European Solidarity: Conditions, Forms, Limitations, and Implications

The TransSOL Project’s Final Conference: A Presentation and Discussion of Three Years of Research Findings

16-17 May 2018

Factory Forty Rue des Anciens Etangs 40 1190 Brussels, Belgium Program

16 May 2018

9:00 – 9:30 Registration 14:00 – 15:30 Panel 2 - Civil Society (continued) 9:30 – 10:00 Opening Remarks No borders? Tracing solidarity towards migrants and refugees in a changing Europe 10:00 – 11:00 Keynote 1 Tom Montgomery, Ulrike Zschache, Eva Fernández G. G.

Is solidarity based on a particular understanding of Transnational activism during global crises: Comparison common good? of Greek and Italian solidarity and social movement Gian-Andrea Monsch with Florence Passy organizations in times of economic and refugee crises (University of Lausanne) Angelos Loukakis, Nicola Maggini

11:00 – 11:30 Coffee Patterns of solidarity in precarious times: The role of trade unions and labour organisations in the UK, Greece and Poland 11:30 – 13:00 Panel 1 - Civil Society Kostas Kanellopoulos, Christina Karakioulafi, (Chairs: Maria Kousis and Simone Baglioni) Tom Montgomery, Simone Baglioni, Janina Petelczyc

Solidarity approaches of transnational organizations during 15:30 – 16:00 Coffee crises: Migration, disability and unemployment across eight European countries Maria Kousis, Christian Lahusen, Eva Fernández G. G., 16:00 – 17:00 Keynote 2 Angelos Loukakis Between hope and fear? Regional dividing lines in attitudes towards a Social Europe What solidarity is about? – Reflections among civil society activists in Germany, Poland and Greece Wim van Oorschot (KU Leuven, Belgium) and Femke Roosma (Tilburg University, Netherlands) Ulrike Zschache, Maria Theiss, Maria Paschou

Transnational solidarity to refugees in Greece, 17:00 Reception Germany and Denmark Kostas Kanellopoulos, Deniz Duru, Ulrike Zschache, Angelos Loukakis, Maria Kousis, Hans-Jörg Trenz

13:00 – 14:00 Lunch

2 3 Program

17 May 2018

8:30 – 9:00 Registration 14:45 – 16:15 Panel 5 - Public Opinion and Solidarity (continued) 9:00 – 10:00 Keynote 3 Do unto others? Individual-level mechanisms of solidarity Welfare reform in Greece: A major crisis, crippling debt Marco Giugni and Maria Grasso conditions and stark challenges ahead Maria Petmesidou (Democritus University, Greece) European solidarity: The spatial reach of civic solidarity between the national and the global Christian Lahusen, Maria Theiss 10:00 – 10:30 Coffee

Ties of solidarity at the fringes of the political spectrum: 10:30 – 12:00 Panel 3 — The Public Discourse on Solidarity partisan cleavages in reported solidarity action across Europe An introduction and comparative perspective Johannes Kiess and Hans-Jörg Trenz Manlio Cinalli and Hans-Jörg Trenz 16:15 – 16:45 Coffee Roundtable Discussion

12:00 – 13:15 Lunch 16:45 – 18:15 Panel 6 - Public Opinion and Solidarity (continued) Refugees and individual solidarity: an unconditioned and 13:15 – 14:30 Panel 4 - Public Opinion and Solidarity universalistic, but politically bounded solidarity? (Chairs: Maria Grasso and Marco Giugni) Nicola Maggini, Veronica Federico, Eva Fernández G. G.

Till debts do us part? Exploring the relationship between the Welfare attitudes and transnational solidarity digital divide and support for bailout funds amongst EU citizens Anna Kurowska, Olga Eisele, Johannes Kiess Olga Eisele and Verena K. Brändle Institutionalized forms of solidarity and the migration challenge Brexit, separatism and individual solidarity: Eva Fernández G. G. Evidence from eight European countries Simone Baglioni, Olga Biosca, Tom Montgomery 18:15 – 18:30 Closing Remarks

