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TITLE ARL: A Bimonthly Newsletter of Research Library Issues and Actions, 1994. INSTITUTION Association of Research Libraries, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO ISSN-1050-6098 PUB DATE Nov 94 NOTE 97p.; For the 1992-93 issues, see ED 364 223. AVAILABLE FROMAssociation of Research Libraries, 21 Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036 (members $25/year for additional subscription; nonmembers $50/year). PUB TYPE Collected Works Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT ARL; n172-177 Jan 1994-Nov 1994
EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Academic Libraries; Federal Government; Federal Legislation; Financial Support; Futures (of Society); Grants; Higher Education; *Library Administration; *Library Associations; *Library Services; Meetings; *Research Libraries IDENTIFIERS *Association of Research Libraries
ABSTRACT This document consists of 6 issues (1 year) of a newsletter devoted to information and reports on issues and actions of interest to research libraries. Each issue contains articles on current issues, federal relations, and ARL activities as well as columns by the Coalition for Networked Information, the Office of Scientific and Academic Publishing, and the Office of Management Services. The highlights of each issue are as follows: (January 1994) "Trends in University Funding for Research Libraries," "NII and Intellectual Property," "Serial Cancellation Survey," and "Attracting Minority Applicants"; (March 1994) "Steps Toward a New U.S. Communications Policy," "Celebrating Libraries," "CICNet and Electronic Journals," and "Technology Fees"; (May 1994) "Rising Prices Continue to Plague ARL Libraries," "Rethinking ILL & Document Delivery Services," "Campus Seminars on Scholarly Communications," and "Librarywide Diversity Programs"; (July 1994) "Affirming the Rights and Responsibilities of the Research Library Community in the Area of Copyright," "AAU and ARL Endorse Action Agenda," "Electronic Serial Sites," and "OMS Diversity Program"; (September 1994) "ARL in Support of a Diverse Research Library Workforce," "AAU/ARL Demonstration Projects," "Librarian/Publisher Dialogs," and "New Learning Communities"; (November 1994) "GIS (Geographic Information System) Applications in Research Libraries," "Serial Cancellation Rate Predicted to Drop," "NII and Copyright," and "OMS Diversity Seminar." (DGM)
*********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** LLD DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Pants a vowOfGoma% stated m bite (bete meal do not ev represent otheml OERI posrtioo or oohcy A BIMONTHLY NEWSLETTER OF RESEARCH LIBRARY ISSUES AND ACTIONS Current Issues TRENDSIN UNIVERSITY FUNDING FOR RESEARCH LIBRARIES by Kendon Stubbs, University of Virginia Library The Association of Research Libraries has is not reflected evenly within library expendi- collected data from its academic members tures during the same period of time. Indeed, the since 1981-82 on total university education- rate of increase in library serials expenditures has al and general (E&G) expenditures.1 Analysis of matched or exceeded increases in university E&G these data, together with the annual ARL statis- expenditures. The chief disparity between the tics, reflects trends in research library use of uni- respective rates of library spending and total versity resources E&G spending and the relative has been in the emphasis given to Average ARL Library Percentage of E & G category of library budgets by Expenditures, for 88 Libraries, 1982-92 salaries and universities. 4.5% wages. There has A recent 'been a fairly con- examination of a "Trend" = -0.06 stant level of decade of these library staffing E&G data for the 4.0 °h during this peri- as ARL Statistics and -111- od, and this is Measurements reflected in a Committee slower rise in 3.5% revealed a wide- 41' library personnel C) spread decrease in a- expenditures than the proportion of in expenditures university fund- 3.0% for teaching ing directed to faculty. 1982 research libraries, 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 The following averaging over Year is a summary of half a percent of Figure 1 trends in the ratio E&G expenditures between library from 1982 expenditures and through 1992. While actual dollar amounts total university E&G expenditures. ir-reased, this half a percent decrease in the pro- portion of E&G allocated to libraries meant that The Decline in the Library the mean ARL library in 1992 had about $4 mil- Share of University Funds lion less to spend than if it were still receiving its For 88 ARL libraries reporting the pertinent data 1982 percentage of university funding. in all years from 1982 through 1992, Figure 1 dis- The decline in the library percentage of E&G plays the average ARL library percentage of 1mi- "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY CA-. Ma. odd BEST COPY AVAILABLE TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." CURRENT ISSUES Continued versity E&G expenditures. Each solid dot represents the percent changes from the base year of 1981-82 for total average percent of E&G (also presented in Table 1). library expenditures and E&G expenditures. It also dis- Regression analysis can compute the straight line in the plays the subcategories of library expenditures:expen- graph that lies closest to all the points. This is the ditures for serials, for books and other non-serial materi- regression or trend line. The overall tendency of the als, for salaries and wages, and for other operatingcosts points representing percentages of E&G is downward (including binding). Figure 2 demonstratesa widening from 1982 through 1992. A negative number indicatesa gap between total library expenditures and E&G expen- downward sloping regression line. ditures, of which library expendituresare a part. Both The line in Figure 1 has a slope of -0.06. Thisnum- library and E&G expenditure dollars have been increas- ber can be interpreted as the average annual decline in ing, but E&G expenditures have been increasing faster. the percentage of E&G for all ARL libraries. Note from As the gap widens, the ratio between library and E&G Table 1 that the average expenditures declines. ARL library's percent fell At the same time, the Table 1: from 3.91 in 1982 to 3.32 figure shows how in 1992. This is a drop of Average Expenditures of ARL Librarie expenditures for serials 0.59 in the 10 years fol- s and Universities and for other operating lowing 1982. The calcu- Year Total Library costs have exceeded or lated slope of -0.06 indi- E & G Library Expenditures Expenditures Percent at least kept pace with cates an annual drop. of E & G E&G, while expendi- Over 10 years -0.06 1982 7,182,629 205,192,922 tures for salaries and becomes a decline of 0.60, 3.91 1983 7,767,229 216,394,511 3.92 wages, and for books, which is almost the same have fallen behind. as the actual decline of 1984 8,351,858 238,521,748 3.85 0.59. In this case the 1985 9,094,720 260,994,145 3.83 1986 Causes of the regression analysis 9,885,732 290,083,028 3.78 Decline in the describes very accurately 1987 10,719,388 317,931,271 3.74 E&G Ratio how ARL libraries on 1988 11,483,300 348,006,462 3.64 The reason for the average experienced a 1989 12,361,545 383,114,338 3.53 widening gap between decrease of about 0.06 1990 13,369,538 420,414,327 3.45 library expenditures (actually, 0.06%) each 1991 14,177,510 and university E&G year in their share of uni- 447,683,066 3.42 1992 14,550,333 476,191,915 3.32 expenditures is not, as versity E&G. Seventy- some have supposed, eight percent of ARL that ARL library members display a downtrend in their E&Gpercentage expenditures for serials have been failing to keepup from 1982 through 1992. Seventy-two percent received with university expenditures. Figure 2 shows howseri- a lower percentage of E&G in 1992 than in 1982. als expenditures have outpaced E&G expenditures. Table 1 displays average (mean) total libraryexpen- Similarly, increases in library expenditures for other ditures, average E&G expenditures, andaverage ratios operating costs, including automation, have also of library expenditures to E&G expenditures.2 This exceeded educational and generalexpenses. Where table shows that the mean ARL library's share of uni- ARL libraries have been falling behind in relationto versity expenditures has declined from 3 91%to 3.32%. general university expenditures is chiefly in salariesand If the mean library were still receiving 3.91% ofE&G, wages, and also in non-serial materials, mostly mono- average library expenditures would be $18.6 million,or graphs. about $4 million more than actualmean library expendi- For.! period 1982 through 1992, E&G expendi- tures in 1992. Most ARL libraries have experienced a tures ro.,e 132%, while library salaries andwages rose downward trend, of greater or lesser severity, in their only 85%, and monographs and other non-serialmateri- percentage of E&G since 1982. als rose 96%. In 1992, serials and other operatingexpen- The recent Mellon report on university libraries sim- ditures accounted for about one-third of expendituresin ilarly found a decline in the library percentage of E&G.3 the typical ARL library; salaries andwages for one-half; For the subset of 24 ARL libraries in its sample, theE&G and monographs and other non-serials for one-sixth. percentage dropped 0.47% from 1982 to 1990 from During the 1980s the one-third of the budget devotedto 3.67% to 3.20%. From Table 1, the decline for allARL serials and other operating costs rose slightly fasterthan libraries from 1982 to 1990 was 0.46% (from 3.91%to E&G, while the other two-thirds of the budget lagged 3.45%). behind. If we had to point to one chiefcause of the For the same 88 libraries, Figure 2 isa graph of the shifting ratio of library to university E&G expenditures, ARL 172 JANUARY 1994 2 3 therefore, it would be expenditures for library staff (and Notes to a much lesser extent, expenditures for monographs). 1. E&G expenditures include the major categories of Instruc- Evidence for the causes of the decreasing library tion (chiefly teaching faculty salaries and wages), Research, percentage of E&G can be seen by looking at the subcat- Public Service, Academic Support (including libraries), Stu- egories of E&G expenditures.4 For 1982 through 1990 dent Services, Institutional Support, Operation andMainte- the costs of instruction in ARL institutions rose 89%, nance of Plant, Scholarships and Fellowships, Mandatory while library salaries and wagesrose 70%. On the Transfers, and (since 1987 in U.S. reporting) Nonmandatory whole, by 1990 universities were paying nearly 20% Transfers. The instructions for the anal ARL collection of more for teaching faculty than libraries were paying for E&G data have specified that the E&G number fora U.S. their staffs. Meanwhile other categories of E&Gexpen- university is to be taken from Part B, Line 12, of the U.S. ditures were also rising faster Department of Education's than expenditures for library Percent Change in ARL Library annual IPEDS (formerly staff (and faster than the costs and E & GExpenditures, HEGIS) survey of finances of of teaching faculty): for for 88 Libraries, 1982-92 institutions of higher educa- example, research; public ser- 160% tion. Canadian universities vice; other types of academic are to report similarly support, such as computing; Serials 140% Other defined expenditure data. student services; and institu- Operating 2.In 1987 the U.S. National tional support. If library staff E&G 120% Center for Education Statis- costs had kept pace with ':he tics changed the reporting costs of instructional faculty, Total 100% Library base for E&G expenditures the library percentage of E&G Non-Serial by adding nonmandatory would have been much closer Materials transfers to total E&G. The to a constant percentage Salaries ratio of library expenditures throughout the decade. to total E&G expenditures is If library personnel costs thus deflated from 1987 are the main cause of the through 1992, compared decrease in the ARL percent- with 1982 through 1986, at age of E&G expenditures, least for U.S. ARL libraries. what held those costs in 20% The discontinuity in 1987, check? From previous inves- however, had little effect on tigations the answer is clearly the time series. For example, that library staffing levels 0% 1982 1984 in 1990 the average ARL per- have risen very little through 1986 1988 1990 1992 Figure 2 centage of E&G was 3.45% the 1980s, even though the (see Table 1). If nonmanda- numbers of instructional fac- tory transfers are subtracted ulty and students have been increasing. Thereis also from total E&G for the ARL institutions, thepercentage of some evidence of a shift in ARL libraries during tlw E&G was 3.54%. In other words, in 1990 the addition of 1980s in staffing allocations. During theseyears the nonmandatory transfers to total E&G deflated the library ratio of student assistants to permanent professional percentage by only 9 one-hundredths of a percent, from and support staff rose: as if ARL librarieswere restrain- 3.54 to 3.45. ing staffing costs by increasingly hiring less expensive 3. Anthony M. Cummings et al., University Libraries andSchol- personnel.5 arly Communication (Washington: Association of Research The reasons why increases in library staffing have Libraries, 1992), Appendix Table 3.1,p. 192. been very modest and why costs have been shiftedto 4. Data on the categories of E&G expenditures inARL institu- student assistants, however, remain murky. The Mellon tions for 1982 through 1990 were made available by John report suggests a connection between increasingexpen- Minter Associates of Boulder, Colorado, from ditures for automation and steady staffingcosts, but IPEDS/HEGIS finance data. also notes that more or less constant staffing levels may 5. See, for example, ARL Statistics 1983-84 (Washington:ARL, have resulted from evolutionary allocation of resources 1985), p. 6, and ARL Statistics 1987-88 (Washington:ARL, within the local conditions of individual libraries and 1989), p. 8. universities.° The answer to the mystery of whystaffing 6. Cummings, pp. 41-45, 51-53. growth came to a halt or at least slowed toa snail's pace throughout ARL libraries may need to be soughtin a myriad of institutional decisions. ARL 172 JANUARY 1994 Continued UPDATE ON DEACIDIFICATION and leaves an alkaline reserve against future acid attack In the surrune.. of 1992, the U.S. Congress approved a from the environment. This is its major benefit. Ideally Library of Congress plan to perfect a diethyl zinc DEZ would alkalize whole text blocks without any adverse (DEZ) process and to assist in the development of effects on the book covers whatsoever. Given the variety other deacidification processes. Deacidification processes of cover materials and composites that make up modern are used to neutralize the acids in paper and extend the books, this is probably an unrealistic expctation. For life of a book. ARL has supported development of the example, plastics used in the makeup of .'me cover mate- process in order to provide research libraries with a rea- rials can be negatively effected by the prc'ss, and not sonably priced treatment to preserve collections. enough is known about the effects of the process on leather The DEZ process, developed at the Library of Con- to confidently treat leather-bound books with artifactual gress, was licensed to Akzo Chemicals Inc. to promote its value. Some shipments return with a harmless, but annoy- commercial applications. The Library also initiated a ing, residual odor that takes varying amounts of time to process to test and evaluate other deacidification process- dissipate. However, given the quantities of materials es that had been developed by the private sector. processed at any one time, this is not an insurmountable During 1993 LC ran tests at Akzo's plant in Texas to problem. The DEZ process is not a perfect technology, nor perfect the DEZ process. However, on December 13, are there expectations at Harvard that it ever will be. It is Akzo announced it had decided to shut down its pilot being applied to allow collection managers to retain origi- Book Preservation Facility effective in the first quarter of nal printings in their collections at a relatively low cost. 1994. This action signals Akzo's assessment "of limited Harvard is concentrating its program in four areas: prospects for the adoption of DEZ in the near future." In routinization of processing for deacidification in the a letter to ARL, Akzo reports this action is "despite our libraries; development of selection rationales by collection firm belief that [DEZ] represents the best available tech- managers; working with the vendor to improve the han- nology to address a need that is real and truly world- dling of materials before, during, and after treatment; and wide." quality assurance of treated shipments, particularly in In the last year about a dozen ARL libraric., ; tdV, sent regard to uniformity of treatment throughout a shipment. shipments of materials to be treated with DEZ: Harvard, Selection methodologies vary by collection, but Widener Johns Hopkins, and Northwestern have actually integrat- Library (humanities and social sciences) is deacidifying all ed use of Akzo's deacidification services into the acidic books that are also being conserved or rebound. In libraries' preservation program. A report of Harvard's October, four Preservation staff members from Harvard experience follows. visited the Akzo treatment facility outside Houston with staff from the University of Texas at Austin Humanities Research Center. HRC has been sending materials for SELECTIVE MASS DEACIDIFICATION deacidification from its manuscript collections. The focus AT HARVARD of the meeting was on quality assurance. arvard University Library is in the third year of Harvard is engaged in a six-year librarywide project to its program to deacidify selected materials from convert its manual bibliographic records to online records. . the research collections using the diethyl-zinc gas This program has enormous implications for the use of the diffusion process (DEZ) invented at the Library of Con- retrospective collections and the direction of the preserva- gress and developed by LC and Akzo Chemicals, Inc. tion program. A large-scale deacidification effort com- Harvard embarked on deacidification at the conclusion ofbined with increased use of low-temperature offsite stor- a year-long technical assessment which included site vis- age may be the logical extension of the library's "recon" its to deacidification facilities and research conducted by program and a cost-effective preservation response to Harvard Chemistry professor Andrew Barron.1 In addi- greater use of the collections.Carolyn Clark Morrow, Mal- tion, a thorough review of the literature, including an loy-Rabinowitz Preservation Librarian, the Harvard University assessment of the technical results of procurement testing Library and the Harvard College Library conducted by the Library of Congress2 and a study con- Notes ducted by the CIC, a consortium of midwestern libraries,3 I MacInnes, Andrew N. and Andrew R. Barron. "Spectroscopic Evaluation of the Efficacy of Two Mass Deacidification convinced Harvard's task group that the technology to Processes for Paper." journal of Materials Chemistry. 1992, 2(10): deacidify whole books using the DEZ process was viable 1049-56. and cost-effective and could be implemented without fur- 2 Institute of Paper Science and Technology. Physical Properties of ther delay. In the first two years of the program, Harvard Library Books Deacidified by Akzo Chemicals, Inc. A report to the successfully deacidified approximately 10,000 books and Library of Congress in response to solicitation no. RFP90-32, June 10, 1991. 16,000 maps from its research collections for approxi- 3 CIC Task Force on Mass Deacidification. Mass Deacidification: mately $13 per book and $2.50 per map. A Report to the Library Directors. Urbana, Illinois, Committee on The DEZ process neutralizes the acids in book paper Institutional Cooperation, April 1992. ARL1 7 2 JANUARY 1 9 9 4 DIGITIZING RESEARCH MATERIALS: ed to quality control? What will be the resolution, black and white, grey scale, or color; and compression scheme of QUESTIONS TO BE CONSIDERED the scanned page images? by Jutta Reed-Scott, Senior Program Officer for Collections d. What is the level of image enhancement? ASCII without and Preservation markup (keyboarded or processed by optical character uring the past two years, projects for digitizing recognition software [ OCRed]); text with mark-up (key- research materials have multiplied. Many of boarded or OCRed)? these projects have been supported by grants e. What will be the tagging scheme (e.g., the Text Encoding funds. This article poses some of the questions that Initiative [TEI]) or compound documents (Computer-assist- reviewers will typically ask in evaluating proposal ed Logistics Systems [CALS], Open Document Architecture applications. The questions are adapted from prelimi- [ODA], Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions [MIME], or nary considerations developed by several federal fund- other)? ing agencies. Working with representatives of the f. What criteria will be used to determine the quality of the Coalition for Networked Information, the Commission digital product (i.e., the acceptable levels of resolution, on Preservation and Access, and with the advice of compression, and image enhancement)? other experts, the group developed a series of technical 4. Preservation and Access consi-1,,rations that could be used by applicants. They a. What are the long-term (life-cycle) management strategies are intended to embody a guiding, not a prescriptive, regarding the digitized materials? b. How will the preservation and maintenance of the digitized approach. Libraries may request the full text of Cosid- materials be assured? What are the institutional capabili- erations for Converting Materials to Electronic Form from ties and what institutional commitments have been made Paul Evan Peters, Executive Director, Coalition for Net- to ensure that the digitized resources will be maintained worked Information ([email protected]). At the request of over time (e.g., implementation plans, monitoring process- the ARL Committee on Preservation of Research Library es, and arrangements with appropriate entities to store, Materials, the following summary was prepared. refresh, maintain, and authenticate the digital resources)? The general elements of a proposal for digitizing c. Is the digital version of the resource intended to replace or research materials should address an array of specific supplement the preservation of the source materials? questions, which are grouped under the standard ele- d. What will happen to the source materials after a digital ver- ments of a proposal. These include: sion is available? 1. Significance of Materials e. What authentication and identification strategies are in a. What are the intellectual goals of the project and the rele- place to assure against accidental or intentional changes or vance of converting the proposed materials to digital form? replacements? b. Who are the potential users of this material? f. What are potential disaster scenarios and what are the dis- c. What evidence exists that digitization of the material will aster prevention plans? Will there be backups either digital enhance its use? and /or analog? d. How does the project relate to comparable efforts by others? 5. Dissemination of Digitized Resources 2. Technical Plan a. Will the digitized materials be disseminated by magnetic a. Are the specified tasks adequate to the objectives and out- tapes or diskettes; CD-ROM; network server, operated by comes of the proposed project? the investigator or by someone else; or other means? b. What are the level of staffing and qualifications of the pro- b. What terms and conditions apply to permit dissemination ject's staff? What is the division of labor (including consid- (e.g., copyright provisions and costs)? eration of collaborative efforts, service bureaus, and other c. What organization or individual controls the rights to creative strategies)? reproduce and disseminate this material? Have the rights c. What are the hardware/software requirements? to reproduce and disseminate this material been secured? d. How will network connectivity be assured? d. How will the security, integrity, privacy, and confidentiali- e. Does the project follow existing standards or will it adopt ty be protected with respect to access to the information? innovating new practices? e. How will any restrictions on access that exist for the origi- 3. The Project's Methodology nal form be maintained/honored in the digital version of a. What is the nature of the materials to be digitized? Are the resource? they page-oriented text or materials (including text) that f. How will knowledge of and proficiency with the digitized are not page-oriented (e.g., audio, video, films, pho- materials be promoted? Will this include documentation; tographs, and graphic materials)? reference guides or tip sheets; publications, speeches, for- b. How will intellectual access to the digitized materials be mal training sessions, or workshops; support services; ost- provided (e.g., item control; media header; MARC biblio- ings on listservs or bulletin boards; or other strategies? graphic records; document control structures; or other g. How will the technical methods, findings, and results means)? (including error rates, compression ratios, and costs) be dis- c. How will the materials be digitized, formatted, and subject- seminated? ARL 172 JANUARY 1994 Continued NII AND INTELLECTUAL the serial copying controls required in digital audio recording devices and digital audio interface devices PROPERTY ISSUES under the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992)? by Prudence S. Adler, Assistant Executive DirectorFederal Interestingly, many of those testifying were in agree- Relations and Information Policy ment that changes to the Copyright Act were not needed n November 18, the Working Group on Intellec- as it is sufficiently flexible to meet the needs of the Nil as tual Property, one of several groups supporting envisioned by the Clinton-Gore Admini itration. In the efforts of the White House Information addressing this issue, Steve Metalitz of ihe Information Infrastructure Task Force (see ARL 171, page 10), con- Industry Association noted, "Any proposal for a funda- ducted a public hearing on intellectual property issues mental rewrite of the copyright law must bear the heavy and the National Information Infrastructure (NII) with a burden of demonstrating its clear superiority to an enor- particular focus on protecting works disseminated via mously successful status quo." Lisa Freeman, speaking on the Nil from unauthorized use. Chaired by Bruce behalf of the Association of American University Presses Lehman, Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks, the echoed these remarks: "We do not believe that any funda- Working Group heard from represent:: ',yes of the mental changes in the law itself are necessary, however, library, higher education, publishing, iruormation and would resist any amendments to the law that would industry, and entertainment industries. further limit the rights of authors and publishers or which In soliciting testimony, the Working Group act, however unintentionally, to undermine the system of announcement noted that the "increased availability scholarly communication." and accessibility (of electronic information) will dramat- Where witnesses differed, however, was on the need to ically affect the way information and entertainment develop technological solutions to ensure that current pro- products are created, marketed, and delivered through- visions of the law were met. Timothy King, Vice President out the world. Consequently, the commercial viability at John Wiley & Sons, expressed concerns that there would of the NII hinges not only upon effectively promoting be a higher incidence of plagiarism given the ease of use of and encouraging use of the NII by all types of users, but "electronic scissors," and envisioned a metering system to also on implementing standards and policies for the Nil track use of paragraphs or discrete sections of a work. He in a manner that assures that the owners of the products spoke in support of developing technologies to scramble disseminated through the NII retain sufficient control and de-scramble material transmitted on the network and over those products to prevent unauthorized use." to monitor and meter what a user reads or prints. "The Working Group's mission is to help develop Robert Oakley, Director, Law Library, Georgetown the NII in a manner that will ensure the integrity of University, testifying on behalf of ARL and other library intellectual property rights, make the wealth of informa- and education associations noted that, "It is true that we tion and entertainment products more widely available cannot know now exactly how the contours of fair use and accessible than ever before, and provide economic might evolve in the electronic environment but... it incentives to intellectual property rights owners so that should continue to be available to researchers, educators, they will make their products available through the and others making use of information." Oakley took seri- Nil." ous exception to the metering proposal and stated, "I find Some of the questions the Working Group invited it difficult to understand how individual scholars or school witnesses to address were: children might have to pay a sum for the use of individual Is the existing copyright law adequate to protect the paragraphs out of copyright works." Similarly, Freeman rights of those who will make their works available noted that the "AAUP believes that the present system fair via the NH? What statutory or regulatory changes, if use provisions ... are sufficient to protect the interests of any, should be made? both the producers and consumers of works transmitted Do the existing fair use provisions of the copyright via the networks." law adequately accommodate the interests of users of The question by the Working Group relating to the the works available via the NII? What statutory or need for developing a licensing system for certain uses of regulatory changes, if any, should be made? any or all works available via the NII prompted several Should a licensing system be developed for certain different reactions. Oakley noted that licensing proposals uses of any or all worm available via the NII? If so, should accommodate fair use and library user as autho- should there be a single type of licensing or should rized in the Copyright Act. He further commented that the Nil support a multiplicity of licensing systems? "the library and education communities are in agreement Are there technical means for preventing unautho- that licenses should not be used to contract around fair rized reproduction or other unauthorized uses of use, section 108, or the exemptions intended to facilitate copyrighted works that should be mandated or classroom instruction." John Masten, New York Public required to comply with certain standards (similar to Library, supported this stance and also called the proposal ARL 1 7 2 JANUARY 1 9 9 4 to develop a single licensing system "a mistake. It is and equitable balance between rights of copyright important to leave as much room as possible forindivid- owners and the needs of users. ual owners of property rights on the one hand, and Fair use and other limitationson the rights of copy- libraries and other users on the other, to negotiate right owners should continue in the electronicenvi- arrangements that seem mutually beneficial." ronment. Addressing short-comings of the current Copyright Compensation systems must providea fair and rea- Act from the perspective of the National WritersUnion, sonable return to copyrightowners. Maria Pallante commented that the copyright lawdoes *** not "adequately limit the work-for-hire exception." Not- The policy framework for the NationalInformation ing that future audio-visual works will increasingly be Infrastructure should allow a variety of pricingstruc- incorporated in multi -media products, not traditional tures [including] distribution of some worksat no cost motion picture products, "authorship could beat risk, if to the individual user (or at leastno cost higher than these media become primary publications." what might be charged for basicaccess to the network). And finally, the Federal Networking Council Advi- Just as our community believes that certainworks sory Committee (FNCAC) commented that "a network, should be available withoutany fee, so too they believe by itself, cannot protect copyrighted materials (or other that certain uses that have been permittedwithout a fee intellectual property rights). As a basic transport rnedi- in the past should continue on thesame basis. In partic- urn, networks cannot readily differentiate the content of ular, fair use should continue regardless ofthe medium, the packets or the authorization to exchangethem. It is whether electronic or print. Similarly, the in the interaction between the library consumer and provider exemptions to the exclusive rights of copyrightowners where protection must be established." granted in section 108 must also continue in Copies of the hearing transcript the elec- are available via the tronic environment because they support theeducation- PTO (703-305-9300). Thanks to efforts withinthe Whit,: al and research endeavors of libraryusers. House, the transcript is also available via theInternet *** from CHANGE PROPOSED FOR visions of the bill were at odds with the recently passed Government Printing Office Electronic Information GOVERNMENT INFORMATION Access Act of 1993, P.L. 103-40. (See ARL 168, page 5.) PROGRAMS During the past year, there have been a number of Congressional Initiatives proposals, from the public and private sectors, On November 23, without a public hearing and in a calling for major changes to existing U.S. gov- period of one month, the House passed an amended ernment information access and dissemination pro- version of H.R. 3400, including Title XIV. Title XIV, grams, such as the Federal Depository Library Program. Reinventing Support Services, retains the role of the Each proposal envisions that access to government GPO in provision and procurement of printing services information will be fundamentally different in the years to all branches of government. The bill also transfers ahead; thus, a rethinking of current programs is needed. the functions of the Superintendent of Documents to the The level of activity on information access and dissemi- Library of Congress. This office includes six programs nation issues is intense. At stake is who will be the key such as the Cataloging and Indexing of Federal Docu- players and how they will influence access to govern- ments, the International Exchange of Government Publi- ment information in the future. cations, the Federal Depository Library Program, the Sales Program, and Federal Electronic Information pro- Clinton-Gore Administration Initiatives gram. Under this measure, Congress would retain Administration efforts include the National Information authority over federal agency printing and dissemina- Infrastructure: Agenda for Action (see ARL 171, page 10), tion but in two different legislative branch agencies, the the revised OMB Circular A-130 (see ARL 170, page 10), Library of Congress and GPO. Thus the link between and H.R. 3400, the Government Savings and Reform Act procurement and the depository program is broken. of 1993. There are common elements to the Administra- Two hearings on this topic are scheduled for February 3 tion proposals. They seek to: and 10. expand the availability of government information to the public; Library Community Initiatives rely upon the Internet as one means of increased pub- The library community has had several meetings to lic access to government information; and identify and define new directions for access to and dis- shift many dissemination responsibilities from the semination of government information. These discus- Government Printing Office (GPO) to the federal sions were undertaken in recognition that changes to agencies in a decentralized mode of operation. the current system are needed. Key factors influencing The most recent and unsuccessful Administration the need for change are the budgetary pressures faced initiative, Title XIV of H.R. 3400, the Government Infor- by libraries, federal agencies, and the Government mation Dissemination and Printing Improvement Act of Printing Office, the increashig reliance by agencies upon 1993, was "intended to provide a more effective, effi- information technologies to disseminate federal infor- cient, and responsive government." The bill contained mation, a recognition that networks may provide new provisions that, if implemented, would have been a opportunities to enhance access to public information, major departure in federal printing practices and pro- and the new emphasis by the Clinton-Gore Administra- curement. Currently, federal agencies must utilize the tion to make government information available via the services of the GPO in the production and for procure- Internet. ment of printing services. During this process, GPO is Reports from two meetings, the Dupont Circle able to secure needed copies of publications in support Group (April 26, 1993) and the Chicago Conference on of the Federal Depository Library Program. This rela- the Future of Federal Government Information (October tionship between printing procurement and the acquisi- 29-31, 1993) identified key elements that could be tion of government information on behalf of participat- included in a revamped federal information access and ing depository libraries would have been disrupted dissemination program. There are several common under the Administration's proposal. Under provisions themes in the reports. First, if the federal depository of Title XIV, the depository library program and other library program is to continue, a new framework or statutory requirements of Title 44 such as the Sales pro- model for effective access to government information gram would have been maintained in the legislative will be required. Second, a cooperative program branch yet each federal agency would be permitted to between libraries and the government should continue engage in printing activities. One year following enact- and be a "cornerstone of the new information infrastruc- ment of H.R. 3400, possible needed revisions to the ture." Third, new opportunities to improve public depository program would be considered. Finally, pro- access to government information and to strengthen ARL 1 7 2 JANUARY 1994 information dissemination programs supported by CD-ROM DEPOSIT AGREEMENTS libraries, government agencies, and other information providers are possible. And finally, interim measures UNIQUE TO LC tt he request of ARL, AALL, and ALA, the Acting implemen- are suggested during the establishment and Register of Copyrights confirmed that the tation of any new program or system. Julia Wallace, recent CD-ROM copyright deposit agreements Head, Government Publications Library, University of A negotiated with and endorsed by LC and information Minnesota Library, and Gary Cornwell, Documents industry and publishing associations are unique to the Department, University of Florida Libraries, co-chaired Library of Congress and the "unique nature of the copy- both meetings. right registration and mandatory deposit provisions of the ARL continues to be active on these issues. ARL Copyright Act." Excerpts of the Register's letter follow. hosted the Dupont Circle Group, helped organize the "The use restrictions contained in the deposit agree- Chicago meeting, and will work with pertinent congres- ments are limited to deposits received through the copy- sional committees and agencies on new approaches to information. right system, either by registration or mandatory deposit; access and dissemination of government these agreements do not and should not set any prece- Assisting ARL with these initiatives is Jim Gillispie, dents concerning use of CD-ROMs acquired by the Head, Government Publications, Maps, and Law Library of Congress through other means such as pur- Department, Johns Hopkins University Library, who is chase, or concerning use of CD-ROMs by other libraries. working with ARL on these issues as a visiting program "To elaborate on some of these points: the copyright officer. Copies of the Chicago and Dupont Circle registration and mandatory deposit provisions enable the Reports are available via ftp (ftp: / /ftp.cni.org /ARL/ Library of Congress uniquely among libraries in this dupont.circle.group /post-chicago.txt). country to acquire free copies. The deposit agreements give the Library a further benefit in allowing certain uses GILLISPIE SERVES AS VISITING of the CD-ROMs (for example, in local area networks PROGRAM OFFICER within the Library) and in assuring prompt receipt of a jim Gillispie, Head of the Government Publications, high-quality deposit copy. The publishers-producers in Maps, Law Department at the Johns Hopkins Uni- return receive assurances that the Library of Congress versity Milton S. Eisenhower Library, now serves as will monitor downloading from the CD-ROMs and will an ARL Visiting Program Officer. From December handle the deposits to assur- their security. 1993 through March 1994, Mr. Gillispie will work with "These agreements are uistinct from the contracts the ARL's Prue Adler and the ARL Information Policy Library enters when it purchases a CD-ROM product. Committee to shape the Association's policy on the dis- The deposit agreements give the Library prompt volun- semination of federal government information. He will tary deposit of works that are subject to the agreements. be focusing on the U.S. depository library program and In return LC has agreed to certain restrictions on the use the substantial opportunities for improved public access of these copies of CD-ROM publications. Just as the to government information to be gained from net- deposit agreements have no effect on CD-ROMs acquired worked telecommunications. The Johns Hopkins Uni- by the Library through purchase contracts, they do not versity and ARL are supporting Mr. Gillispie's leave of affect in any way contracts made by other libraries or use absence. of CD-ROMs in other libraries." Mr. Gillispie has been an active participant in issues regarding access to government-produced cartographic CREWS' COPYRIGHT STUDY PUBLISHED information. He served two terms on the Cartographic he University of Chicago Press has released Copy- Users Advisory Council and is a former chair of both right, Fair Use, and the Challenge for Universities: Pro- the Special Libraries Association's Government Infor- moting the Progress of Higher Education, by Kenneth mation Section and the Geography and Map Division. D. Crews. "A principal objective of this study," writes Mr. Gillispie is former editor of the "Government the author in the preface, "is to identify and define a role Publications" column in Serials Review and has written for universities in the copyright equation and to show several articles on reference work and library instruc- that universities need to reevaluate the relationship tion in map collections. Most recently he authored between copyright and higher education." The author, "Exploiting Cartographic Resources," a chapter in Infor- associate professor of business law at San Jose State Uni- mation Sources in Cartography. versity, has frequently contributed to ARL positions on copyright issues. 410 A R L1 7 2 COALITION FOR NETWORKED INFORMATION Paul Evan Peters, Executive Director OPTIMIZING PUBLIC relationships between the public and private sectors in the development of networks. He noted that, from the AND PRIVATE INTERESTS early days of the move to develop a truly high-speed The Coalition for Networked Information's Fall Task national infrastructure in Canada, it was clear that some Force Meeting was held at the Westfields Interna- partnerships between the public and private sectors were tional Conference Center outside of Washington, going to be required. Black described two major initia- DC, on November 19-20, 1993. In his introduction to the tives, CA*Net, the Canadian high-speed backbone net- meeting, "Optimizing Public and Private Interests," the work, and the Canadian Network for the Advancement Coalition's Executive Director Paul Evan Peters stated of Research in Industry and Education (CANARIE) pro- that, as we contemplate the current National Science ject. CANARIE was intended to be industry led from its Foundation (NSF) network solicitation and the inception, and it is expected to encourage a stronger link Clinton/Gore document National Information Infrastruc- between the research community and industry. ture: Agenda for Action, the networking community is ask- In addition, Black decried the lack of public debate ing whether actions for the public good are being over- and awareness among Canadians regarding networking taken by actions for private gain. The Coalition leader- issues and policy and praised the visibility that U.S. polit- ship believes it is necessary to recognize a future in which ical figures, particularly Vice President Gore, have given both public and private interests will be served. Peters to networking in the U.S. stated that our constituency is responsible for making sure such a future comes to pass. Charles Blunt, Associate Vice Chancellor for Informa- tion Technology Services, Central Administration, State In the opening plenary session, three speakers University of New York, described a telecommunications explored roles of public, not for profit, and commercial policy task force formed by Governor Cuomo in New sectors in optimizing public and private interests in the York State. As background, Blunt described an economic national networking environment. Douglas van Houwel- backdrop of a period of transition where more citizens ing, Vice Provost for Information Technology, University need more government services at a time of lower tax of Michigan, stated that the NSF is currently reviewing revenue to the state. The Task Force envisions the possi- proposals that will determine how the network should bility that new communications technologies move to the next stage of its evolution. NSF will remove may give the public sector a way to re-engineer itself to become direct funding from support of the backbone and eventu- more client-centered. ally remove support from the regionals. He noted that Blunt stated that our challenge and our opportunity we are witnessing the development of elements of com- will be to deregulate and move to a choice market while petitive service offerings into an environment thatwe previously saw as a non-competitive environment. maintaining standards. He called for a thoughtful and wide debate of policy, since there are many interrelation- As the U.S. builds a National Information Infrastruc- ships between changes and values and they ture, what should be the role of higher education? The are not pre- dictable. He asked, "Can this evolutionary process be research and education community is now reaping the guided in some way?" We want to empower people but benefits of our success in building the network infrastruc- not isolate some. We want freely available information ture. We bring to the national agenda our expertise, the but also a market for information. Today's community intellectual property of our community,our role as networks, broadcast television, cable television, etc., each testers of new networking technology, and our role as have different sets of rules. We now have major network consumers. We must thoughtfully an opportunity engage to create information highway railheads where individu- our capabilities to ensure that if our interests are different als can cross from public to private sector. The public from "bottom line" interests, we make thecase for our needs both inside and outside the Washington Metropoli- sector, as a single community with standards of interop- erability, can influence the market to move in positive tan Area. We need to think how to engage the govern- ment, private sector, and colleagues in our priorities directions. New York State already has a transport infra- structure built by the Telcos and cable companies. The without violating our values. One alternative would be to continue to run the NSFNet and the NREN and to problem is that we haven't applied it to public sector needs. We need to shape the existing infrastructure to do leave the development of the NII to the commercial sec- the work of the state. By creating virtual networks out of tor, but we might miss our connection to the rest of soci- physical networks, we create communities. Blunt ety. We need to build the future, not sustain the past. con- We need to reach out and partner with others. Only by cluded by stating, "universities have been pioneerson the being part of the NII can we influence the balance outpost of the electronic frontier, but folks. the gold rush between the public and private sectors. is starting! Higher education can be useful in bringing in the settlers." He added that developments in networking John Black, Chief Librarian, University of Guelph, and President, ARL, presented are coming much faster than we expected three to four a Canadian view of the years ago. What some predicted two years ago would .2 ARL 172 JANUARY 1994 i come about in 10 years is already available. However, where there may be some areas or sectors where themar- network infrastructure is not enough. "This nation ket will not survive or where we have policy objectives, deserves information, not just a dial tone." some users should be directly subsidized. Cade suggest- Optimizing public and private interests in the man- ed that it is important that we developanswers in a col- agement of intellectual property, a key content issue in laborative way and that we focus our effortson three ele- the development of networked information resources, ments: was the topic of the second plenary session. A variety developing a new definition of universal service,one of perspectives were provided; all agreed that weare in that is flexible and that can keep pace with technolo- a period of transition and that no one has definitive gy; answers as to how intellectual property should be man- developing an environment that encourages competi- aged in the networked environment. tion; and The closing plenary session focused on a keycon- developing an environment that untethersus from duit issue: how to ensure access to the network infra- using information in a specific place. structure as commercial interests are increasingly repre- Lai ra Breeden, Executive Director, Federation of sented in the marketplace. Charles Firestone, Director, American Research Networks (FARNET) emphasized Communications and Society Program, Aspen Institute, three features developed by the Internet community that suggested that he would broaden the look at this issue are worth saving as the NII evolves: to the national information environment, not just the "every client a server," which implies thatevery infor- highway. His thesis was that we should view develop- mation consumer on the network can also bean infor- ments in networking through the environmental context mation producer; of co-evolving, adaptive systems, specifically theco- interoperability and openness in standards; and evolution of technology applications and regulations. decentralization as the operational paradigm. He noted that the societal values that need to be bal- She suggested that the biggest influence the research anced with commercial interests are equality and equi- and education community may have isas a large block of ty, a sense of community, the changing nature of com- consumers of last-mile services. munity, efficiency, and the concept of participation. Breeden suggested that appropriate government Firestone provided a quick review of communica- roles include: reducing risk, promoting equity,support- tions law in the past 40 years and concluded that the ing standards development, making capitalmore avail- current pressing need is for a new paradigm for bring- able, providing leadership, and providing leverage. She ing together various sectors. He stated that it isvery contrasted her favorite Internet myths;e.g., that the fed- important that all constituencies be involved in the real- eral gover. anent pays for the Internet, with what she ization of the NII. This goal can be prr'moted by the described as less well-known facts: government through loans, government power as a pur- federal investment in the Internet is probably less than chaser, outright federal grants, adoption of standards, 10%; and regulation. Firestone identified threeareas in the federal government is a major purchaser ofprivate which he saw a role for government regulation: creat- sector telecommunications services; ing an adequate infrastructure, development of distribu- state and regional networks spend large portions of tion mechanisms, and the reception end of the infra- their operating budgets on telecommunicationsser- structure. Such key issues as universal service and vices and equipment; development of a system that will promote communi- the majority of state and regional networks receive ties in all forms are some of the challenges ahead. less than 20% of their funding through NSF; and Marilyn Cade, Director of Technology and Infra- Commercial Internet service providers include: ANS, structure, Federal Government Affairs, AT&T, noted CO+RE, CERFnet, PSI, NEARnet, Sprint, and UUNet. that she regards the NII as important since it builds U.S. Breeden concluded by stating that the picture is global economic competitiveness, it provides overall much more complex than orthodoxy leadsus to believe, societal benefits, and it has the potential to improve the and she urged all of us to move beyond oversimplifica- quality of life for every American. She stated that the tion. biggest challenges we face in developing the NIIare not Documents from the Fall 1993 Task Force Meeting in the communications area but in regards to the human are available on the Coalition server: element. The infrastructure is far more than communi- via FTP cations networks. We must have a wide variety ofser- URL:ftp: / / ftp.cni.org/CNI/ tf. meetings /1993 b. fall vices and products at a variety of prices to achieve via Gopher price/value optimization for each user. URL:gopher: / / gopher.cni.org: 70 /0 /cniftp /tfmeets/ The government can stimulate the NII by ensuring 1993b.fall that a competitive marketplace develops. Incases loan Lippincott, Assistant Executive Director 12 ARL 172 JANUARY 1994 DI . IA A a 1 I - Ann Okerson, Director SURVEY SHOWS STABLE SERIALS SYMPOSIUM EXPLORES GATEWAYS, CANCELLATION TRENDS GATEKEEPERS, AND ROLES n the early fall, ARL sent out its fourth annual Quick - In the autumn of the year when the mass media discov- SPEC survey asking member libraries to share a sense ered the information revolution, the third ARL /Associ- of what serials and monographs purchasing trends ation. of American University Presses' joint sympo- will be for the coming academic year. As the data are sium on Scholarly Publishing on the Electronic Networks requested early in research libraries' budget cycles, they was held in Washington, DC. The meeting was also are considered speculative and are not published in made possible through the collaboration of the University detail. They do, however, serve as a weather vane for of Virginia Library and the National Science Foundation. the year ahead. Symposium co-chairs were Ann Okerson of ARL and Lisa In October 1993, 103 ARL member libraries respond- Freeman, University of Minnesota Press. Karen Marshall ed to the one-page fax survey. Fifty-seven libraries, or of the University of Virginia Library was chair of a Char- 55% of respondents, said they would be cancelling seri- lottesville session to see electronic publications conveyed als in the coming year, and 44 