FALLING THROUGH THE CRACKS EXPOSING INEQUALITIES IN THE EU AND BEYOND MAKE EUROPE SUSTAINABLE F R ALL This report is published by: SDG Watch Europe, Make Europe Sustainable for All and Faces of Inequality Coordinating organisations: European Environmental Bureau, Global Call to Action Against Poverty, SOLIDAR and World Vision Overall report coordination: Ingo Ritz, Global Call to Action Against Poverty & Patrizia Heidegger and Sonia Goicoechea, European Environmental Bureau Date of publication: June 2019 Editors: Sylvia Beales and George Gelber, BealesGelber Consult agency, and Tanja Gohlert, Global Call to Action Against Poverty Graphic design: Hearts & Minds - Brussels - www.heartsnminds.eu Designer of cover illustration: Gemma Bowcock, European Environmental Bureau The views expressed in the different chapters are the sole responsibility of the authors. This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of “Make Europe Sustainable For All” project and can under no circumstances be taken as reflecting the position of the European Union. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 WHERE IS THE EU WITH FIGHTING INEQUALITY? 8 COUNTRY SUMMARIES 13 Austria 14 Czech Republic 16 France 18 Germany 20 Greece 22 Ireland 24 Italy 26 Lithuania 28 Table of contents of Table Luxembourg 30 The Netherlands 32 3 Poland 34 Portugal 36 Romania 38 Slovenia 40 Spain 42 REFLECTIONS ON HOW ACTION ON SDG 10 IS INCLUDED IN THE VOLUNTARY 44 NATIONAL REVIEWS (VNRS) SINCE 2016 THEMATIC CHAPTERS 48 Universal delivery of social protection essential to tackle inequalities 49 Sustainable Development Goals as a compass to reduce health inequities in Europe 54 Inequality is fought against at the frontlines of the struggles for environmental justice 57 Reducing inequalities between Roma and non-Roma: EU, SDG 10 and combating exclusion of Roma 61 Equality between women and men in the EU - transforming european political and decision-making institutions 69 Homelessness is the visible manifestation of increasing inequality across the European Union 74 Young people call for measures to prevent increasing economic and social exclusion 79 Persons with disabilities: Ensuring our rights to equality to successfully implement the Sustainable Development 83 The challenges in implementing and monitoring the Agenda 2030 and SDGs 3 and 10 from an old age perspective 86 EU policies on debt, tax and finance and their impact on developing countries 88 The EU contribution to tackle inequality in partner countries 93 OVERVIEW & POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 98 PREFACE “As long as poverty, injustice and gross inequality persist in our world, none of us can truly rest.” Nelson Mandela By Patrizia Heidegger, European Environmental Bureau I Ingo Ritz, Global Call to Action Against Poverty I Barbara Caracciolo, SOLIDAR I Jonathan Beger, World Vision In September 2015, the international community adopted the 2030 Agenda and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The 2030 Agenda’s transformative promise is to ‘leave no one behind’ with Goal 10, “To reduce inequalities within and between countries” at its core. The European Union and its Member States were a Falling through the cracks the cracks through Falling driving force in the process leading to the adoption of the 2030 Agenda and its goals. 4 SDG 10 is being reviewed in 2019 in the UN-led process that monitors progress towards achieving the goals. As things stand now, Member States of the EU are not on track to achieve the goal to reduce inequalities by 2030. Civil society has taken the opportunity to provide an analysis of the different dimensions of inequality that exist – and persist – across the European Union. We are using this moment to present concrete policy recommendations to the EU, its new political leadership and its Member States. Our purpose is to provide information and proposals to address inequalities effectively – a first and necessary step towards ensuring a just transition towards human well-being within the planet’s ecological limits, and to leave no one behind. This report has been produced as part of the pan-European project Make Europe Sustainable for All in close collaboration with SDG Watch Europe, the European civil society coalition advocating for the complete implementation of the SDGs in and by the European Union and its Member States. The report contains short summaries of issues of inequality in 15 different Member States. The summaries are based on fuller reports on inequalities in each country which are accessible via weblinks. Organisations from various sectors of civil society – including environmental, social and development organisations – wrote these reports according to their own perspectives and context in response to a shared set of guiding questions. The information provided by the national reports provided the basis for our analysis of main thematic concerns across the European Union. The chapters on specific dimensions of inequality examine social protection, health, homelessness, debt and tax injustice, the environment, development