14:30 – 14:45 Coffee

4 5 Abstracts

Keynote 1 Here, we adopt a pre-liberal definition Gian-Andrea Monsch Keynote 2 of common good, based on Aristotle’s is a senior researcher Is solidarity based on a particular works, that defines common good as at the Swiss Centre of Between hope and fear? Regional understanding of common good? goods which should be accessible to Expertise in the Social dividing lines in attitudes towards a Gian-Andrea Monsch with all society members and should ob- Sciences at the Uni- Social Europe Florence Passy (University of Lausanne) jectively improve people’s well-being. versity of Lausanne. Wim van Oorschot (KU Leuven, Belgium) Commonness and Goodness are the He works for and and Femke Roosma (Tilburg University, Is solidarity based on a particular un- two key dimensions to think about with the Swiss House- Netherlands) derstanding of common good is the common good. Second, based on hold Panel data. He is key question of our presentation. We those dimensions we will show how therefore specialized in the collection In the process of European integration will see that understandings of com- activists understand common good, and analysis of longitudinal data where social policy has been, and still is, a mon good allows individuals to bring how they make sense of commonness he tries to trace the effects of conten- contested issue. The development of solidarity to others, but in a more ex- and goodness, and how both mental tious participation and other forms of European social policies and the inher- tensive or restrictive way. The activists’ constructs orient their action towards activism on people’s minds. He con- ent trans-national solidarity has prov- mental construction about common specific form of action. We underscore ducted his PhD as an assistant of the re- en not to be politically feasible. One good enables them to orient their a mental process by which broad per- search project where the upcoming talk of the main reasons suggested for this action specifically. This mental con- ceptions of commonness and good- and the book manuscript Contentious is that there is too much diversity in struction allows activists to commit ness are transformed into cognitive Minds are grounded. His PhD analysed Europe, in an institutional, socio-eco- for others in distinct ways. Either they components that set activists’ inten- the importance of understandings of nomic and cultural sense (Banchoff and commit for a ‘universal’ other – without tionality: In particular, they enable to common good, politics, and citizenship Smith, 1999; Ferrera, 2005; Habermas, any social distinction – or for a specific understand for whom, for what, and in for contentious participation. 2013), which makes it difficult, as sug- group of people inhabiting society. In which field activists mobilize. gested by Scharpf (2002), to come to addition, common good perceptions Florence Passy agreement on the types and levels of orient activists’ action towards politics: Finally, we will address the question of is professor of politi- social protection that would be need- Either by challenging political actors or how this mental construction of com- cal science at the Uni- ed. In other words, European diversity by providing other with help and thus mon good is elaborated in the activists’ versity of Lausanne in welfare perspectives and attitudes completely avoiding the political arena minds. We will see how central conver- (Switzerland). She may stand in the way of a truly ‘Social as well as political conflicts. According sational interactions taking place with- has extensively writ- Europe’, in which there are EU social to the activists’ conception of common in a commitment site are to shape the ten on contentious rights for EU citizens. good the way they bring solidarity activists’ understandings of common politics, and specifi- greatly varies. Based on survey and in- good. This in turn explains why activists cally on individual participation. She is From past Eurobarometer data we terview data of activists committed to construct community-specific under- particularly interested to seize the role know that in general majorities of the contentious politics, volunteering and standings, why these understandings of social networks in mobilization pro- citizenry of EU countries oppose to the unionism in Switzerland, we discuss of common good are as plural and how cesses, and to grasp the effect of the in- EU taking binding decisions on health how activists grasp common good and they enable to perform distinct actions terpretative dimensions of networks on and welfare policies (Mau, 2005). How- how this conception specifically ori- of solidarity. To conclude, we aim to en- contention in particular, and activism ever, there are differences between ents their action. We also discuss why large our findings from the Swiss con- at large. She has also worked, in collab- European regions: e.g. people in the those understandings vary from one text to the transnational one. What do oration with Koopmans, Statham, and Scandinavian countries oppose such activist site to another. our results bring to seize transnational Giugni, on discourse and culture in the binding decisions strongest, while the solidarity? claim-making of collective actors in the Mediterranean people are stronger In our talk, we will first define the con- field of citizenship and migration. In supporters. Mau (2005) suggests that cept of common good and examine addition, she has undertaken research these differences are rooted in the how it relates to the idea of solidarity. on altruism, and political altruism. performance evaluations of people’s