libraries had targeted can- to faculty and students and to focus on the emergent digi- cellation amounts. The aggregate amount reported for tal library and new forms of scholarly publication. those 44 libraries was just over $8 million, or an average One hundred sixty symposiasts, representing univer- of about $187,000 per institution. The highest cancella- sity presses, academic libraries, scholarly societies, and tion amount targeted was reported as $600,000, and the faculty eagerly followed reports of new R&D and consid- lowest as $10,000. Seventeen libraries reported particu- ered the significance and prospects of the growing cooper- lar scrutiny of science subscription prices and other high- ation between libraries and university press publishers. A er-priced areas. Respondents also questioned how well rich and substantive summary of the symposium is avail- used the voluminous science journals actually are. able from osap©cni.org. Proceedings will be published in If the calculated per-library average of $187,000 early 1994. holds true for 55% of all ARL libraries, serials cancella- tions throughout ARL might be as high as $12 million. PROJECT MUSE AT JOHNS HOPKINS As a comparison, in the 1992 survey, 72% of libraries The Johns Hopkins University Press, the Milton S. reported cancellation plans. While the average amounts Eisenhower Library, and Homewood Academic targeted last year were lower, the aggregate total dollars Computing have joined forces to launch Project projected were a similar $12 million. This suggests that Muse, an effort that will enable networked access to the this year's financial realities are not worsening for Press' scholarly journals. The goals of Project Muse are to research libraries. make the journals available to students and researchers In the arena of monograph purchasing, only 50% of from their networked desktop computers; create an e- libraries reported plans to reduce monographic purchas- journal environment that is powerful, elegant, and easy to es, as compared to 64% last year. Written comments use; and determine amount and types of usage for an suggested that libraries are trying hard to maintain book access and costing model. purchasing; where reductions are made, staff are looking The first phase of the project will be a pilot demon- closely at science areas where individual book prices stration consisting of current issues of Configurations, MLN exceed $100 per copy. (Modern Language Notes), and ELH (English Literary The authoritative source for ARL library purchases History). In February, the fully formatted text of these appears in the ARL Statistics, published in February of journals will be available to the JHU community via each year, for the previous academic year. According to online access to the library's server. Features include sub- the 1991 Quick-SPEC survey, members expected to can- ject, title, and author indexes, as well as instant links to cel about $7 million worth of serials for the year 1991-92. tables of contents and endnotes. Users will also be able to The average ARL cost per serial title at that time was in add voice and textual annotations and download Post- the $140 range; therefore, based on the Quick-SPEC pro- Script files for printing. jections, ARL libraries in the aggregate would be drop- After sufficient data have been gathered from the ping about 47,000 titles. According to Kendon Stubbs in demonstration project, the JHU team will mount all 42 of the introduction to the 1991-92 ARL Statistics, ARL the Press' journals in math, the humanities, and the social libraries probably dropped closer to 60,000 titles overall, sciences. These issues will appear on a prepublication suggesting that titles canceled were below average in basis and will be available electronically a few weeks in price. Previous summaries of Quick-SPEC purchasing advance of the printed version. trend surveys are included in ARL 153, ARL 159, and For further information, contact Todd Kelley, Milton ARL 166.Ann Okerson S. Eisenhower Library ([email protected]), or Survey tabulation by Lisabeth King, ARL Office of Scien- Susan Lewis, Johns Hopkins University Press tific & Academic Publishing ([email protected]). VE/4 ARL 1 7 2 JANUARY 1 9 9 4 1 3 OFFICE-OF--AWAGEMENR1-SERVICES- Susan /crow, Director DANIEL SEYMOURTO KEYNOTE AT coordinate and monitor the project, andprovide assess- CONFERENCE ON TQMAND LIBRARIES ment and recommendations for furtheraction. The pro- ject is designed to analyze the potential Daniel Seymour, author of On Q: CausingQuality of benchmark- ing methodologies for improving in Higher Education, will be the keynotespeaker a library operation. The project is being funded by at the First International Conferenceon Total the Council on Library Resources. The results will Quality Management (TQM) and AcademicLibraries to be reported at the First International Conference be helc April 20-22 in Washington,DC. The theme of on TQM and Academic Libraries, to be held in Washington, the conference will be "Total QualityManagement Pro- DC, on April 20-22. grams in Academic Libraries: Initial Implementation Efforts." Seymour, the author ofseven books, is a well- known consultant on quality issues andprocesses to both higher education and industry. OMS TRAINING PROGRAMS1994 Conference program directors Susan Jurow,Direc- Library Management Skills InstituteI: tor, Office of Management Services, andBarton M. The Manager* Lessin, Assistant Dean, Wayne StateUniversity Phoenix, March 22-25 Libraries, are designingan overall program of interest Nashville, October 11-14 to academic librarians, administrators, faculty,and Library Management Skills UpdateI: ether members of the higher educationcommunity Building Effective Performance interested or involved in total qualitymanagement pro- Baltimore, October 4-5 grams in academic or research libraries. Library Management Skills UpdateII: Sp akers and program sessions willaddress topics Managing Priorities and Making such as TQM and higher education; Decisions using the TQM Baltimore, October 6-7 management and planning tools; benchmarking;initiat- ing and implementinga TQM program; building a con- Library Management Skills InstituteII: The Management Process** tinuous improvement climate; and facilitationskills for teams. Continuous improvementprograms at academic Chicago, November 6-11 libraries will be showcased. Specialpost-conference Implementing Continuous Improvement workshops are also planned for April23. Programs in Libraries The conference format will includeformal presenta- Washington, DC, June 6-9 tions, panels, contributedpapers, and poster sessions. Training Skills Institute: There will be opportunities fornetworking, including a Managing the Learning Process lunchtime "table-talk" session.Participation will be Washington, DC, September 21-23 limited to 300 people. Early registration is encouraged. Resource Management Institute: The registration fee for this meeting is $295 by March 1 Financial Skills for Librarians and $315 thereafter. The post-conference workshop reg- Washington, DC, November 2-4 istration fee is $150. For more informationor to receive registration materials, contact ARL Officeof Manage- Management Skills Institute for ment Services, (202)296-8656. AnnetteVerna Development Officers in ARL Libraries Emory University, March 6-9 OMS TO TEST BENCHMARKING The following sponsoredprograms are open to METHODOLOGY general registration: The Office of Management Services is undertaking Library Management Skills InstituteII: a project to test the applicability of benchmarking The Management Process** methodologies in an academic libraryenviron- Rice University, Houston, February ment. The project will experiment with 14-18 a single work University of Utah and Weber State,Ogden, function (the interlibrary loanprocess has been chosen), March 20-25 prepare a process flow analysis in three test sites,devel- op a family of measures for each activity, andobtain * formerly Basic Library Management feedback from participants Skills Institute on the process. ** formerly Advanced LibraryManagement Skills Institute The project will be designed and conducted by a For registration information, pleasecontact consultant from the American Productivityand Quality OMS, at 202/296-8656. Center International BenchmarkingClearinghouse and a library consultant. A staff member from OMSwill 1 A A R L1 7 2 JANUARY 1994 I 1111,/1 YI G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director ATTRACTING MINORITY APPLICANTS minority professionals and graduate students is the lack by Kriza Jennings, OMS Diversity Consultant of resources to change one's residence. A move to s part of the research for the OMS Diversity another geographical area is a costly expenditure that Project, I have held discussions with numerous may appear unattainable to many. Consider indicating minority professionals and graduate students to in job advertisements an institutional contribution identify what prevents them from considering employ- towards moving expenses. ment opportunities in academic and research libraries. A number of universities and colleges have pro- As you will see, some of the concerns are the same as grams to assist spouses of newly 'aired faculty and staff any job applicant would have. It is my belief that by in the identification of institutions in the area that have addressing these issues early in the recruiting process, in positions available. If spouse's emplornent is a con- job advertisements, in nomination letters, in telephone cern, identify how the institution is prepared to help or calls, and in personal conversations, it will be possible to indicate what resources are available in the city to assist attract more minority candidates and broaden an appli- the spouse in locating work. cant pool by encouraging other non - traditional candi- All candidates are interested in knowing if there dates as well. will be opportunities for training and development, Many of the issues identified as barriers are how their personal long- and short-term career goals addressed when candidates come for interviews, but the can be addressed, if there is a formal mentoring pro- sooner information can be provided, the more likely the gram, and what means of communication enable the minority candidate is to see the feasibility of applying for librarian to share concerns or to offer input about the a position. It is important to remember that the individ- library. Minority librarians are also interested in what is uals ARL libraries wish to attract may not be familiar and has been the library's, university's, and/or commu- with the environment, the people, and the formal and nity's involvement with diversity and multiculturalism. informal workings of these institutions. Consider sharing information on ARL's efforts with Advertisements in professional journals often diversity and minority recruitment to demonstrate that include so many duties that it can be overwhelming. this is an agenda for all ARL libraries. Potential applicants may be able to accomplish most of Last, and perhaps most important, do not assume the duties listed, but because they see one or two respon- that minority librarians know what ARL libraries are, sibilities for which they have little experience, they may how they are unique, and why work experiences in feel it is inappropriate to apply. An indication of will- research libraries are valuable, challenging, and reward- ingness to provide some on-the-job training would be ing. There are fact sheets and other information avail- one way of encouraging applications. able from ARL that could be part of the packets mailed Long position descriptions listing required and pre- io potential applicants. To attract more minority librari- ferred qualifications can also become internal barriers. ans to ARL libraries, we must learn to anticipate better Search committees may feel that they must interview these concerns and sell our institutions to people who only those individuals who have the most experience may not be aware of the opportunities and benefits that with every responsibility listed. This may eliminate await them. minorities from the initial applicant pool. Selling the geography is sometimes a bigger chal- MINORITY RECRUITMENT lenge than generating interest in a position. For exam- CAPABILITY ESTABLISHED ple, there are assumptions that in certain parts of the ecognizing the importance of both a diverse United States and Canada a minority will experience workforce and an environment open and wel- more racism and prejudice. It might help to be explicit oming to diversity, ARL has established a per- that ARL institutions employ and educate people from manent capability to work with academic and research all over the world and to describe to what extent these libraries to develop strategies for recruiting and retain- institutions are multicultural environments, open and ing minorities. welcoming of diversity. Beginning in January, Kriza Jennings, OMS Diversi- Minorities may know little about a particular geo- ty Consultant, will work half time to develop programs graphical region and may formulate a negative opinion that effect change in the composition of librarian profes- about a job based on stereotypes. Many libraries have sional ranks and institutional workforces. Ms. Jennings' developed informational packets to promote their cityor strategy will focus on building cooperative programs town to send to prospective applicants. Packets might between ARL libraries, graduate library education pro- include brochures from the Chamber of Commerce, grams, library associations, and other kinds of libraries copies of articles from local papers, and other items that to promote minority student awareness of the opportu- would indicate a rich and diverse cultural life. nities presented by research library careers and to su:)- One of the most common barriers identified by port their academic success. ARL 172 JANUARY 1994 15 KYRILLIDOU APPOINTED carried out under the overall management of ARL. The ARL PROGRAM OFFICER three participant institutions will be responsible for preparing their reports and validating their holdings to Martha Kvrillidou has been appointed ARL Pro- allow inclusion of exact holdings information. The gram Officer for Statistics and Measurements, Library of Congress will also be responsible for the effective by May 1. Ms. Kyrillidou comes to quality assurance program. Under contract with the ARL from the Library Research Center, School of Library OCLC Retrospective Conversion Services, the 29,522 and Information Science, University of Illinois at serials records will be input in the CONSER database Urbana-Champaign. She hole:, an M.L.S. and M.Ed. in and in the OCLC Online Union Catalog. Evaluation and Measurement from Kent State University This is the next phase of a complex, multi-year and has completed her coursework for a Ph.D. at the effort to provide on-line access to more than half Graduate School of Library and Information Science at a mil- lion bibliographic records for preservation microform the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. In col- laboration with ARL's Statistics and Measurements masters. In December 1993, ARL completed the project for the retrospective conversion of the approximately Committee, she will identify tools and techniques for 529,000 monographic reports in the NRMM Master File. measuring organizational performance and effectiveness With the exception of reports in non-Roman alphabets of research libraries as well as maintain the current ARL statistics program. and records with insufficient information, all reportsare available in the national bibliographic utilities. WILSON FOUNDATION PROVIDES SUPPORT FOR NAILDD PROJECT The H.W. Wilson Foundation has awarded $27,000 to ARL to support the North American Interli- brary Loan and Document Delivery (NAILDD) Project. The initiative seeks to promote developments that will improve the delivery of library materialsto users at costs that are sustainable for libraries. The ARL project represents a collaboration witha broad constituency comprised of librarians (academic, public, and state) and private sector developers and implementors of ILL and document delivery systems and services. Mary E. Jackson, Head of ILL at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, has been grantedan extended Martha Kyrillidou leave of absence through 1994 toserve as ARL Visiting Program Officer for Statistics and Measurements Program Officer and NAILDD project director. Previ- ous project support was provided by the University of ARL TO MANAGE COOPERATIVE Pennsylvania and the Council on Library Resources. PROJECT FOR NRMM SERIALS RECORDS TRANSITIONS will manage a cooperative project for creating Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Robert Wedgeworth online serials records for the National Register has been named university librarian. He has served Aof Microform Masters (NRMM) reports from as three major research libraries: Harvard University interim university librarian since September 1992. Library, the Library of Congress, and The New York Library of Congress Copyright Office: Barbara Ringer has been appointed Acting Register of Copyrights. Public Library. Together these institutions hold closeto 50% of the estimated 60,000 serials in the NRMM Master U.S. Government Printing Office: Michael Di Mario has been confirmed as Public Printer. File. The project is funded by a newly awarded grant of *** $395,865 from the National Endowment for the Humani- In Memoriam: John P. McDonald, Director of Universi- ties, Division of Preservation and Access. The partici- pant institutions are contributing substantial additional ty of Connecticut Libraries Emeritus, died November funding. On behalf of research libraries, OCLC is mak- 19. He served as President of ARL in 1971/1972 and ing an in-kind contribution of $63,472. Executive Director of ARL from 1974 to 1976. During This 18-month project is a partnership among ARL, this period, he fostered a leadership role for ARLin the the Library of Congress, Harvard University Library, revision of the copyright law and in the development of Title II-C of the Higher Education Act. and The New York Public Library. The project will be ARL 172 JANUARY 1994 ALA AF, 4- ARL: A Bimonthly Newsletter of Research Library Issues Executive Director: Duane E. Webster and Actions (US ISSN 1050-6098) is published six times Editor. G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director a year by the Association of Research Libraries, Managing Editor Lallie D. Leighton, Publications 21 Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036. Program Assistant 202-296-2296 FAX 202-872-0884 Designer: Kevin Osborn, Research & Design, Arlington, VA Copyri&h.±: CO 1994 by the Associatior. of Subscriptions: Members$25 per year for additional Research Libraries subscription; Nonmembers$50 per year. ARL policy is to grant blanket permission to reprint any article in be noted for certain articles. For commercialuse, a reprint request the newsletter for educational use as long as thesource, author, issue, should be sent to the Director of Information Services at the ARL and page numbers are acknowledged. Exceptions to this policymay office. ARL CALENDAR 1994 ARL HEADQUARTERS February 28 - National Federation of Phone: 202-296-2296 FAX: 202-872-0884 March 2 Abstracting and Information INTERNET: [email protected] Services BITNET: ARLHQ@UMDD a Primary and Secondary a) Publishers Time to Talk D. Webster: [email protected] Philadelphia, PA P. Adler: [email protected] J. Barrett: [email protected] April 5-6 Coalition for Networked M.J. Brooks: [email protected] Information N. Daval: [email protected] Spring Task Force Meeting M. Jackson: jacksonm@a 1 .relay.upenn.edu Washington, DC (Tel.: 215-247-7512) A. Okerson: [email protected] April 6-8 National Net '94 J. Reed-Scott: [email protected] Washington, DC (Tel.: 617-736-4734) April 20-22 1st International Conference on OMS: 202-296-8656 TQM in Academic Libraries S. Jurow: [email protected] ARL OMS/Wayne State B. Welch: [email protected] University Libraries K. Jennings: [email protected] Washington, DC (Tel.: 412-621-1726) May 17-20 ARL Board and Membership M. Sullivan: [email protected] Meeting (Tel.: 203-776-3808) Austin, TX CNI: 202-296-5098 June 23-30 American Library Association P.E. Peters: [email protected] Miami, FL J. Lippincott: [email protected] C. Summerhill: [email protected] ty TELEX: 4909992155; Answer Back: 4909992155ALA UI 17 \ I.\ 1[:).\.t11 \ I I; R RICA'S LIBRARIES: DIS GUISHED PAST, DIFFICULT FUTURE by Warren I. Haas The following paper was presented by the author, former Presi- poseful philanthropy, the library structure of the country. dent of the Council on Library Resources, to the Autumn Gen- took a great step forward. A brief checklist will illustrate eral Meeting of the American Philosophical Society, November the point. 11,1993, in Philadelphia. In 1896, the Library of Congress moved from rooms in the Capitol to what is now the Thomas Jefferson Build- MERICAN LIBRARIES I concentrate here on the ing, the first of the three buildings that house the Library two primary types, research libraries and urban today. A year later, the Librarian of Congress wrote to Apublic libraries have a long, distinguished, diplomatic personnel abroad, requesting that they seek and generally stable history marked by steady growth of and send to the library all publications that would add to collections and expansion of services in response to user the sum of human knowledge. In 1901, the first sections needs. But, at irregular intervals, the predictable and of the new L.C. classification system were published, and ' tranquil library is shaken by periods of fundamental the catalog card distribution service was established. change. The intent of this paper is to describe the rea- (Cole 1993) sons for and effect of two or three of these periods of At roughly the same time, the Tilden Trust and the transformation and then to consider what lies ahead, Astor and Lennox Foundations joined forces to create the with some attention to certain matters that require seri- New York Public Library, and soon after, construction ous attention if libraries are to flourish, as I am certain was begun on the building at Fifth Avenue and 42nd they must. Street. The new Boston Public Library Building was We might begin with the founding of Harvard's opened in 1890, featuring, rather than the traditional library in 1638, but given this setting, it is appropriate screened-off stacks, open shelves, and unimpeded access that we take 1731 as our starting date, for it was in that to books by users. year that Benjamin Franklin, then 25 years old, formed Most notably, Andrew Carnegie, by a single action, the world's first subscription library the Library Com- transformed the public library scene. Carnegie provided pany of Philadelphia. Within a few decades, subscrip- funds to 1,412 communities to build 1,679 library build- tion libraries were established along the Eastern ings, with the provision that adequate operating funds seaboard from Maine to South Carolina, and the princi- would be provided by those communities. (Dickson ple of accessible collections of books for the use of citi- 1986, 46) , zens, neither wealthy nor affiliated with an educational The events of these twenty years from 1890 to institution, was born. These subscription libraries, some 1910 enabled binaries to cope with the growth of the of which still exist, were the precursor of the American decades to come and, as important, signaled broad-based public library. public sup7ort, reinforced library dedication to open The natural transition from subscriber-funded to tax- access: to Ltformation for all, established the principle of based financing of libraries came more than a century standardization for the basic bibliographic structure, later, first in Peterborough, N.H., and then, most visibly, expanded collecting objectives, and demonstrated a pro- in Boston in 1854 our first urban public library. The fessional shift from caretaker to provider of responsive number of libraries grew rapidly and stimulated, in 1876, service. the founding of a professional association, a professional A second transitional period, notably for academic journal, the first training program for librarianship, and libraries, came with the end of World War II. Again, it the Dewey Decimal system of classification. In that year was growth that forced change; this time growth in the of the American Centennial there were more than 3,500 number of students and growth in research activity public, academic, association, and religious libraries in demonstrated by great increase in the number and size of the country, but many had collections of only a few hun- graduate programs, expansion of post-doctoral studies, dred books. The largest by far were Harvard, with and the development of dozens of new fields, all stimu- 228,000 volumes, and the Library of Congress, estab- lated at least in part by the war and made possible by its lished in 1800, with 293,000 volumes. (Dickson 1986, 20) end. The first period of fundamental change in American New library buildings, often of great size, appeared library history came during the years that bridged the on almost every campus to accommodate students and turn of the 19th century. Stimulated by the industrial rapidly growing collections. The challenge was to grow revolution that brought large quantities of inexpensive fast enough and to spend effectively rapidly rising annu- paper, high-speed printing, and great increase in book al budgets in order to meet needs of students and the production; supported by an aspiring and increasingly escalating requirements of researchers. Libraries turned literate population; and favored by a new level of pur- to cooperative collecting ventures to assure coverage and : Sf \ \ 1.111 \ti 1 l<1 \ II I 1.1;I< \l< I I began to look to computers to help handle the high vol- increased in order that those schools might move beyond ume of purchasing, cataloging, and circulation. The emphasizing the technical aspects of librarianship and emphasis was on improving management of large staffs pay more attention to scholarship, both for research in and growing collections. Not only did libraries change the field of information studies and for the development their scope and operating methods, but schools of library of more librarians with scholarly interests pertinent to science more than doubled in number to meet the the work of research libraries. demand for librarians in what proved to be a short-lived Where did this carefully developed set of ACLS rec- era of affluence. ommendations lead? A National Commission on The creation by the federal government of an Advi- Libraries was established and still exists. After a promis- sory Commission on Libraries in the mid-1960s and, ing beginning with a distinguished core of members, the especially, the formation in 1967 by the American Coun- Commission has slipped into the background. Over cil of Learned Societies (ACLS) of a Committee on time, the appointment process was politicized and some Research Libraries, capped the intense activity (some members showed little understanding of, or interest in, would say chaos) of these years of growth and, in effect, key questions; others concentrated on special interests at sought to consolidate and rationalize the gains. Some the expense of the basic issues initially identified for had already realized that a straight-line projection of attention. Commercial objectives and academic interests ever-rising funding for libraries from the recent past into were often at odds. Funding for the work of the Com- the indefinite future could not be sustained. mission has never been adequate. It is also fair to say The ACLS Committee university and foundation that there proved to be no real interest among libraries, presidents, prominent members of the scholarly commu- either within or outside government, in a new federal nity, and several library directors (all 19 of them male) body charged with setting library policy. published its report (ACLS 1967) with eleven specific rec- In the areas of collecting and bibliographic control ommendations for action that endorsed and amplified there has been and continues to be great progress, not by the directions libraries had taken to meet ever-rising lev- the means proposed, but by the efforts of both estab- els of user expectations. In general terms, the recont- lished and new library organizations and of the Library mendations called for a strong federal policy and plan- of Congress. The Online Computer Library Center ning role for the core of library and archive activities. A (OCLC) and the Research Libraries Group (RLG) have permanent National Commission on Libraries and built very large computerized bibliographic databases Archives was advocated. The Commission was to in essence, national catalogs with holdings information assume responsibility for shaping federal policy and pro- available online to members and subscribers, both in grams relating to the nation's library, archival, and infor- this country and abroad, for contributions to anduse of mation needs. Three complementary recommendations the files. Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Slavic, Arabic, and spelled out the Commission's functions relative to the Hebrew languages are routinely handled in these sys- acquisition of research materials, the development and tems. In addition to reducing cataloging redundancy coordination of bibliographic programs, and the plan- among libraries and expediting interlibrary loan, the files ning and coordination required to improve library ser- have paved the way for article delivery services. RLG vices through "modern" technology. It was further rec- has also developed widely used bibliographic systems ommended that the Library of Congress be designatedas customized for the special needs of museums and the National Library and that an Advisory Committee be archives. The Library of Congress, the largest producer appointed, on the assumption that LC would be the of new catalog records, is linked to these large service agent to carry out many National Commission programs. files for online updates and editing in a cooperative cata- Other ACLS recommendations reflected concern that loging project involving a group of participating research projected copyright legislation not jeopardize scholarly libraries. These same files can also serve as a foundation inquiry and underscored the need for permanent and for a national cooperative collection developmentpro- durable paper in the production of books by both the gram, should that objective be one day taken more seri- government and commercial publishers in order that the ously than it is now. already visible problem of deteriorating collections The Library of Congress is still not the National might be contained in the future. Library. There is now some recognition that, in thisera As might be expected, the ACLS committee called of unlimited generation of information, it is unlikelyany for financial support for libraries from the private sector single library, however great and distinguished,can fill and foundations, from state and local governments, and all aspects of the traditional role of a national library. from the federal government, especially through existing There are too many actors and conflicting interests in the sections of the Higher Education Act of 1965, and urged information world. Perhaps the Library of Congress, in the extension of public funding programs to independent full and equal partnership with selected research research libraries such as the Library Company of libraries and institutions that are committed to maintain Philadelphia, the American Antiquarian Society, and collection distinction in designated areas and, equally The Folger Shakespeare Library. Of special interest is the important, capable of providing, beyond their own walls, specific request that funding for library schools be the level of service that expansive scholarship and learn- 19 () 2 I \ \ I 1 \ capabilities, is ing require, will one day become a nationallibrary of a ble given bibliographic and technological different kind. Public funding for theincremental costs still largely unexplored. well Of greatest importance, the ACLS call for more incurred by the partners for their public service may has gone prove to be the cost-effective wayto assure unbounded emphasis on scholarship in library education largely unanswered. As a result, technique (whetherin access to information for thepublic at large. A new copyright law has been passed and seems rea- using computers in libraries or constructingbibliograph- the matter ic records it is all the same) has dominated. The credi- sonably workable in the areas it covers, but the profes- of information ownership and the mechanicsof exercis- bility of the intellectual and academic base of where control of sion has suffered to the point where someof the histori- ing rights in a digitized environment by their the form of original content, much less thecontent itself, cally strongest library schools have been closed parent universities. The reasons given vary;economic are not settled, and theobvious conflict between the goal of open access and the implied requirementof controlled retrenchment and the characteristics of many library There is some hope, however, schools small size and an atypical professional school use is not near resolution. the fact for the topic is now getting attention fromthe Associa- enrollment are most often mentioned. But tion of American Universities and Harvard'sKennedy remains that, despite some exceptions, the overall importance and quality of library science researchand School of Government. Exceptional progress has been made on the preserva- its perceived pertinence to broad universityobjectives, coordinat- has been questioned. The intellectual foundationof pro- tion front. A national, and even international, derivative ed effort is well established. In a continuing program, fessional education has narrowed and become deteriorated at a time when expansive thinking andintellectual rigor the contents of more than 550,000 physically degradation of library and books have been copied on archival microfilm to assure are called for. Permitting the fail- long-term protection, with NEH and foundationfunds information science education is the single greatest supplementing library budgets to meet the cost. A grow- ure of the library communityin the post-war period. permanent Looking back, it would have been much wiser tohave ing number of new books are published on and and durable paper, and experimental workis underway doubled the enrollment and increased the scope both print and film quality of the library schools existing in 1955 or 1960 ! to develop systems that will convert to digitized form for storage andtransmission. Preserva- rather than doubling the number of schools. access to what has Today, just three or four decades after the post-war tion, with its essential counterpart challenged. been preserved is becoming one of the true success period of transformation, libraries are again and tech- Early in the computer age, great change in themethods stories of the nation's libraries. The operational and nological elements of today's preservation program may of information storage and retrieval was predicted well provide the pattern for library evolution, onewhere libraries, in their purposeful way, skillfully adopted the form of information (print on paper, microform,digi- information technology, especially in the bibliographic the 1950s and early tal) can be readily changed to meet the differingrequire- arena. But very few imagined in ments of use, transmission, or secure storage. 1960s the real nature of the revolution that is, even now, Federal funding for libraries held steady for a time still gaining momentum. Computer processingspeed after the ACLS report, but, with the exceptionof preser- and storage capacity move towards once inconceivable vation, it has greatly declined in recent years.State and levels; text, images, and sound are now integrated; and a communications revolution not only squeezes more and local funding for armyoperating budgets has fluctuat- ed with conditions, but the trend has beendown. In gen- more capacity from copper and glasslines but wireless eral, business never responded. Only thefoundations technology promises to open the way for digital links increased funding for libraries and expanded programs unencumbered by the limits of terrestrial wires and to stimulate innovation. There is now strongevidence cables. that library decline is systemic in research universities, In short, there are no technological constraints on where the library portion of total general andeducation- what we can do. This realization has become increasing- al expenditures has fallen in each of the past ten years. ly obvious in the past decade or so, but theimplications (Stubbs 1994). A curious exception to the generalerosion for libraries are still unclear to all but the most zealous of support, and perhaps an indicator of the gapbetween promoters. The present challenge for librariesis to con- public aspiration and ability to pay, is to befound in the sider how the capabilities of information technology can large number of bond issues approved for the construc- most usefully be employed for library purposesand, in tion of new, often very large, public librarybuildings in the process, to reshape libraries so that long-established many of our major cities. responsibilities might be fully met in what promises to While many of the specific objectives identified in be a very different future. the ACLS report have been attended to in whole or in Those who see libraries as institutions awaiting part, there are a few serious omissions.Archives and extinction in the glow of electrons and photons need to libraries are still unnaturally isolated from eachother, be reminded of the essential functions of libraries and and the development of an effective workingrelation- librarians, and asked what it is, in the foreseeable future, ship between public and academic libraries, nowpossi- that will assume the role of these durable institutions. 11 4. 4i72;: I I lmil. I'I'I \I 1(1\It I I \ f \ \ l\I.1 I 4 The content of libraries is the foundation for the resolved, affect our society in fundamentalways. scholarship of the future. They consolidate and give Not every librarian must be an experienced adminis- order to the human experience. They select, assemble, trator, but all must know what good administration is. preserve, and make accessible the record of human activ- Some must be specifically trained in management meth- ity, whatever the form or content of that record; by their ods so that staff, collections, and funding can all be visible presence, their combined collections and their brought to bear effectively on the work at hand. By the expanding services, libraries enable individuals and soci- same token, while all staff will necessarily know how to eties to use, as they will, what has been learned, created, use technology, not all must have die level of skill and experienced. More than any other institution, required to develop performance_ specifications, toassess libraries work to provide equitable access to the full the capabilities and economics of Projected systems, to record for all the rich and poor, young and old, con- oversee local installations or to negotiate network affilia- nected and unconnected, and the geographically remote. tions. In short, the staff of libraries must include individ- Libraries help audit the workings of the information. uals with diverse interests and abilities. The successful structure to assure that information is not lost and its library will be manned by sperialits held together bya validity is not degraded. Most important, ina competi- common cause. tive, complex, and sometimes contentious information Third, more must be learned abOut the capabilities world, librarians are, first and foremost, persistent advo- and limits of technology in the work of assembling,con- cates of the public interest. Information technology will trolling, and using information for thepurposes of teach- not supplant libraries; rather it will enable them to do ing, learning, and living. Unless the informationage their job in a far different setting than Franklin knew in helps individuals all individuaIS:7- to make better use 1731. He would have relished the challenge. of what is known, this point in time will fall short of its This overview of leisons from the past, coupled with promise. The public good fis4ds'iO be explored, articu- the volatility of the present, suggests that immutable lated, and pursued. It is time to focus academic research plans are not the answer. Not longago, a distinguished on the central issues that now face libraries and librari- academic leader noted that he didn't object to long-range ans, those that directly affect the capacity of libraries and planning so long as it didn't curtail the possibility ofcap-. related information services to stimulate and expedite italizing on unanticipated opportUnities. Thesame view use of the human record in ways that will support per- is pertinent for libraries, but if they are to be ina position sonal and public progress. . . to lead rather than react, improvement on several fronts Finally, instead of casting yet another plan for the is needed. future, a credible method for periodically assessing the First, to meet their fundamental responsibilities, performance of America's libraries and the information libraries must seriously reconsider how theyare internal- services supporting teaching and learning must be devel- , ly organized in the context of a projected fully linked oped. This should be a national (but not governmental) digitized network of libraries and informationresources. undertaking, and the judgements should be made, with In order that actions taken might move towards the the help of librarians, by representatives of those who future rather than perpetuate the past,an idealization use and depend on libraries for a wide variety of purpos- process should be employed to discover an operating es and by those who speak for the public and institution- structure that will encourage the development of effec- al entities that provide the funding. The objective is to ' tive and financially realistic means to long-established strengthen the hand of librarians as they join with others ends. Even as they seek to be responsive tomany differ- to guide and adjust the products of information technol- ent interests and needs, libraries, because of theirvery ogy so that the public benefits are substantive and the nature, must also consider how they might be a cohesive requirements of research and scholarship are attended to. force in an overly fragmented information world. The meaning of the information age must be defined,at Second, the definition of the profession and thecom- least in part, by those who are committed to the princi- position of library staffs need revision in order thatser- ples that guide America's libraries. vice capabilities might reflect the reality of the complex world in which libraries now do their work. Many staff References members must acquire a high level of knowledge and ACLS. On Research Libraries: Statement and Recommendations of the Com- maintain an active interest in pertinent subject fields if mittee on Research Libraries of the American Council of Learned Societies. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1967. they are to build and maintain collections and guide Cole, J.Y. Jefferson's Legacy: A Brief History of the Library of Congress. users through the maze of bibliographic and information Washington: Library of Congress, 1993. resources. Librarians need to teach as well, especially in Dickson, P. The Library in America: A Celebration in Words and Pictures. New York: Facts on on File Publications, 1986. collegiate settings, so that students who will live their Stubbs, K. Unpublished research. See "Trends in University Funding lives in the information age might understand thestruc- for Research Libraries," ARL: A Bimonthly Newsletter of Research ture of the information systems supporting major disci- Library issues and Actions, No. 172, pp. 1+. Washington: Association plines, the organization of knowledge, the economics of of Research Libraries, January 1994. information, direct and indirect forms of censorship and control, and the information policy issues that will, when 2 A BIMONTHLY NEWSLETTER OF RESEARCH LIBRARY ISSUES AND ACTIONS Current Issues STEPS TOWARD A NEW U.S. COMMUNICATIONS POLICY by Prudence S. Adler, Assistant Executize Director - Federal Relations and Information Policy On January 11, Vice President Gore, in a new directions, such as telephony. In the midst of major policy-setting speech, noted that, this convergence, traditional roles may no longer contrary to the past decade, "a remarkable apply as consumers and providers alike are strug- consensus has now emerged throughout our gling to move concepts such as universal service for- country, in business, in public interest groups, ward into the twenty-first century. Equally difficult and in government," to rethink and restructure to pin down are definitions of "network" services, the Nation's communications laws. In the past, which may vary depending upon the community; Congress, the Administration, industry, and pub- e.g., in the telephony, broadcast, and Internet envi- lic interest groups have been stymied regarding ronments. And, advances resulting from the High how best to rewrite the Communications Act of Performance Computing Act of 1991 and related net- 1934 and related legislation. Bills have languished worked-based activities have stimulated new activi- in congressional committees due to major differ- ties and expectations, as well as uncertainty from the ences in both approach and philosophy. But in library, education, and research communities regard- the past few months, the mergers and realignment ing how these applications and uses may fit in the of the telecommunications, entertainment, and emerging information infrastructure. Such is the related industries have challenged the existing challenge for the Administration, Congress, the pub- legal and regulatory system. This has fueled a lic interest community, and industry defining the sense of urgency to find consensus about how to new roles and responsibilities emerging from the restructure the current regulatory regime and convergence of technologies and anticipating the thus determine how industry will provide and potential opportunities and impacts on different and how consumers will access services and informa- diverse communities. tion in the years ahead. The Administration looks to the private sector Congress and the Administration have set a and the marketplace to develop a robust telecommu- goal of completing legislation this spring, prior to nications system. At the same time, there is a recog- the debates regarding health care. In the rush to nition within the Administration that there are public restructure the nation's communications infra- needs that must be met in the new regulatory frame- structure, it is important to keep sight of public work that develops. To this end, the Telecommunica- needs and to reserve public spaces in this rapidly tions Policy Roundtable (TPR) statement of principles changing and marketplace driven environment. (see ARL 171, November 1993) constitute essential Vice President Gore's speech reflects the con- elements to be included in the ensuing debate. vergence of technologies and the blurring of lines in the provision of services by cable, telephone, Administration Goals and Proposals broadcasters, and other service providers. Tele- In his State of the Union message, President Clinton phone companiesare ready to provide cable ser- spoke of his support "to connect every classroom, vices and cable companies are primed to move in every clinic, every library, every hospital in America ----CuRRENT-Iss Continued into a national information superhighway by the year ARL. In addition, the Administration appointed mem- 2000." The Clinton-Gore proposal is based on five bers to the Advisory Council on National Information principles: Infrastructure. Toni Carbo Berman, Dean and Professor, encouraging private investment in the NII (national School of Library and Information Science, University of information infrastructure); Pittsburgh, is a member of the Council. promoting and protecting competition; providing open access to the NH by consumers and Congressional Initiatives service providers; Bills in the House and Senate propose broad, sweeping preserving and advancing universal service to avoid changes to the current legislative and regulatory system creating a society of "haves" and "have nots," and and address the new realities of the rapidly changing ensuring flexibility so that the newly adopted regula- telecommunications arena. In the House, H.R. 3626, the tory framework can keep pace with the rapid techno- Brooks-Dingell bill, and H.R. 3636, the Markey-Fields logical and market changes that pervade the telecom- bill, are the focus of these discussions along with S. munications and information industries. 