cooperation and discrimination against particular groups including young people, older people, people with disabilities, women, and Roma communities. These chapters have been provided by European civil society networks with particular expertise on these issues. Preface While the report seeks to cover the most widespread forms of inequality in the European Union, and also looks at impacts made by the EU and Member States on other countries, the list of topics covered in the 5 specific chapters is not exhaustive. The choice of thematic chapters reflects the expertise and capacity of the organisations within the SDG Watch Europe network that provided input for this report. These choices are not in any way meant to downplay the importance of other pressing concerns around inequality in the EU. A note on data and sources: there are many and varied sources of data available on the SDGs in general and inequalities in particular. Even so, one finding of our report is that there are important gaps in the data that need to be filled to ensure inclusive measurement of steps to be taken to achieve SDG 10 and its targets. Member States use national data sets and indicators, while the EU and the UN use their own set of indicators, as do research institutions and civil society. We left it to the discretion of the authors to use the data and indicators of their choice. Different sections of the report, therefore, are not based on directly comparable data. SDG Watch Europe and the partners of Make Europe Sustainable for All would like to thank all the organisations that contributed to this report. We also want to thank Sylvia Beales and George Gelber of BealesGelber Consult for editing and bringing together all the contributions to our report. Let’s continue to jointly fight inequalities in the EU and globally. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The European Union, the world’s second largest Inequalities within countries are often linked to the economy and one of the wealthiest regions on divide between rural and urban areas. the planet, prides itself on its egalitarianism and progressive social model. Despite this, different forms The country reports sound the alarm on the of inequalities are, at worst, widening and, at best, burgeoning ranks of the working poor as the rates not narrowing nearly fast enough. If urgent action is in-work poverty climb due to the rise of precarious not taken to address these gaping disparities, the EU work and temporary contracts – having a job is not is at risk of not meeting its commitments under the a guarantee for a decent life. Social transfers are Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly indispensable tools for reducing inequality and the one related to narrowing inequalities within and protecting the vulnerable, while social protection between countries (SDG 10), by the 2030 deadline. It policies help countries recover from economic is high time for Europe to practise what it preaches to crises, the report finds. developing countries and get its own house in order. Falling through the cracks the cracks through Falling The power of prejudice ‘Falling through the cracks: Exposing Inequalities in the Gender pay gaps and the glass career ceiling 6 EU and beyond’ shines a light on the impact of rising persist across Europe. The burden of unpaid inequalities on people and planet. The report, which household and caring responsibilities falls makes for sobering reading, maps the reality of disproportionately on women of all ages, often various forms of inequality, both nationally and at the keeping them out of paid work. This places women European level. at greater risk of poverty in later life as interrupted careers and part-time work erode their pension The report clearly shows that many forms of entitlements. inequalities are on the rise, including economic inequality. As the gap widens between the highest and Discrimination is the core driver of the increasing lowest earners, 20% of the EU population earns less poverty, inequality and disadvantage experienced than the poverty threshold in their country, while by certain specific groups, including migrants, the number of people living in income poverty in the people with an immigrant background, the Roma EU has risen by over 8% since 2005. minority and LGBQTI communities. Discrimination is also linked to unequal treatment of people based on ‘Falling through the cracks’ charts visible interlinkages age, ethnicity, disability, location, sexual orientation between economic inequalities, discrimination and and gender. In addition, access to healthcare, social exclusion, both within and outside the EU, education, quality housing and decent work for caused by unfair tax, investment and aid priorities. marginalised groups is seriously lacking. As the Discrimination attitudes and policies often prevent chapters on younger and older Europeans highlight, people lifting themselves out of poverty. Wealth people face discrimination and exclusion from the inequality, measured by the accumulated assets workforce at both ends of the age spectrum.