6 7 Abstracts

own welfare states: Where Scandinavi- evaluation are related to attitudes to- er of the Welfare Attitudes modules and its neo-liberal assumptions in an an people may fear that the standards wards EU social policy. With the repeat in the European Social Survey waves attempt to reassert neo-Keynesianism of their generous benefits are levelled module on Welfare Attitudes in the lat- 2008 and 2016. acquired broad political significance out in European social policies, the est European Social Survey 2016 (wave with SYRIZA’s rise to power, which Mediterranean people are more crit- 8) possibilities have opened up, since Femke Roosma tapped into the discontent resulting ical on and therefore less attached to it contains direct measures of people’s is Assistant Professor from the harsh austerity measures. their own welfare policies, and may support for EU social regulation in the of Sociology at the However, the government’s failure to hope for something better. These domain of minimum income protec- Department of Sociol- translate the anti-austerity stance into are interesting suggestions, because tion, and a measure of people’s expec- ogy at Tilburg Univer- a realistic economic policy and nego- if true, they would inform us about tations of whether EU regulated social sity (the Netherlands). tiate a better deal for Greece has seri- the different motivations and expec- policy will improve welfare provision Her main research interests regard the ously narrowed the scope for reform tations that underlie popular ideas in their countries, or not. social legitimacy of welfare states and towards a sustainable redistributive about European social policies in dif- the cross-national analysis of multiple welfare state. ferent regions of Europe. In my presentation, based on analyses dimensions of welfare attitudes. of this new ESS data, I will address the Analyses of data from the Welfare At- following questions: Keynote 3 The major questions raised are: How titudes module of the European Social will the on-going reforms impact upon Survey 2008 (wave 4) have shown first 1. Are there differences between Welfare reform in Greece: A major the social structure, social cleavages empirical backing for the suggestion European regions (North, West crisis, crippling debt conditions and and conflicts? More importantly, how of regional differences in hope and South, East) in support for EU so- stark challenges ahead will they impact on the large middle fear regarding the outcomes of EU cial policy? class strata in Greek society? Will the Maria Petmesidou regulated social policy, be it indirectly. 2. If so, to what degree are such dif- outcome be “a race to the bottom” (Democritus University, Greece) That is, where in Northern and West- ferences driven by hope or fear, in wages and social welfare? Could, ern welfare states people show to be that is by people’s positive or instead, a socially embedded form of The presentation tracks the unfolding overall positive about the role of the negative expectations about the liberalization and flexibilization be of the Greek crisis and examines the welfare state as well as about its actual effects of EU social policy on their followed (for example, along the lines main policy reform options under the performance and outcomes, in South- welfare protection levels? of social investment)? These issues are three rescue-deals, which the country ern, and especially in Eastern European 3. And, to what degree are differences examined in the light of a broader de- signed with its international lenders. welfare states people are mostly per- in hope and fear driven by people’s bate on welfare transformation in Eu- A raft of significant reforms since 2010 formance critical, meaning that they evaluations of the performance of rope and the changing socio-political in labour market policies, social insur- do support a strong role for the wel- their own national welfare state? cleavages and solidarities. ance and health and social care are fare state, but they are critical about assessed according to whether and to their own welfare state’s performance Wim van Oorschot Maria Petmesidou what extent fiscal consolidation has (Roosma et al., 2014). In other words, the is Professor of Social (Ph.D. Oxford Uni- been balanced with concerns about first part of Mau’s reasoning seems to Policy at the Cen- versity) is Emeritus improving protection and redressing be true, that is, that in the South and tre for Sociological Professor of Social inequalities, or whether standards of East of Europe people are much more Research (CeSO) at Policy at Democritus social protection have been forced critical on the performance of their the University of University (Greece), ever lower. welfare states, than in the North and Leuven (Belgium). and Fellow of CROP/ West. However, until recently, there His main research interests regard the ISSC (Comparative Research on Pover- Undoubtedly, neo-liberal austerity is was no suitable EU comparative data EU-comparative analysis of the social ty/International Social Science Council the mantra of social adjustment under that allowed analysing whether and legitimacy of welfare policies and their under the auspices of UNESCO). She the successive bailout agreements. A how these differences in performance reforms. He is initiator and co-design- has published extensively on social “fightback” stance rejecting austerity

8 9 Abstracts

policy and welfare reform in Greece settings (Denmark, France, Germany, and distribution of goods and servic- er, public expectations towards civil and Southern Europe. Most recently Greece, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and es to others, or top-down, solidarity) society organisations are not always she co-edited the books: Economic cri- the UK), in the context of the TransSOL spread across the eight countries and shared by the activists and volunteers sis and austerity in Southern Europe: project. Our sample of 2,408 randomly the recent period (2007-2016)? On the themselves. In fact, the understanding threat or opportunity for a sustaina- selected TSOs allow us to offer an over- other hand, we wish to analyse which of what solidarity is and what contribu- ble welfare state? (London: Routledge, view of solidarity actions in the public organizational traits these various ap- tion organised civic solidarity can and 2015) and Child poverty and youth sphere by formal or informal civil soci- proaches are tied to. Are top-down or should make varies substantially and is (un)employment and social inclusion ety organizations engaging in solidar- bottom-up approaches determined highly contentious. (Stuttgart: Ibidem, 2016). From 2014 to ity-based exchanges and cooperative by the degree of formalization and 2017, she co-ordinated research on structures (including time banks, al- professionalization of TSOs, the type The goal of this paper is to analyse to policy learning and transfer in the field ternative social currency), citizens’ self- of constituencies or beneficiaries they what extent civil society organisations of youth employment policies, in the help groups, solidarity networks cov- work for, and/or their missions? Can in the fields of migration, disabilities context of the STYLE project funded ering urgent/basic needs, and social we thus identify structure or cleavages and unemployment understand their under the EC FP7 programme. enterprises. Our data were produced within the organizational field of civil engagement as solidarity work and in the context of the TransSOL project societies? what concept of solidarity they follow. applying a new methodological ap- In particular, we seek to study if and Panels 1 and 2: Civil Society proach (Action Organization Analysis) On the basis of these findings, the how the solidarity understandings of based on hubs-website retrieval and paper will develop a typology of TSO these civil society representatives re- Solidarity approaches of transna- the subsequent content analysis of solidarity approaches across the eight late to theoretical conceptions of sol- tional organizations during crises: organizational websites; the approach countries, for each of the three fields. It idarity. Following recent scholarship Migration, disability and unem- stems from protest event, political will situate these findings in reference (e.g. Bayertz 1999, Deken et al. 2006; ployment across eight European claims and protest case analysis (Kou- to the related literature. Featherstone 2012; Giugni/Passy 2001; countries sis, Giugni and Lahusen 2016). Stjernoe 2012, Smith/Sorrell 2014), we Maria Kousis, Christian Lahusen, What solidarity is about? – Reflec- will analyse the ways in which the dif- Eva Fernández G. G., Angelos Loukakis The main aim is to contribute to a lit- tions among civil society activists in ferent aspects of solidarity concepts erature that is highly fragmented and Germany, Poland and Greece are shared or rejected by civil society Although transnational solidarity or- rarely differentiates among solidarity Ulrike Zschache, Maria Theiss, representatives. For instance, to what ganizations have a long history and approaches (for exceptions see Giugni Maria Paschou extent and how is solidarity motivated cover a wide repertoire of activities, and Passy 2001; using qualitative data by altruism, charity and empathy with there is a lack of up-to-date empirical, see Duru, Sejersen and Trenz, 2016). It Transnational solidarity organisations people in need, by reciprocal concerns systematic and cross-national studies will answer two types of research providing help and support to refu- among members of (imagined) com- within Europe. This is particularly true questions. On the one hand, we wish gees, disabled and unemployed peo- munities and perceptions of homo- when examining specific fields of re- to show empirically which approach- ple are crucial social actors that mo- geneity, togetherness, equality and cent transnational solidarity, such as es towards solidarity are prevalent in bilise and organise solidarity on both inclusiveness (Stjernoe 2011; 2012) or by those of migration, disability and un- the various issue fields and countries domestic and transnational scales. collective political ideas, interests and employment since the global financial under analysis. Are bottom up or top- Particularly in times of crises, solidar- goals (e.g. fight for justice, for political, crisis of 2007 and the refugee crisis of down solidarity approaches more ity work by civil society activists and social or human rights) (Bayertz 1999: 2015. diffused among TSOs in the fields of volunteers has increased remarkably. 16; Passy 2001: 5)? disabilities, unemployment and ref- Against this backdrop, the media, sci- This paper presents a new perspective ugees? How are the four main soli- entists and politicians were quick to Based on qualitative interviews with on defining and identifying Transna- darity orientations (mutual-help, bot- appraise the increase in civic solidarity representatives of informal transna- tional Solidarity Organizations (TSOs) tom-up; support/assistance between work as a new level of active citizen- tional solidarity organisations in Ger- and fresh data on such initiatives groups; Help/offer support to others; ship and civic responsibility. Howev- many, Poland and Greece we will study across three fields and eight national