1822, the Hollings bill in the Senate. There are The Federal Communications Commission would significant differences between the House bills in how assume a great deal of authority regarding all future to create the new competitive marketplace between the communications policy with the goal of "a flexible, telephone companies, long distance carriers, and cable adaptable, regulatory regime that encourages the com- providers. The Senate bill seeks to combine, where petitive provision of the broadband, switch digital possible, the two House bills. Pieces of the Adminis- transmission services." Provision of such broad author- tration's agenda can be found in all of the bills. ities to the FCC could provide new challenges to the Hearings in the House and Senate over the course of the library community as these d'liberations are lengthy, next few months will likely result in changes to all of the costly, and typically entail extensive legal expertise. In bills. Other legislative vehicles such as H.R. 1757, the addition, such a role for the FCC would entail changes National Information Infrastructure Act of 1993 and to the current system of state regulatory authority. Title VI of S. 4, the National Competitiveness Act of Key Administration objectives that support the 1993, address networking applications areas. principles include: cross ownership of services between cable and Library Community. Response telco providers would be permitted though tele- In response to the President's State of the Union phone companies would be prohibited from acquir- Address and the Vice President's call for connecting ing cable systems in the telephone companies' local schools, libraries, health clinics, and hospitals by the exchange area; year 2000, ARL and ALA identified a series of options to local competition would be promoted and some make such connections a reality and prepared a repricing of local services could be allowed to avoid working draft paper to promote such connections. "rate shock" or increases to consumers; These options address issues relating to connecting federal regulators would determine whether the these institutions and to cost issues once connected (e.g., regional bell operating companies (RBOCs) could preferential rates). provide long distance services, these companies In a letter to the Assistant Secretary of Commerce, would be permitted to offer information services, and the associations supported "Vice President Gore's assur- there would be no restrictions on R&D and manufac- ance that there will be public lanes on the information turing; superhighway." Noting that, "this new regime will the FCC would be required to enact non-discrimina- enable telephone, cable, direct broadcast satellite, and tory access obligations on cable television stations other major commercial telecommunications companies with exceptions for technology, costs, and market to enter new lines of business with little or no govern- conditions; and ment regulation, thus creating new services for the pub- the goal that all classrooms, libraries, hospitals, and lic and significant new economic opportunities for clinics in the United States be connected to the NII by themselves and their shareholders... these beneficiary the year 2000. companies should guarantee access to meaningful ser- The Administration is promoting these principles vices for institutions with public missions such as via legislative proposals in the House and Senate. libraries, educational institutions, hospitals, and clinics, Throughout this debate, the Administration has been in exchange for the significant economic opportunities open to comment and input from all communities. Vice they will receive under the legislation." President Gore convened a series of meetings prior to Some of the ARL/ALA connections options bad the January 11 speech. Members of the public interest on proposals under consideration elsewhere. Key community were included; Prue Adlu represented points include: ARL1 73 MARCH 1994 Provision of Advanced Facilities/Services: The elimi- may be no fixed channels to allocate. This final nation of structural, line-of-business and cross-own- option is closely related to an American Public Televi- ership provisions must be linked to the immediate sion Stations proposal that seeks to reserve "as public duty to provide advanced facilities and services to capacity a portion of the capacity in each telecommu- the library, education and health care communities nications highway, regardless of its configuration or (LEH). Those carriers opting to operate in the new technology." regulatory framework (all Title VII or equivalent, as For a copy of the ARL/ALA Suggested Approaches to noted in the Clinton-Gore proposal), in return for Implement Administration Goal of Connecting to the NII substantial deregulation, must agree to a timetable Every Library, School, Hospital, and Clinic, send e-mail to for modern facilities deployment to all LEH users [email protected]. An opportunity tc discuss the "public throughout the geographic region within which the right of way" or public view of the emerging infrastruc- carrier operates. ture will occur at an upcoming public interest summit. Least Cost Access: Carriers must provide LEH users The summit, hosted by the foundation community and with least cost access to the same inventory of ser- NTIA, will be held on March 29. Vice President Gore vices, functionality, and features as those delivered to has agreed to speak at the summit. Additional informa- large volume corporate users, regardless of location tion on Canadian and U.S. activities is available in The and proximity to carriers. The LEH constituency Emerging Information Infrastructure: Players, Issues, Tech- should have "most favored user" opportunities to tap nology, and Strategies/Proceedings of the 123rd Meeting, to into these new features without regard to location, be published by ARL this month. particularly as telecommunications costs increasingly become distance insensitive. Least cost access means 'The white paper and other Administration proposals are available from niientia.doc.gov. that these institutions should pay the lowest per unit cost charged by carriers to their most favored, high- volume users. ARL TO PUBLISH PROCEEDINGS Preferential Rates for LEH Users: Provisions in the ON EMERGING INFORMATION Hollings bill call upon "telecommunication carriers that use public rights of way to permit educational INFRASTRUCTURE his spring ARL will publish The Emerging Informa- institutions, health-care institutions, local and state governments, public broadcast stations, public tion Infrastructure: Players, Issues, Technology, and libraries,... to be eligible for preferential rates." The Strategies. The report consists of the edited pre- FCC is directed to develop regulations. A related sentations and discussions from the October 1993 ARL Membership Meeting program. proposal is also included in an Administration White Paper on Communications Act Reforms.' The proceedings address the approaches taken by the U.S., Canadian, and North Carolina governments to Encourage Aggregation of LEH Demand: Education- the development of an information infrastructure, the al institutions, libraries, and health care facilitiesmay find it useful to come together to purchase and perspectives on these developments from four stake- holder communities (telecommunications, computer, administer telecommunications and information ser- education, and public interest), and the policy issues vices. Such LEH aggregation of demand and pur- that are raised by the emerging information infrastruc- chasing power should be specifically permitted ture. through legislation, and should be encouraged and supported through options listed here or through The Emerging Information Infrastructure will be issued other means such as government support of pilot as Part I of Proceedings of the 123rd Meeting of ARL. The projects, research and demonstration projects, and material is published separately due to the high level of interest in the program topic. Part II of the Proceedings other grant programs. Aggregation would make a will be issued subsequently. This occasion also marks least cost pricing approach less burdensome for the a carriers. change in the title of the series, published since 1932 as Minutes of the Meeting. The change of title is to reflect Reserve Capacity for LEH Users: To the extent that better the substantive nature of the series. identifiable channels or spectrum are used, reservea portion of capacity for public purposes, such as LEH Upon publication, the report will be sent to recipi- users, and for public and nonprofit programming. ents of standing orders for the series Minute :; of the Meet- Such capacity would be allocated by a regulatory ing. Individual copies of The Emerging Information Infra- structure will be sold for $25 for ARL Members, $35 for agency among eligible entities. While capacity reser- vations may be appropriate in the context of video all others. Nonmember orders must be prepaid. dialtone platforms, the concept may be unworkable in the digital, broadband environment where there A R L1 7 3 MARCH 1 9 9 4 Continued CELEBRATING LIBRARIES: A LINK "library" is largely of American origin. This is the WITH HUMANITY, PAST AND PRESENT astonishing notion (contrary to the general practice throughout most of history) that the cultural heritage by David Kohl, Dean of the University of C.ncinnatiLibraries created by all of us, belongs to all ofus. The experience Imentioned to a close friend that Iwas trying to write of humankind is the birthright of all andnot the private something about celebrating National LibraryWeek. property of an elite or special group whether such T got a dubious look. "I think librariesare great groups are political, economic, social, or religious. It is places," she said, "but you don't celebrate libraries.I in the United States that we have the strongest tradition mean, maybe librarians celebrate libraries, but youguys of free, public libraries and the strongest legaltraditions work there. The Reds winning the pennant or the (for example, fair use doctrine) to allow thesharing of Bearcats getting into the Final Four that's what the that knowledge. rest of us celebrate." She had a point; howcan yo...,. real- What is a library then? A library, whether the ly talk about "celebrating" libraries? immense collections of the New York Public Library, After a lot of thought If the word "library" conjuresup an image guarded by its majestic stone and wadded up paper, I lions, or our friendly neigh- gradually came to the con- of a building, the face ofa kindly or borhood branch with its cir- clusion that the problem lies authoritarian librarian,or even a collection of cle of 3- and 4-year-olds lis- in the way most people tening to a librarian reading define libraries. If the word books and journals, videotapes, and records, a story, is really just a collec- "library" conjures up an I think they are likely to miss the point. tion of voices preserved image of a building, the face of a kindly or authoritarian down through the ages from all over the world, ready to librarian, or even a collection of books and journals, speak to any or all who can appreciateor need them. videotapes, and records, I think theyare likely to miss The voices are as rich and diverseas human experi- the point. No matter how fondlyor appreciatively we ence itself. They are the voices of the best minds, regard these images, they are not what a library really though sometimes disturbed and twisted minds;of the is. Neither would these and similar images bemuch of most insightful visionaries, though sometimes dement- a basis for celebration. Such views might justify Library ed, tortured souls; of the most wonderfulstory tellers, Appreciation Week perhaps, tea and cucumbersand- though also of cliché-ridden hacks. Thereare good wiches, but not champagne corks poppingin the locker examples and warning examples, but they all have room. lessons for us. They are all part ofour common her- What a library really is, and whatwe can truly cele- itage. brate, is a kind of idea an idea with two parts. They are the voices of those who helpus under- The first part is based in the only featuresunique to stand what it means to be human, to rejoice human beings. This is in the our ability to pass on experiences world, to appreciate and understandour relationships, from one generation to another or from one part of the to help and encourage us as we wrestle withour fears world to another without the teacher beingphysically and anxieties, to assist us in healingour hurts and pain, present. In other words, human beings can store their and to provide guidemarks and dangersigns for our cultural experience. For example,an Egyptian scribe ongoing journey into the future. dead for over 5,000 years can talk to you directly about The existentialists werewrong, you see. The human his views on death and the afterlife.No other species on condition is not one of loneliness and despair, but the planet or in the planet's history of can or has done this. community. John Donne had it right when hesaid that As a result of this unique ability, humankindhas no man was an island, that we are all joined to the created a vast treasure house of experience.Down whole and it just so happens that the joining, the through the ages we humans have created con- a wonderful nection to the whole, is made possible byour libraries. cornucopia of ideas, technical information,wisdom, and Our libraries provide the link between the above all, stories individual stories to inspire, to encourage, to and the collective experience of the humancommunity, shed the light of insight, tosuccor the lonely and to past and present. comfort the anguished. And where dowe gather and Now that's worth celebrating. preserve this rich tapestry of human experience? Itis, of course, in the libraries. In recognition of National Library Week, April18-24, this The second part of the idea that constitutes essay is reprinted from the Cincinnati Post with the permis- sion of the author. "5 ARL 173 MARCH 1994 mation resource. Several good recommendations came CHANGE PROPOSED FOR U.K. through the Information Technology Sub-Group, which UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES was chaired by Lynne Brindley, Librarian at theLondon by Fred Friend, Librarian, University College London School of Economics. For example it is recommended Because the last national report on U.K. university that the funding councils "should provide £2 million libraries was published 27 years ago, there was a over three years to support a series of projects toelevate great deal of interest in the announcement last the status and acceptability of electronic journals and to year from the Higher Education FundingCouncil for prepare the way for multi-media electronic journals." England of a library review to be chaired by Sir Brian As yet we do not know whether such funding will be Follett, a distinguished scientist and now Vice-Chancel- forthcoming, but I believe the chances are good, and I lor of the University of Warwick. The Review could and others are busy on ideas for projects to put forward. provide U.K. academic librarians with a once-in-a-life- It will be important that we build upon rather than time opportunity to have their concerns recognised by duplicate work in North America and that we co-oper- the body through which U.K. government funding is ate with publishers. channelled to universities. Welcome for the announce- One of Sir Brian's principal concerns was the journal ment of the review was tempered, however, by the reali- price rise problem. Amongst librarians there is already sation that some grand reports promise a great deal and trans-Atlantic co-operation on this question, but not a deliver nothing. The 1967 Parry Report was remem- great deal of academic co-operation, so I believe it is a bered for its recommendation that 6% of a university's useful recommendation from the Follett Review Group budget should be devoted to library provision, a recom- "that the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals mendation that was not widely implemented, so every- seeks co-operation with the Association of American body concerned wanted a report that was realistic and Universities and other appropriate U.S. bodies, to find would contain practical recommendations. practical and effective ways of influencing the periodi- An important factor in any such review is the mem- cals market in a manner which both provides value for bership of the review group and its method of working. money for periodical purchases and a fair returnfor Although the review began with the English Funding publishers." The assistance of ARL in the implementa- Council, Scottish, Welsh, and Northern Irish representa- tion of this recommendation could be very beneficial. tives joined the review group; researchers do not stop at The report runs to 83 pages, so it takes some digest- borders when they are using libraries within a small ing, but my initial reaction is that it will be a positive country like the U.K. The review arose from a concern influence upon the development of university libraries that library facilities were not adequate to cope with the in the United Kingdom. Responses to the report are major expansion in undergraduate numbers that the being prepared by individual university institutions, so U.K. has experienced over the past few years, but uni- it is difficult to summarise the feelings of the U.K. versity research staff soon said that the review should library community as a whole. Informal surroundings consider their interests as well. Distinguished people certainly suggest, however, that this is a good opportu- like Sir Anthony Kenny, the President of the British nity for U.K. academic libraries. Academy, were added to the review group to represent Sir Brian has achieved a result which recognises the the research community. Librarians also made sure various interests he listened to say the interests of they were represented and in particular had a strong teaching and research, or of the old and new universi- influence upon the three sub-groups through which ties and yet the recommendations can benefit the sys- much of the detailed work was conducted, on Funding tem as a whole. We have now to wait and see whether and Resources, Management of Libraries, and Informa- the promise in the report comes to fruition, both at a tion Technology. Each of the sub-groups consisted of national and a local level. We have to hope that funding academic staff and librarians, some on the main review bodies and individual universities will respond posi- group, others not. In turn the sub-groups met with rep- tively to the recommendations. Amongst the library resentatives from other bodies on particular issues. The community there will certainly be a wish to ensure that input into the review was widened even further by Sir the Follett Report will be remembered as a milestone in Brian's active seeking of views from any interested U.K. academic library development. party. Joint Funding Councils' Libraries Review Group: There are over 40 specific recommendations in the Report. December 1993. Obtainable from External Follett Report. Some are intended to establish good Relations Department, HEFCE, Northavon House, practice in individual universities, such as the need for Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS6 1QD, England. each university to draw up an information strategy, see- Telephone: +44 272 317436; facsimile: +44 272 317463. ing library provision as part of a university's total infor- IN 1 Continued U.K. WORKING PAPERS ON ANTICIPATING IFLA IN HAVANA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY In August 1994 the International Federation of Library Associa- Aspart of the review of academic libraries under tions General Conference will convene in Havana, Cuba. In his taken by the Higher Education Funding capacity as president of IFLA, Robert Wedgeworth, University Councils of England, Scotland, and Wales, and Librarian at the University of Illinois at Urbana, spent several the Department of Education for Northern Ireland (see days last May visiting the city. The following is excerpted, with report by Fred Friend on previous page), an Information permission of the author, from Friendscript Newsletter, pub- Technology (IT) Sub-committee was formed. The Sub- lished by the University of Illinois. committee, Chaired by Lynne Brindley, Librarian and The visit laid to rest any questions IFLAmay have Director of Information Services of the British Library of had about the quality of serves available in Havana Political and Economic Science at the London School of in light of the ongoing U.S. embargo on trade with Economics, was asked to address how developments in Cuba and the withdrawal of financial support from the IT might be harnessed to underpin changeacross the former Soviet Union. What was found, reported Mr. whole academic library sector. Wedgeworth, was two Cuban worlds the world of the The group decided "to focus pragmatically to deter- tourist and the world of the Cubans. mine what problems IT might assist in solving, whatini- "Since the tourist industry is the major way for Cuba tiatives might be encouraged, and what actions might to earn its foreign exchange," explains Mr. Wedgeworth, be taken in the next three to fiveyears to facilitate useful "most of the resources go to attracting and serving tourists. developments of benefit to library users in higher edu- That means food is rationed in Cuba, gasoline is rationed cation, pushing boundaries forward ina nationally cost in Cuba, for these things go first to tourists, whoare able to effective way." Expert advicewas sought that resulted pay for them. The funds earned then go to assist the gen- in a series of working papers, recently assembled and eral Cuban economy." published as Libraries and IT: Working Papers of the Infor- For the average Cuban, he says, the rationmeans one mation Technology Sub-committee of the HEFCE Libraries roll per day, because bread is scarce, and milk is available Review. only to children under the age of seven. "So itwas with The 300-plus page report is available from UKOLN: mixed feelings that we would meet all day withour Cuban The Office for Library and Information Networking,The colleagues reviewing arrangements for the meetings and Library, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK(tele- social events, and then go back toour hotels in the evening phone: +44 225 826580; facsimile: +44 225 826229). for a large meal, when we knewour colleagues has little or The price is £20 in the U.K. and Europe, £25 in all other no food to go home to." areas. In his conversations with people from all walks of life, Mr. Wedgeworth found few Cubans blamed theirown CAUSE OFFERS CAMPUS government for the economic hardships. "They blame the U.S. embargo for starving them and question whetherthe NETWORKING BOOK United States is willing to considerany resolution which est Practices in Campus Networking isa new compi- will not involve the total surrender of their autonomy,"he lation available from CAUSE. The 248-page docu- said. During his visit, he also toured several libraries, ment includes 25 proposals received from colleges including the Havana Public Library and the libraryat the and universities for the 1993 CAUSE Award forExcel- University of Havana. lence in Campus Networking. "The libraries are limited in the number ofnew books Best Practices includes descriptions of the networks they have available, especially foreign books, but thelibrar- at award-winning Maricopa Community Colleges and ians are well trained, well educated, and continueto per- honorable mention winners Brown University, form very well," he reports. "The university librarylacks Cedarville College, Gettysburg College, Massachusetts research materials, but it continues to provide reference Institute of Technology, The Pennsylvania State Univer- and other services as it can. There is, ofcourse, limited sity, and Stevens Institute of Technology. access to new information technologies, but they areman- Best Practices in Campus Networking is available aging to get some microcomputers and supplies fortechni- through CAUSE for $45 for association members, $60 cal services. And they have access to Internet viaCanada." for non-members. To order, contact CAUSE,4840 Pearl E. Circle, Suite 302E, Boulder, CO 80301; phone(303) 449-4430; fax (303) 440-0461; e-mail: TRAVEL ADVISORY FOR CUBA [email protected]. The American Library Association has prepareda Travel Advisory for IFLA's Annual Conferenceto be held August 21-27 in Havana, Cuba. ContactRobert Doyle, ALA, 50 East Huron Street, Chicago, Illinois60611- 2795, (800) 545-2433. ARL 173 MARCH 1994 27 COALITION-FOR NETWORKED -INFORMA-TION Paul Evan Peters, Executive Director VIRTUAL ESTATE IN CYBERSPACE: cial users tend to view it as a threat to existing or poten- tial revenues. Builders of information highways must THE MANY FACES OF NETWORKED be responsive to the different interests and concerns of INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY both types of providers. No subject is the source of more fear, uncertainty, Non-commercial and commercial providers of net- and dread in the networked information com- worked information have a common interest in improv- munity than is the subject of copyright or, more ing ways and means for managing networked intellec- generally, the subject of intellectual property. Creators tual property. Making it easier for network users to dis- of intellectual property worry that networks are too cover, organize, and access the information that they leaky for their properf: to be secure from corruption need is in everyone's interest, as are effective ways to and misappropriation. Users of intellectual property authenticate the identity of users seeking access to intel- worry that networks are too rigid and expensive for lectual property, to account and perhaps to bill for their property to be available and affordable in all of the use, and to protect the security and integrity of net- ways and for all of the purposes they have in mind. worked information resources and services. Providers And, developers of networked information resources of such resources and services, however, must have the and services are frustrated by the complex and unre- option to use or not to use these sorts of intellectual sponsive character of the existing intellectual property property management capabilities. Builders of informa- permissions system. There must be a better way to tion highways must implement these capabilities as ser- build an information superhighway! vices available to networked information providers The early evolution of the Internet information envi- rather than as features of the network information infra- ronment has been driven by a "circle of gifts" intellectu- structure itself that must be used by all providers. al property system. As a general rule, creators of Inter- Implementing intellectual property management net intellectual property (software, documents, etc.) capabilities as services on rather than as a feature of the make that property freely and anonymously available to network infrastructure not only places their use at the any and all interested parties. In return, they expect discretion of information providers, it creates a competi- that property of use to them will be available equally tive marketplace for provision of such capabilities. freely and anonymously. Information circulates in this Relying upon such a marketplace to provide capabilities system in much the same way it does around an office of this sort is a much more comforting prospect than or along a research front. Formal, predominantly "com- relying upon, for example, a telecommunications mercial," scholarly and scientific communication and monopoly or a government-mandated standardization publication processes operate by quite different princi- process to provide them. ples. They are more concerned about control and com- The uniqu'e characteristics of networked intellectual pensation than comparable Internet, "non-commercial" property have barely begun to reveal themselves. It is processes have been to date. already an open question, however, whether copyrights The future Internet and the emerging National or patents are the more appropriate vehicle for register- Information Infrastructure (NII) must support both of ing and protecting one's ownership of a particularpar- these models of knowledge creation, distribution, and cel of intellectual property. Certainly the distinction utilization. The Internet community must come to rec- between software and information as well as the distinc- ognize and respect the interests of commercially minded tion between an idea and an expression of an idea have providers of information, and those providers must begun to blur in network environments, and both of understand and appreciate that non-commercial these distinctions are fundamental to existingways of approaches will continue to be an important feature of thinking about intellectual property. The attribution of the Internet and NII information environments. Com- ownership to intellectual property is confounded,more- mercial and non-commercial providers of networked over, by the highly collaborative manner in which net- information, however, assess the opportunities and worked information is generated, refined, and distrib- challenges of the networked environment quite differ- uted. Builders of information highways, as wellas non- ently. For instance, commercial providers tend to view commercial and commercial providers of networked the reduced costs of the network environment as an information, must be flexible and agile if they are going opportunity to increase profits, whereas non-commer- ) keep up with the creative behaviors of network cial providers tend to view them as an opportunity to users. lower prices. And, non-commercial providers tend to view the increased ease by which information can be redistributed in the network environment as an oppor- tunity to promote awareness and use, whereas commer- 2 13 ARL 173 MARCH 1994 OFFICE OFSGENTIFIC-AND-ACADEMIC-ABLISHING Ann Okerson, Director CICNET PROJECT BUILDS tion grew, it became apparent that manual processing methods would not scale to the size required. CICNet ELECTRONIC JOURNAL COLLECTION limited its collection processes to titles available by ftp, by Gene Wiemers, Assistant University Librarian, Northwest- and adopted the Internet tool "Mirror" to automatically ern University, and Chair, Task Force on the CIC Electronic check specific ftp sites for new issues. CICNet now runs Collection, and John Hankins, Deputy Director, CICNet, Inc. more than 500 ftp Mirror jobs to build the collection. The CICNet electronic journal project began as a This process has both technical and collection develop- solution to a problem. The Ohio State University ment limits. On the technical side, maintenance of the site Libraries had built a small electronic journal collec- location database is problematic. Any time a directory tion, and was looking at options for archival storage. name is changed or an ftp source is moved, the Mirror One option was to rely on publishers. When a publisher script breaks. The volume of the project also pushes the ftp informed the library that back issues were not available, Mirror software beyond its intended limits. To deal with it became clear that libraries might have to provide per- these problems, CICNet is developing tools to support the manent storage for e-iournals just as they do for print. required volume, and is enlisting volunteers so a single per- Why should each !ibrary take responsibility for pro- son is not responsible for monitoring all ftp locations. Since viding permanent storage of e-journal files? The logic of many scholarly e-journals are published only in Bitnet shared responsibility for this archival function was com- LISTSERV format, CICNet is also exploring automated col- pelling, since any library could, in principal, gain access lecting methods so the limitation to ftp sites can be relaxed. to a single definitive file. The Committee on Institutional To address the inevitable collection development lim- Cooperation (CIC) had served as an arena for a variety of its and define the content of the collection, CICNet recog- successful cooperative collection development and nized that a professional librarian's collection develop- preservation projects, so Gay Dannelly, Collection Devel- ment and management perspective was needed. The CIC opment Officer at Ohio State, proposed that the CIC col- Library Directors appointed the Task Force on the CIC lection development officers develop a cooperative archival project. Electronic Collection in March 1993 to provide this per- spective and explore other avenues for cooperation in CICNet's interest in the project focused on three electronic collections. The Task Force recommended a col- areas. First, CICNet was interested in developing success- lection development policy, a methodology to select titles ful archival storage and easy access to e-journals by end for active collection management and full cataloging, and users. Second, there was little agreement on what consti- a mechanism to share cataloging responsibilities among tuted an electronic journal and what networked applica- CIC libraries. tions would be best suited to support a collection, so CIC librarians and CICNet are now implementing investigation of collection methodology was needed. these recommendations. The goal is a working electronic Third, CICNet was interested in building a window to library accessible to all CIC users. The CIC Libraries Elec- the world of electronic journals and electronic publishing. tronic Journal Collection will include full and authorita- CICNet began collecting titles early in 1992. Though tive files of the titles selected, and these titles will receive the original proposal called for CICNet to provide full cataloging and priority treatment for correcting acqui- archival services for files collected by member libraries, the emerging Gopher technology drastically simplified sition procedures. This collection will provide a large col- lection in a flexible access structure so CIC libraries access. Gopher made it possible to build a centralized can explore the possibilities of shared cataloging and access. collection using the same access tool individual libraries Paul Southworth at CICNet ([email protected]) were using. This merged the archiving and the collecting now man- ages the server. CICNet has developed internships based function. The CICNet "archives" thus provided an on this collection with the library schools at the University experiment in both the theoretical a- id practical aspects of of Illinois and the University of Michigan. A management a cooperative electronic collection. A collection that included an array of scholarly journals, "zines," and committee of CIC librarians is also being formed. The col- lection is currently limited to freely available titles, but newsletters, would support both the use of known titles when the collection expands to include subscription titles, and the exploration of a broad slice of the emerging Inter- CICNet will need to develop user authentication tech- net culture. By November of 1992, CICNet consultant niques to assure that those titles are only available to Billy Barron had assembled a collection of 70 journal authorized users. In the meantime, the CICNet electronic titles, and by the summer of 1993, the collection had grown to almost 600 titles and was accessed by users journal server provides the largest and most varied single site for exploration of the electronic journal format. worldwide at the average rate of six to eight timesper minute. Note: The Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC) is Initially, CICNet tried to collect anything that fit an academic consortium of major research universities with a headquarters in Champaign, Illinois. The following libraries loose definition of an e-journal. This involved manual participate in CIC cooperative activities: the University of retrieval of files including ftp and e-mail. As the collec- ARL1 7 3 MARCH 1 9 9 4 Chicago, the University of Illinois at Chicago, the University THIRD SYMPOSIUM of Illinois at Urbana, Indiana University, the University of Iowa, the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, PROCEEDINGS PUBLISHED the University of Minnesota, Northwestern University, the RLannounces the publication of Scholarly Publishing Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University, Purdue on the Electronic Networks: Proceedings of the Third University, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Symposium. The November 1993 meeting and the Founded by the CIC in 1988, CICNet, Inc. is a regional A TCP/IP network providing Internet access to over 250 proceedings were co- sponsored by OSAP and the institutions and organizations in the Midwest. CICNet, whose Association of American University Presses, in collabora- offices are in Ann Arbor, Michigan, is supported in part by the tion with the National Science Foundation and the NSF. University of Virginia Library, which offered "A Day in Further information on the CICNet electronic journal project, including the first report of the Task Force on the CIC the Electronic Village" as a post-symposium excursion. Electronic Collection, is available on the CICNet Gopher, or by The first symposium on scholarly publishing on the contacting the authors: [email protected] or electronic networks was held in the spring of 1992. One [email protected]. publisher commented that the experience was "like being a deer caught in the headlights of an onrushing truck." DRU MOGGE NAMED But by the start of the second sympo- sium eight months later, participants ELECTRONIC SERVICES had survived the shock of the new. COORDINATOR WITH And by the third, they came forward OSAP EMPHASIS with well-formed experiments, proto- Dru W. Mogge has been type projects, and questions about the named as the first Electronic ways and means of making the new Services Coordinator for the technology serve the demands of the Association of Research Libraries scholarly and scientific community. (ARL). In the newly created posi- The objective of the symposia has tion, she will provide an array of been to promote information sharing technology support services for the and discussion among people interest- Association with a particular ed in developing the potential of for- emphasis on the activities and publi- mal scholarly electronic publishing, cations of the ARL Office of with particular emphasis on not-for- Academic and Scientific Publishing. profit models. From her start date of January 10th, Dru Mogge Presentations ranged from sweep- Mogge has begun working with staff ARL Electronic Services Coordinator ing views of the tantalizing and endur- at the Association headquarters in ing concept of the "virtual library" Washington, DC, to develop and support electronic through the centuries the library that is simultaneously information services and resources, particularly on the everywhere and nowhere all the way to very pragmatic Internet. In addition, she will begin to develop, create discussions about what it takes to make electronic text that and support electronic publications for ARL's customer can be used in the current network environment. base. Plans are also underway for the creation of an Common economic concerns that arose in the very first electronic publishing resource of files, software, and symposium persist as many of the presentations include examples of successful e-publishing on the Internet. questions about cost recovery and intellectual property Her contributions for ARL already include co-edit- laws in a new and evolving technological environment. ing of the proceedings of the Third Symposium on Scholarly Publishing on the Electronic Networks was com- Scholarly Publishing (see below) and a newly developed piled and edited by Ann Okerson, Director of ARL's Office Gopher service for the Association. of Scientific and Academic Publishing (OSAP), and Dru Dru Mogge returns to the Washington, DC, area Mogge, ARL Electronic Services Coordinator. The report after a three-year sojourn in California, where she contains the text of 18 presentations and 9 project reports. worked for the Office of the Chancellor at the University Scholarly Publishing on the Electronic Networks: of California, Riverside. As administrative records coor- Proceedings of the Third Symposium is available from OSAP dinator, she was responsible for records management Publications for $20 plus postage and handling. The pro- for the campus. She recently completed work on a ceedings volume from the second symposium (published Master of Library and Information Studies from the in March 1993) is also available for $20 plus postage and University of California, Berkeley. handling. Send information requests and prepaid orders to ARL/OSAP, Publications Department, Dept. #0692, Washington, DC 20073-0692 (e-mail: [email protected]). A R L1 7 3 MARCH 1 9 9 4 FEDERAL RELATIONS Prudence S. Adler, Assistant Executive Director-Federal Relationsand Information Policy NTIS ALIGNS WITH DEPOSITORY academic researchers need access to the entire database, LIBRARIES; OFFERS FULL TEXT ACCESS NTIS is cautious about the effect that providing deposi- by Jim Gillispie, Head of Government Publications, Maps, tory libraries with full database access could have on Law Department, Johns Hopkins University Library NTIS revenue derived from the sale of the databasesto Author's note: The National Technical Information Ser- private vendors and CD-ROM publishers. The regula- vice (NTIS) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce tions do not preclude no-fee access to the entire data- base, and NTIS has indicated that if further studysug- and serves as a major archive and clearinghouse fortechnical reports and data generated through federally funded research. gests that use of the database in depository libraries might generate increased orders, NTIS is a self-supporting agency that derives its operating access to the entire revenue from the sale of information products. database will be considered. On January 3, final regulations on the "Transfer by "NTIS will establish as soon as practical,a system of full- Federal Agencies of Scientific, Technical and text online access to final STEI products for depository libraries at no charge to them." Engineering Information to the National Techni- cal Information Service" appeared in the Federal Register Full-text access to the wide range of new STEI prod- ucts archived at the NTIS will provide significant bene- [Volume 59, No. 1, p. 61. These regulationscreate new programs that support scholarly research; promote the fits to research libraries. No longer will libraries needto archiving of scientific, technical, and engineering infor- have on hand every contractor report prepared fora government agency as they will have the means to elec- mation (STEI); and initiate electronicaccess to NTIS col- lections for depository libraries. tronically copy and download NTIS reports and dataon demand. With this project, NTIS might become the NTIS developed these new regulations inresponse to the 1993 American Technology Preeminence Act (P.L. STEI equivalent to WestLaw or Lexis/Nexis. 102-245). Section 108 of the new law requires all federal In regard to the transfer of STEI to NTIS: "In thecase agencies to submit to NTIS scientific, technical, and engi- of a product not printed by the Government Printing Office, neering information resulting from unclassified federally [such products must) be accompanied bya statement as to funded research. Draft regulations issued in May 1993 whether the product has been made available for depository distribution by the Government Printing Office." described the procedures that agencies and theircon- tractors should follow in transferring STEI products to The regulations commit NTIS to alert agencies to their responsibility to provide material to the Superin- NTIS. These draft regulations, whichwere open for public comment, received much attention from the tendent of Documents for the depository librarypro- gram. As it is less likely that an agency, when remind- library community. Library reaction focusedon the lack of reference to and coordination with the depository ed, will ignore its statutory responsibility, then these regulations initiate an important level ofagency library program, which under current law is chargedto provide government information to nearly 1 ,400 acade- accountability that should bring additional materials mic, public, law, and federal agency libraries. into the depository library program. The final regulations respond to the initial library concerns and identified additional initiatives to improve Areas of Concern for Libraries depository library access to NTIS databases and STEI. Scope: Several loopholes appear in the regulationsthat exempt agencies from the transfer of some STEI prod- Although designed to strengthen the role of the NTISin acquiring materials for its archive, it remains unclear how ucts to the NTIS. An agency is not required to transfer much "new" information will be added to the clearing- information if the agency plans to sell the producton a cost recovery basis, if the information is to be submitted house as a result of these regulations and,more impor- to a privately published journal for publication, tantly, what will remain "outside" due to theexceptions or if the product includes information that is protected by the regulations permit. These regulations illustratethe copy- right. With these exemptions much federally funded difficulties of inter-agency cooperation and howsuch cooperation is vitally important to research will remain outside the collectingscope of assure organized NTIS. access and dissemination of government information. Coordination with GPO: Although NTIS offersto New Programs work with agencies to supply materials directlyto the depository libraries, it remains silent "NTIS will, as soon as possible... provide depository on how this activi- ty will be coordinated with the depository library libraries, at no charge, online access toa current list of all pro- final STEI products..." gram managers at the Government Printing Office. NTIS has no statutory authority to provide materials NTIS staff indicate that this "current list"is actually to a snapshot of the latest entries into the NTIS biblio- the depository library program. It remains essentialfor graphic database (from the past 30-90 days). NTIS to develop collaborative distributionarrange- Although ments with the GPO. ARL 173 MARCH 1994 3 l. Restrictions: Proposed online access to the "current No FUNDS FOR HEA list" is limited to depository libraries and their staff and is not to be made available directly to library readers. LSCA LIBRARY PROGRAMS Access to online full-text products are to be made "avail- Despite the emphasis on libraries in other parts of able only to the community served by the library." the Clinton-Gore agenda, the Department of Although NTIS staff recognize the geographically broad Education eliminates library programs in the FY community many depository libraries serve, they do not 1995 budget request. No funds were allocated to any consider that community to be limitless particularly in HEA Title II programs as well as Title VI, section 607, regard to users accessing the library electronically from and several LSCA Titles Public Library Construction, outside the United States. Limitations such as NTIS Foreign Language Material, and Literacy Programs. defines in the regulations are in direct conflict with laws As with past years, a disproportionate number of governing the depository program. library programs are not funded compared to other parts of the Department's request. Of all the Depart- What needs to be done ment of Education programs slated for elimination, NTIS needs to rethink those portions of the regulations almost one-fourth are library programs. This does not that limit who may have access to the online "current match other aspects of the Clinton-Gore Administration list" of products. Libraries should further encourage the agenda such as connecting every library, school, hospi- NTIS to open up the entire database for no-fee deposito- tal, and clinic to the information infrastructure by the ry library access. Furthermore, NTIS and the depository year 2000; and the funding for "connections" for deposi- program need to reach a common understanding as to tory libraries included in the NTIS budget request. what constitutes the community served by the deposito- ry library and remove ambiguous language that implies UPDATES restrictions. Privacy and the NII: On January 26, Dr. Susan K. Inter-agency agreements between NTIS and the Gov- Martin, Georgetown University Librarian, representing ernment Printing Office are the next step to implement- ARL and CNI, participated in a panel focusing on priva- ing many portions of the regulations. Without those cy issues in the NII. The meeting was organized by the agreements, NTIS's involvement with depository Information Infrastructure Task Force Privacy Working libraries is unlikely to succeed. Group. Finally, the biggest unknown is just how much new LC, GPO Budget Hearings: House Legislative Branch information will make its way into the NTIS program. Appropriations hearings were held on February 8. Tes- Agencies need to pursue tighter reporting requirements tifying on behalf of ARL and the American Library for federally sponsored research, and NTIS needs to Association, in support of the Library of Congress and strengthen these regulations to increase the flow of STEI the Government Printing Office FY1995 budget requests to the NTIS. was Kate Mawdsley, Assistant University Librarian, University of California-Davis. LC is requesting $358 NTIS BUDGET INCLUDES $6 MILLION million, an increase of 7.9% over FY1994. GPO is requesting $33.9 million for the Superintendent of Docu- FOR DEPOSITORY LIBRARY GRANTS ments (Salaries and Expenses), which includes the president Clinton, in his FY 1995 budget proposal, depository library program. This is an increase of 12.5% includes for the National Technical Information Ser- over last year's budget. vice (NTIS) a one-time $18-million pool of invest- NEH Emergency Fund: On February 11, the National ment capital to support mechanisms for the electronic dis- Endowment for the Humanities announced that it semination of government information. Twelve million would extend its emergency fund to include libraries, dollars will be used by NTIS to underwrite its equipment archives, and museums damaged by the recent earth- investment to accommodate new information products quake in California. The emergency fund was estab- and to enhance FedWorld, an electronic gateway to feder- lished last summer to assist institutions in the Midwest al agency information. NTIS Director Don Johnson that suffered flood damage. reported at the ALA midwinter meeting that $6 million is "We can rebuild the bridges and the buildings, but earmarked for grants to depository libraries for hardware, it would be nearly insurmountable to reclaim the software, and training that will support "connections" to knowledge we'd lose if these imperiled collections are the network and improve public access to government left unprotected. These institutions contribute history's information. Although details for awarding the deposito- voice to our national conversation," said agency Chair- ry library grants have not been prepared, Johnson envi- man Sheldon Hackney. sions awarding grants through a competitive process to The agency will accept proposals until July 31 to be developed in consultation with the Depository Library preserve collections of books, archival materials, manu- Council and the Superintendent of Documents. scripts, and objects of material culture. 32 A R L1 7 3 M A R C H1 9 9 4 aRim ler CES Susan jurow, Director ALLOCATION OF STUDENT institutions established the fee within the last three TECHNOLOGY FEES IN ARL LIBRARIES years, with the majority beginning in 1990. Three insti- Two years ago, The University of Iowa Libraries established tutions established their fee in 1993. One institution has a charged students a fee since 1985. student computing fee for undergraduate and graduate stu- dents of $40 for full-time students and $20-30 for part-time Fee Levels and Revenue Generated students. University departments including the University Libraries can apply for these funds on a yearly basis. During Amounts charged varied widely among institutions,as did the way in which the fees were assessed. Most the fall of 1993, a brief survey was posted by The University of Iowa Libraries, asking if other ARL libraries had institutions billed students each semester. Per semester a separate fees ranged from $6 to $110 per semester. Prices at library fee (beyond tuition) or shared income froma comput- ing fee charged to each student. institutions charging per credit hour varied less, ranging from $1.50 to $4.50 per credit hour. Only Barbara I. Dewey, Director, Administrative and Access one institution charged a different fee for part-time and full-time Services, University of Iowa Libraries, reports that, of the 15 students. Of those institutions reporting responses received, three reported receiving a portion of a a total revenue, the amount of total revenue from the fee ranged from campus-wide computing/networking fee. The total income $75,000 to $7 million. received by the libraries ranged from $100,000$500,000. A possible reflection of the recency of computer fees Two directors reported instituting a library-specific fee of is the fact that half of the institutions have not raised the $1.50 per credit hour, generating a total income ofover amount charged. Institutions that established the fees in $600,000 per year. One library reported receivinga yearly allocation of $150,000 to $250,000 from student the 1980s tended to raise the fee amount byas much as government. 50 percent over the period. Nine libraries indicated that they hadno fee. The ARL Office of Management Services conducteda SPEC survey on the related topic of allocation of student tech- Projects Funded and Allocation Process Projects funded with fee revenue tended to directly nology fees in ARL libraries in thesummer of 1993. The sur- benefit students, such as establishing and staffing vey responses will be published in an OMS Occasional Paper written by Elizabeth E. Baker, Assistant to the Director, Indi- student computer clusters and upgrading equipment in ana University Library. Ms. Baker has prepared the follow- the clusters. Some institutions specifically earmarked the money to build computer clusters in student ing summary of the preliminary results of the SPECsurvey. C. Brigid Welch dormitories and provide computer literacycourses. The process for allocating revenue from the feewas To determine the prevalence of student computing similar across institutions. Most oftena university com- fees at universities and whether libraries receive mittee of administrators, students, and faculty members a reviewed proposals submitted from academic depart- portion of the revenues from those fees,a SPEC survey was sent to the 108 university members of ARL. ments. Very few institutions indicated that librarians serve as members of the committee. At some institu- Of the 108, 72 surveys were returned, fora 67% response rate. Of the 72 surveys returned, 20 (27%) tions, a committee consisting solely of computercenter personnel allocates the fee. In general, the committee reported a student technology fee; 51 (73%) didnot have a fee. The name of the fee varied widely among institu- allocating the fee makes policy decisions regarding the fee. Computing center units most often receive tions.1 Few institutions used thesame name for their revenue fee. Two institutions didname their fee "student com- from the computer fee, followed by academic depart- ments, then libraries. Very few libraries automatically puting fee"; two others named their fee "studentcom- puter fee." receive a specific percentage of therevenue from the fee, but must submit proposals as do other Existence of the fee does notappear to relate direct- campus units. ly to the size of student enrollment. Academic Not surprisingly, when libraries do receivea designated institu- percentage of fee revenue, the monies must fund tions with smaller student enrollmentswere as likely to pro- jects that increase student access to computerized infor- charge students a fee as were their largercounterparts. At a vast majority of institutions, all students, under- mation, such as providing access tomore databases; building computer clusters in the library; and graduate and graduate, full- and part-timewere acquiring charged the fee. One institution charged only multi-media resources and purchasing computerequip- those stu- ment for persons with disabilities. S. dents taking courses that requireda computer account. Although only 27% of the institutions surveyed At another, only students majoring in the scientificdis- ciplines were charged a computing fee. have a computer fee, some respondents indicatedthat Charging students a fee to finance computer they are planning to establish a feeor are currently resources seems a relatively recent development. Most researching how to establish such a fee. ARL 1 7 3 MARCH 1 9 9 4 For libraries to provide a vital link in the initiative NEW WORKSHOPS ON CONTINUOUS to integrate computerization more fully into university curricula, libraries must share policy making and alloca- IMPROVEMENT, RESOURCE SHARING tion decisions relating to fee revenues, as well as receive In response to member needs, two new workshops portions of fee revenues comparable to other academic were offered for the first time in Fall 1993: Imple- units. menting Continuous Improvement Programs in Libraries and Planning for Resource Sharing. 'Names of computing fees at ARL institutions include: student com- Implementing Continuous Improvement is an intensive puter access program, computer and networks fee, engineering com- puting fee, computer account fee, student technology fee, computer three-and-a-half day workshop designed to get partici- access fee, computer and technology fee, student computing fee, infor- pants started on the process of planning, implementing, mation technology fee, committee for laboratory instructional fees and and evaluating quality improvement processes in funding (CLIFF) fee, technology fee, general student fee, instructional computing fee, library automation fee, student computer fee, comput- libraries. Maureen Sullivan and George Soete devel- er use/microcomputers, and computer use fee. opedthe content, which includes an overview of quality improvement concepts, the challenges to leadership pre- DIVERSITY TRAINING OFFERED sented by continuous improvement, the centrality of the Kriza Jennings, OMS Diversity Consultant, will customer in the service enterprise, practice with several lead two diversity programs in Washington, DC, planning and analytical tools, selection of process this spring. "Fostering a Climate in the Work- review projects, organizational readiness, and team place for Diversity" will be offered at the Library of process. Congress on April 12 and 13, and "Assessment and Most participants rated the experience very posi- Design of Library Services for a Multicultural Popula- tively. One commented, "Practicing the tools...made tion" will be offered at the Smithsonian Institution on the whole thing much more meaningful than a strictly May 10-11. conceptual approach." Many valued the opporninity to When developing and implementing diversity work on realistic case studies with skilled and motivat- and/or minority recruitment activities, a work environ- ed colleagues. Several comments indicated a high ment that values and welcomes differences is needed. degree of anticipated applicability in tl,e work place. In "Fostering a Climate in the Workplace for Diversity," Implementing Continuous Improvement will be offered a two-day seminar, Ms. Jennings will define the quali- again in Washington, DC, June 6-9, and in Boston, Octo- ties of such a workplace and explore strategies for fos- ber 25-28. tering a climate responsive to diversity and human dif- Planning for Resource Sharing is a two-day workshop ferences. designed by George Soete and Jack Siggins. The pilot 'As a result of changing demographics, libraries find offering was for selected staff from the 14 libraries of the their user populations expanding and changing. Ms. Boston Library Consortium, which has embarked on a Jennings will discuss methods for seeking and identify- planning process with Soete and Siggins as consultants. ing new populations, assessing their information needs, The approach is collections-centered, but all aspects of and developing programs, services, and collections to service in a resource-sharing setting are explored. Par- meet those needs in "Assessment and Design of Library ticipants got a chance to develop collaborative projects, Services for a Multicultural Population," another two- explore issues around trust, examine benefits and draw- day seminar. Strategies for preparing personnel to backs of resource sharing, and identify strategies for serve a multicultural population will be offered. interpreting resource sharing to key stakeholders such Each seminar is priced at $250 for ARL members as staff and faculty. and $260 for nonmembers. For groups of four or more, Since the workshop was done for participants with- a 15% discount applies. To register and for information, in an actual consortium, attendees found a great deal of ,) contact OMS at 202/296-8656. value in the development of ideas that might be pur- sued by member libraries. For many, the event was an opportunity to get to know colleagues with whom they will be implementing collaborative projects. A public offering of the workshop is scheduled for May 4-5 in Washington, DC. Consortia who are inter- ested in sponsoring the workshop for their members or individuals interested in attending either of these work- shops should contact OMS at 202/296-8656. George J. Soete, Adjunct Trainer and Consultant A R L1 7 3 MARCH 1994 ARL AcmomEs G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director GRANTS Houghton Library by converting 40,000 manualacces- The following grants have been awarded. sions records for printed materials into machine-readable catalog records. U.S. Department of Education/HEAII-C Iowa State University: To provide preservationof University of California, Berkeley: Tocatalogue and and access to the films in the AmericanArchives of the preserve manuscript and pictorial materials of C. Hart Factual Film, which include business,industrial, educa- Merriam, founder of the U.S. Bureau of BiologicalSurvey tional, technical, documentary, and othertypes of nonthe- and co-founder of the National GeographicSociety. atrical films, adding records to OCLC andthe National University of California, Los Angeles: Tocreate and Moving Image Database (NAMID). make available worldwide the fullcataloguing records University of Kansas: To provide nationalaccess to for a collection of rare children's literature,the bulk of the Imperial Russian collection of socialhistory, encom- which was published prior to 1840. passing books on history, literature, philosophy,geogra- Center for Research Libraries: To providemachine- phy, government, and religion. readable records for monographson the sciences and University of Minnesota: To provideinternational technology published from 1966to 1991 by the Russian online bibliographic access to therare books, manuscripts, Academy of Sciences. and tracts in the Ames Library of SouthAsia and to write University of Chicago: To organize,preserve, and disseminate a brochure describingthe Ames Library describe, and catalogue an interrelatedgroup of manu- collections, services, and policies. script collections in the social sciences, socialwelfare and University of Missouri: To create machine-readable reform, public policy, and internationaldevelopment, records and provide preservation fornineteenth-century while widely disseminating informationabout the collec- imprints held in the University'srare book collection. tions through descriptive finding aids andnational data- New York Public: To process andenter collection- bases. level records into a national databasefrom the Luening Columbia University: To providemachine-readable Collection, consisting of manuscriptscores and correspon- records for unique architectural graphicand archival dence, as well as the family, academic, andbusiness materials as well as appropriatepreservation treatment papers of flutist, composer, educator, and administrator for the archival materials and fordrawings that are in Otto Luening and to createa computerized archival find- fragile condition; to providemachine-readable records ing aid. for 50 electronic text sets thatare holdings of the Elec- University of North Carolina: To cataloguerecords tronic Text Service of the ColumbiaUniversity Libraries, of the A.P. Watt and Company literaryagency (1875-1965) providing analytics for the sets, whichwill be available and the J.M. Dent and Sons, publishers(1897-1970), mak- through OCLC's Major MicroformsProgram. ing accessible significant manuscript,illustrative, and Duke University: To providebibliographic control printed collections documenting Britishpublishing from of the Guido Mazzoni collectionconsisting of Italian and the late eighteenth century to the1970s. French theatrical works, ballets,librettos, World War II Ohio State University: To provide onlinebiblio- fascist propaganda, andone of the largest extant collec- graphic access to the fifteenth- throughtwentieth-century rions of works publishedon the occasion of a marriage, plays and festival bookson microform in the library of the with access provided throughcollection-level US/vIARC Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee TheatreResearch records; to convert more than 112,000records to machine- Institute. readable form of Confederate imprints,materials on Walt University of Oklahoma: To catalogueand dissemi- Whitman, Northern abolitionist serials,southern Civil nate holdings from the eighteenth, nineteenth,and twenti- War serials, and extensive serialpublications of the eth centuries in the History of ScienceCollections. Methodist Church. Princeton University: To catalog anddisseminate University of Florida: To enter recordsdescribing records from nearly 2,000 Arabic,Persian, and Turkish the Belknap Collection for thePerforming Arts, consist- manuscript texts in the Department of RareBooks and ing of photographs,song sheets and folios, costume and Special Collections through RLIN AMCnational online set designs, playbills, memoirs, andscrapbooks, into database, and a printed catalog. OCLC, RUN, and OPAC databases. Rutgers University: To organize,preserve, catalogue, Harvard University: To provide wideaccessibility to and enter records from the archivesand related materials 347,177 machine-readable recordsrepresenting the collec- of Consumers' Research, Inc., 1927-1980,into RLIN and tions of Widener and HoughtonLibraries, research col- OCLC. lections in the humanities; to provideimproved biblio- University of Texas: To arrange, catalogue,and pro- graphic access to researchresources in the areas of illus- vide national databaseaccess for Mexican archival collec- trated books and printing history,European history and tions from the holdings of the BensonLatin American Col- literature, science, and popular literaturein the lection. ARL 1 7 3 MARCH 1 9 9 4 Wayne State University: To add records of the man- collections in the field of political science. Universite uscript collections and oral history holdings of the Laval is supporting Mr. Guilmette's leave of absence. