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New Techniques of Laser Spectroscopy on Exotic Isotopes of Gallium and Francium

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New Techniques of Laser Spectroscopy on Exotic Isotopes of Gallium and Francium New Techniques of Laser Spectroscopy on Exotic Isotopes of Gallium and Francium Thomas John Procter School of Physics and Astronomy 2013 CERN-THESIS-2013-040 30/04/2013 A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences 2 Contents List of Figures 7 List of Tables 11 Abstract 13 Declaration 15 Copyright Statement 17 Acknowledgements 19 1 Laser Spectroscopy in Nuclear Physics 21 1.1 Introduction . 21 1.2 This Work . 23 2 Theory of Laser Spectroscopy 25 2.1 Hyperfine Structure . 25 2.1.1 Magnetic Dipole Moment . 28 2.1.2 Hyperfine Anomaly . 29 2.1.3 Electric Quadrupole Moment . 29 2.1.4 Spin Determination . 30 2.1.5 Angular Distribution of Fluorescence Photons . 31 2.2 Isotope Shift . 32 2.2.1 Mass Shift . 32 2.2.2 Field Shift . 33 2.2.3 Atomic Factors . 33 2.2.4 King Plot Method . 34 2.3 Experimental Considerations . 35 2.3.1 Photon Absorption . 35 2.3.2 Atomic Linewidths . 35 2.3.3 Power Broadening . 36 2.3.4 Doppler Broadening . 36 2.3.5 Experimental Lineshapes . 36 3 Laser Spectroscopy on Exotic Isotopes 39 3.1 Methods of Production . 39 3.1.1 Isotope Separation On-Line . 39 3.1.2 In-Flight Separation . 40 3 Contents 3.2 The ISOLDE Facility . 41 3.2.1 ISOLDE at CERN . 41 3.2.2 Production of Radioactive Isotopes . 43 3.2.3 Ion Cooling and Bunching . 45 3.3 Laser Spectroscopy Techniques . 46 3.3.1 Collinear Laser Spectroscopy . 46 3.3.2 Resonant Ionisation Spectroscopy . 48 4 The COLLAPS Beam Line 51 4.1 Beam Line Components . 51 4.2 Hyperfine Structure Measurements via Doppler Tuning . 54 4.2.1 Calibration of Scanning Voltages . 55 4.3 Cooling/Bunching with ISCOOL . 56 4.4 Experimental Procedure . 57 5 Laser Spectroscopy of Gallium Using COLLAPS 59 5.1 Previous Studies on the Neutron-Rich Gallium Isotopes . 59 5.2 Motivation for the Neutron-Deficient Gallium Isotopes . 62 5.3 Experimental Setup at ISOLDE . 65 5.3.1 ISOLDE Target . 65 5.3.2 RILIS Ion Production . 66 5.3.3 ISCOOL . 66 5.3.4 Atomic Transition . 68 5.4 Experimental Data . 69 5.4.1 Analysis Technique . 69 5.4.2 Lineshape of Optical Transitions . 71 5.5 Hyperfine Structure Results . 73 5.5.1 70Ga................................ 73 5.5.2 68Ga................................ 76 5.5.3 64Ga and 66Ga........................... 78 5.5.4 63Ga................................ 80 5.5.5 Nuclear Moments of 63Ga and 70Ga . 82 5.5.6 Shell-Model Calculations of 63Ga . 83 5.6 Isotope Shift Analysis . 84 5.6.1 Extracting the Changes in Mean-Square Charge Radii . 84 5.6.2 Experimental Errors . 87 5.6.3 Interpretation of the Changes in Mean-Square Charge Radii . 88 5.7 Conclusion and Outlook . 90 6 The CRIS Beam Line 93 6.1 A Brief History of CRIS . 93 6.2 CRIS at ISOLDE . 94 6.3 Components of CRIS . 96 6.3.1 Laser Setup . 96 6.3.2 Charge-Exchange Cell . 97 6.3.3 Ion Detection Setup . 99 6.3.4 Ultra-High Vacuum Interaction Region . 102 6.3.5 Hyperfine Structure Scanning Methods . 103 4 Contents 6.3.6 Hardware Control . 104 6.3.7 Decay Spectroscopy Station . 106 6.3.8 Off-Line Ion Source . 107 6.3.9 Electrostatic Ion Optics and Faraday Cups . 108 6.4 Summary . 115 7 Laser Spectroscopy of Francium Using CRIS 117 7.1 Motivation for the Radioactive Francium Isotopes . 117 7.2 Experimental Setup at ISOLDE . 118 7.2.1 ISOLDE Target . 118 7.2.2 Ionisation Process . 119 7.2.3 Experimental Procedure . 123 7.3 Experimental Analysis . 124 7.3.1 Experimental Efficiency . 124 7.3.2 Components of Experimental Efficiency . 126 7.3.3 Background Rate . 130 7.3.4 Study of Experimental Error from the Analysis of 221Fr . 131 2 207;211;220;221 7.3.5 A(7s S1=2) values and Isotope Shifts of Fr . 