10 11 Abstracts

and compare their solidarity concep- under SYRIZA’s and CDU/SPD govern- No borders? Tracing solidarity to- increasingly contentious political con- tions by means of a qualitative con- ments in 2015, refugee and migration wards migrants and refugees in a texts. Therefore, a key question un- tent analysis. Following a “most-dif- policies facilitated migration inflows changing Europe derpinning our research is: what effect ferent systems” approach, the aim is in Greece and Germany, these were Tom Montgomery, Ulrike Zschache, does the policy context have on the to identify similarities between the considerably constrained under the Eva Fernández G. G. activities of migrant organisations? To interviewed civil society organisations right-wing government in Denmark. answer this question, we analyse the of the three countries. Given that they Additionally, the closure of borders by The purpose of this paper is to analyse factors which act as pathways and/or are characterised by very different im- many Central European countries and the role of civil society organisations in barriers to solidarity by focusing upon pacts of and responses to the recent the EU-Turkey agreement of 2016 ef- organising solidaristic activism in an the political opportunity structures crises, they promise to reveal fruitful fectively decreased migration inflows. ostensibly transnational field (Tarrow, (Eisinger, 1973; Kitschelt, 1986; Kriesi, insights into the common features of 2005), namely migration. Our study 1995; Koopmans, 2004) and “windows organised civic solidarity in Europe. Our analysis will use a fresh set of takes place across three contexts; the of opportunity” (McAdam 1999; Tar- empirical evidence on migration re- UK, Germany and Switzerland. These row 1989) which shape access to the Transnational solidarity to refugees lated transnational solidarity activi- three countries have been selected policymaking process, enable or con- in Greece, Germany and Denmark ties drawn from a random sample of in order to reflect the diverse institu- strain certain actors and facilitate or Kostas Kanellopoulos, Deniz Duru, Transnational Solidarity Organisations tional contexts within which migration restrict specific actions and activities. Ulrike Zschache, Angelos Loukakis, (TSOs) on migration, disabilities and organisations are currently embedded This paper identifies similarities and Maria Kousis, Hans-Jörg Trenz unemployment across the two Euro- and more specifically the diversity of differences between the UK, Germany pean countries. It aims to illustrate the migration regimes (the principles and and Switzerland and assesses how soli- In the past few years the number of effects of political opportunities and practices which shape migration pol- darity with migrants is constructed in a refugees and/or migrants entering the threats during the past five years on icies) operating across Europe. The changing and more fragile Europe. European Union in Greece to reach migration related solidarity activities UK, which has recently voted to leave North European destinations such as organised by TSOs in Greece, Germa- the European Union and is in a transi- Transnational activism during glob- Germany and Denmark has increased ny and Denmark. It will do so through tional period in terms of its relations al crises: Comparison of Greek and drastically, to the extent that 2015 has tri-national comparisons tracing the with other member states; Germany, Italian solidarity and social move- been considered a refugee-crisis year. patterns in which migration related a key player in the European Union ment organizations in times of eco- The concurrent economic and refugee TSOs: appear through time, organise and which was central in welcoming nomic and refugee crises crises that have recently hit most Eu- formally or informally, provide solidari- refugees during the crisis of 2015; and Angelos Loukakis, Nicola Maggini ropean countries have apparently on ty activities from the local to the trans- Switzerland which although not a the one hand reinforced the austerity national levels, address beneficiary/ member state of the European Union, In recent years, the global financial cri- regimes and have, also, given rise to participant needs, and target their has been involved in long running ne- sis and the austerity measures which xenophobic and racist attitudes across goals and collaborations. The data gotiations with EU institutions over the followed in EU countries have resulted the continent. used is produced in the context of the free movement of people. in drastic cuts to public services, heavy TransSOL project by a new method- job losses and reduced incomes. At On the other hand, a growing body ological approach (Action Organisa- We undertake a website-based sys- the same time, the economic crisis has of research has revealed a rapid ex- tion Analysis) based on hubs-website tematic content analysis of 100 migra- been accompanied by a refugee crisis. pansion in transnational organising retrieval and the subsequent content tion organisations randomly sampled Two countries have been particularly and solidarity activism. These changes analysis of the websites; the approach across each of the three countries in affected by both crises: Greece and may be influenced by political oppor- stems from protest event and protest order to better understand the types Italy. In this context, ordinary citizens tunities and threats (Tilly and Tarrow case analysis (Kousis, Giugni and Lahus- of organisations engaged in this field and new or re-energised networks of 2006, Goldstone and Tilly 2001) in the en 2017). and the variety of activities which they cooperation among civil society actors involved countries and at the broader undertake. Our research recognises (e.g., NGOs, churches, trade unions, EU framework. For example, whereas that these activities take place within cooperatives, grassroots initiatives,