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs to OCLC, offering Mr. Guilmette is the author of two books: Bibliogra- them to RLIN and WLN. phie de la danse theatrale au Canada (1970) and Dance Yale University: With Howard and Indiana Univer- Resources in Canadian Libraries (1982), both published by sities, to conduct a retrospective conversion of manual the National Library of Canada. bibliographic records for printed books and for music on Mr. Guilmette chaired the Corporation of Profession- microform. al Librarians of Quebec, 1973-1975, and is currently a member of the Canadian Political Science Association, in National Endowment for the Humanities addition to library associations. Cornell University: To test the feasibility of produc- ing digitized pages and microfilm from 10,000 volumes TRANSITIONS that will meet national preservation standards for quality Library of Congress: Daniel P. Mulhollan, formerly and image permanence. Deputy Librarian of Congress, has been appointed Direc- Harvard University: To catalogue and preserve tor of Congressional Research Service, LC. 5,015 drawings that represent 123 architectural projects National Agricultural Library: Pamela Q.J. Andre has and 48 photograph albums in the archival collections of been appointed acting director, replacing Joseph H. Henry Hobson Richardson. Howard, who retired February 3. Hunter College/CUNY Research Foundation: In American Library Association, Washington Office: cooperation with Stanford, to arrange and describe Carol Henderson has been appointed director, succeed- records of the Mexican American Legal Defense and Edu- ing Eileen Cooke, who retired December 31. cational Fund and the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and ARL: Kriza Jennings now serves as Program Officer for Education Fund. Diversity and Minority Recruitment, reflecting her addi- University of NebraskaLincoln: To catalogue 4,700 tional responsibilities for the newly established ARL Pro- newspaper titles as part of Nebraska's participation in the gram on Minority Recruitment, in addition to her ongo- United States Newspaper Program. ing diversity role in OMS; Dru Mogge has been appoint- New York Public: To arrange, describe, catalogue, ed Electronic Services Coordinator; C. Brigid Welch has and preserve primary resources held in seven reposito- resigned as OMS Senior Program Officer for Information ries that document the history of dance, entering 5,000 Services and ARL Director of Information Services. records into the national bibliographic utilities. SUNYAlbany: To microfilm surveyors' field books Appointments and color maps and reformat glass-plate and nitrate neg- CANARIE, Inc.: John Black, Chief Librarian at the Uni- atives that document the exploration, mapping, and land versity of Guelph, has been appointed to the Board of resources of New York State. Directors of The Canadian Network for the Advancement New York University: To arrange, describe, and of Research, Industry, and Education (CANARIE), Inc. microfilm the archives of Greenwich House, a pioneering The CANARIE Board is comprised of 15 representatives settlement house in New York City. from the private sector and from other institutions with University of TennesseeKnoxville: To plan imple- an interest in development of the communications infra- mentation of the United States Newspaper Program in structure for a knowledge-based Canada. Mr. Black rep- Tennessee. resents the Canadian Association of Research Libraries. Yale University: To produce information about the National Association of State Universities and Land- organizational, financial, and technical issues involved in Grant Colleges: Thomas W. Shaughnessy, University applying digital imagery in the preservation arena; to Librarian, University of Minnesota, has been appointed microfilm 3,900 volumes on the impact of rail transporta- Chair of the NASULGC Board on Library Resources and tion on western development and nineteenth-century Services. travelers' accounts of life in the American West. U.S. Information Infrastructure Task Force: Toni Carbo Bearman, dean of the School of Library and Information GUILME I 1E, SERVES AS Science, University of Pittsburgh, was appointed to the VISITING PROGRAM OFFICER U.S. National Information Infrastructure (NH) Advisory pierre Guilmette, subject bibliographer in political Council by U.S. Secretary of Commerce Ronald H. Brown. science and economics at the Universite Laval The 27-member Advisory Council will provide public and Library in Quebec, now serves as an ARL Visiting private sector input to the Clinton Administration on how Program Officer. From February through July 1994, Mr. to put the new infrastructure in place. Guilmette will prepare an assessment of French language A R L1 7 3 M A R C H1 9 9 4 A A It; ARL: A Bimonthly Newsletter of ResearchLibrary Issues and Actions (US ISSN 1050-6098) is publishedsix times Executive Director. Duane E. Webster a year by the Association of Research Libraries, Editor. G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director 21 Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036. Managing Editor. Lallie D. Leighton, Publications 202-296-22% FAX 202-872-0884 Program Assistant Copyright: © 1994 by the Association of Designer: Kevin Osborn, Research & Design,Arlington, VA Research Libraries Subscriptions: Members$25 peryear for additional subscriptionLNonmembers$50 per year. ARL policy is to grant blanket permission to reprint any article in be noted for certain articles. For commercial the newsletter for educationaluse as long as the source, author, issue, use, a reprint request and page numbers are acknowledged. should be sent to the Director of InformationServices at the ARL Exceptions to this policy may office. ARL CALENDAR 1994 TRANSFORMING THE (1) 0-1 RESERVE FUNCTION rt RLand the National Association of April 5-6 College Coalition for Networked Stores will sponsor a workshop entitled O. Information A"Transforming the Reserve Function: trl Spring Task Force Meeting Providing Instructional Support inan Electronic 2 Washington, DC Age" in Durham, North Carolina, June2-4.The 0 April 6-8 National Net '94 workshop is designed to equipinstitutions with z Washington, DC the information and tools they neednow to trans- April17-23 National Library Week form their reserve operations.Case Studies, 0 demonstrations, and discussions leadby experts April20-22 1st International Conferenceon in the field are featured. Toreceive information TQM in Academic Libraries and registration materials, ARL OMS/Wayne State contact Diane Harvey, ARL,21Dupont Circle, Suite 800, Washington, University Libraries DC 20036(e-mail: diane©cni.org). Washington, DC April23-24 Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility "Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure" Cambridge, MA May 17-20 ARL Board and Membership Meeting Austin, TX June23-30 American Library Association Miami, FL August 5-7 Black Caucus of the American Library Association "Culture Keepers II: Unity Through Diversity" Milwaukee, WI A BIMONTHLY NEWSLETTER OF RESEARCH LIBRARY ISSUES AND ACTIONS Current Issues RISING PRICES CONTINUETO PLAGUE ARL LIBRARIES Rising prices for library materials continue to chased 5% fewer subscriptions than the libraries impact the acquisition of resources among maintained in 1986," reported Stubbs. "In other the members of the Association of Research words, after six years ARL members were offering Libraries, according to the newly published 1992- students and faculty 95% of the serial resources, but 93 ARL Statistics. The new data confirm that at almost twice the cost." The price per subscription libraries are continuing to spend more for fewer rose an average of 13% during this period. resources. The ARL The graph "Mono- , Statistics is a compila- Monograph and Serial Costs in ARL Libraries, ;graph and Serials Costs tion of data from in ARL Libraries, 1986- 120k 1986-1993 ARL's 119 members, 1993" shows that the covering collections, Serial Unit Price ( t-1089 ) trend in price increases staff, interlibrary loan 100'1 is fairly constant and Serial Expenditures activity, and expendi- (.92%) likely to continue. In 80", tures. CO 1985-86, the median CO In his introduc- rn price of a serial subscrip- 2.1 tion to the 1992-93 c.J60'1 tion to ARL university Statistics, Kendon in libraries was $87.47. If !.tawaph(,..1 Unit Price Stubbs of the Univer- 60 409 prices continue to sity of Virginia and increase, Stubbs states, consultant to the ARL "by the year 2000 the e 209 Statistics and Mea- Monograph Expenditures journal that had a medi- surement Program, (046%) an price in ARL academ- compares trends m. ic libraries of $186.85 in among the 106 uni- Serials Purchased (-591 1.993 will cost about versity library mem- -209 $440." Monographs bers of ARL that have Purchased (-23%) The data show an reported data since equally serious mono- -40% 1985-86. The "serials 1986 1988 1990 19' 2 1994 graph crisis that has not crisis" has persisted Fiscal year received widespread for these libraries; recognition. While seri- during the period 1985-86 to 1992-93, both total als have claimed more and more of the materials expenditures for serials and the price per serial budget since 1986, rising from 52% to 63%, the bud- subscription almost doubled for ARL libraries. get share for monographs has fallen by about 10%. "The 1993 expenditures of nearly twice as By 1993, ARL university members,were buying 23% much as the libraries spent for serials in 1986 pur- fewer monographs but paying 16% more. As a 3 8 Continued result, students and facultyhad access to local copiesof only three of Current data are also availablein machine-readable every four new books that the librarieshad form. ARL Statistics, 1992-93, acquired in 1986. Interestingly,in 1993, ARL university issued as ASCII files ona libraries paid slightly less single MS-DOS high-density3.25" diskette, updates the per volume than in the pre- 80-year historical compilation ceding year $41.88 compared to $42.50 perhaps Research Library Statistics, due to foregoing 1907/08 Through 1987/88,published in 1990, the three- more expensive monographs that they year compilation ARL Statistics, might have purchased inprevious years. While the 1998/89-1990-91, pub- downtrends in monographs lished in 1992, and the firstannual update, ARL Statis- are not as consistent as the tics, 1991-92, published in uptrends in serials, Stubbsreports that, "the monograph 1993. Documentation is fur- trends make it not unreasonable nished linking the datasets and giving generalrecom- that by the year 2000 mendations for loading and use ARL libraries may beacquiring only half thenew books in spreadsheet or data- that they acquired in 1986." base software. No retrievalor analysis software is included on the disks. The 1986-1993 period has had an effect on the The machine-readable resources available to students servedby ARL universi- annual updates are pricedat ty libraries. Since 1986, the $5 per year for membersand $15 per year fornonmem- student population has bers and individuals. increased by 11%, but by1993, libraries were buying ARL Statistics, 1988/89 Through 30% fewer new volumes 1990-91 is priced at $9 formembers and $20 fornon- per student. (Because addi- members and individuals. tions to the collectionare cumulative, the gross number Any order for the historical of volumes available compilation Research LibraryStatistics, 1907/08 Through to students rose by 11%.) The 1987/88 will automatically median ARL library had thesame number of total staff include the three update in 1993 as in 1986, but diskettes at no additionalcost. now there are 10% fewer staffper student. An interestingcounterpoint has been the growth in interlibrary loan;the number of borrowing STUDY EXPLORESRETRENCHMENT transactions per student hasincreased by 60% since STRATEGIES IN ARL 1986. LIBRARIES The ARL Office of Management According to the 1992-93 Services has just Statistics, total expendi- published OMS OccasionalPaper #16, Resource tures for all ARL libraries lastyear were over $2.1 bil- Strategies in the 90s: Trends lion, with library materials, in ARL University at just under $589 million, Libraries. Based ona survey and report prepared by accounting for 28%. Salaries and wages, at just under Annette Melville, Universityof California-Berkeley, $1.1 billion, are 52% of thetotal; contract binding, $25.6 School of Library and Information million, is 1%; and other Science, as part of the operating expenditures at $418 OMS CollaborativeResearch/Writing Program, this million, which includeautomation costs, accounts for study closes a long-standing 19% of the total expenditures gap in the literature avail- for ARL libraries. able on university/libraryretrenchment. The 1992-93 Statisticscontains six new categories of The funding slowdown data on library collections: in the late 1970s and the manuscripts and archives; 1980s, combined with theeconomic recession, hada maps and other cartographicmaterials; slides, pictures, major impact on universities prints, and other graphic and, consequently,on their materials; compact disks,cas- libraries. While universitylibraries are wellaware of sette tapes, and other audiomaterials; video and film their own financial materials; and floppy disks, situations, they lack a general CD-ROMs, and othercom- overview of what has happenedacross the academic puter files. The new categoriesare derived from the and research library major divisions of the community. Little cross-institu- Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, tional data existson cutbacks implemented by ARL and match collectioncategories in the current U.S. libraries in the recent IPEDS library reports past, and few studies havesystem- as well as the not-yet-published atically compared theimpact of budgetary changes revision of the NISO standardon library statistics across North American university (Z39.7). Together with the libraries. rest of the collections cate- This report offersa wide-angle view of the strate- gories, ARL's datanow present a much more detailed gies employed by theselibraries as they adaptedto this picture of the collectionsin North American research period of retrenchment. Its libraries.Nicola Daval integrated findings draw attention to patterns thatemerge across ARL member institutions and to significantdifferences among Cana- AVAILABILITYOF ARL DATA dian and U.S. public andprivate university libraries. The 120-page printededition of the 1992-93 ARL The study reportson the findings o,.. survey under- Statistics, is available bypre-paid order to ARL taken in Fall 1992 to explorethe strategies chosen by institutions for $25 andto nonmembers and indi- ARL libraries over theprevious three years for dealing viduals for $65. with budget cutbacks. Itcaptures data from 87 ARL libraries on sources ofrevenues, adaptive tactics, and ARL1 7 4 MAY 1 9 9 4 budgetary practices and establishes a common baseline The Survey contains detailed tables of salaries by job for comparing these distinct, but interrelated, factors. categories, years of experience, sex, race, size of library, The report also addresses such issues as changes in uni- and geographic region. Separate sections are provided versity library expenditures and library support for nonuniversity, law, medical, and Canadian universi- between 1990 and 1992, supplemental resources being ty libraries. used to augment funding, the flexibility of university Minority librarians in the 95 U.S. university libraries libraries in administering their funds, and the resource (including law and medical) now number 830, an management strategies employed. increase from 802 in FY92, and account for 11.3% of Resource Strategies in the 90s: Trends in ARL Universi- ARL's U.S. library professionals. Analyzing the patterns ty Libraries is available for S25 ($18 ARL members). of minority representation, Fretwell finds that "minority Prices include library rate postage. Send information staff continue to be disproportionately distributed requests and prepaid orders to ARL/OMS, Publications across the country," with minority librariansunderrep- Department, Dept. #0692, Washington, DC 20073-0692. resented in the West North Central and the East South Central regions, and overrepresented in the Pacific, South Atlantic, and East ARL 1993 North Central regions. SALARY SURVEY ARL UNIVERSITY LIBRARIANS The salary differential The 1993 ARL Annual separating average minor- Salary Survey is the Combined Men Women ity salaries from the aver- latest in the series age salaries of their Cau- $43,075 545,336 $41,777 compiled and analyzed Overall average salary* casian counterparts is since 1979 by Gordon Overall average years 52,394, or about 5.6% Fretwell of the Universityof experience* 15.8 16.3 15.3 lower for minority staff. of Massachusetts and con- As in previous years, Number of filled positions 8,134 2,844 5,290 sultant to the ARL Statis- ARL librarians in the tics and Measurement Pro-Minority librarians' average* $40,680 $43,916 $39,330 West South Central states gram. This publication (Arkansas, Louisiana, Number of minority librarians* 710 209 501 provides aaluable and Oklahoma, and Texas) consistent source for track-Average director salary $102,927 $103,987$101,272 have the lowest average ing the salaries of profes- salary ($37,088), while Number of directors 106 64 42 sionals in research those in the Pacific region libraries and for compar- * does not include university law or medical librarians (California, Hawaii, Ore- ing overall demographic gon, and Washington) the and economic patterns to highest ($49,014). In librarians in other types of libraries and to the North Canada, the average salary for FY93 was $47,452 in U.S. American workforce at large. dollars. The 1993 Surrey includes the same array of tables as An interesting contrast to the male/female balance, that for 1992. The university library median beginning about 35%/65% in ARL libraries, is in the leadership of professional salary (BPS) for FY93 is $25,834, ranging medical libraries. Of the 53 ARL institutions reporting from a low of $21,000 to a high of $33,600; the median separate medical libraries, 30 (52%) are headed by BPS for ARL's 11 nonuniversity libraries is $26,806. Fig- women and 76.7% of all ARL universitymedical librari- ures for FY93 average salaries and yearsof experience in ans are women, compared with a figureof 63.5% university libraries are in the accompanying table. women in the general university libraries. Butwhile the The median salary figure for nonuniversity libraries salaries of women medical library directors are now just is $44,949. In his introduction, Fretwell notes "the pur- .25% behind their male counterparts, with an average chasing power of nonuniversity staff at the median is salary of $77,783 for both sexes combined, salaries for the same as it was ten years prior, while the typical women in medical libraries averaged almost13.8% beginning professional salary has gained 11.6% in pur- lower than salaries for men ($41,179 compared to chasing power during the same decade. $47,773), a drop of almost 3% from FY92. The differen- "University salaries have generally made more tial between median salaries for men and women in gen- progress than salaries in nonuniversity libraries.The eral ARL university libraries is 7.9%. current purchasing power of university staff at the The 1993 ARL Annual Salary Survey is available by median has increased 11.2% and the median beginning pre-paid order to ARL institutions for $25 and to non- professional salary has gained even more a substan- members and individuals for $65.Nice!:: naval tial 12.9% when compared to FY84." A R L1 7 4 M A Y1 9 9 4 Continued COLLECTION EVALUATIONAT THE Each case study team is consulting with scholars LIBRARY OF CONGRESS and librarians outside the Library to identxf; research by William Z. Schenck, Collections Policy Office, trends and emerging research needs; later in their delib- Library of Congress erations the teams will bring scholars to the Library to help determine if the Library's collections The Library of Congress is engaged ina major are and can study to direct its long-range collection develop- meet these projected research needs. Several of the ment efforts. Dr. James Billington, the Librarian teams have scheduled meetings at their professional of Congress, early in 1993 chargeda Working Group on association conferences to discuss the projects and to Evaluating the Collections to recommend innovative survey their colleagues. The China team held two meet- ways to evaluate the collections and to involve outside ings at the Library with scholars from universities in the Washington, DC, region, followed by scholars in that evaluation. The Working Group,co- a meeting at the chaired by William Sittig, Director of the Collections Asian Studies Association conference in March. The Policy Office, and Prosser Gifford, Director of the Office Hispanic and Hispanic-American team helda similar of Scholarly Programs, recommended botha short-term meeting at the SALALM conference in Salt Lake City in April. Funds to support the outreach dimensions of survey of the collection and a more systematic approach . towards evaluating the collections. these case studies come from The James Madison Coun- The first effort was to compile "Overviews" of cil of the Library of Congress. The Council isa national, major parts of the collection. These overviews provide private-sector group dedicated to assisting the Library brief snapshots of the collection. Covering to enhance scholarship, education, creativity, andcom- sixty-two petitiveness. subjects, each overview describes the size andscope of the collection in that subject, general research strengths Three of the case study teams, those dealing with and areas of distinction, as wellas listing areas either environmental policy, African-American studies, and Hispanic and Hispanic-American studies, not collected or that have significantgaps. Designed are using a grant from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to focus primarily as a working tool to describe the collectionfor on electronic resources and services in their subject LC staff, the overviews are also available onlinethrough LC MARVEL.1 The Library is especially interested areas. Once these resources are identified, the reports in will emphasize how the Library of Congress hearing from those who may have used theoverviews can and should make the best use of them. online to learn if the information is of valueto other After the compilation of the overviews but before libraries; please direct any comments to BillSchenck, Collections Policy Office, Library of Congress. the case study teams began their planning,a meeting was held at the Library in November 1993 with The overviews were followed withmore in-depth execu- tive directors of major library and scholarly looks at parts of the collection, usinga case study associations methodology to provide direction for the development (including ARL) to discuss the various collection evalu- ation initiatives underway at the Library and the role of LC's collections in a time of decreasingresources but that these associations could play in assisting the increasing availability of information. Sixteams, com- Library in these evaluations. The executive directors posed of five to six members from variousdivisions in attendance were asked to suggest throughout the Library, were formed late lastyear. names of specific indi- While each team is focusingon several strategic ques- viduals in their associations who might assist the tions specific to its subjectarea, the questions are based Library in this evaluation and to publicize theproject on common themes covering research needs of present through their association newsletters. and future library users. The six case study projects will last almosttwo The six teams, and their chairs,are: years; final reports from the teams are due by Septem- ber 1995. Although the reports will be specific Islamic Studies: George Atiyeh, Near EastSection, to the six .1 chair. subject areas being studied, it is hoped that boththe African-American Studies: Debra Newman Ham, process and some of the recommendations will be Manuscript Division, chair. applicable to other fields of study and collecting.Peri- Hispanic and Hispanic-American Studies: Georgette odic updates on this project will be providedto ARL Dorn and Edmundo Flores, Hispanic Division, members through the ARL Research CollectionsCom- co-chairs. mittee. Environmental Policy: Stephanie Marcus and Leonard 'LC MARVEL can be accessed via the Internet by telnettingto Bruno, Science and Technology Division, co-chairs. MARVEL.LOC.GOV and login as MARVEL. This will connectyou to the Business and Economics: James Stewart, "generic telnet Gopher client." If you have a Gopher client,you can point Humanities your Gopher to MARVEL.LOC.GOV port 70. The overviews are part of the and Social Sciences Division, chair. MARVEL Research and Reference menu. Twentieth-Century Chinese Social Sciences: Robert Worden, Federal Research Division, chair. ARL 174 MAY 1994 RETHINKING ILL AND ities. Other restraining factors included the need for staff and user training, incomplete standards, lack of systems DOCUMENT DELIVERY SERVICES interconnectivity, copyright, current practices and mind- by Mary E. Jackson, ARL Visiting Program Officer sets, and a lack of national leadership and vision. The The North American Interlibrary Loan and Docu- participants also observed that libraries have consider- ment Delivery (NAILDD) Project seeks to promote able influence over many of the restraining forces and technical and system developments that will that they have it in their power to remove barriers or improve the identification, order plcement, and deliv- other negative forces. ery of materials not owned locally. Although some of Groups also discussed future service models, listed these enhancements will reduce the library's mediation key assumptions of these models, identified components role significantly, these technical and system improve- needed to implement these models, and speculated on ments will not eliminate all of the library's processing how libraries could move from the present to the future and retrieval functions. models. Some key assumptions that emerged are: As the NAILDD Project identified and defined need- current ILL services will undergo major changes and ed technical improvements, it became evident that tech- improvements, nical advancements must be complimented by rethink- libraries will continue to be a central information ing internal procedures and revising service policies. provider, This need to address both technical and nontechnical the need for effective staff development and training improvements resulted in a retreat sponsored by the will increase, ARL Committee on Access to Information Resources and user expectations will continue to increase, conducted in collaboration with OMS, to develop a there will be a continuing need to offer users different change strategy for ILL and document delivery services. levels of assistance (basic to expert), The retreat, held on February 23-25 in Washington, resource sharing and ILL will be central rather than DC, was an institutional team effort. Teams were com- secondary services, and prised of the library director or dean; the AUL responsi- while technology will sometimes be perceived as an ble for public services; the direct supervisor of the ILL "insurmountable opportunity," librarians will have manager; and the ILL operational manager. Seven insti- considerable influence and control over future tutions represented on the Access Committee sent teams ILL/ DD services. to contribute to the retreat: Delaware, Georgia, Iowa In cohort groups, participants discussed their roles State, Manitoba, Pennsylvania, Smithsonian, and Wash- and contributions, recorded issues and concerns, and ington University. In addition, Margaret Ellingson, ILL identified what they needed from other groups. These librarian at Emory University, represented the ALA responses also echoed earlier comments: the need and RASD/MOPSS Interlibrary Loan Committee. A total of desire for better communication, a need for more staff twenty-seven individuals attended the workshop facili- training and development, librarywide understanding tated by Susan Jurow and Maureen Sullivan and assisted and support for the vision, leadership at all levels, and a by Jaia Barrett and Mary Jackson. national articulation of the vision. The retreat began with a series of small group discus- In the closing session, participants noted how quickly sions that identified a vision for ILL/DD services. The the groups arrived at the vision, one that is user-centered, vision that emerged described a user-centered service in technically sophisticated, and flexible. Several remarked which self-sufficient library users were empowered to on how many libraries are beginning to move toward the choose multiple access modes (novice, expert, indepen- vision but observed that the challenge is to focus on com- dent) to search, request, and receive materials. Technical municating the vision to all staff in order to achieve an and performance standards support networked access, effective implementation. Some observed that the retreat system interconnectivity, and delivery of materials, and validated the importance of the NAILDD Project. reliable and automated management information pro- Results of a "name the service" contest were vides libraries valuable data to support service goals and announced at the end of the retreat. Participants submit- priorities. Overall, the library plays a key role in the ted twenty entries, and although there was no consensus vision by providing users with a broader range of on a name to replace " IL L," the two entries that received resources more quickly, easily, and less expensively. the most votes were: "resource location and supply," and Participants listed forces that would help or hinder "remote document service." libraries in achieving this vision and identified those Evaluations from the retreat were positive and pro- over which they could exert control or influence. The vided the NAILDD Project and OMS with a framework following forces were listed as both a help and a hin- and focus for a new suite of resources training, con- drance: technology, networking, fiscal resources, sulting, and information services to assist libraries to increased user expectations and demands, and an redesign and implement new ILL/DD programs. increase in the volume of resource sharing and ILL activ- 2 A R L 174 MAY 1994 OFFICE-OF-SCIENTIFIC-AND A-CA-DEMIC-PUBLISHING- Ann Okerson, Director LIBRARIES SPONSOR CAMPUS Tempe, AZ. Each of the three presidents invited, from their respective institutions, thirty faculty members SEMINARS ON SCHOLARLY including faculty leaders, library advisory committee COMMUNICATIONS members, administrators from colleges, academic Directors of research libraries began the 1994 year affairs, research, information technology, and the Uni- with particularly energetic and aggressive initia- versity of Arizona Press to participate. Each invited tives focused on engaging campus faculty mem- participant was requested to respond with acceptance or bers with the changing face of scholarly communica- regrets to one of the librarian seminar planners on the tions. Several ARL institutions organized large and local campus. As regrets were received, another faculty highly visible campus events aimed at improving the member was invited. understanding of the dynamically changing world of The seminar was designed to actively involve the research libraries and scholarly publishing. All the attendees in developing an action plan for Arizona in events were carefully organized in advance; supported, response to the current environment of scholarly com- funded, and attended by principal university adminis- munication. Provost and Senior Vice President at Ari- trators; attracted many faculty members; sought to zona State University, Milton Glick, welcomed the par- achieve very specific outcomes; and were characterized ticipants and expressed the urgency that the academy afterward by the university library staff as particularly confront the threats and opportunities that abound in successful. scholarly communication. Each event was different in structure, organization, Each of the speakers addressed one of the aspects of and specific focus. The Arizona libraries planned a scholarly communications in some depth. Ann Okerson retreat for 120 strategically selected faculty, administra- of ARL set the stage by describing the tremendous tion, and librarians with facilitated small-group discus- growth in number and cost of traditional publications. sions, meals, and breakout events. The University of She cited longitudinal statistics reflecting the concomi- Pittsburgh event used The Andrew W. Mellon Founda- tant growth of library budgets and sponsored research tion's study of research libraries as well as the AAU as well as the declining number of journals received by Research Libraries Project task forces to frame a day for ARL libraries in the aggregate during the same period, some 300 guests in a more or less informal style with a 1982-1992. She predicted that, by the year 2000, sit-down lunch to encourage informal dialog. Finally, libraries will be conducting at least half their library the University of Washington Symposium paired all- purchasing transactions for electronic or electronically day lectures and discussion with simultaneous high- expedited materials. tech information demos in a nearby library teaching Kenneth Crews, Associate Professor of Business classroom. Law at San Jose State University, warned that copyright As a description of the programs presented and the law and technology are on a collision course. He sug- approaches designed by these institutions has proved to gested that any changes made in the law should recog- be r-f interested to academic library directors in North nize the rights of the owners as well as the needs of the America, the summaries are offered below. For further users. He encouraged faculty members to take the ini- details, contact: Sherrie Schmidt, Dean of University tiative to assert and preserve their rights in the area of Libraries, Arizona State University intellectual property. James O'Donnell, Professor of ([email protected]); Paul Kobulnickv, Acting Classics at University of Pennsylvania, traced the devel- Director of University Libraries, University of Pitts- opment of earlier transitions in communications from burgh ([email protected]); Betty Bengtson, Direc- the oral tradition to writing on papyrus; to manuscripts tor of University Libraries, University of Washington in parchment and vellum; and from manuscripts to (bbengtOu.washington.edu); or Ann Okerson, ARL print. Each of these transitions changed the behavior of ([email protected]). teacher and learner. The transition to the electronic world will do the same, encouraging dialogue and col- Arizona Universities Host Scholarly laboration. Failure to adapt to new modes may doom Communications Seminar our organizations. As a result of the history of collaborationamong the George Brett, Clearinghouse for Networked Infor- three Arizona institutions of higher education (Northern mation Discovery and Retrieval, demonstrated capabili- Arizona University, University of Arizona, and Arizona ties of the Internet to transmit text, sound, and video to State University), a proposal to jointly funda seminar distant locations. Advances in software and ubiquitous on scholarly communication with specified outcomes telecommunications will enable much wider dissemina- was approved by the three chief academic officers. The tion of information of all kinds. Online journals and two-day event, which included meals and hotel housing Internet resources were demonstrated, providing partic- for the seminarians, was held on January 13-14 in ipants an opportunity to observe the uses of technology A R L1 7 4 M A Y1 9 9 4 4-3- currently being made. determining factor of its form, was to promote the col- Work groups of faculty members, speakers, and laborative process of the AAU project. Pitt established librarians developed issues and actions required to three local task forces made up primarily of academic respond to the changing environment. Next steps will faculty and mirroring the AAU task forces. The charge include distributing a summary of seminar discussions to each Pitt task force was to analyze the recommenda- as well as the action plan. The Arizona libraries will tions of the national task forces and to communicate incorporate and advance several of the,action items in their analyses to the Chancellor through the Director of their own planning while standing ready to support ini- the University Library System. Each task force was also tiatives undertaken by others. asked to comment on how the issues should affect the The success of any endeavor is dependent upon library's five-year planning. The Pitt task force reports thoughtful planning. The Collection Development were due on April 1, 1994. Committee of the AULC, Arizona University Library Attendance at the symposium was high. Librarians Committee, collaborated extremely productively involv- personally promoted the event among the academic fac- ing additional colleagues from all the universities. The ulty. Faculty were also sent several mailings, and the seminar was well-received by the participants and clear- University's official newspaper printed, just 10 days ly achieved one of its goals, which was to raise the con- before the event, a prominent, full-page article that sciousness of the scholarly community in the state. included an analysis of the AAU project, the conclusions of the Mellon study, and the schedule of the sympo- Managing the Information Revolution at the sium. Attendance was not hurt by beautiful weather. University of Pittsburgh The high point of the event was the quality of the On February 16, the University of Pittsburgh presented formal presentations by the faculty during the pro- a day long symposium entitled "Managing the Informa- gram's panel discussions. Those who participated were tion Revolution: The AAU Research Libraries Project." among the most prestigious research and teaching facul- The event was co-sponsored by the Office of the Chan- ty on campus. These faculty had not been associated in cellor, the University Center for International Studies, the past with library issues. Their stature and their care- the School of Library and Information Science, and the fully prepared responses signalled to their colleagues University Library System. Planning for the Pitt sympo- that the issues facing research libraries and scholarly sium was greatly facilitated by the strong, early, and . communications are serious indeed and worthy of fac- vocal support of J. Dennis O'Connor, the Chancellor of ulty time and effort. the University of Pittsburgh and a well informed sup- The reports of the Pitt task forces, the final reports porter of libraries. of the AAU task forces, and the activities surrounding The program, moderated by Duane Webster of pilot projects spawned Ir.' the AAU recommendations ARL, consisted of an opening review of the landmark will be vehicles for continued activity on the Pitt Cam- study University Libraries and Scholarly Communication pus. given by Richard Ekman, Secretary of The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Mr. Ekman's opening remarks Scholarly Publication in Crisis: Potential and were put into an everyday library context by Deborah Promise at the University of Washington Jakubs of Duke University. These remarks were fol- Working in close cooperation with the Library Director lowed by three broad panel discussions, one on each of and several staff members of the University of Washing- the AAU task force topics. Each of the panels consisted ton Libraries, the Chair and past Chair of the Faculty of a member from the AAU Task Force and several Pitt Senate Council on University Libraries organized a fac- faculty. Each panel discussion ended with audience ulty-sponsored, day-long symposium on March 4 enti- participation, and the program itself ended with a Town tled "Scholarly Publication in Crisis: Problems, Poten- Meeting led by Duane Webster. tial, Promise." The planners targeted faculty (including The event was intended primarily to encourage fac- especially faculty journal editors) and key administra- ulty involvement in library planning. During the past tors at the University of Washington as attendees. four years, the University of Pittsburgh has provided its The goals of the day's events were to raise con- libraries with funding nearly sufficient to keep pace sciousness about the recent and profound changes with collection inflation rates. As a result, it has proved occurring in scholarly publishing and to engage the understandably difficult to generate faculty interest in immediate and ongoing intere ;t of the major campus the problems besetting research libraries. The Mellon stakeholders in helping to find some possible solutions study, the AAU project, and Pitt's own slowing of sup- to the serials crisis. Desired outcomes included the port for library collections provided the conjunction to identification of individuals interested in follow-up raise these issues anew. activities, the establishment of some new partnerships Another underlying purpose of the event, and the between segments of the University, a better under- 44 ARL 174 MAY 1994 OFFICE-OF-SCIENTIFIC-INDACADEMIC-PUBLISHING- Continued standing among attendees about the reasons underlying The room had 125 seats. Attendance ranged from an upcoming serials cancellation program, and the iden- SRO in the morning to quite good by late afternoon with tification of individuals interested in follow-up activi- a distribution of about 40% faculty, 50% librarians, and ties. 10% others. The Library staff have compiled an e-mail The symposium was widely publicized on campus list of people who indicated they had a continuing inter- through electronic announcements and in over 1,750 est in learning more. Within two weeks, UW faculty on printed announcements, posters, cover letters, and mail- the list were invited to attend a presentation within the ings to selected individuals and groups including facul- Libraries on determining the value of a serial. Other fol- ty, Libraries, staff, university administrators, and the low-up will be planned. Ann Okerson University of Washington Press. Selector/liaison librar- ians were encouraged to invite their faculty liaisons to MAKING THE FUTURE WORK TODAY attend with them. Notices were sent to various list- The Association of American University Presses servs, to selected regional libraries, and to members of and ARL, in partnership with The American the Medieval Association of the Pacific, which was hold- Physical Society, The Johns Hopkins University ing a meeting on campus that weekend. The weekly Press, and The University of Virginia Library, will spon- campus newspaper interviewed the chair of the Faculty sor the Fourth Symposium of the ARL and AAUP, Senate for an article the week before the symposium, "Visions and Opportunities in Electronic Publishing," generating broader interest on campus. This article was November 5-7, 1994, in Washington, DC. followed up in the local press the day following the The symposium series has become a space apart, symposium. where stakeholders in academe and scholarly communi- The University administration became involved in cations faculty, librarians, and publishers from uni- two major ways: key members, including the Provost, versity presses and learned/professional societies the Dean of the Graduate School, and the Vice Provost can gather to exchange information about their interests for Research, were asked to introduce speakers. They and concerns. The Fourth Symposium, Making the were also asked to help underwrite the cost of the sym- Future Work Today, will focus on four issues: fair use, posium. The Chair of the Faculty Senate introduced a cost recovery, developing content, and cooperative ven- speaker, and the Chair of the Faculty Council on Uni- tures. As the title indicates, the organizers are especial- versity Libraries was the general host for the day. ly keen to explore those areas where the interests of the There was no advance registration or fee for the various participants may appear to diverge and in stim- event, which consisted of three individual presenta- ulating productive discussions, particularly within tions, concluding with a four-member panel, each of academe, about concrete ways in which we can work whom gave briefer talks. Throughout the day, carefully together to resolve any differences. orchestrated demonstrations of electronic publishing Submissions and proposals are invited; the deadline efforts were given in the same building by 20 library for both is May 31. Submit your name, affiliation, title staff members and a faculty member. A sign-up sheet of presentation, type of presentation (paper, technical was provided for attendees who wanted to receive demonstration, case study), need for technology sup- information about future events related to the sympo- port at the meeting, and comprehensive abstract to : sium's topics. ARL 174 MAY 1994 4:i t ;1ZKiio, COALITION FOR NETWORKED INFORMATION Paul Evan Peters, Executive Director - BILLBOARDS ON THE with commercial advertising. They are: What kind of advertising is most useful tobothadvertis- INFORMATION HIGHWAY ers and potential buyers') t had to happened. With all the talk about the Clinton How can such advertising be offered on the Internet in Administration's National Information Infrastructure a way that meets the needs of both advertisers and 1(Nil) initiative and information highways in general, potential buyers without becoming the digital analog of the folks on Madison Avenue had to begin to wonder junk mail? what all this might mean for advertising. The first thing What additional services (inquiries, orders, buyer sup- that these folks have noticed is that a global information port, etc.) can meet the information needs of advertis- infrastructure/highway already exists: the Internet. The ers, buyers, and users? second thing they've noticed is that the Internet is a dream How can the needs of advertisers be met without inter- come true, because it provides ready (and relatively inex- fering with other uses of the Internet or invading the pensive) access to tens of millions of literate, monied, and privacy of Internet users? intelligent individuals who are inclined (perhaps "com- How can viable, sustainable, and mutually beneficial pelled" is more like it) to reveal their interests and desires relationships be created among Internet publishers, by joining and participating in "newsgroups," "lists," and advertisers, and users? other Internet discussion fora of all sorts. Madison Finally, it seems certain that there will be six basic cate- Avenue is now poised to add its messages to the rich soup gories of Internet advertising. They are: of existing Internet conversations, resources, and services. Endorsements: Recommendations from users offered Yet the Internet culture, very like the people-to-people in other types of communications. efforts that make barn raisings and volunteer fire depart- Billboards: Specific postings made to subject-oriented ments possible, has traditionally been inhospitable to com- Internet discussion fora. mercial interests and actors. But it is not uncommon for Directories ("Yellow Pages"): Searchable databases of people to offer ringing endorsements for specific products nothing but advertising. or services that they like. These endorsements frequently Listings ("Penny Savers"): Product or service -oriented come across like advertising, even though the people mak- Internet discussion fora. ing them have absolutely no connection to the products Periodicals: Advertising that appears along with edito- and services involved. Other people answer questions rial content, which it helps to underwrite. posted to fora as innocent as "fat-free" and "alt.weddings" Nuisance ("Junk Email"): Direct and unsolicited adver- by preceding or following them with statements that pro- tising. claim independence from her or his employer and its Madison Avenue clearly regards the Internet as too products and services. These "standard disclaimers" good a market to overlook. The Internet simply contains allow such individuals to advocate specific actions, prod- too many of the right sorts of people organized into just ucts, and services while protecting themselves from being the right sorts of interest groups for advertisers to stay accused of crudely pushing their vested interests. Howev- away. And, this is something that will be even more true er, there are now forces at work on the Internet that do not come the National Information Infrastructure (NII). come out of a volunteer tradition. The traditional Internet (Indeed, in some quarters it seems that the whole point of "tribe" has begun to face the fact that the commercial pop- the NII is advertising and order processing!?) ulation of the Internet is increasing rapidly and that with Two simple guidelines will serve both network adver- this increase will come an increase in the amount of com- tisers and users well as these developments run their mercial and, therefore, advertising communications. The course: advertisements should convey information rather question is no longer whether advertising will be a feature than engage in hyperbole, and advertisers should not of the Internet information environment, it is "how." impose their messages upon users. This is good advice for There are two very good reasons for embracing the advertising in general, but it is absolutely essential for inevitability of a growing amount of commercial advertis- advertising by good commercial citizens of the Internet. ing on the Internet: PEP advertising conveys important information (we need to This article is based upon a discussion of present and future devise appropriate ways to convey such information on the Internet) and advertising on the Internet that the Coalition has facilitated since last September. It drawsparticularly advertising contributes significant revenue to defraying upon messages post- ed to the [email protected] Internet discussion forum; the costs of many existing publications (we need to the archive of this forum can be accessed via ftp.cni.org and devise appropriate ways to generate these revenues on the Internet). goiihencni.org. It also draws upon on a purple-paper drafted by Judith Axler Turner, Director of Electronic Services, There remains, however, a host of key questions The Chronicle of Higher Education, (some of which follow) that must be answered to the satis- in February and which is now under active discussion in the cni-modernization forum. faction of the Internet community before it will be atpeace ARL 174 MAY 1994 EDERAL KELA EONS Prudence S. Adler, Assistant Executive Director-Federal Relations and InformationPolicy PUBLIC INTEREST VIEWS OF THE NII TELECOMMUNICATIONS BILLS Over 650 members of the public interest communi- ty came together in Washington via the Internet MOVE AHEAD The House Energy and Commerce Committee and through public radio on March 29 to share their views on how the emerging information infrastruc- approved an amended version of H.R. 3636, the ture should reflect public needs. Sponsored by the Clin- National Communications Competition and Infor- ton Administration's