 kly 10.2 56 Close 57 C27 NGC 6888 Nebula 4.7 kly 0 58 Close 59 C28 NGC 752 Open Cluster 1.2 kly 5.7 60 Close 61 C29 NGC 5005 Galaxy 69000 kly 9.8 62 Close 63 C30 NGC 7331 Galaxy 47000 kly 9.5 64 Close A B C D E F G H 65 C31 NGC -
My Finest NGC Album
My Finest NGC Album A detailed record of my journey through The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada’s Finest NGC list Name: ______________________________ Centre or Home Location: ______________________________ The New General Catalogue or NGC contains 7,840 entries and forms the core of most people's "life list" of observing targets. The NGC was originally published in 1888 by J.L.E. Dreyer and therefore predated photographic astronomy. The Finest NGC list, compiled by Alan Dyer complements the Messier List, as there is no overlap. The list features many fine deep-sky treasures as well as a few somewhat more challenging objects. Once you have observed all of the objects on this list, application forms can be found on the RASC website at www.rasc.ca. The FNGC certificate has been awarded since 1995. Here is an overview of the Finest NGC Observing List Finest NGC Objects Number Notes Open Clusters 12 Including the famous Double Cluster in Perseus, NGC 7789 in Cassiopeia, and NGC 6633 in Ophiuchus. Globular Clusters 2 NGC 5466 in Bootes and NGC 6712 in Scutum. Diffuse Nebulae 14 Includes the great Veil Nebula as well as the North America and Rosette nebulae. Planetary Nebulae 24 Includes many fine PN's like the Ghost of Jupiter, the Cat's Eye, the Blinking Planetary, the Helix, the Blue Snowball, and the Clown Face nebulae. Galaxies 58 Includes the amazing NGC 4565 in Coma Berenices, NGC 253 in Sculptor, and NGC 5907 in Draco. Total 110 The Finest NGC list can be started during any season. Why Record Your Observations? Recording observations is important for two reasons. -
250+ Deep-Sky Objects Visible with 7X35 Binoculars and the Naked-Eye
6726 1 Scott N. Harrington 2nd edition September, 2018 2 To my family, Who were always understanding of my excursions under the stars. To the late Jack Horkheimer, a.k.a. Star Gazer, Whose television show kept this young astronomer inspired during those crucial first years. I’ll never stop “looking up”. And in memory of my dog Nell, who kept me company many long evenings – especially the one just before she passed away peacefully at the age of fifteen. I owe her a thanks for helping me with my observations by making this young astronomer feel safe at night. You will always be my favorite of our dogs. 3 Acknowledgements Below is a list of books that I read (most for the first time) in the last few years. They were all deeply influential in helping me discover many of the toughest objects that fill out my list. I would like to note that one I have not read, but greatly look forward to doing so, is Richard P. Wilds Bright & Dark Nebulae: An Observers Guide to Understanding the Clouds of the Milky Way Galaxy. Atlas of the Messier Objects by Ronald Stoyan The Backyard Astronomer’s Guide* by Terence Dickinson and Alan Dyer Cosmic Challenge – The Ultimate Observing List for Amateurs by Philip S. Harrington Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects by Stephen James O’Meara Deep-Sky Companions: Hidden Treasures by Stephen James O'Meara Deep-Sky Companions: The Messier Objects by Stephen James O’Meara Deep-Sky Companions: The Secret Deep by Stephen James O’Meara Deep-Sky Wonders by Sue French Observing Handbook and Catalogue of Deep-Sky Objects by Christian B.