12 13 Abstracts

and so on) foster (transnational) soli- Patterns of solidarity in precarious ods approach, integrating qualitative Panels 4, 5 and 6: darity’s practices. These practices are times: The role of trade unions and data from interviews with key inform- more and more important as they try labour organisations in the UK, ants from labour organisations and Public Opinion and Solidarity to address people’s needs unmet by Greece and Poland quantitative data collected by a cod- Till debts do us part? Exploring the national governments given the lack ing analysis of labour organisations in Kostas Kanellopoulos, Christina Kar- relationship between the digital di- of financial resources. our three countries. In particular, we akioulafi, Tom Montgomery, Simone vide and support for bailout funds will examine the type of activities of Baglioni, Janina Petelczyc amongst EU citizens This article investigates and critically the labour CSOs, the beneficiaries of Olga Eisele and Verena K. Brändle analyses the initiatives and practices of Against the backdrop of financial tur- their solidarity actions, and the value Transnational Solidarity Organizations moil and a refugee crisis, the growing frames which underpin these activi- The EU has been in crisis for a long (TSOs) in Italy and Greece by combin- insecurity and precariousness within ties. Our aim is to enhance the under- time now. Scholars have pointed out ing descriptive and explanatory anal- EU labour markets continues to res- standing of solidarity in action against the dangerous potential of crises to yses within a comparative approach onate with policymakers and civil so- the backdrop of crises in Europe. How increase feelings of social exclusion and through statistical techniques. ciety. Although these crises have had do organisations intervene in the field while the need for solidarity seems In this regard, the article provides a differential impact across the UK, of unemployment? What common greater than ever. Against this broader the socio-political profile of TSOs in Greece and Poland, all three countries patterns have developed, if any? Our background, this paper looks at mo- three thematic areas (namely disabil- have introduced changes to liberalise findings from three diverse European tivations to support or object to EU ities, unemployment and migration), labour policies or have enacted auster- contexts reveal both the opportunities bailout funds taking into account state by investigating their organizational ity measures (Heyes 2013, Eichorst et al., and the challenges for those organisa- level and individual level explanations type, their network features, their ap- 2010). These policies have contributed tions offering solidarity in the field of pertaining to democracy and soli- proach towards solidarity, and their to a widening divide between policy- employment. darity in the EU. In addition, a special aims and routes followed to achieve makers and traditional trade unions, focus is laid on feelings of disenfran- them. Moreover, explanatory analysis forcing the latter to adapt to new cir- Panel 3: The Public chisement and exclusion embodied focuses on the type and the spatial cumstances (Almeida 2010, Wadding- Discourse on Solidarity in the discussion revolving around level of solidarity actions. In particular, ton, Kerr 2009, Lévesque, Murray 2010). In the ‘digital divide’. Here, we include through regression analysis we exam- the literature, trade unions and “other The public discourse on solidarity: the self-reported sources of informa- ine which TSOs’ features are linked to a actors” are increasingly situated within A comparative perspective tion, including either traditional media specific type of activities. Then, we fo- a common framework, and trade un- sources (i.e., newspapers, radio, TV) cus on the actions’ spatial level looking ions are involved in broader alliances Manlio Cinalli and Hans-Jörg Trenz or new media (internet, social media). at the factors that might increase or in the context of “social movement un- Methodologically, the analysis is based decrease the probability of TSOs being ionism” (Diani, 2017). This roundtable panel will feature an active at the transnational level. The introductory presentation as well and on a large-scale survey conducted in 7 EU member states and Switzerland; we article aims at contributing, through In our contribution to these debates, a discursive platform on public de- employ multinomial logistic regres- fresh empirical data, to the scholarly we examine the role of traditional bates on solidarity in eight countries: sion to understand the motivations of discussion on the field of transnational trade unions as well as other grass- Greece, Italy, the UK, Germany, Swit- supporters and adversaries of bailout solidarity practices and organizations roots labour organisations in the zerland, Poland, Denmark, and France. funds. Results seem to suggest that by pointing out that issue fields and emerging patterns of solidarity in Short statements regarding the state traditional media users tend to disa- national contexts can affect the TSOs Europe. The conceptualisation and of discourse on solidarity in each gree with the measure of bailout funds repertoire of action but not their trans- actual practices of solidarity have be- country will be provided, followed by while the opposite is true for new me- national engagement. come issues of concern for trade un- a structured discussion. Results will dia users. ions and labour organisations across be presented and discussed from an different European countries. In the analysis of mass media coverage as paper, we shall adopt a mixed meth- well as online commentaries by news consumers.