Information Infrastructure Task mation Infrastructure Act of 1994. H.R. 3636 seeks to Force and nine foundations, the Public Interest Summit "promote a national communications infrastructure to was an opportunity for the public interest community encourage deployment of advanced communications members of the education, library, health, community services through competition." Of particular interest is media, union, civil liberties, and others to present section 103, "Telecommunications Services for Educa- alternative views to the entertzanment and home shop- tional Institutions, Health Care Facilities, and Libraries." ping vision of the NII. As amended by the Committee, the National Telecom- In addition to four panels, which explored issues munications and Information Administration (NTIA) would conduct an annual nationwide survey to deter- relating to applications, cost and access issues,commu- nity development and the economy, and democracy, mine the availability of advanced telecommunications there were several speakers including Vice President services to these institutions. Following the NTIAsur- Gore; Wade Henderson of the National Association for vey, the Federal Communications Commission would the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); Raul issue a notice of proposed rulemaking that would: Yzaguirre, President, National Council of La Raza and "define the circumstances under which a carrier Chairman, Independent Sector; and Peter Goldmark, may be required to interconnect its telecommunications President of the Rockefeller Foundation. Although network to these institutions"; and "provide for either the establishment of preferen- much of what the Vice President saidwas not new, he did commit to an NII "like the Internet of today." Not- tial rates or the use of alternative mechanisms to ing that, "without provisions fox open enhance the availability of advanced services to these access, the com- institutions." panies that own the networks could have total control. Although the bill defines educational institutions They could use this control to ensure that theircus- as tomers only have access to certain programming." elementary and secondary institutions, it incorporates an amendment proposed by Reps. Kreidler (D-WA) and Announcing the availability of several importantgov- Klug (R-WI) that addresses some but not all of the ernment datafiles, he noted, "by enabling all of thepeo- con- ple of our country to come into close contact with the cerns of higher education. The new amendment directs information about national problems that the FCC to assess the feasibility of including post-sec- we need to ondary institutions in any regulations promulgated solve, we can empower our representative democracyto be far more effective than has been true in the past." under section 103. Henderson spoke of the economic, social, and politi- Additional language that would define "public cal dimensions of access to the NIIas frontier civil rights libraries" was not included. ARL, ALA, and others in issues of the twenty-first century. He called for revi- the higher education community promotedan expand- ed definition. S. 1822, the Communications Act of 1994, sions to current regulation and for the public rightto universal service. does not exclude post-secondary institutions in the defi- Goldmark made clear that the not-for-profit and nition of educational institutions; thus, theymay be eli- gible for preferential rates. non-commercial sectors must participate in this debate. "The non-commercial public spaces will only be identi- H.R. 3626, the Antitrust and Communications Reform Act of 1994, was approved by the House Judi- fied and claimed if the nonprofit, independentsectors and institutions of our society get their act together and ciary Committee. This bill would permit the regional figure out how to play their part with other sectors." Bell telephone companies (Baby Bells) to enter the long distance market and to manufacture equipment. The Commenting that he could not predict "all theways in which local governments and forums and dialogues will amended bill includes provisions that would require the wind up using this network,... if we do not provide for Baby Bells to obtain permission from the Department of Justice prior to entering the long distance market. this from the beginning we willpay an enormous price." A recent study by Common Cause, The clear challenge ahead also characterized as an a public interest insurmountable opportunity will be to make the lobby group, details contributions by the politicalaction committees (PACs) of the Baby Bells and the long-dis- visions presented at the summit, including the VicePres- tance carriers (e.g., AT&T) to members of the House and , ident's, match the bills' moving ata record pace through Congress, restructuring the current telecommunications Senate. The Baby Bells' PAC channeled $11.2 million, and the long-distar infrastructure as the foundation of thenew NIL rrier PAC funnelled $8.3.million to members of Cong over the past decade. ARL 174 MAY 1994 ARL were represented, as well as members of the pub- NETWORKING BILL PASSES SENATE lishing community. Gary Kraske, Associate Director for The National Competitiveness Act, S. 4, passed the Administrative Services, University of MarylandCol- Senate on March 16. Title VI, the Information Infra- lege Park Libraries, also attended the meeting and pre- structure Technology Applications Act of 1994, sented compelling data that reflects the additional costs contains many similar provisions as the House passed, the lit -ary would have to bear ivith these proposed H.R. 1757, the National Information Infrastructure Act of rates. The USPS requested additional statistics from 1993. Both bills seek to spur the development of applica- these user groups to highlight the impact the increase. tions in digital libraries, education, government informa- Responding to the USPS request, ARL noted "Well- tion, energy, health care. and manufacturing. And both established resource sharing and cooperative programs bills call for programs to support the research and train- help alleviate the resulting losses, but only if 0-.ey can be ing of "teachers, students, librarians, and Federal, State, maintained without grievous damage to a participating and local government personnel in the use of local and library's service to primary clientele. This rate increase national computer networks." In addition, the bills sup- will stifle ongoing resource-sharing efforts at a time port "training programs for librarians ... to instruct the when they are more critical than ever to scholars, public in the use of hardware and software for accessing researchers, and the public." and using local and national computer networks." Final- Fourteen ARL Libraries responded with prelimi- ly, section 611, Support for State-Based Digital Libraries, nary data showing how this increase will affect materi- would initiate a competitive, merit-based program to als budgets as well as interlibrary loan costs. Some assist states in the development of electronic libraries. A examples are: conference committee to resolve differences between the University of Maryland reports that the increase House- and Senate-passed bills is required. would cost an additional $44,220 to the book budget and $25,795 for other library operations, including PLEA UPDATE interlibrary loan. Four members of Congress have initiated a cam- Pennsylvania State University Libraries predicts that paign to maintain funding of library programs. this increase would mean a 2.8% decline in the size of Reps. Major Owens (D-N.Y.), Jack Reed (D-R.I.), the book budget. Pat Williams (D-Mont.), and Dale Kildee (D-Mich.) are Based on current levels of service at the University of asking their House colleagues to sign a joint letter to the Oregon, the proposed fourth-class rate increase House Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health would cost an estimated $64,500. and Human Services, and Education to support current- Kansas University Libraries now spends approxi- ly funded library programs and to provide a total level mately $55,000 per year on postage at the fourth-class of funding in FY95 that is at least equal to FY94 rate, which includes mailing to libraries in small $146,309,000. towns in Kansas for interlibrary loan and the like. In a letter to their colleagues, they noted, "the Feder- The increase could drive costs up by 40%, costing an al government spends S146,309,000 on library programs, additional $23,000. Patricia Brennan less than one one-hundredth of one percent of the Feder- al budget. That works out to $0.57 per person, or about BRIEFS the cost of a ball-point pen. For this minimal investment, ARL, the American Association of Law Libraries, the Federal government generates enormous returns in and the Special Libraries Association submitted a state- expanding access by our constituents to a wealth of ment on Dissemination of Federal Governmenv Informa- information resources, whether housed within the walls tion and the Depository Library Program to the Senate of their local branch library or located halfway across the Committee on Rules and Administration. world and accessible through new technologies." The National Archives and Records Administration published draft "Standards for the Management of Fed- LIBRARY POSTAL RATE MAY JUMP 74% eral Records Created or Received on Electronic Mail Sys- a U.S. Postal Service (USPS) proposal (See tems" (FR, 3/24/94, pp. 13906-10.) Comments on the the March 18 Federal Register, pp. 12996-13016) to proposed regulations may be filed prior to June 22, 1994. increase all postal rates, the fourth-class library S. 1587, Title V-A, The Federal Acquisition Stream- rate would increase 73.7 percent. The proposed rates, if lining Act of 1993, includes provisions that would autho- approved by the Postal Rate Commission, would not rize the federal government to assert copyright over take effect until 1995, but the impact on ARL Libraries computer software developed by federal employees. would be significant. These are included in a bill focused on procurement On April 4, USPS representatives met with groups reform. ARL joined other library, industry, and public that will be most affected by this cost increase. ALA and interest groups in opposing these provisions. 8 ARL1 7 4 MAY 1 9 9 4 4 kliAt..0_,.1 a-EMENTSERVICES Susan Jurow, Director LIBRARYWIDE DIVERSITY PROGRAMS NEW FROM OMS PUBLICATIONS by Kriza Jennings, Program Officer for Diversity The ARL Office of Management Services and Minority Recruit;nent Systems and Procedures Exchange Centerannounces the When seeking to promote a diversity agendain publications of SPEC Kits #198, Automating Preser- the workplace, it is our belief that libraries vation Management in ARL Libraries; #199, Video Collec- benefit from adopting a common definition tions and Multimedia in ARL Libraries; and #200, for diversity that has been widely discussed 2001: A and Space RealityStrategies for Obtaining Funding forNew explored by all personnel. It is from this basicfounda- Library Space. tion that effective diversity programs are formulated. Automating Preservation Management in ARL Libraries The development of a diversityprogram that enables provides insight to the types of preservation library staff to explore their individual manage- biases, preju- ment systems already in place, as wellas those being dices, preferences, and attitudes has proven to be a good planned, within preservation departmentsin ARL strategy for advancing an active agenda that pervades libraries. Databases designed to control files, all library departments and divisions and maintain encourages a records, and streamline workfloware being used by better appreciation and understanding ofdiversity as a preservation administrators for a variety of functions concept. from recording preservation treatmentsto preparing Librarywide diversity programs shouldnot focus budget forecasts. SPEC Kit #198 reportson a survey solely on seminars or speakers made available occasion- conducted in the fall of 1993, and includesa compilation ally for staff as seems to be the practicein many libraries of responses and commentary from the and on many college campuses. A participants. more effective Video Collections and Multimedia in ARL Libraries approach is a diversity program focused closely on the addresses the current status andscope of video collec- library's mission and strategic plans thatintegrates tions and services including multimedia technology diversity issues into every aspect of the library'sactivi- among the academic members of ARL. Instructional ties and services and into each unit's day-to-dayopera- support and trends toward distance learning will tions. cause libraries to play a major role in providing A comprehensive diversity access to mul- program includes timedia products and facilitatinguse of multimedia pre- numerous opportunities for personnel to experience, sentation technologies. The kit provides documents discuss, debate, and explore diversity throughout the from academic research libraries that offervideo collec- organization, identifying challenges and strengths.All tion. and services to theirusers, including policy state- personnel should be involved in seeking creative solu- ments on copyright, collection development andaccess, tions and responses. Through thisprocess, staff begin and guides to collections services. to view diversity as more than just visible human quali- For library directors faced with fast-shrinkingspace ties that make them different from eachother; it helps or with outdated and hard-to-use space, the traditional them recognize diversity ina broader context, as a com- arguments for justifying their requests for additional ponent that enhances the organization's abilityto devel- space are now complicated by the growing expectations op and provide quality services to its libraryusers. of their funding agents. The "virtual library" A library's diversity and the program is dependent on the "libraries without walls," terms used in the commitment of the management library pro- group, including front- fession to reflect the state of changing technology,are line supervisors, middlemanagers, and administrators. being seized upon by these funding It is the combined focus and efforts agents as reasons of these group mem- for saving potentially multimillions of dollarsin build- bers as individuals andas an administrative team that ing costs. 2001: A Space RealityStrategies for provide the leadership needed Obtaining to address barriers hin- Funding for New Library Spacewas compiled as a result dering the advancement of diversityin the workplace. of a strong demand for information An extensive review and exploration of on recent cases for the library's new space within ARL libraries. The information in this policies (as they relate tousers and staff), procedures, SPEC Kit will be useful in assisting library climate, and work environment is administra- a required first step. tors to draw a clearer picture of the libraryspace issue As ARL libraries move ahead withminority recruit- for funding agents over the next decade. ment and retention agendas, it is importantto remem- SPEC Kits are $40 each ($25 ARL members) ber that a major factor in retention and are is a visible diversity also available by subscription. Prices includelibrary program. Such a program demonstrates to othersout- rate postage. Send information requests and prepaid side the institution that there isa serious commitment to orders to ARL/OMS, Publications human diversity Department, Dept. its value and assets including a #0692, Washington, DC 20073-0692. willingness to respond to the challengesand adjust- ments needed to create a supportive andproductive work environment for all. ARL 174 MAY 1994 49 OMS DEVELOPS "MESSAGES Clarify the key priorities and goals for the library. TO THE DIRECTOR" LIST Tell us how we can help achieve them. During a presentation of the Management Skills Involve us in discussions about the future and how we can work with you and our colleagues to create Institute I: The Manager program held in the fall an effective, productive work environment. of 1991, there was considerable discussion The participants in the Management Skills Institutes among participants about communication between mid- in the past few years are different from those who dle managers and the director. The OMS faculty used attended more than a decade ago. Today's this opportunity to develop the first list of "Messages to managers the Director." Two participants in the program recognize their responsibility to the library as a whole and are eager to contribute their ideas, time, and described this activity to their director who then sug- energy. They find their work to be challenging, but they also gested that participants in each offering of the Institute like their leadership responsibilities. Manysee a better be asked to identify those messages they wished tocon- vey to their directors but were reluctant to state directly. relationship with the director and other senior adminis- trators as critical.to their effectiveness. OMS faculty will In each Institute held in the past two years,man- agers (who do not report to the director) have been continue to encourage Institute participants to speakup and communicate their ideas, needs, and asked to respond to the question: "What do you want concerns directly to their directors. Maureen Sullivan to say to your director that you are reluctant or afraid to say?" This brief activity is part of the closing session that focuses on how participants can transfer the learn- ing that has occurred in the Institute to their everyday 1994 OMS TRAINING PROGRAMS work environment. The participants have found the exercise useful and were told that the information they Library Management Skills Institute I: were providing would be reported in an article in ARL. The Manager* The numerous messages expressed over the past Nashville, October 11-14 two years are summarized in the following list: Library Management Skills Update I: Building We appreciate your role and responsibilities, andwe Effective Performance think we can help. Tulane University, May 25-26 We think we can contribute more if we have direct, Baltimore, October 4-5 open and regular communication with you and with Library Management Skills Update II: Managing other members of the senior management. Inviteus Priorities and Making Decisions to give you input into key policy Cecisions and major Baltimore, October 6-7 changes before the decisions are made. Askus about Library Management Skills Institute II: our work and the problems we encounter. The Management Process** Respect us, have confidence in our abilities, and trust Chicago, November 6-11 us to do our best to help you and the library. Give us more latitude for decision making. Delegate Implementing Continuous Improvement more. Recognize that we are capable of greater Programs in Libraries autonomy and independence. Washington, DC, June 6-9 Pay more attention to the quality of communication. Boston, October 25-28 Involve us in decisions about how to improve both Training Skills Institute: formal and informal communication in the library. Managing the Learning Process Deal with problems in a timely way. "Don't ignore Washington, DC, September 21-23 negative decisions," and don't ignore personnel Resource Management Institute: problems. Financial Skills for Librarians Tell us the truth. Washington, DC, November 2-4 Take learning and training seriously. Sendmore staff * formerly Basic Library Management Skills Institute to the Institute. Support our development and train- ** formerly Advanced Library Management Skills Institute ing. "Attend yourself." For registration information, contact OMS Visit our work areas and interact with staff. at 202/296-8656. Listen to us and the staff. Tell us howour ideas have been used or not used. Explain how and why deci- sions have been made. Help us deal with the extensive change. td0 ARL1 7 4 MAY 1994 ARLACTIVITIES G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy ExecutiveDirector ARL ESTABLISHES INTERNETSERVER other Gopher servers, whichincludes a link to "all the During a strategic planningprocess, the ARL Gophers in the world" through theUniversity of Min- Board and staff agreed thata presence and out- nesota, which maintains a registry for allactive Gophers reach through the Internetwere a key priority for on the Internet. the Association. To enrich ARL'stechnology capabili- By choosing Association of ResearchLibraries from ties, the position of Electronic ServicesCoordinator was the Main Menu, usersare presented with choices for gen- created, Dru Moggewas hired as the first full-timepro- eral information about ARL,which includes the mission fessional librarian in this position,and a server statement, program profiles, the ARLCalendar, the OMS (arl.cni.org) was established, utilizingthe SURAnet con- Training Schedule, anda membership list. Also included nectivity provided for ARL by theCoalition for Net- in this area is information about ARLpublications and worked Information (CNI). how to order them. Working within OSAP and incollaboration with all Within the directory for "ScholarlyCommunica- ARL programs, Mogge's startingpoint was the imple- tions," the browser can find:"Scholarly Communication, mentation of a Gopher for ARL. TheGopher software, Academic Libraries, Technology,"a discussion paper written at the University of Minnesota and named for contributed by The Andrew W. MellonFoundation; Uni- the UMN mascot, isone of the most accessible means of versity Libraries and ScholarlyCommunication, the Mellon providing informationover the Internet. Gopher can be study of university library trendsand transformations; used by anyone on thenet, no matter what kind ofcon- and selected papers from the1993 ARL/AAUP Electronic nection they have. While toolslike Mosaic for the World Symposium, Gateways, Gatekeepers,and Roles in the Infor- Wide Web offer amore attractive hypermedia interface, mation Omniverse. Anotherarea of Scholarly Communi- Gopher prevails because it isbased on the lowestcom- cations that will be cross-referencedwith Information mon denominator, ASCII text. Policy is Copyright. The copyrightpolicies of two Another attractive feature ofGopher is its structure, schools (University of Texas andWellesley College) are a series of menu choices that leadto either actual infor- online. Additional importantresources include a work- mation files or more choices. Theuser is able to navigate ing copy of Ken Crews'paper "Copyright Law, Libraries, up or down through the menus witha single key. Once and Universities: Overview,Recent Developments, and the user accesses a document,the document can be Future Issues," papers relatingto the 1992 court decision saved, printed, or e-mailed.Gopher also offers a single in American Geophysical Unionv. Texaco, Inc., a Copyright interface, and all Gophers look alike. The commandsare FAQ, and Sections 107 (Fair Use)and 108 (libraries) of the the same no matter whoseinformation resource is being U.S. 1976 Copyright Act. accessed. Another strong attributeof Gopher is seam- "Access to Research Resources"includes a set of doc- lessness. When accessinga Gopher server, the user is uments relating to Interlibrary Loanand Document unaware whether the files resideon a particular comput- Delivery. Through the NAILDDProject (North American er or are available by virtue of linksembedded in the Interlibrary Loan & DocumentDelivery), ARL has devel- Gopher structure thatconnect to other computer hosts. oped information to helpimprove the delivery of library In addition, Gopher serves as a "front end" to many of materials to users at costs thatare sustainable for the services available on the Internet, such as wais, ftp, libraries. Among the documentsavailable are working telnet, and phone book searches. What makes individual papers about system design issues,summary descrip- Gophers distinct is theway information is presented. All tions of management and financialsystems, and informa- in all, Gopher is one of the most popular applicationson tion on the Project'sDevelopers/Implementors Group the Internet withover 4,200 registered sites. (DIG). The new ARL Gopher currentlyoffers basic text with Users are finding the ARL Gopher.In a two-week plans to implement search capabilities in the near future. period in March, over 670 hostcomputers made more The structure of the ARL Gopher is derived from the than 5,650 connections to ARL.While there seemed to be objectives and capabilities articulatedby the Association. about equal interest in allareas, about 109 h of the data Although not all areas are currently represented,more accesses were to Access to ResearchResources, 7% to information will be added inthe coming months. Scholarly Communication, and7.87 to the general infor- The Main Menu (or introductoryscreen) for the ARL mation on ARL. Gopher includes choices forAssociation of Research Mogge plans to expand the Gopherand welcomes Libraries, Scholarly Communication, Information Policy, suggestions on what should beincluded. To visit the and Access to ResearchResources and Technology. in ARL Gopher, pointyour Gopher client to: arl.cni.org. If the future, the categories will expand to cover other ARL your host machine does not havea Gopher client avail- programs, including: Research Collections,Preservation, able, telnet to one of the publicGopher sites (e.g., Univer- Diversity, Management and OMS, and Statistics and sity of Minnesota atconsultant.micro.umn.edu) and log Measurements. The Main Menualso offers a choice for in as Gopher. Dru Mogge ARL 174 MAY 1994 ul REPORT ON LATIN AMERICANIST DELMAS FOUNDATION SUPPORTS ARL LIBRARY RESOURCES PUBLISHED MINORITY RECRUITMENT CAPABILITY ARL has publish.A an assessment of the impact of The Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation has made a federal and foundation support for Latin Ameri- generous $30,000 grant to ARL "to support can library resources. The assessment highlights increased participation of minorities in humanities the significant progress in providing machine-readable scholarship and to foster understanding in the increasing- access to bibliographic records in Latin American studies ly diverse community of research libraries." in North American research libraries. In contrast to the The award was announced following the establish- almost ubiquitous bibliographic control, the report ment of ARL's ongoing minority recruitment capability, underscores that, so far, preservation reformatting has which will work with academic and research libraries in saved only a small portion of Latin American imprints. developing strategies for the recruitment and retention of The report was prepared by Dr. Dan C. Hazen, minorities. Central to the new minority recruitment capa- Selector for Latin America, Spain, and Portugal in the bility is development of a five-year initiative that will Harvard College Library while serving as an ARL Visit- evolve from the work of the first year. Together with ing Program Officer. funds provided by ARL member libraries, the Delmas The Bibliographic Control and Preservation of Latin grant will support this program for its initial year. Americanist Library Resources: AStatusReportwith Sug- In January 1994, Kriza Jennings, previously part-time gestions, is available from ARL for S20. Price includes diversity consultant to OMS, became ARL Program Officer library rate postage. Send information requests and pre- for Diversity and Minority Recruitment. Her work will paid orders to ARL Publications, Dept. #0692, Washing- focus on building cooperative programs between ARL ton, DC 20073-0692. libraries, graduate library education programs, library associations, and other libraries to promote minority stu- ARL AWARDED GRANT TO REVISE dent awareness of the opportunities presented by research PRESERVATION MICROFILMING GUIDE library careers and to support their academic success. ARL has been awarded a grant of S8,000 from OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc., for TRANSITIONS the revision and preparation of the second edi- Massachusetts: Richard Talbot is on sabbatical leave tion of Preservation Microfilming: A Guide for Librarians through August; Gordon E. Fretwell, senior associate and Archivists. The guide was prepared for ARL in 1987 director, will serve as acting director of libraries. by a group of preservation experts. Immediatelyupon Wayne State: Peter Spyers-Duran has announced his its publication, it was recognized as an excellent preser- intention to retire as Dean of Libraries and the Library vation resource, and it continues to be cited as one of and Information Science Program in 1994. two core texts in preservation microfilming. Awarded *** the Waldo Gifford Leland Prize at the 1988 Society of American Council of Learned Societies: Douglas C. Ben- American Archivists Annual Meeting, the guide has nett will assume the Vice Presidency in July 1994. He cur- been relied on as a teaching and training tool by many rently serves as Executive Director of the Portland Area librarians and organizations. Library System (PORTALS) and is a Fellow of the Center In early 1993 the guide became out-of-print, and this for the Humanities at Oregon State University. presents the opportunity to prepare an updated .dition. ARL: Patricia Brennan was appointed ARL Information Since 1987, the field of preservation microfilming has Services Coordinator effective May 1. advanced substantially. The new edition will update information on standards as well as on technical HONORS improvements in preservation microfilming. It will also California at Berkeley: Dorothy Gregor has been reflect the growth and diversity of cooperative preserva- awarded the Hugh C. Atkinson Memorial Award for out- tion microfilming projects. ARL, working with ALA standing achievement in library automation andmanage- Publishing, will be assisted by an advisory committee of ment. six preservation experts. Staff at Preservation Resources Georgia Tech: Miriam Drake, Dean and director of (formerly MAPSThe MicrogrAphic Preservation Ser- libraries, was awarde ' an honorary doctor of humane let- vice) will provide technical support. Final preparation ters by Indiana University for her dedication to library for production and printing will be the responsibility of scholarship. She was recognized for integrating comput- ALA Publishing. The goal is to publish the new edition ers and automation into academic libraries. in spring 1995. Texas A&M: Irene Hoadley, director of the Library Capitol Campaign, has been named ACRL's 1994 Academ- ic/Research Librarian of the Year. ARL 174 MAY 1994 ARL A Bimonthly Newsletter of Research Library Issues Executive Director: Duane E Webster and Actions (US ISSN 1050-6098) is published six times Editor. G Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director a year by the Association of Research Libranes Managing Editor: Lathe D Leighton, Publications 21 Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036. Program Assistant 202-296-2296 FAX 202-872-0884 Designer. Kevin Osborn, Research & Design, Arlington, VA Copyright: ©1994 by the Association of Subscriptions: MembersS25 per year for additional Research Libraries subscription, NonmemBers:_$50periear ARL policy is to grant blanket permission to reprint any article in he noted for certain articlesFor commercial use, a reprint request the newsletter for educational use as long as the source, author, issue, should he sent to the Director of Information Services at the ARL and page numbers are acknowledged. Exceptions to this policy may office n ARL CALENDAR 1994 CD C/3 June 2-3 CAUSE/CNI Regional November 29-30Coalition for Networked 5 Conference Information Networked Information Access Fall Task Force Meeting and Delivery: An Update for Orlando, FL 0 Computing Professionals and November 29-CAUSE 94 z Librarians (i) December 2 1-0 Orlando, FL -: Philadelphia, PA 00 June 23-30 American Library Association CIg sir 11) Miami, FL OMS WORKSHOPS PRE-ALA 1/4Z' July 18-19 ARL Board Meeting The Office of Management Services will offer two 0 Washington, DC pre-conference workshops at the ALA Conference 5 August 5-7 Black Caucus of the American in Miami this summer. 5 Library Association Transforming Culture: Creating a Learning Organization will be offered June 24. The z "Culture Keepers II: Unity < trainers will be Maureen Sullivan, OMS Orga- a. to Through Diversity" nizational Development Consultant, and O (i) Milwaukee, WI Shelley Phipps, Assistant Dean for Team Facili- Ui October 18-21 ARL Board and Membership tation at the University of Arizona. tT Meeting Planning for Resource Sharing: Optimizing Washington, DC the Potential of Library Partnerships will be November 5-7 Making the Future Work offered June 24. The trainers will be George Today Soete and Jack Siggins, OMS Adjunct Trainers. OSAP Symposium IV To register or for more information, contact Washington, DC Gloria Haws, Training Program Assistant, at 202/296-8656. .0 A A_ Mike Marilyn Nancy Bon Jane MaryBeth Eric leen Carol Richard Janet Robin Sue Arr 6 kC.. Ca-,..-.-, ,1 A BIMONTHLY NEWSLETTER OF RESEARCHLIBRARY ISSUES AND ACTIONS ch Current Issues AFFIRMING THE RIGHTSAND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE RESEARCH LIBRARY COMMUNITYIN THE AREA OF COPYRIGHT The genius of United States copyright law is library collections access that is supported by that it balances the intellectual property fair use, the right of libraries to reproducemateri- rights of authors, publishers, and copyright als under certain circumstances, and other related owners with society's need for the free exchange provisions of the copyright law. These provi- of ideas. Taken together, fair use and other public sions are limitations on the rights of copyright rights to utilize copyrighted works, as established owners. The loss of these provisions in the in the Copyright Act of 1976, constitute indispens- emerging information infrastructure would able legal doctrines for greatly harm scholar- promoting the dissemina- "The primary objective of copyright is notto ship, teaching, and the tion of knowledge, while reward the labour of authors, but ftlopromote operations of a free soci- ensuring authors, publish-the Progress of Science and useful Arts. To thisety. Fair use, the library, ers, and copyright ownersend, copyright assures authors the right to theirand other relevant pro- a) protection of their creative original expression, but encourages othersto visions must be pre- works and economic build freely upon the ideas and information served so that copyright investments. The preser- conveyed by a work. This result is neither ownership does not vation and continuation of unfair nor unfortunate. It is themeans by become an absolute these balanced rights in an which copyright advances theprogress of monopoly over the dis- 5 electronic environment science and art." tribution of and access to are essential to the free O cu (4 Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, copyrighted informa- 0 flow of information and toFeist Publications Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service tion. In an electronic O ci) Co. the development of an (March 27, 1991) environment, this could 71 information infrastructure mean that information that serves the public interest. < cpi resources are accessible only to those who are The U.S. and Canada have adoptedvery dif- 1:3 .$4> able to pay. The public informationsystems that gg ferent approaches to intellectual property and libraries have developed would be replacedby co 0 A copyright issues. For example, the Canadian tr) commercial information vendors. In theage of Copyright Act does not contain the special consid- information, a diminishedscope of public rights we) 0 erations for library and educationaluse found in would lead to an increasingly polarized society the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, nor does it place of information haves and have-nots. federal or provincial government works in the Librarians and educators haveevery reason public domain. Because of these differences, this to encourage full and good-faith copyrightcom- statement addresses these issues from the U.S. pliance. Technological advancement has made perspective. copyright infrh,gement easier to accomplish, but Each year, millions of researchers, students, no less illegal. Authors, publishers, copyright Timm( and members of the public benefit fromaccess to owners, and librarians are integral parts of the 04:* 4 Continued- system of scholarly communication, and publishers, Principle 2: Fair use, the library, andother relev.,,nt authors, and copyright ownersare the natural partners provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976 of education and research. The must be continuation of fair use, preserved in the development of theemerging the library and other relevantprovisions of the Copy- information infrastructure. right Act of 1976 applied inan electronic environment Fair use and other relevant provisions offer the prospect of better library are the essen- services, better teach- tial means by which teachers teach,students learn, and ing, and better research, without impairingthe market researchers advance knowledge. The for copyrighted materials. Copyright Act of 1976 defines intellectual property principlesin a way Although the emerging informationinfrastructure is that is independent of the form of raising awareness of technological changes publication or distrib- that pose ution. These provisions applyto all formats and are challenges to copyright systems, the potential impact of essential to modern library and informationservices. technology was anticipated by thepassage of the Copy- right Act of 1976. Congress expresslyintended that the Principle 3: As trustees of the rapidlygrowing record revised copyright law would applyto all types of of human knowledge, librariesand archives must media. With few exceptions, theprotections and provi- have full use of technology in orderto preserve our sions of the copyright statuteare as relevant and applic- heritage of scholarship and research. able to an electronic environmentas they are to a print Digital works of enduring value needto be pre- and broadcast environment. served just as printed works havelong been preserved The research library community believesthat the by research libraries. Archivalresponsibilities have development of an information infrastructuredoes not traditionally been undertaken by librariesbecause pub- require a major revision of copyright lawat this time. In lishers and database producers havegenerally pre- general, the stakeholders affected byintellectual proper- served particular knowledge onlyas long as it has eco- ty law continue to be well served by theexisting copy- nomic value in the marketplace. As withother formats, right statute. Just as was intended,the law's flexibility the preservation of electronicinformation will be the with regard to dissemination mediafosters change and responsibility of libraries and they willcontinue to per- experimentation in educational and researchcommuni- form this important societal role. cation. Some specific legislative changesmay be needed The policy framework of the emerginginformation to ensure that libraries are able to utilize thelatest tech- infrastructure must provide for the archivingof elec- nology to provide continued and effectiveaccess to tronic materials by research librariesto maintain perma- information and to preserve knowledge. nent collections and environments for publicaccess. The Association of Research Librariesaffirms the Accomplishing this goal will require strengtheningthe following intellectual property principlesas they apply library provisions of the copyrightlaw to allow preser- to librarians, teachers, researchers, andother informa- vation activities that use electronicor other appropriate tion mediators andconsumers. We join our national technologies as theyemerge. leaders in the determination to develop a policy frame- Principle 4: Licensing agreements should work for the emerging information not be infrastructure that allowed to abrogate the fair strengthens the Constitutional use and library provisions purpose of copyright law authorized in the copyrightstatute. to advance science and the usefularts. Licenses may define the rights andprivileges of the contracting parties differently than thosedefined by the STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES Copyright Act of 1976. But licenses andcontracts Principle 1: Copyright exists for should not negate fairuse and the public right to utilize the public good. copyrighted works. The research library The United States copyright lawis founded on a community Constitutional provision intended recognizes that there will bea variety of payment meth- to "promote the ods for the purchase of copyrighted progress of Science and Useful Arts." The fundamental materials in elec- purpose of copyright is to serve the public interest tronic formats, just as thereare differing contractual by agreements for acquiring printed information. encouraging the advancement of knowledgethrough a The system of exclusive but limited rights for research library community iscommitted to working authors and with publishers and database producers copyright owners. Fairuse and other public rights to to develop utilize copyrighted works, specifically model agreements that deploy licensesthat do not and intentionally contract around fair use or other copyright included in the 1976 revision of thelaw, provide the provisions. essential balance between the rightsof authors, publish- Principle 5: Librarians and educatorshave an ers and copyright owners, and society'sinterest in the obligation to educate informationusers about free exchange of ideas. their rights and responsibilitiesunder intellectual property law. Institutions of learning must continue to employ policies and procedures that encourage copyright com- AAU AND ARL ENDORSE pliance. For example, the Copyright Act of 1976 ACTION AGENDA required the posting of copyright notices on photocopy The Association of American Universities (AAU) equipment. This practice should be updated to other and ARL, at their respective membership meet- technologies that permit the duplication of copyrighted ings this spring, endorsed a common action agen- works. da that emerged from the recently concluded Research Libraries Project. The project was initiated by the AAU Principle 6: Copyright should not be applied to U.S. member presidents and chancellors in April 1992 to government information. engage a full range of university expertise around a set The Copyright Act of 1976 prohibits copyright of of issues affecting scholarly access to research library U.S. government works. Only under selected circum- resources. stances has Congress granted limited exceptions to this In making public the project reports and recommen- policy. The Copyright Act of 1976 is one of several laws dations, AAU President Cornelius J. Pings noted "itwas that support a fundamental principle of democratic gov- clear that the electronic environment was unlikely to ernment that the open exchange of public informa- evolve optimally to support the missions of universities tion is essential to the functioning of a free and open unless universities themselves became directly involved society. U.S. government information should remain in in shaping the environment, designing options carefully, the public domain, free of copyright or copyright-like and pursuing their implementation systematically. restrictions. "The translation of recommendations into policies Principle 7: The information infrastructure must will be neither simple nor direct. Readers of these permit authors to be compensated for thesuccess of reports will note that although some recommendations their creative works, and copyright owners must have are quite specific, many identify further questions to be an opportunity for a fair return on their investment. answered, additional issues to be considered. I hope The research library community affirms that the dis- that the reports can serve as a catalyst to broad collabo- tribution of copyrighted information that exceeds fair ration with the academic community in this country, use and the enumerated limitations of the law require in North America, and internationally on efforts to the permission of and/or compensation to authors, pub- develop an electronic environment providing enhanced lishers, and copyright owners. The continuation of support for teaching and research." library provisions and fair use in an electronic environ- The work of the Research Libraries Projectwas ment has far greater potential to promote the sale of carried out through three task forces: Acquisitions and copyrighted materials than to substitute for purchase. Distribution of Foreign Language and Area Studies There is every reason to believe that the increasing Materials; A National Strategy for Managing Scientific demand for and use of copyrighted works fostered by and Technical Information; and Intellectual Property new information technologies will result in the equiva- Rights in an Electronic Environment. The task forces, lent or even greater compensation for authors, publish- comprising university administrators, librarians, and ers, and copyright owners. The information infrastruc- faculty members, reported to a Project Steering Commit- ture, however, must be based on an underlying ethos of tee of AAU presidents and chancellors. AAU worked in abundance rather than scarcity. With such an approach, close collaboration with ARL on the project, from its ini- authors, copyright owners, and publishers will havea tial conception through its completion. Fundingwas full range of new opportunities in an electronic informa- provided by The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. tion environment and libraries will be able to perform their roles as partners in promoting science and the Highlights of AAUARL Agenda useful arts. 1. To improve access to and delivery of international Adopted by the ARL Membership, May 1994 research resources: develop a collaborative program where participating institutions share responsibility for collecting foreign imprint publications, and for distributing a "distrib- uted North American collection of foreign materials" and implement the program initially with three demon- stration projects targeted on research materials that originate in Latin America (Mexico and Argentina), Germany, and Japan. ARL 175 JULY 1994 IP4 4 1- Continued 2. To introduce more competition and cost-based recommendations endorsed by AAU and ARL, is priced pricing into the marketplace for scientific and technical to encourage multiple orders for campuswide and disci- information: plinary society discussions. In July, the reports will also encourage a mix of commercial and not-for-profit become available electronically via the ARL Gopher: organizations to engage in electronic publication of arl.cni.org. the results of scientific research; The paperback Reports of the AAU Task Forces is promote establishment of a system of national elec- available prepaid from ARL by check or telephone cred- tronic repositories for scientific research; and it card orders (Visa or Mastercard) from: ARL Publica- explore the feasibility of actions to mandate retention tions, Department #0692, Washington, DC 20073-0692. of the ownership of certain STI intellectual property Telephone: (202) 296-2296. Fax: (202) 872-0884. Email: in the not-for-profit sector. [email protected]. Single copies are $16 each (includes 3. To ensure that electronic networks and policies are in shipping and handling). The price drops to $9 each for place to take full advantage of the technologies at hand, orders of 6-10 copies; to $6 each for 11 or more copies. accommodate the demands of users for access to and For multiple-copy orders and international destinations, delivery of distributed research collections, and support a shipping and handling charge is additional. Contact transformed methods of scholarly and scientific inquiry: ARL for details. ensure that the legal and regulatory framework for communications will support affordable higher edu- SUPPLY AND DEMAND cation access to a structure of national and global information networks; IN ARL LIBRARIES promote funding to create and preserve digital by Martha Kyrillidou and Kendon Stubbs research collections; and The population of faculty and students served by speed the completion and support of reliable network ARL institutions is increasing, the demands on access for faculty, students, and other university resource sharing services are skyrocketing, while users. at the same time on-site material resources, as measured 4. To build academic/research community consensus by the numbers of serial subscriptions and monographs and bring other organizations into discussions of intel- purchased, are declining. The accompanying graph rep- lectual property in an electronic environment: resents these trends in the median ARL library by show- form campus committees to create copyright policies ing the percent changes since 1986. for individual universities in two areas Copying There was an increase of 22% in graduate students, and Copyright Ownership and 11% in total student population and 16% in teaching fac- form a coordinating group to coordinate, monitor, ulty. For 1993, ARL statistics on 103' academic institu- and disseminate results of the local actions and pre- tions show a graduate student body of a little less than pare reports in two vital, multi-institutional matters: 450,000, which represents almost one-fourth of the total Fair Use rights in an electronic environment and the student body (approximately two million) served by feasibility of strengthening and creating competitive these institutions. That is about 14 students, or nearly university- or society-based publishing outlets and three graduate students, per faculty member. positioning universities strategically for electronic ARL libraries purchased fewer monographs and publishing. serials in 1993 than in 1986. The median ARL library Each task force report emphasizes the importance of bought 33,210 monographs and 16,198 serials in 1986 promoting the awareness and understanding of project but only 25,583 monographs and 15,463 serials in 1993.2- findings among all constituencies in the university and Whether because of economic necessity and tighten- research communities. ing resource budgets or because of increased effective- ness in providing interlibrary services, resource sharing Implementation activities have increased rapidly. For the 106 libraries The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation has announced reporting ILL statistics since 1986, borrowing rose from support for the Latin Americanist demonstration pro- just under a million transactions to 1.4 million, or an ject. (See notice on page 15.) In addition, a joint increase of around 500,000. At the same time, for the AAU-ARL implementation strategy for the full action same libraries, lending rose from 2.4 million to 3.1 mil- agenda is under development. lion, an increase of 700,000. The rise in lending was more than enough for ARL libraries to accommodate Availability of Reports the increase in ARL borrowing and still provide at least With support from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, 200,000 lending transactions to non-ARL libraries. ARL published Reports of the AAU Task Forces. The 154 - Comparing ARL to the national (IPEDS) data for all page book, containing all three reports as well as the U.S. academic libraries in 1988 and 1990 shows that ARL U.S. academic libraries accounted for about two of every ARL 175 JULY 1994 5 7 five lending transactions in 1988 and 1990. Also, one out ing the relations among the variables in the supply and of every four academic borrowing transactions was by an demand chart we need to study the environment of ARL ARL library. For both years for which IPEDS data are libraries. For example, environmental factors affecting available, U.S. ARL lending was 42% of the national out- resource sharing may be consortial arrangements, put. U.S. ARL borrowing was 26% and 28% of the increased availability of electronic resources, improved national output in ILL effectiveness, 1988 and 1990 Supply and Demand in ARL Libraries, increased demands respectively.' from the user pop- Without the 1992 1986-1993 ulation, etc. Policy 80% IPEDS data avail- Interlibrary Borrowing decisions to pro- able yet, it is pre- (+77%) vide no-fee ILL or mature to draw document delivery any conclusion to some or all users about trends in 60% or to create a unit ARL institution for resource shar- borrowing trans- ing services are actions compared also likely con- Interlibrary Lending to non-ARL insti- (+41%) tributing factors. tutions. The dramatic For all U.S. changes in academic libraries Graduate Students (+22%) research libraries lending rose 1 8 c7c Teaching Faculty (+16%) underscore the from 1988 to 1990, need for further and borrowing Total Students (+11%) analysis of the data rose 14%. For 0% and for collection U.S. ARL libraries of additional infor- alone lending Serial Subscriptions (-5%) mation on research rose 16%, and libraries. Such an borrowing rose -20% effort could help 24%. It appears Monograph Volumes inform decisions that non-ARL Purchased (-23%) about how lending may have research libraries risen at a faster -40% organize, manage, rate than ARL 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 and develop lending, and the Fiscal year resources to meet opposite for bor- and exceed the rowing. But 1988- expectations of an 1990 is too short a period to discern any definite trends. ever-increasing community of educators, researchers, and scholars. Relationships Among Variables Martha Kyrillidou is Program Officer for Statistics and The accompanying graph simply shows how the medi- Measurement, ARL; Kendon Stubbs is Associate University an ARL library is changing. The graph does not report Librarian, University of Virginia, and consultant to ARL. whether changes in any variable are associated with changes in any other variable. In an effort to explore 1 12 Canadian, 29 U.S. private, and 62 U.S. state-supported institu- tions. such a relationship, we examined the correlation 2 between borrowing and lending. These are medians of the libraries that did not have any missing data in 1986 and 1993. The published medians in the ARL statistics differ Since 1987 the correlation between the number of somewhat from these medians because the published ones are based items a library loans and the number of items it borrows on a different sample. has weakened. In 1993, only 8% of the variance in bor- 3U.S. ARL academic lending was 2,349,966 and 2,736,198 in 1988 and rowing can be explained by the variance in lending as 1990 respectively, whereas IPEDS lending was 5,590,321 and . opposed to 22% in 1986. Although the correlation is 6,596,111 for the same years. U.S. ARL academic borrowing was 950,508 and 1,181,403 in 1988 and 1990 respectively, whereas IPEDS becoming weaker, it is still statistically significant. This borrowing was 3,672,852 and 4,199,269 for the same years. means that big lenders may still be big borrowers, but 4 In 1986, r =.47; 1987, r = .55"; 1988, r= .55; 1989, r = .50"; 1990, r = this relation is gradually eroding.' .47"; 1991, r = .43"; 1992, r = .30"; 1993, r = .29.; where p < .001 and To increase our understanding of the factors affect- p < .01. The percent of variance is r2. 