*. 6 A- ?3 dj^ __ ___ ertacJP i TO President White Library Cornell University. klVUf 7//*/j?oz CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 082 140 785 DATE DUE Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924082140785 THE EMPEKOE CHAKLES V. "^r^f^-i^r THE EMPBEOE CHAELES V. EDWAED AEMSTEONG, M.A. FELLOW OF QUEEN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD AUTHOR OF 'ELIZABETH FARNESE,' 'THE FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION' ' ' LORENZO DE' MEDICI IN TWO VOLUMES VOL. II MACMILLAN AND CO, Limited NEW YORK : THE MACHILLAN COMPANY 1902 All rights reserved ^^ 1) tf*\ c K .Wovxbv fp^- ——A CONTENTS CHAPTEE I PAGE French intrigues against Charles — Murder of Rinoon and Fregoso — Negotiations between Charles and Barbarossa—Expedition against Algiers —Its lamentable failure—French attack on Roussillon and the Netherlands—Successes of Lutherans in Germany—War in Hungary —Charles leaves Spain for the Netherlands—Unfriendliness of Paul III. —Defeat of the Duke of Cleves and recovery of Guelders— "~ Franco-Turkish fleet burns Nice—Charles at the front with English troops—Sketch of Anglo- Imperial relations from 1528 to 1543 Campaign of 1544—French victory at Ceresole—Friendship between Charles and the Lutherans—The concessions made at Speyer—The Emperor's— invasion of France—Treaty of Crepy—Reasons for the peace "Want of concert between Charles and Henry VIII. —Milan or the Netherlands as a dower for the Habsburg-Valois marriage —Death of the Duke of Orleans. .... 1 CHAPTEE II The reign of Charles in Spain—Value of the petitions of the Cortes Effects of the battle of Villalar on the Cortes—Revenues of the Crown — Parliamentary subsidies — Defeat of the Crown in the Cortes of 1538—Alienation of royal revenues and growth of the debt—Trade with the Indies—Growth of manufacture in Spain Development of agriculture under Charles—Economic theories in Spain—Scarcity of the precious metals—Differences of opinion between Charles and his subjects on Economics—His encouragement of foreigners—Unpopularity of his foreign policy in Spain—The administration of justice—Petitions of Cortes relating to justice and to social evils — Legislation of the reign — Changes in municipal Alleged decline of the Cortes. government— . .36 —— THE EMPEROR CHARLES V. CHAPTEE III PAGE The Church in Spain— Its national character—Petitions of the Cortes relating to it—Abuse of indulgences—Charles and the Inquisition —The growth of heresy—Its close connection with the Court—The Jesuits—Relations of Charles with the Spanish nobility—Instruc- tions on the government of Spain given by Charles to Philip in 1643—The ministers and their character—Government by Councils —General character of Charles's administration. .64 CHAPTEE IV Condition of the Indies at the accession of Charles—The task of the government in the colonies—Favour given to Las Casas—Attitude of the government towards Fernando Cortes—His personal relations with Charles — Difficulties of the government with the house of Pizarro—Organisation of the colonies—The encomienda system Indian slavery—The Emperor's support of the missionaries—His humanity towards the Indians—His instructions of 1548—The extent of conquest and colonisation during the reign — The government and the spice trade—Magellan's expedition—Discovery of the Ladrones and Philippines—Contest with Portugal for the Moluccas and its settlement. .90 CHAPTEE V Reasons for the peace of Crepy—Negotiations with Paul III. —The diet of Worms in 1545—The last Lutheran gains—Foreign relations of Charles—Difficulty of Alliance with the Pope—Charles at Regens- burg in 1546 — His hesitation in beginning war against the Lutherans—His final resolution—He wins Bavaria to benevolent neutrality—His allies among the Lutherans—Policy of Maurice of Saxony—-Weakness of the League of Schmalkalde and its causes Was the war of 1546 a war of religion ? . 114 CHAPTEE VI The opening of war — Schartlin's march on^yrol — Bombardment of Ingolstadt — Courage of Charles — Buren's junction with the Emperor—Exhaustion of the combatants—Attack of Maurice on — CONTENTS Electoral Saxony—End of the Danube Campaign—Reduction of Southern Germany—March of Charles to the Elbe—Battle of Miihlberg—Treaty of Wittenberg—Popularity of John Frederick and hatred for Maurice—Capitulation of Philip of Hesse—Dispute as to his imprisonment—Conduct of Charles during the war—Ideas of foreign intervention—Death of Francis I. .137 CHAPTEE VII The Papal- Imperial quarrel—Withdrawal of Papal troops from Germany —Angry scenes between Charles and the nuncio Verallo—Disputes at the Council of Trent — Its withdrawal to Bologna—Administra- tion of Charles in Italy—Pedro de Toledo, Viceroy of Naples, and his reforms—Ferrante Gonzaga, governor of Milan—Diego de Men- doza—Hostility of Pierluigi Farnese to Charles—The Fieschi con- spiracy at Genoa—Revolt against the Inquisition at Naples—Troubles at Florence and Siena — Murder of Pierluigi Farnese — Imperial occupation of Piacenza — The last quarrel with Paul III. — The Pope's death. ....... 