14 15 Abstracts

Brexit, separatism and individual and expressions of solidarity at differ- ple, and people with disabilities. We Greece, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, the solidarity: Evidence from eight Eu- ent levels (local, national, European investigate the reasons why people UK). This survey provides illuminating ropean countries and beyond) will be explored using act on behalf of each of these three data about citizens reporting to have Simone Baglioni, Olga Biosca, multivariate regression techniques. groups without being a member of supported people abroad through Tom Montgomery Demographic and socio-economic any of them or having close ties with various practices. In conceptual and characteristics of individuals will also any individuals in these groups. What theoretical terms, the paper wishes Solidarity amongst member states, be included in the regressions. is the profile of people engaging in to analyse and discuss transnational one of the European Union’s funda- such acts? What are their underlying solidarity with reference to two disci- mental values, has recently been put Do unto others? Individual-level motivations to do so? These respond- plinary debates. On the one hand, we to the test by numerous and diverse mechanisms of solidarity ents will be compared with respond- wish to understand whether transna- challenges. Financial crises and migra- Marco Giugni and Maria Grasso ents who are not members and have tional solidarity is related with more tion, as well as nationalist and separa- not people close to these three groups open concepts of (social) citizenship. tist movements have contributed to The main title of the proposed paper in their entourage, so as to single out In fact, while our preliminary findings this so-called “crisis of solidarity”. In explicitly refers to the title of a paper the reasons and mechanism that push suggest that most citizens are scep- the UK, two referendums have con- by Charles Tilly (in Political Altruism? someone to act altruistically? tical towards a universalistic and cos- tributed to mark recent times. First, Solidarity Movements in International mopolitan conception of solidarity, in 2014, the Scottish independence Perspective, edited by Marco Giugni and European solidarity: The spatial they do seem to proclaim, at the same referendum was held and, in 2016, the Florence Passy. Rowman and Littlefield, reach of civic solidarity between the time, a rights-based conception tied to British referendum on European Un- 2001). In that paper, Tilly distinguished national and the global the notion of citizenship, stressing that ion membership led to ‘Brexit’. Whilst between four kinds of behaviour de- Christian Lahusen, Maria Theiss solidarity is tied to legal entitlements the outcome of both referendums re- pending on different combinations of and mutual obligations. On the other vealed the opinion of voters, little is harm and benefit for the actors and Europeans proclaim a readiness to en- hand, we wish to understand the so- known about the perceptions of other for others. He thus defined altruism gage for solidarity in support of others, ciological underpinnings of transna- European citizens on these matters. as situations in which a given actor even across their most immediate en- tional solidarity. Solidarity is not only However, the results of these pro- sustains harm while another actor vironment. However, our knowledge is linked to socio-demographic charac- cesses have contributed to shape the gains benefits. This sets it apart from rather limited when asking how wide- teristics (age, gender), but also with present and future of the European egoism (situations in which a given spread this transnational (European, social-structural resources (education, Union affecting all European citizens. actor gains benefits while another global) solidarity is. Additionally, we income, social class) and attitudinal In this paper, using a representative actor sustains harm), cooperation (sit- do not know what kind of beliefs and dispositions (religiosity, trust), demon- survey conducted in eight European uations in which a given actor gains ideas are patterning cognitively the strating that solidarity and the related Countries including the UK, we aim to benefits while another actor likewise popular conceptions of transnational concepts of open citizenship are une- explore and contrast cross-country ev- gains benefits), and destruction (situ- solidarity. Finally, we know little about venly distributed within society. This idence on the individual perceptions ations in which a given actor sustains the social and political profile of those will sensitize us for potential conflicts and opinions held by survey partici- harm while another actor likewise people supportive of this type of sol- and contentions about the implicit pants on both Scottish independence sustains harm). In this paper we start idarity, and thus about the beneficial glue tying societies together. from the UK and British independence from this definition and typology in and detrimental factors. This paper from Europe. We then aim to estab- order to try to unveil the underlying wants to present fresh insights on lish if an association exists between individual-level mechanisms of al- all these aspects, but taking a closer opinions on separatism and individual truism through the analysis of survey look at the spatial dimension of sol- solidaristic attitudes and concrete be- data. To do so we compare the behav- idarity. The analysis is based on an haviours of survey respondents. The iours of respondents in relation to the individual survey conducted among complex relationship between opin- members of three main beneficiaries: 16.000 Europeans coming from eight ions on these two separatist events migrants/refugees, unemployed peo- countries (Denmark, Germany, France,