5__. ARL 175 JULY 1994 7jaa OFFICE OF-SCIENTIFle-AND-A-CADEMIC-PUBLISHING Ann Okerson, Director ELECTRONIC SERIAL SITES: and by 25 broad subject categories. CICNet's holdings are designed to be a comprehensive collection of all public COLLECTIONS, RESOURCES, AND domain electronic journals available on the Internet. The SERVICES ON THE NETWORKS project was originally conceived by the Library Collection by Birdie MacLennan, University of Vermont Development Officers of the CIC universities in 1992 and s the Internet continues to evolve and its network- developed further by the CICNet Network Information ing technologies unfold, electronic serial publi- Resources Committee. The CICNet archives are not pret- cations continue to proliferate at an extraordi- ty and not always up-to-date. But their scope is all- nary rate. Increasingly, libraries and other organizations encompassing and the level of organization is just enough have begun to take advantage of new and emerging tech- so that one can find specific titles, get a sense of the range nologies to offer access to the wealth of electronic serials of titles in a given subject area, or find information about and many other related services. While some sites sys- where to look for the original source of a title in question. tematically collect, store, and archive e-serials on their Library of Congress (LC Marvel) local systems, others are able to make collections or sys- Address: marvel.loc.gov (port 70) tems development decisions based on already existing The Library of Congress Gopher, more commonly known Internet resources that pertain to serials. as LC Marvel, offers an innovative array of sources and The obvious advantage of such an abundance of services pertaining to electronic serials some of which resources is that people looking for information about have been developed (or are in the process of develop- electronic serials no longer need to subscribe to each title ment) at the Library of Congress. Others are links to individually nor do they need to know the address of an sources and services that are maintained at remote sites. elusive or obscure archive or ftp site to find sample LC Marvel is well-maintained and in a constant state of issues. Instead, they can use the power and organizing development and evolution, with changes, updates, and support capabilities of Gopher or WWW to locate titles new resources being added regularly. Try selecting the and discover new and innovative ways in which serials "Search LC MARVEL Menus" item from the opening are being collected and organized at a number of sites Gopher screen. From there, users can formulate search emerging as comprehensive holdings locations. queries tailored to their particular needs. The downside is that, as the number of electronic North Carolina State University (NCSU) Library Gopher serial collections and related resources and services is Address: dewey.lib.nscu.edu (port 70) growing very rapidly, the size, scope, presentation, and level of organization for materials and services that are Path: /NCSU's "Library Without Walls" The North Carolina State University (NCSU) Library offered varies greatly according to the level(s) of staff and attention given to maintaining each individual site. Gopher offers access to 25 electronic journals and newslet- ters, which are systematically collected, stored, and, in Because electronic serials are a relatively new medium and the networking technologies that produce and many cases, indexed at NCSU. The site also contains accommodate them are still emerging, very few stan- links to a number of other e-serials at remote sites. dards exist for storage and archiving. There is no central Archives for approximately 50+ serials "pertinent to the or authoritative source to look to for guidelines in pre- information needs of the students, faculty, and staff of sentation or access. North Carolina State University" can be found on the Presumably, as the medium comes of age, coopera- NCSU gopher. What stands out about the collection is not so much its volume or size as the way it is organized tive efforts among producers and providers of this infor- (both by title and subject category) and the enhanced level mation will ensure the development of some much- needed standards for storage and access to electronic ser- of access, via WAIS indexes for many of the titles. ial literatures. Until that time, variance reigns, often SUNY College of Agriculture & Technology, with some loss in accessibility. Morrisville, NY Included below is a listing that represents a random Address: snymorvb.cs.snymor.edu (port 70) and, by no means, exhaustive sampling of note- Path: /Library Services/Electronic Journals worthy sites that were surveyed for their electronic serial The SUNY Morrisville Gopher contains links to approxi- collections and resources. mately 250 electronic journal archives. Morrisville's indi- vidual title archives vary greatly in quality and consisten- Major Academic/Research Gopher Sites cy ranging from orderly and complete backfiles with CICNet WAIS indexed search capabilities to scant abbreviations Address: gopher.cic.net (port 70) or acronyms and incomplete back files. Although not Path: /Electronic Serials the most comprehensive or orderly e-journal site, the Morrisville collection is notable for its size, scope, and The CICNet Gopher contains archives for more than 700 electronic serial titles, organized alphabetically by title serendipitous browsability. ARL 175 JULY 1994 University of Bath: Bulletin Board for Libraries ings in Australian publications, with 14 titles listed in the (BUBL) directory "Australian electronic serials" andseven titles Address: ukoln.bath.ac.uk (port 7070) listed in the.directory "Australian National University The Bulletin Board for Libraries (BUBL) on the Universi- distributed electronic serials." ty of Bath's UKOLN (Office for Library and Information Networking) Gopher server combines the best of all pos- Other Interesting Sites sible worlds in offering an abundant array o Internet America Online (AOL) sources and innovative options for organizing, present- Address: [email protected] (send an email request for infor- ing, and accessing them. In addition to alphabetical mation; note that special AOL software is neededto menu listings, the comprehensive UDC (Universal Deci- access this service and is available free of charge). mal Classification) scheme provides access toresources Users can find (among many other things) full text by 62 subject classes and subclasses. The cross-referenc- articles of general, popular, and special interest ing or cross-linking structure of interdisciplinary titles maga- zines and newspapers by pointing and clicking through and resources is generous. various icons, menus, and screens. Broad subject cate- University of California at Santa Barbara: gories, disguised as icons, include: News and Finance, Info Surf, the Davidson Library Gopher People, Lifestyles, Games, Learning & Reference, Travel Address: uscbuxa.ucsb.edu (port 3001) & Shopping, Computing & Software. Magazine and The University of California at Santa Barbara's Info Surf newspaper titles and full text articles, retrieved by click- Gopher features a menu item for "Electronic Jcornals" ing on these various categories, include: Atlantic Month- prominently in the opening screen if the port is included ly, Barrons, National Geographic. Omni, Saturday Review, in the address. This selection offers access to more than Time, and the Chicago Tribune. The New York Times is 75 journals and newsletters across a wide range of disci- scheduled to be included among these offerings in the plines. While many of the titles are offered byway of near future. links to remote sites, a number of titles are archived and CSCNS (Colorado Springs Community News Service) maintained at UCSB. Gopher University of California, Santa Cruz: Info Slug System Address: cscns.com (port 70) Address: gopher.ucsc.edu (port 70) or. scilibx.ucsc.edu CNS contains links to several major electronic serial (port 70) sites: CICNet, North Carolina State University, the Uni- Path: /The Library versity of California at Santa Barbara, Electronic News- The majority of journal archives and services are located stand, and the Cleveland Public Library. It also includes in the "Library" menu, off the opening Gopherscreen. archives and/or keyword indexes to many individual The "Electronic Journals" sub-menu includesan alphabet- titles within the various subject categories. E-serials ical listing of 83 titles. The titles can also be browsed by 15 across a wide range of academic disciplines and special subject categories (science, mathematics, business, human- interests as well as many of the mainstream publishers' ities, etc.) in the "Subject Collections" directory. Also popular titles (via Electronic Newsstand)can be accessed offered are links to a number of other sites with notablee- through CNS. journal collections and a tantalizing index ofmore than Electronic Newsstand Gopher 400 full-text journals offered through the Melvyl system Address: gopher.internet.com (port 2100) but restricted, by licensing agreements, to University of The Electronic Newsstand (Enews) began California students and employees. as joint project of the Internet Company, a provider of commercialnet- University of Waterloo (UWinfo) work services, and The New Republic. Since its inception Address: uwinfo.uwaterloo.ca in 1993, a growing number of U.S. and internationalpub- The University of Waterloo (UW) Gopher, also knownas lishers have joined Enews in offeringaccess to their mag- UWinfo, provides a multitude of paths foraccess to elec- azines' tables of contents and selected, full-text feature tronic serial collections. Offerings include a directory, articles and editorials. "Electronic Journals," which includes 38 titles presented Archives for more than 80 popular and special inter- on the UW server, primarily via links to remote sites est, business, technology, academic, etc., magazinesare (although one or two titles appeared to be archived at arranged alphabetically by title and by subject in two UW) as well as a menu option that links directly to the separate directories off the opening Gopherscreen. CICNet electronic serial collection. Archives do not go beyond July 1993, when the Electron- Australian National University Library ic Newsstand was first started. Address: info.anu.edu.au (port 70) This article is abridged from the frontmatter in the recentlypub- Path: /The Electronic Library/Periodicals lished Directory of Electronic Journals, Newsletters, andAcade- mic Discussion Lists, 4th Edition. The "Periodicals" menu is particularly strongon offer- 0 ARL1 7 5 JULY 1994 -0ALITION-FOR NETWORKED-INFORMAUON Paul Evan Peters, Executive Director SPRING TASK FORCEMEETING should be. Each piece of intellectualproperty is divided The Coalition fcr NetworkedInformation's Spring into individual elementsthat can be separatelyman- Task Force Meeting was held at the Loews aged or can be managedtogether; each elementmay L'enfant Plaza Hotel in Washington,DC, on April have separate rules (downloadable,readable, etc.). 5-6 and was attended by 392individuals. The meeting, In response to questions,Barker commented that whose theme was "Advances inNetworked Information the granularity of their approachis partly dictated by Technologies," served to highlightsome of the signifi- the nature of the materials,especially in the humanities, cant developments in applicationsthat will provide where they are working withanthologies of many enhanced capabilities touse and manage networked authors and that includevisual materials. He noted that information. In addition, themeeting provided a frame- they try to embrace fairuse principles and press pub- work for understanding andanalyzing National Infor- lishers to license their materialsas "library copies" mation Infrastructure (NII)developments at the nation- rather than as course-adoptedtexts. At times this al and state levels. The meeting included plenaryses- results in more thanone CWRU license for a particular sions, project briefings,synergy sessions, and working material. group meetings. One of the plenary sessionsis high- lighted below. Columbia: JANUS Digital LibraryProject Willem Scholten, Director ofComputer Science and Advances in Internet Research, Columbia UniversitySchool of Law and Future Info Systems, discussedintellectual property Intellectual Property Systems management and the JANUS Digital Paul Evan Peters noted that each Library project. of the last three Task JANUS is the effort to builda digital library environ- Force Meetings have includeda plenary session on ment for Columbia University. some aspect of intellectual property The project is looking management of not only at technology butat a philosophy of using digi- networked informationresources. The session at this tal materials. spring meeting explored thetechnological capabilities The developers of JANUS for managing %tenet intellectual think of digital libraries property as as complex systems with building blocks; developed by four initiatives. e.g., storage functions, intellectualproperty control functions, billing Case Western Reserve: PermissionsManager Project mechanisms, an information retrievalfacility, a collec- James Barker, Project Director,Library Collection Ser- tion building function,an administration function, and vices, Case Western ReserveUniversity (CWRU), a user interface. In the project,users are the primary opened the panel with a description of the Permissions concern. The JANUS project will buildtools to deal Manager project, whichwas initiated in 1990. He with a new paradigm, whichis based on collaborative described how the project was developed in response to knowledge management. Digitallibraries could become the University President's desire to establisha new elec- the basis for teaching andlearning systems, building tronic learning environmenton campus, including a multi-media tools for learning. The mandate to make information user would interact resources available to stu- with the digital librarysystem through a set of tools; dents in whatever format theydesired and wherever e.g., learning tools, simulation tools, they wanted it. interactive assis- tance tools, collaborative tools, andremote sensing data- The overall project perspectiveis to examine issues base tools. around how to manage digital materials and to under- Scholten discussed thecurrent system of copyright stand the environment and themarket. Currently they and fair use in terms of rightsof individuals and have projects in the performing arts; art and art history; libraries. He feels there will bea shift from an emphasis paleography; engineering; law;and health sciences. on guaranteeing the rights ofan author to royalties to They capture and catalogmaterials; deal with copyright ensuring an author's rightsto credit for his/her publica- and royalty management ofintellectual property; and tions. In the transformation,he feels we will demonstrate some academic move from value of having digital the competitive environmentof the present toa cooper- information available. ative system and eventuallyto a collaborative environ- Permissions Manager isa client-server application ment. He concluded thatwe need to build intellectual designed to maintain and manage security, copyright, property management systemsbased on the collabora- royalty, and permissionprovisions for intellectualprop- tive model. erty. Its functions include: encoding usage agreements, Carnegie Mellon: NetBill and managing access to materials, ELIXIR Project recording usage data, Marvin Sirbu, Professor of producing usage reports,creating billing/compensation Engineering and Public Poli- cy, Carnegie Mellon University (CMU),described his reports, and protecting patronprivacy rights. Thepro- NetBill project in the ject will help CWRU understand context of intellectual property and what their cost models electronic commerce. Heindicated that commercial ARL 175 JULY 1994 users are a growing portion of the rapidly expanding the project, they are: Internet population. To facilitate commerce in the elec- exploring architectural models for managing intellec- tronic environment, his team conceived of Net Bill, an tual property in a network environment, electronic credit system to enable network-based com- developing techniques for handling electronic rights merce. Currently, there is no generalized Internet and permissions, billing capability that can support a number of demonstrating integrated distributed systems for providers. The business model is one in which con- automated management of copyright, sumers establish an account with Net Bill and businesses obtaining hands-on experience with electronic copy- sign up for service with Net Bill. For service providers, right management in the network environment, and it provides easy access to account holders, provides a working together with interested parties in the intel- mechanism for reimbursement for small transaction lectual property community to understand issues and fees, eliminates credit risk, offloads account manage- requirements. ment and collections, and provides support for flexible CNRI is also conducting research on linking elec- pricing. For consumers, a Net Bill account provides tronic libraries. Their project involving Cornell, CMU, access to many service providers, the convenience of a MIT, Stanford, UC Berkeley, CNRI, ARPA, and the consolidated invoice, assurance that service providers Library of Congress is experimenting with linking digi- can't use the individual's account to defraud, and access tal libraries of technical reports. Garrett stressed that control; e.g., control of a child's access to material. Net- they are finding that difficult questions will only be Bill provides such features as authentication, credit identified and solved by building and running actual checking, access control, and transaction recording and systems. They are working on things they never receipt. thought would be problems before they began actual Sirbu provided a number of research issues identi- implementation of a system. fied in the project: authentication, non-repudiatable transactions, user interface design, scalability, reliability Additional Information and availability, protection of privacy, auditability, stan- Many documents from the Spring 1994 Task Force dards, flexible support for alternative pricing models, Meeting are currently available on the Coalition Internet economics of information markets, and changes in pat- server, which is accessible by FTP, Gopher, and NCSA terns of information use. Mosaic. These include handouts from Project Briefings At this point, the project team has built three gener- and Synergy Sessions and discussion documents from ations of billing server prototypes. All have support for Working Groups. The meeting report in the Coalition file transfer service and electronic digital library service. archive also will include photos taken at the meeting The first trial will be internal to CMU. External trials with a digital (Apple Quick Take) camera. Instructions are planned in conjunction with the part of the ELIXIR for locating the directories are given below. In addition, Digital Library Project that includes commerciallypro- audio tapes of plenary sessions are available for vided journal articles and in conjunction with MIT. purchase. They are also planning a Mosaic and WWW trial. Even- via ftp tually, Net Bill service provision will make a transition URL:ftp: / / ftp.cni.org/CNI / tf.meetings /1994a.spring / to a commercial financial services firm. agenda.txt Corporation for National Research Initiatives URL:ftp: / / ftp.cni.org /CNI / tf.meetings /1994a.spring / John Garrett, Director, Information Resources, Corpora- agenda.Word.hqx tion for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), noted that via Gopher (same documents as ftp) his organization has been working on intellectual prop- URL:gopher://gopher.cni.org:70/0/cniftp/tfmeets/ erty management in the electronic environment for 1994a.spring/agenda.txt many years. He stated that for the systems that they are URL:gophen/ /gopher.cni.org:70/0/cniftp/tfmeets/ working with, fundamental requirements of an electron- 1994a.spring/agenda.Word.hqx ic copyright management system (ECMS) are that it URL:gopher: / /gopher.cni.org:70 /11 /cniftp /tfrneets/ must support thousands of libraries, thousands of 1994a.spring/proj.briefings rightsholders, billions of documents, millions of transac- Joan Lippincott tions, and millions of users. The ECMS must be fast and easy to use, seamless and invisible to the user, ubiqui- tous and inclusive, and responsive to users and owners. CNRI is working with the Copyright Office of the Library of Congress on a project that will enable regis- tration of a digital work over the network. As part of ARL 175 J ULY 1994 FEDERAL----RELATIONS Prudence S. Adler, Assistant Exec!, fiveDirector-Federal Relations and Information Policy NRENAISSANCE REPORT CALLS audio, etc. The middleware service layerincorporates FOR OPEN DATA NETWORK "higher level functions that are used incommon among On May 25, the National Research Council a set of applications." These functions include filesys- tem support, privacy protection, authentication, and released Realizing the Information Future:The Internet and Beyond, a report prepared bythe remote computer access services. This layer of the architecture could be sustained by governmental Committee on National Research andEducation Net- work Issues. The committee, led byLeonard Kleinrock, involvement. The uppermost layer, theapplications chair of the computer science layer, is the layer where users department at UCLA, chose to The Vision of an Open Data and the network interact. It is call itself NRENAISSANCE,, Network also from this layer where The committee believes that the reflecting a fundamental concern appropriate future applications will be with the NREN program. The future communications infrastructure forthe developed. nation will come into existence only if its committee consisted primarily of devel- The report stresses that a opment is guided by a continuing andoverar- critical feature of this Open scientists and engineers, with ching vision of its purpose and architecture. representation from the telecom- Data Network will be Described in terms ofan Open Data Network, adaptability and ability to munications and publishing this open and extensible infrastructure industries as well as a librarian is char- change. Continuous evolution acterized by the following technical principles: and a representative of the in this arena is inevitable, and Open to all users, the report cautions that "[ilf K-through-l2 community. Open to all service providers, Susan K. Nutter, Director of standards are not devised to Open to all network providers, and permit graceful and incremen- Libraries at North Carolina State Open to change. University, represented the tal upgrade, as well as back- Realizing the Information Future library community. wards compatibility, the net- Formed at the request of the work is likely either to freeze in National Science Foundation, some state of evolution or to the committee's discussionwas structured around proceed in a series of potentially disruptiveupheavals." how the establishment ofa national information infra- structure (NII) can best meet the needs andrequire- Government Role Financing the NII will have to ments of the research and educationcommunities. come from the private sector, the report acknowledges; however, The committee reviewed thepotential for an Nil based achieving the on three significant recent developments: full educational, scientific, andeconomic potential of an the visibility of the federalgovernment in promot- NII will require continued and, if possible,expanded ing the NII; governmental involvement. "Thegovernment cannot the growth of the Internet; and build the information superhighwayor dictate the architecture for the national information the recognition of the commercialpotential of the NII infrastructure, but it can guide the development of by entertainment, cable, and televisioncompanies. a framework and of standards that will foster The report, focused on the needs ofthe research, common interests and education, and library communities,recommends a approaches among the many companies andinstitutions that will build the superhighway," Kleinrock leadership role for the Departmentof Education and said at the press conference. other government agencies. Allfindings and recom- mendations in the report relatean Open Data Network The report recognizes that the research,education, to the 25-year history andsuccess of the Internet. At a and library (REL) community has beena pioneer in the networking arena and has demonstrated press briefing, Mr. Kleinrock pointed out that"open that the net- networks work... and lead to innovation, multiple work's value grows as its size and diversitygrows. usage and offer a wide range of services." However, the report also points out that,in order for the The report recommendsan Open Data Network REL to continue in this leadership role,government that would comprisea four-layer architecture offering agencies need to provide support andpromote policies that ensure this community affordable multiple services. The four layersare the bearer ser- access to the Nil. vice, transport, middleware, and theapplications. The The challenge, according to Kleinrock,is to shape bearer service defines the featuresthat must be imple- the architecture of the NIIso that it balances the needs and interests of the various stakeholders. mented in the network to supporthigher levels of ser- vice. The transport layer defines theservices that can The report Realizing the InformationFuture is pub- be realized in the network andincludes the elements lished by the National Academy Pressand is also avail- that are familiar in networkingtoday: fax, video, able via gopher.nas.edu. PatriciaBrennan ARL 175 JULY 1994 ADMINISTRATION SEEKS COMMENT ON crucial during a time of transition and digital conversion issues or a focus on content is long NII APPLICATIONS REPORT overdue and merits consideration in both budgetary Seeking to provide more definition to the Clinton- and legislative proposals such as LSCA. Gore NII agenda, the Committee on Applications The authors of the chapter note that "librarians have and Technology (CAT) of the Information Infrastruc- begun to explore the challenges presented by electronic ture Task Force, released a draft report exploring applica- materials and navigation tools," and "if li Jraries are to tions in areas of libraries, electronic commerce, manufac- continue to perform the services currently provided, turing, health care, and environmental monitoring. The and at the same time, adopt technology that will make draft, entitled Putting the Information Infrastructure to Work, their participation in the NII a possibility, then a nation- seeks to "focus public debate on the uses of the NII and al plan to coordinate and supplement both the required the benefits to be derived by applications of advanced efforts and funding is essential." computing and communications technologies." Putting the Information Infrastructure to Work is avail- The authors, or members of CAT, link the success of able via Gopher, iitf.doc.gov /Hot off the Press. The the NII to "the ability of digital libraries to store and Administration seeks public comment and review of the share knowledge, history, and culture." There are com- draft report. mon themes throughout all of the chapters, including issues relating to equity of access, the benefits of and need for demonstration or pilot projects, the standards- CAMPBELL TESTIFIES ON NEH setting process, privacy and security issues, training and on May 9, Jerry Campbell, University Librarian, support or human resource issues, identification of R&D Duke University, testified in support of the priorities, and performance measurements to assess pub- National Endowment for the Humanities FY lic and private investments. 1995 budget request on behalf of ARL, the Commission The draft chapter on libraries explores four themes on Preservation and Access, and the National Humani- in four parts: "What is the Application Arena?" (dealing ties Alliance. In his remarks before Rep. Sidney Yates with the current and future role of libraries), "Where Are (D-IL and chair, Subcommittee on the Interior and We Now?" (examining levels of electronic access now), Related Agencies), Mr. Campbell noted the leadership Where Do We Want To Be?" (focusing on NII long-term role of the NEH Division of Preservation and Access in goals and the role of libraries), and "How Are We Going supporting "the nationwide effort to preserve and pro- To Get There?" (addressing the challenges we face in vide access to endangered humanities resources" and meeting our goals). the importance of fully funding the Division. He also In Part I, the role of the library in the NII is seen as advocated "that the humanities be well represented based on current practice "to advocate and help pro- within the new National Information Infrastructure" vide information equity for the public," and "to coordi- and spoke of the new preservation challenges with the nate and facilitate the preservation of the records and introduction and use of information technologies. expressions of the nation's intellectual and cultural life." But it is envisioned that the operation and responsibilities UPDATE of the library will change significantly including "rela- resident Clinton recently signed into law P.L. 103- tionships among libraries and their providers and users." 262, which enables the National Historical Publi- Part II presents a selected review of current applica- cations and Records Commission (NHPRC) to tions both governmental and non-governmental, ongoing continue to function as a grant-making authority, at R&D relating to digital libraries and issues such as copy- least through fiscal year 1997. NHPRC is a federal right, standards, security and privacy, and commu nity- agency providing grants for the preservation of records based projects such as the Blacksburg Electronic Village. and other materials that document American History. In Part HI, the draft sets the long-term Nil goal as "a These grants help historical societies, universities, state world of ubiquitous information," and envisions the and local governments, and other non-profit entities need for a new paradigm for commercial providers of preserve and provide access to many historical collec- information, libraries, and user communities in the tions. They also help in the training of archivists and evolving electronic community. The draft highlights the documentary editors. next steps that require addressing, many requiring feder- In FY1994 Congress appropriated $5.25 million, and al support or a clear federal presence. with this new legislation the NHPRC may receive up to Of particular interest is Part IV which addresses how $7 million in FY1995, $8 million in FY1996, and $10 mil- we achieve NII long-term goals. There is the recognition lion in FY1997. that federal funding of libraries and library programs is 4 ARL 175 JULY 1994 =.1I ML/ Aft AI. AIM V Val Susan Prow, Director TQM CONFERENCE HIGHLIGHTS organizations in the early stages of implementing continu- On April 20-22, the Office of Management Services ous improvement methodologies. presented the 1st International Conference on TQM and Academic Libraries in Washington, Concurrent Ses;ions DC. Co-sponsored with Wayne State University The conference format included 24 concurrent sessions fol- Libraries and with support from the Council on Library lowing five themes: organizational change using TQM Resources, the theme of the conference was "Total Quali- principles, partnership forging with clients and vendors, ty Management Programs in Acad- TQM application to library functions, effective use of emic Libraries: Initial Implementa- teams, use of TQM processes and tion Efforts." Over 140 participants tools, management and leadership in from 50 higher education institu- the TQM environment. tions from the United States, Cana- Concurrent session presenters da, Australia, Switzerland, the included academic librarians, faculty, West Indies, and Italy made the consultants, and administrators rep- conference a truly international resenting 20 colleges and universities. opportunity to network and share ideas on continuous improvement Participant Evaluation initiatives in a variety of academic The conference events were well library settings. received. While a number of evalua- tions noted the inherent frustration Plenary Sessions in trying to choose from among the Plenary sessions featured experts in many concurrent sessions offered, quality improvement, service deliv- most commented that they wel- ery, and performance measures. In comed the opportunity to tailor the the opening session, Daniel T. Sey- conference experience to meet their mour, President of QSystems and Joseph Branin, University of Minnesota, individual needs. and William Studer, Ohio State University, ithor of On Q: Causing Quality in Other comments included obser- at the 1st International Conference on TQM Higher Education, conducted a lively vations about the rare networking and Academic Libraries. interactive session called "The opportunity offered, "meeting the Geometry Of Quality in Higher expert consultants and those actually Education" that explored some of the myths associated involved in doing TQlvl" and "lots of candor about things with the production of quality programs and services. that didn't work." The focus of the second plenary session was service OMS plans to make an enhanced conference note- quality. Sue Rohan, Continuous Quality Improvement book, including proceedings of the plenary sessions and Consultant for the University of Wisconsin System, selected contributed papers, available for sale by the end addressed quality service and client expectations in her of summer 1994.C. Brigid Welch presentation "Is the Customer Always Right? Obtaining the Voice of the Customer." KENNEDY TO LOOK AT TQM Performance measures were featured in the third ple- Gail Kennedy, Associate Director of Libraries at the nary session. William Grundstrom of the independent University of Kentucky, has begun working with consulting firm Quality, Benchmarking, Teams, Partner- OMS as a Visiting Program Officer. She will be ships, outlined the critical need to establish appropriate looking at the range of activities and efforts relating to performance measures in continuous improvement ini- total quality management (TQM) and continuous tiatives. His presentation was entitled "Customer+Quali- improvement that are being undertaken in academic and ty+Performance Measurement = BENCHMARKING." research libraries in North America. A summary of conference themes and closing observa- Her primary goal is to establish a locus within the tions entitled "TQM and Libraries: A Formula for ARL community for ongoing discussion of the evolution Change" was offered by Dr. Thomas W. Shaughnessy, of library organizations and management in relation to University Librarian, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. the principles of quality and continuous improvement. In addition to the plenary and concurrent sessions, The primary product of this project will be the develop- over 75 conference participants attended a special "Ask ment of a comprehensive resource notebook that will the Experts" session on Wednesday night. It wasan include experiences of libraries implementing TQM, an opportunity for the conference community to come annotated list of resources, and adaptation of TQM tools together in a relaxed, informal setting to exchange ideas to library settings. and share insights on the common problems faced by Kennedy has been the associate director of UK A R L1 7 5 J U L Y1 9 9 4 G5 Libraries since 1988. She served on the Board of Direc- ARL SPONSORS BOOTH AND SEMINAR tors of SOLINET in 1991/92 and has been active in ALA through LAMA and ALCTS. She was honored by the AT BCALA CONFERENCE Kentucky Library Association as Outstanding Academic he second national conference of the Black Caucus Librarian in 1993. If you are interested in this project, of ALA will be held August 5-7 in Milwaukee, you can reach Kennedy at the University of Kentucky Wisconsin. The theme is "Unity Through Diversi- Libraries or ai. [email protected]. ty." ARL libraries will be well represented in this year's program with staff as featured presenters and panelists. Approximately 80 sessions will offer a broad overview DIVERSITY PROGRAM FOR LIBRARY of challenges facing libraries today from an African ADMINISTRATORS AND MANAGERS American perspective. A number of sessions will s outlined in "Librarywide Diversity Programs" in explore diversity and minority recruitment issues for the May 1994 issue of the ARL newsletter libraries and library schools. CARL 174), a major factor in successful recruit- Vendors will be exhibiting at the conference who ment and retention of minorities is specialize in ethnic and multicul- a visible diversity program. Such a tural products and materials, and program demonstrates to those there will be a placement center. outside the institution that there is This year, ARL will host an early a serious commitment to human evening reception on August 6 for diversity its value and assets personnel from ARL libraries. that includes a willingness to General conference information respond to the challenges and and registration details are being adjustments needed to create a sent to all ARL libraries. supportive and productive work To promote opportunities environment. available in academic and research OMS is repeating "Developing libraries, ARL will have an exhibit a Library Diversity Program: The booth. Staff from ARL libraries are Agenda and Role of Administra- OMS Diversity Logo needed to help staff the booth. tion," a seminar designed for those Interested individuals should con- interested in developing librarywide programs on diversi- tact Kriza Jennings, Program Officer for Diversity and ty issues. The content of this program is most appropriate Minority Recruitment, at ARL Headquarters. for middle and upper management personnel and would There will also be an opportunity on August 4 for be helpful to both those beginning to develop diversity ARL libraries to send personnel to the one-day OMS programs and those with programs already underway seminar "Fostering a Climate in the Workplace for and seeking to assess their progress and directions. Diversity." This seminar explores strategies that indi- Based on findings from site visits to libraries and vidual staff members and/or library committees com- university campuses over the past four years, this semi- mitted to diversity can implement to foster the develop- nar explores the role of managers and administrators in ment of a climate responsive to diversity and human developing a climate in the workplace responsive to differences. Discussions will include how to respond to diversity as well as ways to communicate that diversity resistance to the implementation of a diversity program is valued in the organization. Participants will review in the library. The registration fee for this seminar is options for addressing diversity from an organizational $100. For registration information, contact Gloria Haws perspective, including the advantages and cautions for at (202) 296-8656. each option. Strategies for engaging the active participa- Organized in 1970, BCALA serves as an advocate tion of middle and senior managers in development and for development, promotion and improvement of implementation of a librarywide diversity program will library services and resources to the nation's African be discussed. There is also a focus on staff development American community. It also provides leadership for strategies that managers can use to increase staff the recruitment and professional development of involvement and awareness of diversity issues. African American librarians. Participation in this con- Kriza Jennings, Program Officer for Diversity and ference offers an opportunity to support the goals of Minority Recruitment, will facilitate this two-day semi- BCALA and to promote local diversity nar to be held on August 10 and 11, in Washington, DC. initiatives.Kriza Jennings The registration fee is $250 for ARL members and $260 for nonmembers. For groups of four or more, a 15% discount applies. To register, contact Gloria Haws, (202) 296-8656. ARL 175 JULY 1994zwukaii. Assmariam G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director Pittsburgh. The workshop concluded with small groups TRANSFORMING THE engaged in a structured, project-planning exercise. RESERVE FUNCTION Placing electronic reserves in the larger context of Over 60 participants representingnearly 40 institu- the electronic library and electronic publishing chal- tions gathered in Durham, NC, on June 2-4 to lenged librarians and college store personnel to revisit explore a series of topics that included the ways in which instructional support is provided. librarycollege store partnerships and the changing The critical role of the faculty and the need to provide landscape of instructional support. The workshop, more user-centered services were otherimportant Transforming the Reserve Function, was sponsored by themes that surfaced during the workshop. ARL, the National Association of College Stores(NACS), More people were interested in electronic reserves and Duke University. than could be accommodated in this workshop. To meet A number of ARL institutions were represented by that demand, ARL and NACS are planning the Electron- staff from both the library and the college store. Among ic Reserves Forum, to be held at the Sheraton Concourse the issues that surfaced during the workshop were the Hotel in Denver, CO, on July 27-29.Mary E. Jackson similarities and differences between the content of course packs and materials placed on reserve, the copyright ARL PUBLISHES 4TH EDITION clearance process used by college stores and its potential applicabilty to libraries, and the placement of both activi- OF E-JOURNAL DIRECTORY ties in the larger context of university teaching. The fourth edition of the Directory of Electronic Jour- A workshop theme centered around copyright. nals, Newsletters, and Academic Discussion Lists was Laura Gasaway, Librarian of the University of North released in May. The new edition of the Directory Carolina Law Library, reviewed the Copyright Law and is a compilation of entries for nearly 1,800 scholarly lists summarized the Classroom Guidelines. She then and some 440 electronic journals, newsletters, and relat- reviewed traditional library reserve collections by noting ed titles such as newsletter-digests an increase in size that reserve copying falls under Section 107, Fair Use. of about 70% since the third edition of April 1993 and 3.5 She presented pros and cons on whether or not electron- times since the first edition of July 1991. As in the previ- ic reserve collections are covered by existing guidelines. ous three years, frontrr atter of value toelectronic serial She concluded by encouraging participants to develop, readers is included. Geoffrey Nunberg's (Xerox PARC) implement, and disseminate a clear policy on electronic "The Places of Books in the Age of Electronic Represen- reserves. She discouraged librariansfrom tracking elec- tation," is reprinted with permission from the University tronic use if they don't already track paper-based use of California Press Journal Representations (Spring 1993). and encouraged librarians not to permit faculty to evade Birdie MacLennan of the University of Vermont has pre- the use of copyright-paid course packs. pared a listing and assessment of sites for electronic seri- Copyright surfaced other times during the workshop, als that are maintained by various organizations on the once during a panel discussion thatfeatured Don Bosseau Internet. Jean-Claude Guedon, University of Montreal, of San Diego State, Jerry Campbell of Duke, Kay Flowers contributes an essay on "categorizing"serials in a new of Rice, and Lori Jablonski of NACS. Small groups were r-2dium. Again, David Robison of NorthWestNet offers formed to examine a series of scenarios involving copy- an updated annual bibliography of articles onelectronic right issues and electronic reserves. Copyright issues also publishing. A new addition is Steve Outing's early list- emerged during the presentation of San Diego State Uni- ing of newspapers available on the Internet. versity's (SDSU) Electronic Reserve Book Room (E-RBR). The paper version of Directory of Electronic founials, Richard Goodram (SDSU Library) and Cindy Griffiths Newsletters, and Academic Discussion Lists (ISSN 1057-1337) (Aztec Shops) described how the SDSU college store com- is available to ARL members for $36 and to non-members municates with publishers to seek copyright permission for $54. Shipping and handling charges are: $5 (U.S.); $6 on behalf of the library. The pair describedthe relative (Canada); $15 (Europe); and $20 (other countries) per willingness of publishers to permit the library to place copy. The diskette version, in either DOS orMacintosh materials on electronic reserves, a practice that resulted in format, is $36 for members and non-members, with no less than $200 in annual royalty payments. They also shipping and handling fee charged for the U.S. or Cana- emphasized the effective partnership that developed as a da; $3 shipping and handling charge applies to all other result of this collaboration. areas. The specific technical systems chosen to meet local Prepayment by check or telephone credit card (Visa or needs was underscored during demonstrations of three Mastercard) is required. ARL members may be invoiced. electronic reserves systems: Duke, Rice, and San Diego Prepaid orders should be sent to ARL, Publications State universities. Participants were led through a series Department, Dept. #0692, Washington, DC 20073-0692. of detailed technical, policy, and economic issues by Paul For additional information, contact ARL at (202) 296- Kobulnicky, Acting Director of Libraries, University of 2296 or via e-mail at osap©cni.org. ARL 175 JULY 1994 THE RESEARCH LIBRARY- capacities and limitations of network-based access and delivery services. Information is available from Jutta THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW Reed-Scott, ARL Senior Program Officer for Collections convened the 124th meeting of its membership and Preservation ([email protected]). May 18-20 in Austin, Texas. The program Aaddressed how new electronic technologies are precipitating dramatic changes in research, instruction, TRANSITIONS and the character of research libraries supporting those Case Western Reserve: Kaye Gapen announced her res- functions. Representatives from 108 member libraries ignation as Director of the University Library effective were warmly welcomed by Harold Billings, Director of June 30 to join the Morino Institute as the Director of the Perry-Castaneda Library, and Robert Berdahl, Presi- Research Services. dent of the University of Texas. Library of Congress: Hiram Davis was appointed An opening session at the UT Supercomputer Center Deputy Librarian of Congress. Dr. Davis was director of featured special presentations of two multi-media teach- libraries at Michigan State University. As the Library's ing tools. This was followed by a panel of scholars and chief operating officer, Dr. Davis will supervise the researchers working at the cutting edge of technology library's day-to-day internal operations, and the library's and a panel of professionals from three adjunct areas of seven service unit heads will report to him. He will head librarianship: public and special libraries and graduate the Library's Management Team, oversee the budget, and library education. supervise the implementation of the Library's 1994-2000 A series of Research Library Showcases featured pre- Strategic Plan, priorities of which include both a new per- sentations on cutting-edge activities being led by F.3nnel system and advanced technology. libraries, including initiatives in teaching/multi-media, MU: Jay Lucker has announced his intention to retire as electronic online journals, an electronic studio, leader- Director of Libraries in August 1995. ship in a citywide community information network, an Michigan State: Carole Armstrong is acting director. electronic information training program, and technology Saskatchewan: Frank S. Winter was appointed Universi- services through team building. The showcase libraries ty Librarian. were Iowa, North Carolina State, Rice, Southern Illinois, Vanderbilt: Shirley Hallblade is acting director. Texas, and Wayne State. *** An early morning session on Campus Wide Informa- American Library Association: Elizabeth Martinez was tion Systems sparked considerable interest in different appointed Executive Director. She formerly directed the approaches to CWIS management. The concluding ses- Los Angeles Public Library. sion focused on the recently issued reports of the AAU Catholic University: Elizabeth Aversa was named dean Research Libraries Project, with leaders in higher educa- of the School of Library and Information Science. She was tion convened in panels to address the proposed action a lecturer in the College of Library and Information Ser- agenda for shaping the transformation of research vices at the University of Maryland. libraries and scholarly communication. The meeting cul- Council on Library Resources: Jerry Campbell, Vice minated in unanimous membership endorsement of the Provost for library affairs, Duke University, and Dan strategies proposed by the AAU study and a mandate to Tonkery, president and CEO of Readmore Inc., were elect- proceed apace with implementation ed to the Board. Proceedings of the meeting are being prepared with Commission on Preservation and Acceos: M. Stuart the assistance of guest editor Allison O'Balle, Informa- Lynn was appointed interim president effective July 1, tion Systems Librarian, UTAustin Library, and will be upon the retirement of Patricia Battin. Mr. Lynn wit:. Vice published by ARL this fall. President for Information Technologies at Cornell. MELLON TO SUPPORT LATIN IN MEMORIA AMERICANIST PROJECT Douglas W. Bryant, who retired as Director of Harvard University's Libraries in 1979, died June 12. He servedas was awarded $90,000 from The Andrew W. ARL President in 1969. Mellon Foundation for a pilot project to establish Robert Vosper, who retired as University Librarian at a distributed, network-based system of acqu;si- A UCLA in 1973, died May 14. Dr. Vosper served as Presi- tions and document delivery in support of Latin Ameri- dent of ARL in 1963 and as a member of the ARL Board canist study. The grant is contingent on additional from 1969-1971. He also served as president of IFLA from multi-institutional commitments from ARL libraries with 1971 to 1977. strong commitments to Latin American studies. Frederick Wagman, who retired as Director of the Uni- The project is one of the strategies recommended by versity of Michigan Library in 1978, died in March. He the AAU Research Libraries Project to demonstrate the served as a member of the ARL Board from 1965-67. 68 A R L1 7 5 JULY 1994 ARL: A Bimonthly Newsletter of Research Library Issues Executive Director: Duane E. Webster and Actions (US ISSN 1050-6098) is published six times Editor: G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director a year by the Association of Research Libraries, Managing Editor. Lallie D. Leighton, Publications 21 Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036. Program Assistant 202-296-2296 FAX 202-872-0884 Designer. Kevin Osborn, Research & Design, Ltd., Arlington, VA Copyright: © 1994 by the Association of Subscriptions: Members-525 per year for additional Research Libraries subscription; Nonmembers$50.peryear. ARL policy is to grant blanket permission to reprint any article in be noted for certain articles. For commercial use, a reprint request the newsletter for educational use as long as the source, author, issue, should be sent to the Director of Information Services at the ARL and page numbers are acknowledged. Exceptions to this policy may office. ARL CALENDAR 1994 1994 OMS TRAINING July 27-29 ARL/NACS Electronic PROGRAMS Reserves Forum Denver, CO Library Management Skills Institute I: August 5-7 Black Caucus of the American The Manager Library Association Harrisonburg, VA, September 18-21 "Culture Keepers II: Unity Nashville, October 11-14 Through Diversity' Training Skills Institute: Milwaukee, WI Managing the Learning Process October 18-21 ARL Board and Membership Washington, DC, September 21-23 Meeting Library Management Skills Update I: Washington, DC Building Effective Performance October 31 EDUCOM '94 Baltimore, October 4-5 November 3 San Antonio, TX Library ManageMent Skills Update II: November 29-30Coalition for Networked Managing Priorities and Making Decisions Information Baltimore, October 6-7 Fall Task Force Meeting Implementing Continuous Orlando, FL Improvement Programs in Libraries November 29- CAUSE 94 Boston, October 25-28 December 2 Orlando, FL Resource Management Institute: Financial Skills for Librarians ARL CALENDAR 1995 Toronto, Canada, November 2-4 May 17-19 ARL Board and Membership (previously Washington, DC) Meeting Library Management Skills Institute II: Boston, MA The Management Process October 18-20 ARL Board and Membership Chicago, November 6-11 Meeting Women in Library Leadership Washington, DC Washington, DC, November 7-10 Redesigning ILL and Document Delivery Chicago, November 16-18 419 A BIMONTHLY NEWSLETTER OF RESEARCHLIBRARY ISSUES AND ACTIONS Current Issues ARL IN SUPPORTOF A DIVERSE RESEARCH LIBRARY WORKFORCE In January1994, ARLestablished an ongoing Directors of ARL libraries worked in four dif- program for minority recruitment and retention. ferent task forces or working groups to explore This report is an overview of association activities the issues and discuss options for future that built the foundation for the program and a actions. description of the closely related Office of ARL Membership Meetings regularly provided Management Services Diversity Program. programs, information, and opportunities for scan of the five-year history of associa- discussion around matters of cultural diversity tion actions to address the recruitment as well as minority recruitment and retention. of minorities to careers in research libraries pinpoints a "Cur- In 1993, the Association was fortunate to engage Gloria DeSole, rent Topic Session" at the You know that "business as usual" or, to be more Spring 1990 ARL Member- Special Assistant to exact, "recruitment as usual," produces little or no the President for ship Meeting as a pivotal change. As directors of libraries .... use the real Affirmative Action at event. The only record of power of your positions to increase the numbers of the session is brief, noting SUNY, Albany to persons of color within the profession and on your advise the association that the discussion cen- staffs, provide services and collections that address tered on the need to pre- on how to serve its their needs, all our needs, and address the needs, members in this pare for a more diverse thus, of our contemporary culture. workplace and that there arena. Ms. DeSole's was a strong expression of Gloria DeSole, Special Assistant to the President formal and informal for Affirmative Action, State University of New contributions at ARL need for more information York, Albany, speaking before ARL Membership, about strategies for minor- October 1992 meetings and commit- ity recruitment and reten- tee discussions tion. What emerged from that membership dis- offered guidance on cussion and through the intervening five years how ARL and OMS programs could be most was an array of exploratory and information effective for the institutional environment exchange activities. within which research libraries operate. An ARL OMS SPEC survey identified mem- Regular articles in the ARL newsletter facilitat- ber library interest, concerns, and ideas for ed the sharing of strategies and findings from action on diversity, affirmative action, arid OMS site visits. minority recruitment. This survey produced While ARL developed an agenda around three SPEC Kits that provide baseline dataon minority recruitment and retention, OMS under- ARL libraries' attention to these issues and took an extensive exploration of cultural diversi- identified where work was needed to assist ty in the workplace through literature reviews libraries in developing a more diverse work- and site visits. A significant player for this work force. 