136 2 2 7.3.6 Atomic Factors for the 7s S1=2 ! 8p P3=2 Transition . 139 7.3.7 Changes in Mean-Square Charge Radii . 140 7.4 Conclusion and Outlook . 141 Appendix A Publications 143 References 145 Final word count: 28 462 5 6 List of Figures 2.1 Precession of I and J about the coupled angular momentum, F ... 26 2.2 Example hyperfine structure of a spectral line in 69Ga . 27 3.1 Diagrams of the ISOL and In-Flight beam production methods . 40 3.2 Layout of the ISOLDE facility at CERN . 41 3.3 Image of the ISOLDE facility and location within the CERN acceler- ator complex . 42 3.4 Schematic drawing of a surface ion source . 44 3.5 Photo of ISCOOL . 45 3.6 Diagram of the electrode potentials in ISCOOL . 46 3.7 Diagrams of the collinear fluorescence and resonant ionisation spec- troscopy methods . 47 4.1 Schematic diagram of the COLLAPS beam line . 52 4.2 Diagrams of the COLLAPS light collection region . 53 4.3 Diagram of the COLLAPS voltage scanning system . 54 4.4 Calibration of the voltage scanning system . 55 4.5 Variation of the amplification factor of the voltage scanning system . 56 4.6 Diagrams of the COLLAPS timing triggers . 58 5.1 Shell model orbital occupations of the protons and neutrons within the gallium isotopes . 60 5.2 Previously measured optical spectra for the odd-A 67-81Ga isotopes . 61 5.3 Previously measured optical spectra for the even-A 72−80Ga isotopes . 63 5.4 Excitation energies and matter radii of the gallium isotopes . 64 + + + 5.5 21 and 4 =2 energies in zinc and germanium . 65 5.6 ZrO2 target yields . 66 5.7 The RILIS ionisation scheme for gallium . 67 5.8 A ToF measurement of 69Ga bunches from ISCOOL . 67 5.9 The atomic transition chosen in gallium for fluorescence detection . 68 5.10 Measured hyperfine structure of 69Ga . 70 5.11 Optimised fits of the gallium spectra using different lineshapes . 72 5.12 Measured hyperfine structure of 70Ga . 74 5.13 Hyperfine structure fits of 70Ga for different hyperfine coefficient values 75 5.14 Simulated hyperfine structure of 68Ga using known moment values . 76 5.15 Measured hyperfine structure of 68Ga . 77 2 68 70 2 5.16 χ values for fits of Ga and Ga with varying A(5s S1=2) values . 78 5.17 Measured single component of 64Ga................... 79 7 List of Figures 5.18 Measured single component of 66Ga................... 79 5.19 Measured hyperfine structure of 63Ga . 80 2 2 5.20 A(5s S1=2)=A(4p P3=2) ratio values of the gallium isotopes . 81 5.21 Changes in mean-square charge radii of the gallium isotopes, calcu- lated using different KMS values . 86 5.22 Changes in mean-square charge radii of the gallium isotopes using the initial and final KMS value . 87 5.23 Changes in mean-square charge radii of the gallium isotopes, plotted alongside neighbouring isotope chains . 89 6.1 3D drawing of the CRIS beam line . 94 6.2 Schematic drawing of the CRIS beam line . 95 6.3 Diagram of the CRIS laser locations within ISOLDE . 97 6.4 Technical drawing of the CEC . 98 6.5 Schematic drawing of the CEC . 98 6.6 Technical drawing of the MCP and dynode plate . 100 6.7 Circuit diagram of the MCP electronics . 101 6.8 Screenshot of the MCP detection oscilloscope . 101 6.9 Differential pumping of the interaction region from the CEC . 103 6.10 Drifting effects of an ion beam with voltages applied to the CEC . 105 6.11 Infrastructure of the control of the main components used for data collecting with CRIS . 106 6.12 Layout of the implantation site in the DSS . 107 6.13 Diagram of the off-line ion source . 107 6.14 3D drawing of the CRIS beam line . 108 6.15 3D drawing of the vertical steerers . 109 6.16 Schematic drawing of the quadrupole triplet . 109 6.17 3D drawing of the bending plates . 110 6.18 3D drawing of the quadrupole doublet . 111 6.19 3D drawing of the ion kicker . 112 6.20 3D drawing of the deflector plates . ..
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