16 17 Abstracts

Ties of solidarity at the fringes of are among those being least solidari- difficult landscape, therefore, attitudes tices towards refugees are related with the political spectrum: partisan ous towards both nationals and for- and behaviours towards migrants/ref- more open concepts of (social) citizen- cleavages in reported solidarity ac- eigners, while adherents of left and ugees can take two main paths: fear ship, underlying a universalistic and tion across Europe radical left parties show strong levels and resentment, deliberately exploit- cosmopolitan conception of solidarity Johannes Kiess and Hans-Jörg Trenz of engagement in solidarity action at ed by political entrepreneurs; altru- (Arendt, 1972). On the other hand, we both national and transnational level. ism and social ingenuity, deployed wish to understand the political un- The strength of solidarity ties among through a range of civil society organ- derpinnings of solidarity behaviour to- individuals is often discussed in re- Refugees and individual solidarity: isations, social movements, and social wards refugees. Indeed, scholars have lationship to membership within a an unconditioned and universalistic, innovations. Which of these paths mir- highlighted the increasing importance community of equals. This assumes a but politically bounded solidarity? rors the current situation in Europe? in the political space of a cultural di- strong correlation between attitudes Nicola Maggini, Veronica Federico, In this paper, using a representative mension based on “demarcationist” of solidarity towards co-citizens, re- Eva Fernández G. G. survey conducted in eight European issues such as immigration (Kriesi et ported solidarity-action and nation- countries, we will explore and contrast al. 2006). The latter is a divisive issue al identity. In terms of political party The increased inflow of refugees from cross-country evidence on individual that is strongly politicized by right- affiliation, we would expect that ad- Syria and other regions affected by perceptions and behaviours towards wing populist parties in order to gain herents of political parties driven by wars, and the inability of the EU in- migrants/refugees. In particular, we votes (Mudde, 2011). Consequently, we right-identitarian politics and parties stitutions and its member states to aim to understand how strongly sol- would expect that solidarity towards driven by left-distributive politics dif- establish a coordinated asylum poli- idarity towards refugees is rooted at refugees is a contested issue that sep- fer considerably in terms of reported cy and mechanisms of admission and the individual level, both in terms of arates people with different political solidarity action and that such differ- integration, have raised the concerns attitudes and practices, and which fac- orientations. ences are explained by the nationality that solidarity between EU member tors seem to trigger (or inhibit) solidar- of the different groups as targets of states is severely at risk. Furthermore, ity practices in favour of refugees. As Welfare attitudes and transnational solidarity. In this paper, we test these the refugee crisis followed with a gap far as the main explanatory variables solidarity assumptions by looking at ideological of few years the economic crisis. In this are concerned, we will rely on previous Anna Kurowska, Olga Eisele, cleavages in attitudes and reported regard, economic hardships and social studies showing how solidarity can be Johannes Kiess solidarity action towards three differ- inequalities, as well as the success of patterned by political-ideological ori- ent target groups of solidarity: unem- populist parties and the mobilization entations (Blekesaune and Quadagno, The article aims to explore to what ployed (nationals), disabled persons of Eurosceptic and xenophobic pro- 2003; Amat and Wibbels, 2009; Likki and extent the welfare attitudes of Euro- (nationals) and refugees (non-nation- tests across Europe have raised further Staerklé, 2014), perceptions of deserv- peans may explain their transnational als). By comparing respondents at concerns about not only the weak- ingness, reciprocity and conditional- solidarity attitudes and behaviours. the right and left fringes of the polit- ening of solidarity between member ity (Oorschot, 2000 and 2006), social We conceptualize transnational atti- ical spectrum with adherents of cen- state governments, but also the dete- capital (Putnam et al., 2003; Jenkins, tudes and behaviours as referring to tre-left and centre-right parties (con- rioration of solidarity at the level of the 1983) and religiosity (Abela, 2004; Steg- both migrants/refugees within the trol group) across countries, we can European citizenry. Nevertheless, the mueller et al., 2012; Lichterman, 2015). country of the respondent and to- systematically map solidarity attitudes refugee crisis has accentuated the im- The effect of these factors on solidar- wards citizens living in other countries. and behaviour across the ideological portance and growth of transnational ity practices towards refugees will be We will rely on the conceptualizations spectrum. Our findings indicate first solidarity organisations (Ataç, Rygiel tested through multivariate regression developed in previous work within the of all that partisan affiliation matters: and Stierl, 2016). Indeed, a web of civic models, including also demographic project so as to ensure consistency be- there are important ideological cleav- engagement sustained by civil society and socio-economic characteristics of tween papers in the special issue. As ages in solidarity attitudes and behav- organisations has been working on a individuals as control variables. In par- far as the main explanatory variables iour that divide populations. Secondly, daily basis to meet basic needs of ref- ticular, we will focus on two analytical are concerned we will drive from the and contrary to the expectation, ad- ugees, taking the form of both advo- dimensions. On the one hand, we wish concept of ‘multidimensional welfare herents of right-wing populist parties cacy and a service provision. In such a to understand whether solidarity prac- attitudes’ (Van Oorschot and Meuleman