0 was the H.W. Wilson Foundation. Two grants, in II 44 Continued 1990 and 1991, enabled OMS to establish the project standing committee was established to facilitate imple- "Meeting the Challenges of a Culturally Diverse Work mentation of the five-year plan. In the current staffing Environment." It was the Wilson Foundation support of configuration, the Program Officer devotes 50% ofher this project that made it possible to recruit and retain time to minority recruitment and 50% of her timeto the Kriza A. Jennings as OMS Diversity Consultant, initially OMS Diversity Program with the twoprograms clearly on a part-time basis. complementing one another. The work of this project continues todayas the OMS Early in 1994, the Gladys Krieble Delmas Founda- Diversity Program. The OMS Diversity Program focuses tion awarded ARL a grant to support activitiesto recruit primarily on the development of workplace climatesin minorities to careers in academic and research libraries, research libraries that welcome, develop, foster, and sup- supplementing the membership dues allocated forthis port diversity. In addition, it seeks to developan aware- new capability. The Delmas Foundation award, arriv- ness of human differences leading to a value of and ing early in the calendar year, assured theprogram of respect for these differences. Theprogram actively col- stable funding for its initialyear and a concentrated lects resource materials, networks with othernational period of time to focus on programmatic and state library associations, identifies strategies. strategies uti- To date, over seventy academic and libraryinstitu- lized by other disciplines, and explores the development tions have hosted the Program Officer forDiversity and of ideas proposed by members. Presentations,seminars, Minority Recruitment for a site visit, consultation, and consulting serviceson cultural diversity are avail- and/or training session. This includes visits able to assist all types of libraries and related to 28 ARL organiza- member libraries and 40% of the accreditedU.S. library tions to address and respond to the challengesthey are schools. With the assistance of the Delmas facing. Foundation, the number of ARL libraries and library schoolsvisited In response to increasing requests forservices, OMS will increase this year. In several ARL was able to increase the Diversity Consultant's hours, institutions, the university administration and other departmentsand creating a full-time position on a cost recovery basis in schools have also chosen touse the services of the OMS 1993. With this increase in commitment,the Diversity diversity program. Consultant also began to focus a portion of hertime on These visits help ARL to learn more about strategies strategies relating to minority recruitment andretention and challenges in different geographic regions and in libraries of all types, as well have as strategies implemented proven to be extremely important for learning about the by higher education and business andindustry. different responses taken by universities. Building on the initial findings attentionhas turned At the Fall 1994 Membership Meeting, (in the past two years) to the design of a report will seminars, be made on the work of the MinorityRecruitment and resource materials, and programs to respond directlyto Retention Program for its first nine months of the issues libraries and others operation. are seeking to address. There will also be an opportunity for discussionof In 1994, the OMS Diversity Programcreated a Part- future plans, directions, and strategies. nerships Program with libraries, library schools, associa- Information packets about the ARL and OMSprograms tions, consortia, networks, and state librariesin an effort are available on request to Marianne Scales, Program Assis- to promote the collaboration on this set ofissues within tant ([email protected]). To discuss the library community. The Partnerships a site visit, training ses- Program has sion, or consultation, contact ARL's ProgramOfficer for signed agreements with twenty institutionsto begin a Diversity and Minority Recruitment, Kriza Jennings two-year commitment with ARLon action-oriented (kriza©cni.org). agendas to achieve measurable results. Throughout these years, the ARL Boardhas devoted time to determine the bestway to deploy the Associa- RESPONSE TO INTERIM AAU tion's resources to have an impacton the low numbers of REPORTS PUBLISHED minorities in professional positions in ARLlibraries. has published Transitions and Transformations, Acting on the advice of the workinggroups and task which is Part II of the Proceedings of the123rd forces, the Board endorseda five-year plan and recom- AARL Membership Meeting. The publication mended to membership the establishmentof a dues-sup- addresses the interim reports of the AAUResearch ported Minority Recruitment and Retentioncapability. Libraries Project. Also includedare the proceedings of This recommendation was unanimouslyapproved at the the Membership Business Meeting anda report on October 1993 Membership Meeting. Association activities, completing the full recordof With a mandate from the membershipto establish a ARL's 123rd Membership Meeting. ARLdiscussion of capability, the OMS Diversity Consultantwas promoted the final AAU reports took place at the124th Member- to Program Officer for Diversity and MinorityRecruit- ship Meeting. Proceedings of thatmeeting will be pub- ment effective January 1994, anda newly-charged ARL lished later this year. ARL 176 SEPTEMBER 1994 THE FUTURE DIRECTION OF LIBRARY instruction. Library services that teach users to think critically and clarify their information needs will be ACCESS AND DELIVERY SERVICES expanded to assist all types of users to develop different Research libraries are taking full advantage of technology to levels of information and networking skills. redesign their access and delivery services in order to maxi- The quality and use of libraries' access and delivery mize their constituencies access to instructional and research services will be key success factors in measuring overall materials and to minimize the costs of supporting such ser- library performance. vices. Discussions among participants in ARL's North Amer- Achieving such access and delivery services ican Interlibrary Loan and Document Delivery (NAILDD) requires focused attention and participation on the part Project' identified a need or a shared understanding about of all libraries in North America and colleagues around future directions for library access and delivery services. the world, and will be an evolutionary process shaped The statement that follows describes an environment in by the local library mission and its available resources. which users may exercise choice and responsibility; and in This strategic direction requires: which research libraries serve as sources for comprehensive the continued strengthening of library collections collections, centers of instruction and advice, and providers of comprised of all formats, gateway services to other libraries or information sources. This statement presents the consensus view of the leadership adherence to copyright and licensing practices that of research libraries about the future direction of library access recognize fair use of materials, and and delivery services. the availability of an effective and affordable local communications system, user access to necessary Information Access & Delivery Services: hardware and software, and appropriate institutional A Strategic Direction for Research Libraries and library technical support. Itionn an environment of distributed networked informa- Pursuit of these new services also demands active tionand desktop delivery,research libraries are a collaboration between libraries and a broad constituency primary but not exclusive source for user access to of private sector interlibrary loan, document delivery, instructional and research materials. Local online library automation vendors, and data providers. library information systems support access to a variety Adopted by the ARL Board of Directors, July 19,1994 of appropriate information sources and provide flexible The NAILDD Project was initiated by ARL in 1993 to facilitate the ordering and delivery features that enable users to initi- development of standards, software, and system design capabilities ate a request electronically and to receive material from to improve interlibrary loan and document delivery services for many libraries or other information sources. users, and to make them more cost effective for research libraries. The NAILDD Project is undertaken in collaboration with over 40 key A library's technical systems, coupled with support- ILL/DD vendors and system suppliers. Also underway is an ARL ing institutional and library policies, will enable a user to: Office of Management Services process to assist libraries to redesign ILL operations and anticipate and accommodate new article delivery have transparent access to the most relevant informa- options and other networked information services. tion through appropriate local and remote library catalogs, citation databases, and electronic resources, transfer bibliographic citations or details about non- AAU/ARL bibliographic items into electronic requests or orders, DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS pass requests or orders through the library online The AAU Research Libraries Project addressed system to determine the local availability of the item, issues affecting a research library's capacity to depending on the user's choice and local policy, acquire, manage, and disseminate scholarly infor- direct the request or order to one of a range of mation. The result of that project was adoption of a joint suppliers including document delivery suppliers, or AAU/ARL action agenda. (SeeARL175, pp. 3-4.) Two a local or remote library interlibrary loan/document of the AAU Task Forces, Foreign Language/Area Stud- delivery department, ies and Scientific/Technological Information recom- mended launching a series of demonstration projects communicate electronically with the chosen supplier, with two mandates: and to exploit the full potential of communications and receive the print materials, multimedia, data, or full computing technologies, and text/full image copy of non-returnable documents to encourage investments and/or changes that can directly at their desk or workstation. enable innovation and demonstrate long-term cost As these user-initiated services evolve, individual advantages for research institutions. libraries will devise strategies to minimize the costs of Experimentation is sought in network-based access, the services and optimize appropriate staff involvement delivery, and consultation services in order to demon- in user assistance programs such as reference and strate current capabilities, provide a larger base of expe- 72 ARL 176 SEPTEMBER 1994 Continued rience, and produce user feedback that will be incorpo- section of Mexican and Argentine serials, along with rated into redesign and deployment of further experi- complementary systems for indexing and document mentation. Thus, a phased implementation strategy has delivery, been adopted for this set of recommendations from the to digitize selected categories of official documents AAU project. At this point three demonstration pro- from the two nations, and jects, targeted on research materials that originate in Latin America, Japan, and Germany, are in various to select major non-governmental organizations, stages of development. research institutes, and other non-commercial pro- Each project is designed to push aggressively ducers of research reports and discussion papers in against any barriers to a network-based program that Mexico and Argentina and distribute responsibilities provides access to distributed collections of research among participating libraries for collecting, cata- materials. The projects will also anticipate strategies loging, and document delivery of their publications. that extend the information infrastructure in ways that ARL provides the administrative umbrella for pro- support the full range of functions important to scholar- ject support, coordination with other demonstration ly and scientific communication. projects, communication about the activities, and project In the most general terms, each project is expected evaluation. to develop collections and services that are essential for Implementation moved two big steps forward with the study of the targeted area and that take full advan- the successful completion of fund raising and the tage of the economies and efficiencies promised by the appointment of a project coordinator. In June, The combination of cooperative acquisitions and electronic Andrew W. Mellon Foundation awarded ARL $90,000 delivery mechanisms. The projects will address issues for the project and by the end of July, 24 libraries had such as agreed to participate formally and to contribute funds the impact of distributed collections on scholars; towards the project activities. In August, ARL appoint- local implications of decisions to rely on remote col- ed Mark L. Grover, Latin American Studies Bibliograph- lections; er at Brigham Young University Library, as Project Coordinator. Dr. Grover will work from the David M. the legal requirements and logistics of copyright Kennedy Center for International Relations and the clearance for foreign publications; Harold B. Lee Library at Brigham Young University, implementation and enforcement of cooperative com- which are providing additional support for the project. mitments to collect, catalog and/or index; An Advisory Committee, formed to oversee the imple- resource reallocation within and among institutions mentation of this project, will meet in September. on a broad scale; and analysis of costs and the definition of sustainable fee Japan Project structures for effective cooperative programs. The Japan demonstration project will focus on network- based access to scientific and technical serials published Where the three projects will differ, in order to pro- in Japan and on defining a structure for deciding duce a range of participants and experience, is in the responsibilities for collecting, cataloging or indexing, organizational locus of the project activity. ARL's Com- and delivery of these resources. The Center for mittee on Research Collections will provide advice and direction on progress toward the overall goal of the Research Libraries will provide organizational support experimentation, and each project will have advisory for this project; ARL, in collaboration with AAU, will groups specific to their scope and activity. provide the administrative umbrella for fund raising The following is a status report on each project as of support, coordination with other demonstration pro- late August. jects, and project evaluation. In July an ARL Working Group on Japanese Scien- Latin America Project tific and Technical Information was established to guide The Latin American Studies Research Resources Pilot the design and development of the project. At its first Project will create a prototype for distributed but inter- meeting in August, the Working Group narrowed the connected collections for Latin American Studies. The project scope to Japanese language journals and serials scope and approach of the project emerged from a Mel- in three high-impact science and technology fields: lon Foundation-sponsored meeting on Latin American biotechnology, opto-electronics, and computer-aided resources held at Duke University last spring. The pro- manufacturing. The relatively narrow subjects selected ject will focus on three categories of research materials for the project, and the interdisciplinary and emergent published in two nations, Mexico and Argentina. Major nature of research in these fields, positions this project project activities are: to demonstrate a distinctive option for increasing a to distribute the collecting responsibilities for a cross- scholar's access to research materials. ARL 176 SEPTEMBER 1994 The Working Group identified three components PROJECT ROSTERS for the project work plan: building collections of core Latin American Project New York Public Library journals for each of the three targeted subjects; generat- Advisory Committee New York University ing awareness of the materials among potential users Dale Cane las University of North Carolina Director of University University of Notre Dame (via inclusion in established indexing and abstracting Libraries, University of Pittsburgh services, USENET discussion forums, etc.); and securing Syracuse University University of Florida timely and cost-effective delivery of the materials to Peter Cleaves University of Texas Director, Latin American University of Toronto users. The ultimate "products" of the project were Institute, Tulane University defined as University of Texas Yale University an electronic guide to the Japanese literature on each Georgette Dorn Specialist in Hispanic Japan STI Working of the three subjects, perhaps taking the form of a site Culture, Hispanic Division, Group on the World Wide Web; Library of Congress Maureen Donovan Dan C. Hazen East Asian Collection expanded North American collections of key Japan- Librarian, Latin America, Ohio State University ese serial titles; and Spain, and Portugal, Libraries Harvard University (Also Phyllis Genther Yoshida electronic delivery of articles to users. LAMP chair) Director, Japan Technology Equally important, the project should build the foun- Deborah Jakubs, Chair Program Head, International and U.S. Department of dation for encompassing additional fields in Japanese Area Studies, Perkins Commerce science and technology. Library, Jay Lucker Duke University Director Eudora Loh MIT Libraries Germany Project Latin American Brenda Hurst The proposed project scope includes items published in Bibliographer Manager, Acquisitions University of Canada Institute for Germany on topics in history, political science, sociolo- California-Los Angeles Scientific and Technical gy, and economics. Critical to long-term improvement Lars Schoultz Information in access to specialized German research resources is Director, Institute of Latin Ichiko T. Morita American Studies Director, Japan strengthening collaborative programs with libraries in University of North Documentation Center, Germany. ARL has begun discussions with German Carolina Library of Congress Resource Persons: Sachie Noguchi libraries to explore the feasibility of electronic document Commission on East Asian Bibliographer delivery. Preservation and Access University of Pittsburgh To move ahead with development of the German M. Stuart Lynn, Interim Barbara J. Peterson President Director, Information demonstraf al project, ARL will appoint a Working Hans Riltimann, Services and Resources Group consisting of faculty and librarians specializing Consultant 3M Corporation in German studies and with expertise in social sciences. ARL Staff: Richard Schlichting Duane E. Webster, Executive Department of Computer The Working Group will be charged with design of the Director Science project and development of the work plan and imple- Jutta Reed-Scott, Senior University of Arizona mentation strategy. Program Officer for Donald B. Simpson, Chair Preservation and Collection President The Library of Congress will provide operational Services Center for Research support for the project; ARL, in collaboration with Libraries AAU, will provide the administrative umbrella for fund Latin American Project James Wyatt raising support, coordination with other demonstration Participating Libraries Director (as of August 19) University of Rochester projects, and project evaluation. ARL is currently University of Arizona Libraries exploring funding sources to support the initial project Boston University ARL Staff: planning and start-up. Brigham Young University Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive University of Director *** California-Berkeley Jutta Reed-Scott, Senior Libraries with collections and/or user constituency University of California-Los Program Officer for interests that match the topical focus of any of the Angeles Preservation and Collection University of California-San Services demonstration projects are urged to contact ARL to dis- Diego Information Liaison: cuss a role in these or subr'quent project activities. Center for Research Libraries Amy Vladeck Heinrich, Chair, Jutta Reed-Scott, ARL Senior Program Officer for Columbia University National Coordinating Duke University Committee on Japanese Preservation and Collection Services University of Florida Library Resources, and Harvard University Director, C.V. Starr East Library of Congress Asian Library, Columbia University of Miami University. The University of New Mexico 7. A R L1 76 SEPTEMBER 1 9 9 4 FFICE OF SCIENTIFIC AND ACADEMIC YUBLISG Ann Okerson, Director THE FUTURE OF THE BOOK The star of the conference was host Umberto Eco, and " eci tuera cela!" ("This will kill that!") So said the he made the most of his position at the end with "conclu- fifteenth-century archdeacon as he brandished a sive remarks" in which he thoughtfully drew together printed book in the direction of Notre Dame themes and made his own distinctions. For Eco, it was Cathedral in Victor Hugo's novel (while the hunchback important to emphasize that McLuhan was wrong at least was elsewhere engaged). The idea that new technologies twice: first, in thinking that image would dominate alpha- threaten long-held cultural and social values was heavy bet in the new electronic culture (alphabetic material is far in the air at a conference on "The Future of the Book," more easily moved and manipulated on the information held July 28-30 in the fortified town of San Marino, over- networks), and second, in thinking that electronic technol- looking the sweltering plains and hills of northern Italy. ogy would usher in the intimacy of a global village. Far Several speakers quoted the archdeacon's words, which more likely, says Eco; that solitude will be the problem of returned as a mantra in the final remarks of the confer- the new age. He offered well-constructed insights from ence's star speaker, semioticist and novelist Umberto contemporary Italian life of the power and influence of Eco. Eco acted out the anxiety of the present by holding new ways of thinking, while at the same time cautioning up a paperback book, then reaching under the table for that old cultural expectations will continue to control the his laptop computer and juxtaposing them as the choices that societies make. Hypertext he welcomes can- archdeacon had done with the book and the cathedral. nily, the Internet he welcomes in principle (though to this This meeting, sponsored by Rank Xerox and the eye he seemed to be speaking of a culture he has not yet Institute for Semiotic and Cognitive Studies of the Uni- inhabited); but he still does not see where and how the versity of San Marino, featured a dozen academic role of "publication" will be fulfilled in an e-world that for papers. Unlike many of the future-oriented meetings of him more closely resembles the samizdat of late Soviet recent years, this one featured no in-lecture demos, no authors denied formal access to a wide public. Internet connection, and little attention to the obsessive Will the book disappear? This was the red herring real-world issues of platform independence, copyright, question of the whole conference, for though it seemed to cost-recovery, or the like. This was an occasion for schol- be an implicit expectation, all speakers and discussants ars to step back and ponder the meta-issues: What do were at pains to insist that it will not. What emerged to the new technologies mean for our society? How do this library-formed participant most strongly was that it is they alter the character and nature of knowledge and the scholars and authors who have the most fixed and in cultural memory? some ways narrow conception of the book as vehicle of Several speakers addressed the literary prospects of culture. Though speakers were strikingly anxious to main- hypertext in one way or another. Will the author disap- tain a place for the book in culture, it was clear that the pear? Will the reader disappear? Will hypertext be bet- book they care about takes up only a small space on our ter understood as the system within which reading takes library shelves and forms only a small part of the flooding place as we all link from document to document, or will output of printed matter that emerges today. Here it individual creations with pre-formed links take a domi- seems that the library community is far ahead in consider- nant role? Perhaps most striking was the confidence ing the multiplicity of forms in which information will with which all agreed that, somehow, we have a new increasingly come. Seen in that light, this was a conference way of handling text in hypertext. not so much on the book and its future as on the "idea of Venerable questions of predestination and free will the book," in many ways a more fragile and threatened bubbled beneath the surface as well. Many speakers all artifact than the book itself. vigorously denied any determinist leanings, insisting The one part of the future of the book most confident- that whatever transformations now occur are not in the ly predicted is the appearance of the conference papers in first or second instance matters of technology, but mat- hard covers during 1995. Ann Okerson ters of social choices made about institutional and cultur- al structures. Just how those choices are made and how JOURNALS EXPERIMENT LAUNCHED far they are susceptible to rational control were ques- IEEE is supplying images of all of their publications to tions debated repeatedly through the conference. the University of California to be accessed through the Regis Debray, the veteran theoretician of Latin MELVYL online catalog system. The IEEE-UC experi- American revolution from the 1960s now reincarnated as ment includes all IEEE journals, magazines, standards, a "mediologue," spoke of the consequences of the and conference proceedings since 1988 over one million "demassification" or "dematerialization" of the physical pages in all and this information is fully searchable and artifacts by which culture is borne. Debray warned that indexed to the Inspec database. The test will run about as societies have looser and looser ties to places and three years. A survey of UC users will be done to see if things, they may find themselves subject to reactionary some drop their memberships in IEEE because of the easy forces grasping for old certainties. access to IEEE publications via MELVYL. ARL1 7 6 SEPTEMBER1 9 9 4 CLR AND AAP SPONSOR ways io enhance current processes; and some entirely new types of organizations will emerge. LIBRARIAN / PUBLISHER DIALOG One of the important conclusions we reached was A Publisher's View that new products and services will be most efficiently Under the joint sponsorship of the Association of developed on the basis of collaboration between publish- American Publishers Professional and Scholarly ers and librarians in undertaking pilot projects and shar- Publishing Division and the Council on Library ing experiences. In addition, a renewed dialog between Resources, a group of seven publishers and seven librari- the two groups is critical, in order to foster understand- ans met in late 1993 and early 1994 at three workshops to ing of the current and new processes. The lively, frank, discuss the emerging electronic environment for the dis- and open discussion of the working group was exactly semination of scholarly information. This working the sort of dialog that is needed. Robert Shirrell, group, as it called itself, looked first at the value-added Journals Manager, University of Chicago Press contributions that are currently being made by publishers and librarians and then turned to an examination of the A Librarian's View future. The group made several recommendations for Particularly appealing to me as a participant in the recent further action, and a final report will be issued shortly. activities of the Joint Working Group on Professional & As one of the participants, I was struck by the vigor Scholarly Information in the Electronic Age was the of our discussion of the current process. Publishers have opportunity to work with publishers representing a vari- only a hazy idea of what goes on in libraries, especially ety of publishing orientations and to work with library of the range of activities, and librarians generally have directors from varied kinds and sizes of libraries. Any foggy notions of the processes and, even more, the costs initial preconception that the disparate backgrounds of of publishing. This lack of knowledge impedes discus- the participants might make it difficult to speak the same sion of electronic publishing and dissemination, because technical language and to relate successfully in discus- we cannot accurately relate future developments to cur- sions and exercises proved to be no major problem. rent processes in terms of functions, organizational struc- The participants soon became more than just pub- tures, or costs. There is no one solution to the problem, lishers and librarians. These were people who shared but the working group made an effort to enumerate the many of the same values and missions as one another, values that are added by publishers and librarians in the who performed similar tasks in their work, who shared information dissemination process, and the group rec- many of the same pressures and concerns regarding how ommended that studies be undertaken of the economics to achieve success in adding value to information prod- of library functions and publisher costs. ucts for the benefit of the scholarly and professional The discussion was easier when we speculated about communities. We all are unsettled by the uncertainties the future. To facilitate our review, we talked about of how technologies will affect us and our specific infor- three scenarios. In the "null" scenario, publishers and mation services marketplaces. We all suffer from the librarians are eliminated, as dissemination becomes same fiscal and other circumstances that have created a entirely electronic. In the second scenario, the current killing field for journals and monographs alike. basic processes remain, but efficiency and effectiveness While the results of the work of the group will have are enhanced by electronic means. Finally, in the "break- to speak for itself through a report soon to be issued, I through" scenario, basic processes are fundamentally must say that I discovered that I knew far less about the changed, and some functions of librarians, publishers, processes and economics of publishing than I thought and others are recombined in new and better ways. and that I changed my mind dramatically regardingpos- In our brief meetings, the scenarios could not be sible changes the scholarly communication process. developed in detail. However, it was clear, even with Infrastructures like those that sustain the publishing sketchy descriptions, that each member of the working process built over time, complex, fragile, representing group had a different evaluation of the likelihood and major investments in human expertise and operational the desirability of the alternatives. The division of opin- design and process cannot simply be dragged from a ion was not strictly into groups of publisher versus commercial orientation and dropped within our academ- librarian. Some publishers and some librarians think ic institutions. Like health care, I want my information that electronic dissemination is very likely and very to come through a professional process. desirable; others in both groups are much more reserved. The problems we face must be solved through the The working group generally agreed that some collaborative attention of commercial publishers, univer- aspects of each of the scenarios will come about: some sity presses, libraries, and the scholars, institutions, and information will be disseminated without any handling societies involved in the creation and dissemination of by publishers or librarians; some publishers will fail; scholarly information. Harold Billings, Director, some library functions will cease; some organizations University of Texas Libraries will be using the electronic technology in sophisticated rq A RL 176 SEPTEMBER 1994 v". EID-AUTION-FOR-NETWORKED INFORNMTION Paul Evan Peters, Executive Director CREATING NEW LEARNING on Africa and Its Peoples used in a distance education setting (Empire State College). COMMUNITIES VIA THE NETWORK Teams from over 30 institutions in four countries Course innovation using Internet as a vehicle responded to the Coalition's Call for Participation, invit- involves more than technological innovation. ing institutions to submit a description of their program in Many of the participants at a Creating New Learn- order to participate in the conference. Each team incorpo- ing Communities via the Network conference found that, rated collaborative relationships with individuals from in their curriculum projects, the development of their different sectors of the institution, often including faculty, course changed the way they interacted with other col- information technologists, librarians, and students as part leagues on campus who became part of an instructional of the community developing the project. One of the development and delivery team. "Re-thinking the entire Coalition's goals is to encourage and facilitate cross-sector process is crucial," said Philip Tompkins, Estrella Moun- partnerships in the development of networked informa- tain Community College and one of the conference orga- tion resources and services. nizers. "We need to develop a model where faculty are One participant expressed the opinion that the team, as experts who need to work with teams of other experts it works, is negotiating a new reality, which may mean giv- and do so in broader settings than the isolated classroom ing up some of the individuals' former authority and environment." redefining the members' roles. He commented, "Every Ten institutions participated in the conference, which time we include new perspectives on a team, we have to brought together teams developing new learning com- learn a new language, a new culture, a new perspective." munities through the integration of networking and net- Many agreed that explicit attention to the dynamics of the worked information into higher education teaching and collaborative undertaking was a key to the success of their learning environments. All participating teams had project. experience using new information technologies and net- The conference provided an opportunity for the teams work-based applications to support and build groups of from each institution to share their experience with each faculty and students using collaborative strategies to other, engage in small group problem-solving discussion, improve both course content and the teaching and learn- and assist in the development of findings and recommen- ing process. dations, which the Coalition for Networked Information The conference was held at Estrella Mountain Com- will distribute, to assist other institutions who wish to munity College in Phoenix, AZ, on July 31August 1. undertake similar endeavors. The Coalition's Working The meeting was hosted by the Coalition for Networked Group on Teaching and Learning co-leaders, Philip Information with the sponsorship of EDUCOM, the Tompkins of Estrella Mountain Community College and Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL), Susan Perry of Stanford University, conceptualized the and the American Association for Higher Education program as a means of providing support for those (AAHE). Participating institutions included: University involved in developing network-based learning projects of Arizona, University of Central Arkansas, Montana and an opportunity for refinement and interchange State University, Northern Arizona University, Universi- among early adopters of networking technology for teach- ty of Binghamton, San Diego State University, Kenyon ing and learning. College, Ohio State University, Indiana UniversityPur- In addition to collaboration among the members of due University at Indianapolis (IUPUI), and SUNY the development team, participants emphasized the col- Empire State College. laborative nature of learning in network-mediated cours- Some of the projects that were represented included: es. A common theme among participants was the obser- a simulation activity in which classes build working vation that in network-based courses, social hierarchies models of communities in a historically plausible tend to dissolve and need to be re-created; much more future Solar System, using a Multiple-User Domain peer-mediated learning takes place over the network than (MUD) program, communication on the network via in the traditional classroom environment. Many of the e-mail, and other Internet applications (Northern Ari- faculty felt that providing students with situations in zona University and eleven other campuses); which they can learn as teams is essential to their future. a project offering science and mathematics courses One faculty member related what happened when he had nationally to high school teachers over the network to be out of the country for two weeks without Internet (Montana State University); access. He apologized to his students and left town, an institute that assists faculty members in learning expecting that the course would be suspended until his how to integrate search strategies and information return. To his amazement and ultimate delight, he found technology into their teaching and to encourage stu- that the students had organized themselves over the net- dent use of technologies (Kenyon College); and work and assigned tasks and roles and made substantial development of Electronic Seminars; for example, one progress with the course in his absence. JI 'Ad ARL 176 SEPTEMBER 1994 4 Another theme of the conference was the notion that working with technology has a strong social dimension WORKING TOGETHER and that spaces must be designed with that in mind. The Coalition for Networked Information will offer Most computer labs are set up in traditional lecture for- a workshop "Working Together: A Planning Retreat for Library and Information Technology mat with an instructor's workstation in front and student workstations in rows. They are not set up in formats Professionals" on October 5-7 in Washington, DC. The conducive to collaborative learning. The conference site, workshop will provide an opportunity for a small num- ber of institutional teams of librarians and information Estrella Mountain Community College Center, opened in August 1992 as the tenth of the Maricopa Community technologists to develop techniques to increase the Colleges. It is an example of a college planned from the effectiveness of collaborative efforts and to begin a plan- ning process for specific collaborative projects. beginning to support the development of learningcom- munities with information access and computer access This will be the first time that this workshop will be across the curriculum. Estrella Mountain's Provost, offered, and it is targeted to reach senior administrators Romero Lopez, noted that "the conference is a wonder- of libraries and computing centers in larger universities. ful opportunity to rub shoulders with instructional Subsequent offerings of this workshop will target small- er colleges and single institutions. teams from across the country who regard the world as their classroom." Participants appreciated being One of the goals of the Coalition is to integrate exposed to the physical and technological facilities avail- efforts to support the overall information resources and able at the Estrella site. services mission for the entire academic institution. By Challenges to implementing new learning communi- providing opportunities for senior administrators of ties over networks were also discussed. Some of the libraries and senior administrators of information tech- common problems mentioned were nologies in higher education institutions to work togeth- the need for training in skills to use the underlying er in a common enterprise directed toward a shared technology (by faculty, students, and librarians), future, the Coalition hopes to advance progress in this the difficulty of dealing with multiple technology area. This workshop will be an intensive, participant- platforms both on campus and in distance education oriented event, using case studies and a variety of par- environments, ticipative techniques. Participating teams will be asked convincing some students that the increased indepen- to meet in advance of the workshop and to complete a dence and the less formal structure of many of these form identifying their background and aspirations. courses were positive features, The workshop was developed by Susan Jurow, the costs associated with developing and implement- Director, Office of Management Services, Association of ing the programs, Research Libraries, and Gerry Bernbom, University scaling the programs to accommodate more students Data Administrator in the Office of Information Tech- and other institutions, nology, Indiana University. They will serve as facilita- recognition of work on projects such as these in pro- tors of this workshop. A registration form, draft agen- motion and tenure decisions, da, and additional information on this workshop is intellectual property rights, and accessible on the Coalition's server. If you access the the assessment of mastery of course content and the server via Gopher, choose the "Coalition Working collaborative learning process itself. Groups" menu item, followed by "Management and Participants commented that they now had a sup- Professional Development," then "Working Together." port group of the other nine attending institutions. Questions on this program should be directed to While the content and implementation method of the Joan Lippincott, Assistant Executive Dir !ctor, Coalition programs varied greatly, many felt that they had far for Networked Information ([email protected]). more similarities than differences. One participant commented, "I take away a halfa MANAGING THE dozen specific applications I can use in my courses. I NETWORKED ORGANIZATION have a better understanding and appreciation of team The 1994 Coalition for Networked Information Fall work, the resource issues, assessment, and in general,a Task Force Meeting will be held in Orlando, FL, new sense of how radically (use of networking) alters the starting at 9 a.m. on Tuesday, November 29 and teaching/learning process." ending at noon on Wednesday, November 30. The A report and project descriptions will be availableon theme of the meeting is "Managing the Networked the Coalition's Internet server. In addition,a videotape Organization." of excerpts from the conference will be available forpur- The meeting will be held at the Walt Disney World chase in the Fall. loan Lippincott, Assistant Dolphin Hotel. The CAUSE Annual Meeting will Executive Director immediately follow the Coalition Task Force Meeting. ARL 176 SEPTEMBER 1994 _ Fr Sir. Prudence S. Adler, Assistant Executive Director-FederalRelations and Information Policy INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PRESIDENT ADDRESSES GPO ROLE AND THE NII On July 22, as President Clinton signed H.R. 4454, On July 7, the Working Group on Intellectual Legislative Branch Appropriations for FY95 he Property Rights of the Information Infrastruc- cited constitutional concerns regarding ture Task Force (IITF), releaseda draft report, "involvement of the Public Printer and theGovernment Intellectual Property and the National InformationInfra- Printing Office in executive ''!anch printingrelated to structure. This is one of several Administrationreports the production of Government publications."The Presi- that addresses next steps vis-a -vis deployment of the dent issued a statement that could beinterpreted as lim- national information infrastructure,or NIL The draft iting the kind of government publicationsavailable report, as with other NII related efforts, followsa pub- through GPO programs. Specifically,the President's lic hearing held last November thatsolicited a range of statement calls for placing limitson GPO's authority public and private sector perspectives including the over printing procurement to "documents intendedpri- barriers and opportunities thatmust be addressed in marily for distribution to anduse by the general pub- order to implement the NIL A reporton that hearing, lic." Such a definition might eliminatesome govern- and on the library and educationcommunity state- ment publications from the Depository LibraryProgram ment presented, appeared in ARL 172,pp. 6-7. and GPO's sales program. The President'sstatement The draft report calls for "minorchanges" to the closes with a call for a reform of Federalprinting. Copyright Act of 1976. While proposingchanges, the Working Group acknowledges that "withno more LC FINANCIAL AUTHORITY than minor clarification and amendment, the Copy- ep. C. Rose (D-NC), chair of the House Adminis- right Act, like the Patent Act, willprovide the neces- sary protection of rights tration Committee, introduced H.R. 4736,the and limitations on those Library of Congress Financial Reform rights to promote the progress of science and Act of 1994. the H.R. 4736, more narrowly focused thanprevious bills useful arts. There must be, hOwever,effort in three (S. 345), seeks to update the Library's disciplines financial the law, technology, and education to authority. successfully resolve the intellectualproperty issues raised by the development anduse of the NII." , Changes proposed to the copyrightlaw relate to SLA PUBLISHES COPYRIGHTGUIDE fair use, distribution by transmission,publication, first The Special Libraries Association haspublished sale, and educationaluses. With regards to fair use, Libraries and Copyright: A Guide toCopyright Law in the Working Group "has significantconcerns" that the 1990s. The bookwas prepared by Laura N. current provisions in the Act (includingSections 107 Gasaway, Director of the Law Libraryand Professor of and 108) may not provide the publicsufficient access Law at the University of North Carolina-ChapelHill, to copyrighted materials via the NII. TheWorking and Sally K. Wiant, Director of theLaw Library and Group notes that "it is critical thatresearchers, stu- Professor of Law at Washington andLee University. dents, and other members of the publichave opportu- Both authors are active leaders withinSLA and the nities online equivalent to theircurrent opportunities American Association of Law Librariesand have on off -line to browse through copyrightedworks in their more than one occasion contributed to SLA-AALL-ARL schools and public libraries." TheWorking Group collective actions on copyright and intellectualproperty notes that guidelines for library andeducational use of issues, including development of the amicusbrief filed printed matter and musicwere voluntarily adopted by on the pending Texaco litigation. diverse parties and, while theprinciples should still be The 272-page book is available fromthe SLA, 1700 applicable, it is difficult and, perhaps,inappropriate to Eighteenth Street, NW, Washington,DC 20009; (202) apply the specific language ofsome of those guidelines 234-4700 (voice) and (202) 265-9317(FAX). The price in the context of digital works andonline services. per copy is $40 for SLA members ($50 for nonmembers), The Working Group willsponsor a conference on prepaid by check, Visa,or Mastercard; shipping and fair use issues. Participants willrepresent copyright handling is 5% of the total order plus$5 per order. owners and user interests to develop guidelinesfor fair uses of copyrighted worksby and in public libraries and schools. The date ofthe conference has not been announced. The Working Group draftreport is available via the IITF Gopher, iitf.doc.gov. ARL 176 SEPTEMBER 1994 LIBRARY PROGRAMS FUNDING UPDATE COMMUNICATIONS ACT OF 1994 Ialike the House, the Senate restored library pro- on August 11, the Senate Committee on Com- j fundthinegthoLuaigohrshHifHted Efudnudcs tbioetnwAeepnprporo- merce, Science, and Transportation reported a FY revised version of the Communications Act of bill. Changes include 1994 (S. 1822). This version incorporates elements of the an increase of S5.4 million in HEA [I -B, research and National Public Telecommunications Infrastructure Act development of which 53.9 million is for "demonstra- of 1995 (S. 2195), which was introduced in June by Sen. tion projects involving the digitization of research Innouye (D-HI). For example, Section 103, Public Right library collections and the development of related of Way, would require that telecommunicationsnet- organizational tools for access to these digital works reserve up to 5% capacity for publicuse, at incre- resources," and mental cost rates. Institutions eligible under this provi- $5.5 million in LSCA Title III, interlibrary cooperation, sion are public and non-profit libraries, educational to "establish electronic library gateways for access to institutions at all levels, and other non-profit organiza- public, academic, and research library collections." tions. Also, section 104, Public Access, requires that In addition, funds were retained in HEA H-B fora within one year of enactment of the legislation, univer- "statewide bibliographic database providing online and sal service be available to public institutionalusers, dial-in access through a fiber optic network housinga including public and non-profit libraries. In testimony point of presence in every county and connecting library presented to the Committee on June 22, ARL along with services in every municipality." Finally, the Senate other library and educational organizations, supported Appropriations Committee directed the Department to the concept of a reserve set aside or reserve capacity for use "$1.5 million to fund a research and demonstration libraries, educational institutions and public service project at a consortium of public, private, and special providers. On June 28, the House passed companion purpose libraries which are dedicated to joint planning legislation HR 3626, the Antitrust and Communications and development in an urban, multistate environment." Reform Act of 1994. For background, see ARL 174. A House-Senate conference has not met to resolve differ- Ed. note: Activities current as of August 19; reportspre- ences between the two bills: pared by Prudence S. Adler and Patricia Brennan. FY 1995 LIBRARY PROGRAM APPROPRIATIONS Status as of August 19, 1994 (amounts in thousands) Program FY94 FY95 Admin. FY95 House FY95 Senate Appropriation Request Passed Passed Library Services & Construction Act $128,866 $102,976 $111,080 $ 134,372 I Pub. lib. services 83,227 83,227 83,482 83,227 II Library construction 17,792 0 0 17,792 III Interlib. cooperation 19,749 19,749 19,572 25,327 IV Indian lib. service 2% of LSCA I, II, and III V Foreign lang. materials 0 0 0 0 VI Library literacy progs. 8,098 0 8,026 8,026 Higher Education Act $17,443 0 $6,416 $13,186 II-A College lib. tech. & cooperation 3,873 0 0 0 II-B Library education 4,960 0 4,916 4,916 II-B Library research & demonstrations 2,802 0 0 8,270 II-C Research library resources 5,808 0 0 0 lI -D HBCU library & info. science 0 0 1,500 0 OU A R L1 7 6 SEPTEMBER 199411 IMI a Mb V Susan prow, Director FACILITATION SKILLS WORKSHOP The Office of Management Services will offerits OMS TRAINING: FALL 1994 newest training institute on facilitation skills in Library Management Skills Institute I: The Manager* Harrisonburg, VA, September 18-21 Washington, DC, September 28-30. Thisprogram Nashville, October 11-14 responds to member requests for assistance indevelop- Facilitation Skills Workshop ing meeting and team facilitation skills for in-housestaff Washington, DC, September 28-30 at all levels. Maureen Sullivan, OMS Organizational Library Management Skills Update I: Development Consultant, and George Soete, OMS Building Effective Performance Adjunct Faculty, are the program designers and Baltimore, October 4-5 trainers. Library Management Skills Update II: As organizations and their environmentsgrow in Managing Priorities and Making Decisions complexity, more of their work is accomplished by Baltimore, October 6-7 groups. In many organizations, leadership has become Redesigning ILL and Document Delivery Washington, DC, October 10-12 more dispersed among staff, and there has beena clear shift from what the management literature often Chicago, November 16-18 calls Humar. Resources Institute "heroic" or "controlling" leadership to "facilitational" Washington, DC, October 12-14 leadership. In such a model, the team leader or skilled Implementing Continuous Improvement in-house facilitator assumes a key role in helpinggroups Programs in Libraries produce better quality results, often in muchless time. Boston, October 25-28 The institute is designed to benefitanyone within a Implementing Minority Recruitment library organization who hasa stake in improving and Retention Strategies group performance. Participants will be able toprac- Washington, DC, November 1-2 tice key skills in a comfortable workshopenvironment. Resource Management Institute: There will be a focus on groupprocess and group Financial Skills for Librarians dynamics, with special attention to managing Toronto, Canada, November 2-4 meetings, (previously Washington, DC) dealing with difficult behaviors ingroups, and guiding Library Management Skills Institute II: groups through problem-solving and decision making The Management Process** processes designed to produce high-quality results. Chicago, November 6-11 Women in Library Leadership MINORITY RECRUITMENTAND Washington, DC, November 7-10 * formerly Basic Library Management SkillsInstitute RETENTION SEMINAR ** formerly Advanced Library Management SkillsInstitute Ksriza Jennings, Program Officer for Diversityand Minority Recruitment, will conducta two-day For more information on OMS TrainingPrograms, contact ession, "Implementing Minority Recruitment Gloria Haws, Training "rogram Assistant, at (202) 296-8656 or via e-mail at [email protected]. and Retention Strategies," November1-2 in Washing- ton, DC. The seminar will explore specificstrategies that can be developed and employedin libraries and in partnership with library schools. AUTHORS NEEDED OMS invites proposals for 1995 SPEC This seminar is based on the findings from Kits and OMS site visits Occasional Papers. SPEC Kits organize selected conducted over the past fouryears as part of the OMS documents, collected throughsurveys, on specific Diversity Program. Ms. Jennings has exploreda num- ber of initiatives and strategies implemented aspects of library management. OMS OccasionalPapers by library present in-depth investigations and analyses schools and libraries, as wellas those used by other dis- of current library management practices andpropose alternative ciplines. The program will include discussionsof the models and systems for improved libraryeffectiveness. components of an effective minority recruitmentpro- Proposals are welcome onany topics related to the effec- gram with opportunities for participants to identify and tive management of research library explore specific challenges and barriers. prcgrams and resources. Topics of particular interest include: Search procedures, position advertising,candidate resource sharing; approval plans; integrated librarysystems; fees identification, and interviewing and recruitmentstrate- for services; library reorganization;reserve room opera- gies will be analyzed. In addition, theimportance of tions; and, team management. Interested preparing the library's climate for retention librarians and how to should submit a one-page proposal along assess one's climate is addressed. Detailed strategies for with a current recruiting to the profession vita and writing samples (samples neednot be published) are also included. to Susan Jurow, Director/OMS. 81 A R L1 7 6 SEPTEMBER 1994 STATISTICS &- MEASUREMENT Martha Kyrillidou, Program Officer for Statistics and Measurement MELLON GRANT SUPPORTS STATISTICS ARL STATISTICS ONTHE INTERNET AND MEASUREMENT ARL Statistics, 1992 -93, is now availableelectronical- The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation has awardeda ly over the Internet. The first electronicpublica- grant of $19,000 to ARL in support of an expand- tion of the ARL statistics on the World Wide ed Statistics and Measurement Program. The Web (WWW) was prepared by Paul Bergen,John Price- award will enable ARL to enhance itscurrent hardware Wilkin, and Kendon Stubbs at the University ofVir- and software capabilities to developan in-house statisti- ginia's Alderman Library. Featuringreports on 48 data cal analysis unit. The Committeeon Statistics and Mea- categories for the 108 university and 11 non-university surement is in the process of specifying the objectives members in ARL, the electronic publication isaccompa- and defining an action plan toserve ARL's agenda in nied by fully documented descriptions of the1992-93 the area of academic library performance evaluation. data files. It also provides selected graphs. Future plans include the development ofan inter- WILDER TO REVIEW ARL face for interactive data analysis that willpermit users to calculate their own benchmarks and generatereports DEMOGRAPHIC DATA for their institutions and peergroups. Stanley Wilder, Assistant Dean for Technical and The URL (Uniform Resource Locator) for theARL Financial Services at Louisiana State University Statistics on WWW is: Library, will serve as an ARL Visiting Program http:/ /arl.cni.org/ Officer. Working with Martha Kyrillidou, Program http:/ /www.lib.virginia.edi' /arlstats/ Officer for Statistics & Measurement, Wilder will study The 1992-93 datafiles are also availablethrough the demographic characteristics of library professionals both Gopher and ftp at the following places: by comparing 1990 salary data to 1994 salary data.In Gopher to arl.cni.org, select Statistics particular, he will examine: what percentage of ARL Gop'-er to gopher.virginia.edu, select Library librarians can be expected to retire in each of thenext 15 Services, then Social Science Data Center, then years; why the percentage of librarians in the 25 to 34 ARL Statistics age group is so low; what relationship exists between ftp to ftp.lib.virginia.edu, loginas anonymous, age and years of experience among ARL librarians; and, then cd to pub/socsci/arlstats/1993 whether the increased retirement rate will affectcertain skill areas more than others. annotate a sautqate1992-0 Olt.Statistics ElieEdit -93A ARLSwishwisti erItt P..7...vm cs Deist kft or".t.?3,) retort. Statistics m,.. - Old,. .4v/eNeineeses(arlstatsit9ISIert93 '..POnt-s upthe ,Isty,ke 4"i/0M URLItT, igt9 It vir Ono (ARL) Libraries 47" PO: lue: "Igabk otResearch Of 0. On th, 2204., Association .m,,,,tintilwattozzetysm..0 -"bk3 inc71,,e4, A on 99'1.93 -.1 lc ,,, ,rici.,. 