160 CHAPTEE VIII The power of Charles in Germany—His success abroad—The Armed Diet of Augsburg—The Emperor's conservatism and constitutional- ism—His proposal for a league of Germany—Its failure—Treaty between the Netherlands and the Empire—The military chest Reorganisation of the Imperial Chamber—The diet, the Emperor and the Pope—The Interim of Augsburg—Reform of the Catholic clergy—Moderation of the Emperor—His roughness towards the towns—Absence of the idea of world-empire—The instructions to Philip of 1548—Diet of 1550—Failure of the Interim—The diet refractory — Quarrel with Ferdinand on the succession to the Empire. ....... 181 CHAPTEE IX Unpopularity of Charles in Germany—His weakness and the revival of France —Early symptoms of resistance among Protestant princes Conspiracy of Maurice of Saxony with France—Programme of the Confederates—Ill-health and depression of Charles—He goes to Innsbruck—Forewarnings of Maurice's rebellion—The Emperor's incredulity—Unsettled condition of foreign politics—Prospect of —— THE EMPEROR CHARLES V. PAGE war with England—Operations in North Africa—Capture of Mehedia and loss of Tripoli—Events in Transylvania—The war of Parma The Council of Trent—Its divisions, difficulties and dissolution. 220 CHAPTEE X Henry II. and Maurice of Saxony open the campaign—The Emperor's suspicions of Ferdinand—Conference of Linz—Charles attempts to escape to the Netherlands—Maurice's advance on Innsbruck and the Emperor's flight—The treaty of Passau—Maurice's demands and the Emperor's amendments— Improved position of Charles after the treaty—His march against the French—The siege of Metz and its abandonment—The Emperor's illness—His last campaign for the protection of the Netherlands. .... 249 CHAPTEE XI Negotiations for the marriage of Philip and Mary—The elements of opposition to the alliance—Its importance to the Netherlands—The last events of the reign in Italy—The belief of Charles in fortresses — His relations with Siena — Imprudent conduct of Diego de Mendoza—Troubles at Siena—Policy of Cosimo de' Medici—Disgrace of Mendoza and Ferrante Gonzaga—Revolt of Siena aided by France and Piero Strozzi —Events of the Sienese war—French attack on Corsica—Character of the Emperor's rule in Italy—Measure of his responsibility for Italian decadence—Results of the failure of the siege of Metz on Germany—Suspicions of an understanding between Charles and Albert Alcibiades of Culmbach—The defeat of Albert Alcibiades and death of Maurice at Sievershausen—The Emperor's instructions for the diet of Augsburg—His withdrawal from German politics—His failure in Germany. .... 276 CHAPTEE XII Rule of Charles in the Netherlands—Charles as territorial prince in his Burgundian inheritance — Acquisition of Friesland — The see of Utrecht and its secularisation—Conflict with Charles of Guelders Acquisition of Groningen by Charles—Death of Charles of Guelders —Election of William of Clevesin Guelders—Absorption of Guelders and Zutphen in the Burgundian state—Results of annexation on the five new northern provinces—Conquest of Tournai—Military occupation of Cambrai—Relation of Charles to the bishopric of — CONTENTS PAGE Liege—Views of Charles upon Lorraine—Ideas of an independent Burgundian kingdom—Treaty between the Netherlands and the Empire in 1548—Sense of unity in the Netherlands under Charles —Centralisation of administration—The Court of Marines—Charles and the Netherland nobility—Powers of the Estates-General—Mili- tary strength of the Netherlands—Difficulties of central government —Provincial peculiarities—Survival of local independence—Charles's policy towards the municipalities—The Church in the Netherlands —Charles's scheme for a national episcopate—Friction between temporal and ecclesiastical judicature—Persecution in the Nether- lands—The danger of Anabaptism —Secular character of the Inqui- sition—General features of Charles's administration ; its merits and demerits. ....... 308 CHAPTEE XIII The abdication of the Netherlands by Charles—His farewell to Ferrante Gonzaga—His interview with Coligny and the truce of Vaucelles Reasons for the Emperor's delay in the Netherlands—Hostility of Paul IV. to Charles and Philip — The last voyage to Spain — Retirement at Yuste—The interest of Charles in political events His resignation of the Empire—His death. 349 CONCLUSION The Character of Charles V . .365 APPENDIX . ..... 385 INDEX TO CAREER OF CHARLES V. .389 GENERAL