18 19 Abstracts Venue

2011; Gelissen 2000; Sihvo and Uusitalo on social proximity and homogeneity. Factory Forty 1995; Svallfors 1991), and focus on three As part of the main explanatory factors basic dimensions of these attitudes, i.e. I will rely on previous studies showing Rue des Anciens Etangs 40 their goals, range and degree (Roosma, how civic solidarity can be patterned 1190 Brussels, Belgium Gelissen and Oorschot 2013). We would to individual perceptions of vulnera- either estimate multilevel regressions bility, fairness and deservingness; to Factory Forty is located in the heart of Brussels, between the or a structural equation model and social capital which is closely related Gare du Midi and the Ring. It is reachable by the 82 and 97 trams control for a wide range of country to social cohesion, trust and institu- (get off at ‘Union’) as well as the 50 and 54 buses (get off at level (socio-economic) and individual tionalized trust and is a key compo- ‘Bervoets’). Car parking is also available. (socio-demographic) characteristics. nent for the establishment of bonds, Please visit the Factory Forty website for more details: networks and norms for cooperative https://www.factoryforty.be/ Institutionalized forms of solidarity endeavours. In addition, I will inves- and the migration challenge tigate how social identification and Eva Fernández G. G. proximity, as well as communitarian and cosmopolitan orientations might The article aims to understand indi- condition civic solidarity towards mi- vidual attitudes and behaviour relat- grant populations. More specifically, ed to civic solidarity towards migrant I aim to unveil the factors associated populations. Civic solidarity refers to with individual support to institu- the interdependence between citizens tionalized forms of solidarity that also embodied in institutionalized forms ensure adequate basic needs to mi- of social protection. Civic solidarity is grant populations across 8 European found in the obligations of civil society countries (Denmark, Germany, France, to protect citizens against vulnerabil- Greece, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, the ities through the partial socialization UK). Through the lenses of institution- of social risks under the principle of alized solidarity, I investigate the pro- de-commodification. The welfare state files and underlying motivations of the is the institutionalized form through individual who show civic solidarity at- which those protections are issued titudes and engage on civic solidarity and it embodies shared feelings, in- actions towards migrants. The paper terests, risks, and responsibilities on uses survey data on individual forms the social level. This solidarity bonding of solidarity at times of crisis collected involves obligations among the mem- within the EU project “European paths bers of the community and benefits to transnational solidarity at times of derived from their membership. How- crisis: Conditions, forms, role models ever, migration raises the thorny issue and policy responses” (TransSOL). of belonging, questioning the bound- aries of the community. In this sense, the challenge is to unveil the factors that promote individual support to civic solidarity beyond a shared cul- tural experience or some other uniting feature among group members based

20 21 About TransSOL

TransSOL is an EU-funded research project dedicated to describing and analysing solidarity in- itiatives and practices at a time in which Europe’s existence is challenged by the consequences of the 2008 economic and financial crisis, by the problematic management of large fluxes of refugees and by the outcome of the 2017 Brexit referendum. In particular, TransSOL focuses on three areas of vulnerability: migration / asylum, unemployment and disability.

Consortium

European Alternatives University of Geneva Institute of Citizenship Studies Glasgow Caledonian University Yunus Centre for Social Business and Health University of Sheffield Department of Politics University of Copenhagen Department of Media, University of Siegen Cognition and Communication Centre for Research in the Social Sciences

University of Crete University of Warsaw Department of Sociology Institute of Social Policy

University of Florence Sciences Po Paris Department of Legal Sciences Centre for Political Research

For more information about the TransSOL project, visit the website: http://transsol.eu To register for this event, please contact Natalie Roxburgh ([email protected]).

Project Information Project Type: Collaborative Project Call: H2020 EURO-3-2014: European societies after the crisis Start date: June 2015 This project has received funding from the European Uni- Duration: 36 months on’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme un- Coordinator: Prof. Dr. Christian Lahusen, University of Siegen der grant agreement No 649435. Grant Agreement No: 649435 EU-funded Project Budget: € 2,483,805.00 www.transsol.eu