Chemistry Ii
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General CHEMISTRY II Laboratory Manual Dr. April French Dr. Allison Soult Dr. M. Meral Savas Dr. François Botha Dr. Carolyn Brock Mr. Charles Griffith Ms. Darla Hood Dr. Robert Kiser Dr. Penny O’Connor Dr. William Plucknett Dr. Donald Sands Dr. Diane Vance Dr. William Wagner Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Hayden-McNeil Sustainability Hayden-McNeil’s standard paper stock uses a minimum of 30% post-consumer waste. We offer higher % options by request, including a 100% recycled stock. Additionally, Hayden-McNeil Custom Digital provides authors with the opportunity to convert print products to a digital format. Hayden-McNeil is part of a larger sustainability initiative through Macmillan Higher Ed. Visit http://sustainability.macmillan.com to learn more. Copyright © 2014 by the Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Copyright © 2014 by Hayden-McNeil, LLC on illustrations provided Photos provided by Hayden-McNeil, LLC are owned or used under license Copyright © 2014 by MeasureNet Technology, Ltd. for photos used in Chapter 4 All rights reserved. Permission in writing must be obtained from the publisher before any part of this work may be repro- duced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 978-0-7380-6530-4 Hayden-McNeil Publishing 14903 Pilot Drive Plymouth, MI 48170 www.hmpublishing.com FrenchA 6530-4 W14 Table of Contents Introduction to the Laboratory .................................................................................... v Chapter 1 Laboratory Safety .......................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 Laboratory Notebooks and Reports ........................................................................... 11 Chapter 3 Techniques for General Chemistry Lab ..................................................................... 25 Chapter 4 Using MeasureNet and Probes ................................................................................... 33 Experiment 10 Scientific Writing and Integrity ................................................................................. 43 Experiment 11 Molecular Structures ................................................................................................... 49 Experiment 12 Freezing Point Depression .......................................................................................... 59 Experiment 13 The Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide ............................................................... 63 Experiment 14 Chemical Equilibrium: Finding a Constant, Kc ......................................................... 69 Experiment 15 Standardization and Titration .................................................................................... 73 Experiment 16 Chemistry Is pHun! .................................................................................................... 77 Experiment 17 Solubility of Calcium Hydroxide ............................................................................... 83 Experiment 18 Analysis and Identification of Household Chemicals by Qualitative Analysis ........ 87 Appendices A Laboratory Equipment ................................................................................. 93 B Units and Constants .................................................................................... 95 C Ions ............................................................................................................... 99 D Solubility ....................................................................................................101 E Standard Deviation ....................................................................................103 iii General Chemistry II iv Introduction to the Laboratory Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn. —Benjamin Franklin In the first semester of lab, you learned a variety of lab techniques, as well as how to use basic glassware and equipment. As we continue in the lab, we will work more on devel- oping your lab skills. However, there will be a much greater emphasis on applying what you have learned in lab by having students write the procedures needed to match the purpose of the experiment. This course will also review and reinforce the concepts you are learning or have learned in CHE 107. A laboratory course is different than a lecture course because it allows you to be involved in what is happening. I hope that you take full advantage of the opportunities available in this class to witness chemical principles in action, rather than seeing photos of, hearing someone talk about, or reading about them. This laboratory manual contains information about all the experiments we’ll be doing as well as reference information about safety, lab reports, conversion factors, data on various elements and compounds, and more. Additional information is also available on the Blackboard website for this course (see the syllabus for information on accessing the course website). You are strongly encouraged to read all the information in the lab manual as well as the information posted on the website. Reviewing this information is critical to your success in the course. One of the most important thing you can do in this course is READ. You cannot escape the responsibility of tomorrow by evading it today. —Abraham Lincoln v General Chemistry II There are many components to your grade for this Electronic Resources course, which are outlined in the course syllabus. You are There is additional information on experiments through responsible for reading the syllabus and adhering to all Blackboard including tutorials, videos (i.e., Using a assignment due dates and policies. You should read the Burette, Dispensing Liquids and Solids), and sample syllabus carefully and direct any questions you have to calculations. Some of the information will be required your Teaching Assistant and/or to the Lab Supervisor. It viewing, while other resources are there to help you is in your best interest to read the syllabus and get any when you need it. questions answered sooner, rather than later, so that you are not penalized for missing a due date or for misunder- There are many people involved in this course who each standing a course policy (i.e., mandatory attendance). have their own important role. It is important that you take an active role in your learn- Lab Supervisor: The job of the lab supervisor is to su- ing by seeking help, asking questions, and participating pervise the teaching assistants, write quizzes and exams, in this course. Think about taking a class like a trip to help students, resolve student–TA problems, assign final the grocery store. You don’t go to the grocery and expect course grades, and other administrative tasks. The lab someone to know exactly what you need and bring it to supervisor has regularly scheduled office hours, but is you. You have to figure out what you need and go looking generally available at other times. for it. Maybe it’s a store you’ve never been in before and you have to walk around a little to find where the cereal Storekeeper: A member of the chemistry stockroom aisle is or the frozen foods are. As you walk through the staff works with the General Chemistry laboratory store, you may be offered help by clerks, but you’re sure courses by preparing chemical and unknown solutions, you can do it alone. Then when the clerks disappear, you setting up necessary supplies and reagents, and helping realize you do need help! Maybe you’ve found the cereal students replace missing and/or broken equipment. aisle, but you can’t find the Super Sugar Rings that you absolutely must have in order to function. Now, you’re Teaching Assistant: TAs are responsible for the direct faced with some choices: supervision of students in the laboratory, presentation of material in the lecture, helping students, grading lab 1. Keep looking in the same place you’ve been looking reports, and giving input on students’ course grades. because you’re positive you can do this on your own, after all if you’re able to get to the grocery store, then Student: Your job is to come to class prepared to do you should be able to find the Super Sugar Rings. the assigned experiment in the allotted time, work with other students on experiments, follow safety rules, keep 2. Give up because if you can’t find them, they must lab spaces clean, submit all assignments on time, and to not be there and you’ll have to do without. READ. You should read the syllabus, the lab manual, the website, and any other material that is given to you 3. Go find someone who can help you and ask them so that you know exactly what to expect in this course. where the Super Sugar Rings are and find out that because the Super Sugar Rings are on sale this week, The Director of General Chemistry oversees the admin- they are on the end cap of the soda aisle instead of istration of this course and can discuss problems or con- being in the cereal aisle. cerns that a student does not feel is resolved by discussing it with their TA and/or the Lab Supervisor. The same thing applies in this course, there are people to help you along the way but you have to find them and bring your questions to them so they know exactly what you need and can help you. vi Chapter 1 Laboratory Safety By its nature the chemical laboratory can be a dangerous place