1, ot the eti79.4ki 1:::1 ''' Pon,-." r,, fvrs:`,:e.ortarw/ifth.5cerer199243 dew C3 on *as pc," ot ito 'Pate , Click : 1.1640, ts...13.14=0.17sagalDeseapoons 111343:21:41141.1424c9:221"2424141a II ft, ,_ w.s.wa,- -, '... it b ok, errata ,,e,,rentoteposte late &Id 61 44 selected Vianab file MI Options Navigate ennateleHollis, (4QZ) :1-6t5--19-1.111StL11-Reports on M V.ttosoed , ,13,,,,'."'WViLWellISIFASiilinilA 1912-13 ML StellitIct =- Zaseseiga0Sysia such as Iii4ffellil ; net ebent Knee St i,rel',tn.'s.... 1 ... 57.:Ni only paeSsOle2a5 may nye tn --'''412Letetes, prat vs v se eorreoly a. e.`e ,e....Tee.," ernes tont lAosue versanns ill seeM i t . ,l... Mb 0,0.hrirlaiiihrrni 0 ''''art4414-rft ...LW. to.7.17s 7 tito u Ile te0annel Graphs from the 1992-93 ARL Statistics Ys ...... law...40.;::, . clek ..1%. law Iran until., farm ...low at Me Mile P''...13-27/"11.6.110) 'PI SatecaPto and Seglei COOS Ii2"..' In M. Mean., 11611.11,93 6.,2.11i/V-C111-12i7:12-1311. ,,, OM ....M ta KIM 11,...... o ...... " so .- '' MS . ...a. X. r.,...... ,-- ....ono r, :aid '4- 2.1=r ST f" 11.E 82 I ARL 176 SEPTEMBER 1994 am. ...a vo. G. jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director NEH GRANTS LATIN AMERICANIST PROJECTS The following grants have been awarded by the Nation- al Endowment for the Humanities RECEIVE MELLON FUNDING UC-Berkeley: To train staff from California and Hawaii In June 1994 the trustees of The Andrew W. Mellon libraries in conservation of circulating collections. Foundation approved funding foran array of projects in UC- Riverside: To catalog 3,000 Californianewspaper response to the challenge of constructing a hemispheric titles as part the United States Newspaper Program. network to facilitate the study of Latin America. Chicago: To catalog and microfilm 8,650rare 19th- and Association of Research Libraries: To coordinate the early 20th-century literary texts and studies of clas- development of a distributed network-based system sical and medieval Tamil literature. among North American research libraries for acqtii- sitions and document delivery of Latin Americanist Emory: To train staff from southeastern libraries incon- servation of circulating collections. library materials. (See page 4.) Hoover Institution: To microfilm 37 collections ofdoc- American Historical Association: To continue workon uments on the Russian Civil War, the American a guide to manuscript collections in U.S. repositories. Relief Agency, and Russian refugees, 1919-25. dating from or pertaining to the Spanish colonial Illinois at Urbana: To preserve and treat damaged presence in the New World, 1492-1900. The funding materials in history, languages, and literature,a will also allow the AHA to make the guide available cooperative preservation microfilming project in electronic form. among nine libraries of the Committee on Institu- Library of Congress, Hispanic Division: Tocreate an tional Cooperation; to microfilm monographsin electronic version of volumes 1-49 of the Handbook of German and Latin American literature, American Latin American Studies. Volumes 50+are already history before 1900 (including Lincolnianamateri- available in electronic form. This project is also als), and Irish history. being supported by funding from the Fundacion MAPFRE America. New Mexico: To microfilm 400 New Mexiconewspa- pers as part of the United States Newspaper Pro- Universidad de Costa Rica: To implementa new inte- gram. grated library system for the university's maincam- New York Public: To microfilm and repair volumeson pus and branch campuses that links with other libraries in Costa Rica. the history and culture of the United Statesand the Caribbean. University of Texas at Austin: To develop further the New York State: To catalog and microfilm5,000 New Latin American Network Information Center York newspapers as part of the UnitedStates (UT-LANIC), an important gateway to databaseson Newspaper Program. the Internet. The project will facilitate theuse of Notre Dame: To microfilm volumeson medieval lan- UT-LANIC by more researchers in Latin America. guages and literatures. Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales(CLAC- Oklahoma: To microfilm records form the Cherokee SO) in Buenos Aires: To developan integrated aca- Indian Nation and the pcisonalpapers of four demic electronic network for CLACSO affiliatesin Cherokee Indian families, dating from 1830 Latin America and a distributed regional socialsci- to 1907. ences library. Oregon: To plan Oregon's participation in theUnited States Newspaper Program. University of Florida: To digitize andpromote scholar- ly use of their collection of Caribbean Stanford: To train Russian archivists and addrecords newspapers, of Russian archival collectionsto RUN (a coopera- beginning with Le Nouvelliste (Haiti), 1899-1979,and Diario de la Marina (Cuba), 1844-1959. tilt_ project of the Hoover Institution, theResearch Libraries Group, and the Russian StateArchival Ser- Center for Research Libraries: For the LatinAmerican vice). Microform Project (LAMP) to digitize andpromote Texas at Austin: To arrange, describe, andautomate scholarly use of national-level and provincialBrazil- access to the archival records of the Alfred A. ian government documents for the period1830-1990. Knopf, Inc. publishing house. University of New Mexico: To createan online database Utah: To train staff from Mountain Plainslibraries in of economic information from LatinAmerican and conservation of circulating collections. Caribbean countries. The database will consistof Washington: To train staff from Pacific Northwest the full texts of selected print publicationson eco- libraries in conservation of circulatingcollections. nomic issues produced in the region and tablesof current and retrospective macroeconomic dataon each country. Deborah Jakubs, Head International and Area Studies, Duke University Library ARL 176 SEPTEMBER 1 9 9 4 0 3 NEW ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS Pittsburgh: Rush Miller was appointed Director, effec- FROM ARL GOPHER tive September 1. Mr. Miller was Director of Libraries at Bowling Green. RLannounces the following new publications on its Gopher server (arl.cni.org). Suggestions for Utah: Roger K. Hanson has announced hisretirement Aadditions should be directed to Dru Mogge, as Director of Libraries, effective December 31, 1995. ARL Electronic Services Coordinator ([email protected]). Of /ale: Scott Bennett was appointed Librarian and will particular interest is adding to the collection of member assume the post October 1. Dr. Be i .Zt was director of the Milton S. Eisenhower Library at Johns libraries' Vision Statements (seven currently resideon the Gopher). Hopkins. ARL Member Libraries *** Vision Statements from ARL Libraries Copyright Office, Library of Congress: Marybeth Scholarly Communication Peters was appointed Associate Librarian for Copy- ARL/ AAUP Electronic Symposia right Services and Register of Copyrights, effective November 1994 Symposium August 7. Directory of Electronic Journals, Newsletters & Academic Lists HONORS Reports of the AAU Task Forces National Library of Canada: Marianne Scott, National Information Policy Librarian of Canada, was appointed to the Orderof Intellectual Property Issues Canada. ARL Statement of Intellectual * ** Property Principles Preliminary Draft: Intellectual Property and the NII (U.S. NII Task Force Report) Testimony & Statements (1994) Access to Research Resources ARL Statement on Information Access & Delivery Services: A Strategic Direction Transforming the Reserve Function (Highlights from ARL/NACS Workshop and Forum) Discussion on Electronic Reserves (public archive of ARL-ERESERVES List)) Collection Development ARL Foreign Acquisitions Project Preservation ARL/CPA/NHA Statement on NEH FY95 Appropriations (testimony) Statistics & Measurements In honor of newly appointed Deputy Librarian of ARL Statistics 1992-93. See also the ARL Web Congress site (URL:http://arl.cni.org/). Hiram Davis, the ARL Board of Directors hosteda reception that drew an impressive array of colleagues andLibrary sup- porters from federal agencies, academic and public libraries, TRANSITIONS and the research and higher education community.Picture Case Western Reserve: Ray E. Metz is InterimDirector. left to right are: ARL President John Black,University of Connecticut: Paul Kobulnicky was appointedDirector Guelph; ARL Executive Director Duane Webster;Hiram of University Libraries effective September 1. Mr. Davis; Sen. Paul Simon, (D-Ill.); NCLIS ChairJeanne Simon; Kobulnicky was previously Interim Directorat and Librarian of Congress James Billington. Pittsburgh. Guelph: John Black is currently on academic adminis- trative leave and has announced his early retire- ment as Chief Librarian, effective September 1995. Mr. Black will continue to represent Guelphin ARL activities until his retirement; Ron MacKinnonwas named Acting Chief Librarian. ARL 176 SEPTEMBER 1994 7-M1111 ii91111111.73, 41.1.11- .7 4!. /Mk ARL: A Bimonthly Newsletter of Research Library Issues Executive Director: Duane E. Webster and Actions (US ISSN 1050-6098) is published six times Editor. G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director a year by the Association of Research Libraries, Managing Editor. Lallie D. Leighton, Publications 21 Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036. Program Assistant 202-296-2296 FAX 202-872-0884 Designer Kevin Osborn, Research & Design, Ltd., Arlington, VA Copyright: © 1994 by the Association of Subscriptions: Members$25 per year for additional Research Libraries subscription; Nonmembers$50 peryear. ARL policy is to grant blanket permission to reprint any article in be noted for certain articles. For commercial use, a reprint the newsletter for educational use as long as the source, author, issue, request should be sent to the Director of Information Services at and page numbers are acknowledged. Exceptions to this policy may the ARL office. ARL CALENDAR 1994 1995 October 18-21 ARL Board and Membership . February 3-9 American Library Association Meeting Philadelphia, PA Washington, DC February 9-10 ARL Board Meeting October 31 EDUCOM '94 Washington, DC November 3 San Antonio, TX April 10-11 Coalition for Networked November 3-4 A New Frontier: The National Information Information Infrastructure Spring Task Force Meeting SLA State-of-the-Art Institute Washington, DC Washington, DC May 17-19 ARL Board and Membership November 5-7 Filling the Pipeline and Paying Meeting the Piper Boston, MA AAUP/ARL OSAP Symposium IV Washington, DC October 17-20 ARL Board and Membership Meeting Washington, DC November 29-30Coalition for Networked Information Fall Task Force Meeting Orlando, FL November 29- CAUSE 94 December 2 Orlando, FL MOM AL- A BIMONTHLY NEWSLETTER OF RESEARCH LIBRARY ISSUESAND ACTIONS Current Issues GIS* APPLICATIONSIN RESEARCH LIBRARIES by Brent Allison, Head, John R. Borchert Map Library, University of Minnesota - -- For over two years, a quiet revolution has vide access to statistical data from the 1990 decen- been taking place in many ARL libraries. nial Census of Population, including maps show- Under the stewardship of ARL Assistant the spatial distribution of the data. Unlike Executive Director Prudence Adler, the ARL GIS previous census undertakings, the 1990 endeavor Literacy Project has expedited the introduction of did not include the distribution of printedmaps; GIS (Geographic Information System) and com- rather, the base maps and the statistical datawere puter mapping as tools for the acquisition, dis- distributed in digital format, requiring libraries to play, analysis, and dissemination of spatial data acquire hardware and software to facilitate the into research libraries. creation of printed maps. Collaboration with *GIS, or Geographic Information System, is While the digital format others in the public and software with the capability of manipulating and ultimately provides private sectors is a key ele- analyzing spatially referenced data to create maps, library users with maps ment of the project and images, or charts that reflect the relationship of data much more tailoied to has been instrumental to elements to geographic reference points. their particular needs, tit the successful integration 4.,-, many institutions lacked o of GIS services and the expertise and train- resources in libraries. From its inception, the pro- 114 ing to select and implement the most appropriate ject and participating libraries have benefited hardware and software. Enter ARL. 4.a from software, training, technical support, and the The ARL GIS Literacy Project provides a leadership role provided by Environmental Sys- framework and a forum for research libraries to tems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI) and ESRI's tX introduce, experiment, and engage in GIS activi- President, Jack Dangermond. Data has been ties. ARL, in cooperation with GIS vendors and P donated by ESRI, Wessex, GDT, and National users, solicits donations of GIS software and data, a) Decision Systems, Inc. The most recent donation organizes and sponsors regular training sessions is from ERDAS, the leading vendor of image for project participants, sponsors an e-mail list for U processing software. Financial support for the Cfj participants, and works wit's government agen- project has been provided by the H.W. Wilson cies on GIS programs and related issues. thigi- 0 Foundation and the Association of American envisioned as a one-year project for 25 Geographers. research libraries, the initiative was expanded in The increasing reliance upon GIS by multiple order to include more libraries. The project is 1 communities including government agencies and beginning its third year with almost 70 U.S. members of the academic and research communi- libraries participating and a new phase, focused ties signaled the need for research librarians to , on Canadian research libraries, is under develop- become effective users and instructors of GIS. ment. A diversity of libraries is well represented Perhaps the most pressing impetus for the GIS in the GIS Literacy Projectacademic, public, IIMMIMMi Literacy Project was the need for libraries to pro- and state libraries are participating. 86 Continued No one model has emerged with respect to the tos relating to Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles introduction of GIS in libraries as each library has Counties using software developed for geographical designed a program to meet local information needs information systems. Over four years, the project will and requirements. The GIS programs at the University grow to include other components at UCSB, SUNY-Buf- of Minnesota John R. Borchert Map Library, the New falo, the Library of Congress, the United States Geologi- York State Library, and the University of California, cal Survey, the St. Louis Public Library, and other inter- Santa Barbara are illustrative of the range of GIS activi- ested institutions. ties in participating libraries. A recent Project initiative is the ARL Electronic Atlas, With funds from the Department of Education an Internet-accessible resource to be developed collabora- HEA Title II Program and the University of Minnesota, tively by participating libraries. Modelled after The the Univeisity Library established the Automated Car- Urban Atlas series produced by the U. S. Bureau of the tographic Information Center Census utilizing 1970 census (ACIC). With 10 workstations, data, the ARL Electronic Atlas ACIC provides a range of will initially concentrate on technological choices and presenting maps depicting access to local, national, and 11 data from the 1990 U.S. Census international datasets for enjwilsicellaberjlive di* for major metropolitan areas. Ilroweniat Lips imilislOseinmie patrons to use. With ambi- kiss (/104,1Millermit Each library will focus on longelpbo Cam '-.?44 tions to accommodate as many selected urban areas for which patron needs and levels of they will construct and con- expertise as possible, the ACIC tribute maps of demographic, will serve as the University's income, education, race, and initial gateway and a principal employment variables. GIS resource for students, fac- Imagery will also be included ulty, community groups, indi- in the Atlas. The Atlas will viduals, and businesses. build on state atlases under The New York State development. Library instituted a GIS pro- The breadth of data in ARL gram in cooperation with 11.14.:0 libraries goes far beyond that other programs within the provided by the U.S. Bureau of State Department of Educa- the Census; the ARL Electronic tion, including the New York State Museum's Biologi- Atlas will reflect this variety with plans to include envi- cal Survey and the New York State Archives and ronmental data (e.g., Toxic Release Inventory), crime sta- Records Administration. The State Library's focus has tistics, agricultural data, and business patterns. been on acquiring and providing access to GIS The potential audience for the ARL Electronic Atlas resources, with a particular emphasis on state informa- is as vast -md far flung as the Internet or World Wide tion resources. For example, a cooperative effort with Web. Particularly, the Atlas should prove useful to other the State Archives and Records Administration's Docu- research libraries, public libraries, secondary and ele- mentary Heritage Project linked statistics from the Cen- mentary school students, and researchers around the sus Bureau with New York state geography at the world. In addition to being available over the World county and municipal level to produce thematic maps Wide Web (through clients such as Mosaic or Netscape), which graphically demonstrate the locations of immi- users will also be able to access the ARL Electronic Atlas grant populations. with Gopher or through anonymous FTP. A prototype The Map and Imagery Laboratory at the University of the atlas is currently available through Mosaic at the of California, Santa Barbara, has a long history of pro- URL http:// whiplash .micro.umn.edu /map.html. It will viding access to spatial information and working with be edited by Brent Allison, University of Minnesota. An the GIS community. As a recipient of one of the advisory group that includes project participants, facul- NSF/ARPA/NASA Digital Libraries grants, the Uni- ty, and members of ESRI staff are developing guidelines versity will, in collaboration with multiple public and for the Atlas. private partners, develop a digital library providing In a few short years, the Association of Research easy access to large and diverse collections of maps, Libraries and its constituent member libraries have met images, and pictorial materials as well as a full range of the challenge and are now optimally situated to provide new electronic library services. The project will begin access to the burgeoning array of digital cartographic with collections of digitized maps, images, and airpho- and spatial information. ARL 177 NOVEMBER 1994 3 ES T COPY /With ARIE COURT RULES IN TEXACO issue for universities over the next few years, intellectual property aroused the most intense discussion. The FAIR USE CASE AAU-IP Task Force was re-conceptualized to serve as an On October 28, a Federal appeals court ruled that advisory group to the AAU and ARL on matters of copy- the Texaco Corporation violated copyright laws right (complementing a new AAU Technology Commit- because of the circumstances surrounding the tee). The proposed membership for the reconstituted IP photocopying of certain journal articles. The decision Task Force was approved with Peter Nathan (Provost, was the latest step in a nine year old case (American Geo- University of Iowa) being asked to chair again. Every- physical Union v. Texaco) in which six journal publishers, one recommended that the idea of working "in some on behalf of other publishers registered with the Copy- haste" be conveyed. right Clearance Center, charged Texaco with illegal pho- STI: Next-steps discussions for STI proved the most tocopying, specifically claiming that Texaco failed to pro- complex. Policy vs. project-based approaches were dis- vide fees to the publishers for copies of the articles. Texa- cussed, with a consensus that 1-2 projects (in addition to co defended its actions by claiming, among other things, the Japan STI project under the aegis of Foreign Lan- that the copying was a fair use under section 107 of the guage and Area Studies) should be identified. Discus- Copyright Act. sion focused on potential collaborations in defining and A initial ruling in 1992 against Texaco led to an shaping such projects and included: the National Acade- appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Cir- my of Engineering; the National Academy of Science; cuit. ARL and thirteen other organizations in the library major science societies such as APS, ACM, AMS, etc. and higher education community filed an amicus curiae, Further agenda topics included: engaging the acade- or friend of the Count, brief in that appeal. The purpose mic community in the agendas outlined by the three of that collective action was to elucidate and reaffirm fair Task Force reports; funding for pursuit of the agenda; use rights permitted to scholars and researchers in the and a report on a recent Columbia Working Group meet- cor act of research and education. Texaco has ing (report to follow in next issue of ARL). Collaboration announced plans to petition for a re-hearing. was the underlying theme, with emphasis on working ARL 164 included excerpts of an analysis of the initial rul- closely with campus faculty, reaching leaders of partner ing against Texaco and its impact on research and higher edu- organizations such as national academies, scholarly soci- cation libraries; ARL 167 contained a summary of the amicus eties, and university presses. brief argument. An Internet resource of materials related to the International collaborations loomed large. AAU and Texaco case and copyright in general is available on the ARL ARL have both connected with the implementation Gopher (arl.cni.org). group of the U.K. Higher Education Funding Council's recent report (Follett Commission) and ARL has been in AAU-ARL RESEARCH LIBRARIES touch with interested parties in Australia representing the Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee. A coopera- PROJECT ENGAGES NEW STEERING tive framework for sharing information and strategies COMMITTEE has begun to be developed through recent meetings in Embarking on follow-up to the AAU Task Force U.K. and U.S. offices of the above groups. reports issued in April, the AAUARL Research -Ann Okerson Libraries Steering Committee held its initial meet- ing on October 17 at the University of North Carolina, AAU-ARL Research Libraries Steering Committee Chapel Hill during the membership meeting of the AAU. AAU Representatives: The newly formed steering committee reviewed overar- Myles Brand, Indian& University, Co-Chair ching issues related to each of the three Task Forces and Harold Shapiro, Princeton University considered approaches to promote implementing the Robert Pritchard, University of Toronto agenda. Peter McPherson, Michigan State University Foreign Language and Area Studies: The Steering Donald Langenberg, University of Maryland Committee commended the energetic work to date, including formation of working groups and electronic ARL Representatives: discussion lists for the Latin America, Germany, and Jerry Campbell, Duke University, Co-Chair Japan implementation projects, and identification of spe- Betty Bengtson, University of Washington cific organizational sponsorship for each project. It will Susan Nutter, North Carolina State University monitor the progress of the three projects and be pre- Elaine Sloan, Columbia University pared to advise and support as needed. Robert Wedgeworth, University of Illinois Intellectual Property: As the agreed-upon, lynch-pin at Urbana ARL1 7 7 NOVEMBER 1 9 9 4 mi11 to Continued COORDINATED MANAGEMENT collections of digital information. This is a dynamic plan that will serve as a compass PROPOSED FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGE in restructuring research libraries in the context of elec- AND AREA STUDIES COLLECTIONS tronic resource sharing. The committee presented the its October meeting, the ARL Research draft plan to the ARL membership at a plenary program Collections Committee approved a draft session in October and has invited extensive review and AStrategic Plan for Improving Access to Global Infor- comment. The draft plan is also available on the ARL mation Resources in U.S. and Canadian Research Libraries. Gopher. Comments may be sent to Dale Canelas, Direc- The goal of the plan is to restore the range of significant tor, University of Florida Libraries and Chair, Research foreign publications to North American collections of Collections Committee ([email protected]), books, serials, and other forms of scholarly information or to Jutta Reed-Scott (jutta @cni.org), Senior Program necessary to support research, teaching, and scholar- Officer for Preservation and Collections Services.Jutta ship. Reed-Scott Given the advances in storage of electronic data, connectivity, and proliferation of electronic publishing, SHAPING THE ARL PRESERVATION the members of the Research Collections Committee AGENDA believe that ARL libraries have unparalleled opportuni- The ARL Preservation of Research Library Materi- ties to work together to develop a plogram for coopera- als Committee, at its last two meetings, has tive collection management of international research focused on the development of a new five-year resources. They also believe that this collaboration preservation action plan. The plan will be based on should be guided by an overarching vision and under- recommendations made by the ARL Preservation Plan- taken in continuing collective consultation. The draft ning Task Force (PPTF). The PPTF was established fol- plan proposes strategic directions for creating a net-. lowing a May 1992 Preservation Planning Conference, work-based, distributed program foi coordinated collec- co-sponsored by the University of Chicago Library and tion development of foreign language, area, and inter- ARL. The PPTF charge was to clarify the preservation national studies materials among U.S. and Canadian needs discussed at the conference and to fashion strate- research libraries. gies for addressing those needs. The plan articulates a series of goals. Three primary A central theme in the report issued by the PPTF is goals center on: the complex web of local, regional, and national initia- enhancing the capabilities of North American tives that contribute to current preservation efforts in research libraries to acquire and make available the United States and Canada. The report outlines the global information resources; preservation goals and objectives of major organizations broadening the aggregate breadth and depth of in North America that are national in scope, identifies coverage of global information resources; and an array of unmet preservation needs, and proposes a achieving effective network-based access to global series of actions for consideration by the ARL Preserva- research materials. tion Committee. The PPTF Report is available on the Other goals in the draft plan are: developing the ARL Gopher or from ARL. management structure for overseeing and guiding the In considering ARL's preservation agenda, the technical and policy aspects of the evolving program; Preservation Committee is focusing on activities that developing and maximizing financial resources for complement ARL's capabilities and that most effectively building and maintaining the North American distrib- support member libraries' efforts to preserve research uted collection of global resources; and, strengthening collections, both individually and in the aggregate. The collaborative programs with foreign libraries, archives, committee will complete work on the ARL preservation and information services. action plan by May 1995. -Jutta Reed-Scott The major strategies involve organizing and imple- menting a North American distributed, networked pro- gram for acquiring and delivering global information resources; forging partnerships with scholarly associa- tions, such as the American Council of Learned Societies and other higher education groups, to focus national attention on supporting research libraries to acquire and deliver global information resources; and developing the infrastructure to acquire, store, and distribute large ARL 1 7 7 NOVEMBER 1994 OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC AND ACADEMIC PUBLISHING Ann Okerson, Director SERIAL CANCELLATION RATE Monographs Revisited The symbiotic relationship between funds expended on PREDICTED TO DROP FOR 1995 serials and funds not expended on monographs, was evi- ccording to a short survey completed by 91 ARL dent again in this year's comments. Some respondents member libraries in October 1994, less than referenced an ability to buy more books because of hav- half are planning to cancel serial subscriptions ing cancelled or planning shortly to cancel a num- for the 1995 calendar year. In each of the previous four ber of serial titles. Where the ability to buy books shrank years, over half of responding members signalled their yet again, the loss was attributed to high serials prices. intent to cancel serials; this fall 40 out of 90, or 44%, Cutting back on approval plans or moving to "slips" was plan to do so. the strategy of several ARL libraries. Vy'hile a handful of Every fall, ARL/OSAP issues a Quick SPEC sur- libraries specifically said they had received enough vey to determine how ARL member libraries plan to money for their book purchasing needs, a more common allocate their acquisitions and serials purchases in the plaint was a loss of20-30%of buying power. In a partic- new budget year. ARL members are asked a few gen- ularly precise vein, one library was given an amount for eral book/serial purchasing questions and then have acquisitions identical to last year's budget plus 54% of the opportunity to expand on any of their answers. inflationary level. Results have been published for five years in a row, in Serials Observed a year -enu issue of the ARL newsletter (most recently While specific publishers were not being targeted, ARL 172, January 1994). A summary of this year's specific high-priced disciplines in the sciences were. The responses follows. obvious reason was stated: cancellations in higher-priced In the new budget year, are yorf: fields and titles yield money for new and needed titles. The good news is that this is, in fact, exactly what many 1.Trimming monographic purchases? libraries do: invest savings in new journals, if not books. 32Yes 58No 1 No Answer Additional categories for scrutiny and cancellation 2.Cancelling serial subscriptions? included scientific translation journals, indexing & 40 Yes 50 No 1 No Answer abstracting services, staff (library science) titles, and for- eign newspapers. The biggest concern was about how to If yes, approximate dollar amount of treat subjects and readers fairly in the by now routine cancellations: cancellation process. Thirty two of the libraries indicated amounts Impact on Collections which totalled about$3.5million. If all 40 can- celling institutions cancelled at this average rate Anticipating the North American distributed collections that will evolve in at least some areas that are the focus of of about $110,000 per institution, the serials can- current AAU and ARL (and many other) initiatives, one cellations in ARL libraries for 1995 would be senior officer wrote, "Collection coordination becomes about $4.4 million. At the same time last year, more and more imperative as libraries cancel serial titles. ARL members reported a planned$8million in As we purchase more and more electronic products and cancellations. rely more and more on ILL and document delivery, the poverty of some collections becomes apparent. There b.Are you targeting specific publishers? needs to be coordination of resources. Unique titles ARL libraries do not appear to be looking at any should be held on a regional basis and everyone should particular publishers in the cancellation process. be aware of where they are and how to best access them. Our university will no longer support double-digit c. Are you targeting specific disciplines? increases so we need national support of acquisition 15 Yes 30No 46 No Answer funds and efforts to coordinate purchases." In order to see if the rather more optimistic results of Sciences: the 1994 survey bear fruit, readers will have to consult 12Yes 0 No 79 No Answer the ARL Statistics 1994-95. This Quick SPEC survey rep- resents intentions in advance and serves as a weather- Social Sciences: vane for member purchasing plans. The final outcomes 5 Yes 4 No 82No Answer will be reported by ARL members in the last quarter of 1995, to be published in ARL's annual compilation of sta- Humanities tistics in the first quarter of 1996. 3Yes 5 No 83 NoAnswer Ann Okerson (Survey tabulated by Lisabeth King, Research Assistant, OSAP) 0 0 A R L1 7 7 NOVEMBER 1994 FEDERAL RITATIONS Prudence S. Adler, Assistant ExecutiveDirector-Federal Relations and Information Policy NII, FEDERAL FUNDING, NASA's IITA AND RESEARCH STRATEGIES NASA's IITA program funds projects in severalareas: In September 1993, the Clinton-Gore Administration digital library technology, applications ofremote sens- ing images via the Internet, education, released The National Information Infrastructure:Agen- training and da for Action. The NII Agenda consistsof a series of lifelong learning, andaerospace design and manufac- proposals that will advance the developmentof the NII. turing. Unlike the joint NSF/ARPA/NASADigital These proposals range from rewritingthe Communica- Libraries Initiative, six NASA digital librarytechnolo- tions Act of 1934 to shifting federalR&D priorities to gy awards and nine awards for remote sensing data- base applications are focused promote networked-based access to information.The on the dissemination of Administration's interest in the NII is bestillustrated NASA science data. A total of $20 millionwas provid- through its funding priorities. ed to support these 15 projects in applicationsand Within the past year, threeprograms relating to technologies. Examples of the digital librarytechnolo- applications and research and developmenthave pro- gy projects include research on improving therate at vided significant funding to jumpstart the Administra- which larga digital imagescan be transferred across tion's vision. These programs includethe joint initia- the network and development ofsystems for content tive of the National Science Foundation,the Advanced retrieval on compressed images. Theremote sensing Research Projects Agency, and the NationalAeronau- database applications are focusedon innovative pro- jects for the public and commercial tics and Space Administration(NSF/ARPA/NASA) use of national Research on Digital Libraries, the NASAInformation remote sensing data assets. The focus of NASA'slife- Infrastructure Technology and Applicationsprogram long learning efforts is a K-12 outreachprogram that (IITA), and the National Telecommunicationsand includes curriculum development andInternet-based Information Administration (NTIA) activities. This program is integrally linkedto the digi- Telecommunica- tal library technology and tions and Informations InfrastructureAssistance Pro- remote sensing database efforts. Additional solicitations gram (TIIAP). The common goal of each of thesepro- are anticipated in late grams is to accelerate the development of the NII FY1995 and early FY1997. through collaborative public/private partnerships. NTIA's TIIAP NSF/ARPA/NASA Digital Libraries Unlike the other two programs, the NTIATIIAP is not Initiative focused on high end research. Insteadit is focused on The three agencies are providing$24.4 million to six empowering public institutions and seeksto promote the development and use of telecommunications university-led projects thatare funded for four years at tech- nologies in support of the delivery of up to $1.2 million per year, per award. Theprojects social services, to span a variety of disciplines and include multi-sector increase civic participation, and topromote access to government information. In FY1994, TIIAP participation. There are four primarygoals of the Ini- awarded tiative: $24.4 million to 92 projects, including fivelibrary pro- fundamental research; jects. An award to the San Francisco PublicLibrary is technologies development and demonstration illustrative of the type of projects thatthe TIIAP hopes including experimental testbeds and to spark. The library will receive $245,000to support prototyping; the development of a comprehensive new applications, e.g., new knowledge networksand city and county information services; and information system. The project will deliversocial ser- vices, including health care, culture, and community influence andpresence to elicit broad education. participation by a diverse set of client $64 million will be available insupport of the TIIAP in groups. FY1995. As noted by Thomas Kalil, NationalEconomic Council, at the fall ARL meeting,digital libraries are one of the "drivers" for the NII, andthe Digital Libraries Ini- tiative is central to the Administration'svision. Follow- up to these awards include broadening theresearch base, extending the partnershipson local, state, national, and international basis, and developingnew funding sources. Awardees include Carnegie MellonUniversity, University of California, Berkeley,University of Califor- nia, Santa Barbara, University ofMichigan, Stanford University, and University of Illinoisat Urbana. ARL 177 NOVEMBER 1994 NII AND COPYRIGHT several issues: balancing of rights, licensing, first sale ARL Responds to Report on Intellectual doctrine, transmission rights, liability issues for service Property Rights providers, library exceptions, and fairuse. The ARL The Working Group on Intellectual Property response and the ARL-ALA reply are available via the Rights of the Information Infrastructure Task ARL Gopher (arl.cni.org). Force (IITF) released a draft of Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure in July (see IITF Convenes Three Fair Use ARL 176, p. 10). Although the draft report noted that Subcommittees only "minor changes" to the Copyright Act of 1976are In addition to releasing the draft report, the Working necessary, a careful reading of the report surfaced rec- Group on Intellectual Property Rights sponsoreda Sep- ommendations that, if implemented, would dismantle tember conference on fair use issues and launcheda the current balance between the rights of copyright series of subcommittee meetings to examine and devel- owners and those of libraries and users of proprietary op guidelines regarding fair use and the National Infor- information. mation Infrastructure (NII) in library, university, and In a written response to the Working Group, ARL elementary/high school settings. Subcommitteeswere agreed that "no more than minor clarification and established for each of the settings with memberships amendment to the Copyright Act is needed at this time. comprising representatives from the library, publishing, We do disagree, however, with many of the modifica- multimedia centers, software publishing, educational tions proposed by the Working Group. We find that, in communities, and others. sum, the clarifications proposed reflect the interests of The Working Group envisions its role in these delib- the copyright owners without similarly reflecting the erations as one of a facilitator and convenor. The goal as stated by Bruce Lehman, Assistant Secretary of Com- needs of users." ARL's letter highlighted issues ofcon- cern and made three recommendations for the Working merce and chair of the Working Group, is to develop Group to consider in their deliberations. consensus guidelines for each of these communities of The issues of greatest concern to ARL weresumma- users. Depending upon when and if consensus is reached, the guidelines could be endorsed by the Work- rized as a need for the Working Group to retaina bal- ance of interests between the rights of copyright own- ing Group and included in their final reporton the NII and intellectual property rights. ers and users, and to retain fair use and specific library reproduction and distribution rights in the NII. ARL Common issues emerged from each of the subcom- recommended that the final report: mittees during the first round of meetings held in Octo- ber. Some of the issues identified by the subcommittees include a statement specifying the opportunities and requiring examination and discussion include: benefits to research and education that willemerge repro- as a result of any recommended changes to the duction of "accessible" versions (e.g. Braille, large char- acter); distance learning; electronic reserves; electronic Copyright Act and the deployment of the NII; document delivery; interlibra-y loan; preservation e strengthen library provisions of the Copyright Act to (refreshing electronic information and scanning support preservation activities and, if any new right conven- tional text); transient copying on networks; software in is accorded to copyright proprietors, ensure that libraries; archives of images and integrity of works of concomitant exemptions are provided for including art; encryption; impact on writers/copyright owners of existing exemptions for library reproduction and distribution; and accelerated dissemination; browsing; personaluse copy- ing including downloading and printing; and, what isa call for a second National Commissionon New classroom? a library? Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works. Participants in the subcommittee meetings agreed to ARL's response to the Working Groupwas also develop issue papers on each of these topics. The presented r t a hearing by Gloria Werner, University papers will explore both current uses and experiments Librarian, UCLA. ARL's position on the draft report as well as those likely to emerge in the NIL These was endorsed by the National Humanities Alliance and papers and ensuing discussions will serve as the basis the same concerns were shared in responses filed bya for understanding the terminology anduses unique to number of other library organizations. each stakeholder community. They will also providea ARL with ALA also filed "Reply Comments"on framework for future discussions concerning the devel- the draft report. These comments were inresponse to opment of fair use guidelines. statements filed by other associations such as the Asso- The final report from the Working Group is expect- ciation of American Publishers, the Authors League, ed in mid-1995 and will include legislativerecommen- and others. ARL and ALA comments focusedon dations for revisions to the Copyright Act of 1976. '32 ARL 177 NOVEMBER 1994 COALITION-FOR-NETWORKED-INFORMATION Paul Evan Peters, Executive Director tect, Office of Information Technology,Indiana Univer- WORKING TOGETHER sity, who also served as facilitators of theworkshop. The Coalition for Networked Informationheld They worked with a planning group composedof the "Working Together: A Planning Retreat for leaders of the Coalition's Working Group onManage- Library and Information Technology Profession- ment and Professional Development,Meredith Butler, als" on October 5-7 in Washington, DC. The retreat pro- State University of New York at Albany andMartha institutional vided an opportunity for a small number of Fields, State University System of Florida; andwith technologists to teams of librarians and information Susan Perry, Mount Holyoke College, Julia Rudy, develop techniques to increase the effectivenessof col- Networked for CAUSE, and Joan Lippincott, Coalition for laborative efforts and to begin a planning process Information. Sheila Creth, University of Iowa, and a specific collaborative projects. ground former leader of the Management Working Group, was The retreat attendees found much common also involved in the early stages of the project. and benefited from shared perspectives. Earlyin the introduced and The two day retreat had the following objectives: retreat, after the participants had been to assist institutional teams in workingtogether as their job functions and critical issues they facedhad "If I didn't partners; been described, one individual commented, to provide teams an opportunity tobegin or build on listen carefully during the introduction, Icouldn't existing joint efforts; and, always tell whether the person was a librarian or an to provide participants an opportunity tosnare expe- information technologist." Common themes identified in riences and learn from one another. by all institutions were that their organizations were In their introduction, the facilitators noted thatthey transition and they were struggling to marshall had four primary assumptions when theyprepared for resources to provide the best services totheir users. One of the goals of the Coalition is to integrate this workshop: that ultimately, the participants are collaboratingfor efforts to support the overall information resourcesand the good of their users and institutions; services mission for the entire academic institution.By that collaboration is inherently good; jointlydevelop- providing opportunities for senior administrators of ing solutions to problems is effective andallows libraries and senior administrators of informationtech- nologies in higher education institutions to work togeth- groups to share risks; that librarians and information technologists have er in a common enterprise directedtoward a shared future, the Coalition hopes to advance progress in this overlapping areas of work; and, that we can get better at collaboration with the assis- area. Many of the Coalition'smember institutions have institutional programs in which teams of individuals tance of some systematic training. Attendees participated in a variety of activities to from the library and computing center work collabora- increase their understanding of the factors that lead to tively to develop campus information resources and/or deliver campus information services. Those institutions successful or unsuccessful collaboration. These includ- they who do not have such collaborative relationshipsoften ed an environmental scanning exercise in which would like to develop them. This workshop offered an identified major trends affecting technology and /or intensive, participant-oriented environment, using case higher education, a force field analysis that provides a studies and a variety of participative techniques to help framework for understanding what moves people foster collaborative projects. towards a goal and what mitigates against achieving a This was the first time that this workshop was goal, analysis of case studies, and planning exercises. offered, and it was targeted to reach senior administra- As a product of the force field analysis, participants tors of libraries and computing centers inlarger univer- identified the following factors as motivating them to sities. Most institutions sent teams of four individuals. collaborate: common goals, clients, and tools; leverag- Participating teams met in advance of the workshop to ing economic and staff resources; assiqing to attract out- bet- identify their current and potential areas of collabora- side grants; growing interdependence; providing tion. While prior experience with collaboration was not ter, integrated services; and, management pressures. required, all attendees at the retreat had experience in Forces hindering collaboration included: different collaborating on their campus and were interested in attitudes towards chznge; different levels of technology the building on those experiences. awareness; desire to control one's own resources; The workshop content was developed by Susan need to support the core services of one's unit; gover- Jurow, Director, Office of Management Services, Associ- nance; the budgeting process; notunderstanding the ation of Research Libraries and Gerry Bernbom, Assis- other organization; not understanding the expertise of tant Director and Senior Irformation TechnologyArchi- the other area; and, lack of appreciation for the skills of 03 ARL 177 NOVEMBER 1994 counterparts. There was concensus among the partici- appropriate skills, focusing on effective communication, pants that the forces motivating collaborationwere interpreting efforts to staff at all levels and to the uni- more powerful than the forces hindering collaboration. versity administration, and integrating the projectinto Some of the kinds of projects that participants iden- the organizational structure. tified for current or future types of collaboration includ- The Coalition has sponsored a number of projects ed: training and user support, developingan electronic that have involved collaborative teams. These include: reference desk, organizing resources using WWW, University Presses in the Networked Information Envi- developing campus wide information services (CWIS), ronment, Dissertations, the New Learning Communities joint outreach to faculty, electronic publishing, estab- Conference, Exemplary Uses of Networks, and Net- lishing assessment measures for services, joint publica- worked Information in Teaching and Learning. tions, educating the university's administration, attract- The Coalition anticipates offeringa Working ing external funding, designing user interfaces, library Together retreat in the spring, focusingon small col- autom,,tion, joint planning, and CD-ROM implementa- leges. In addition, the Coalition will considerrequests tion. to offer the retreat for a campus or a regionalgroup of Each institutional team examined environmental campuses. forces, reviewed their partnership potential, analyzed -Joan Lippincott, Assistant Executive Director the range of partnership possibilities, and mappeda course of action. They used the analytical techniques suggested by the facilitators to provide insight in order COLLABORATION to develop a framework for future action. A snapshot of Collaborative implementation of networked informa- the team reports revealed some of the insights thepar- tion projects is hot. ticipants gained from the retreat process. One institu- The recently announced NSF/ARPA/NASA Digi- tion's participants felt that the retreatgave them an tal Libraries grants were all to projects submitted opportunity to analyze what they had been doing, and by teams composed of many inter- and intra-insti- they found they have been on the right track. They tutional sectors. planned to return to their institution and involve people The Fall 1994 issue of CAUSE/E1-.1-ECT took collab- at all levels. They reaffirmed that both library andcom- oration between librarians and information tech- puting units are serving the same user community and nologists as its theme and included articleson such are both providing information and information ser- topics as collaborative user services, collaborative vices to their community. They agreed to broaden the facilities, and collaborative professional develop- focus of their future projects. ment programs. Participants from another campus found that the As part of the preparation for the issue, CAUSE culture of their two units is different, particularly in the issued a request for examples of library/comput- ing center collaboration. They received areas of decision-making and communication. They many pro- ject descriptions which are available had an increased understanding of those variables and on the CAUSE Gopher server (cause-gopher.colorado.edu) in the how to manage them in collaborativeprocesses. CAUSE/E1-1.E.CT folder, under CAUSE publica- Some common themes were the need for better tions. communication and communication deeper in the orga- Programs on collaboration have been and will be nizations, the need to address larger planning and bud- featured at the EDUCOM, CAUSE, CAUSE/CNI get issues, and the need for commitment of resources Regional Conference, and Coalition Task Force from upper level management. One participantcom- Meetings this Fall. mented that the entire environment is changing, and just a small group working on these issues within the organization is not enough. There is a need to develop collaborative skills into a much larger number ofexist- ing staff. Another participant commented that it is important to use a process to focus ona range of issues affecting libraries and computing centers andnot just focus on single projects. The facilitators emphasized that whilea brief retreat would focus attention on partnership opportunities, success entails supporting collaborations over time. They suggested focusing attentionon developing ARL 177 NOVEMBER 1994 11111111 MB AINI 1 11 . V Susan Jurow, Director DIVERSITY SEMINAR HUMAN RESOURCES INSTITUTE Kriza Jennings, Program Officer for Diversity and Twenty seven participants attended a new OMS Minority Recruitment, will facilitate a one-day program, the Human Resources Institute, in seminar entitled "Advancing Diversity with Washington, DC, on October 12-14. Conducted Committees, Staff Positions, and Strategic Plans" on Fri- by Maureen Sullivan, OMS Organizational Develop- day, February 3, in Philadelphia. The OMS definition of ment Consultant, and Wendy Scott, Librarian for. Profes- diversity is not limited to racial or ethnic descriptions; it sional Development and Education at the North Caroli- encompasses a broad definition recognizing and valu- na State University Libraries, the Institute gave partici- ing all elements of human diversity. pants the opportunity to examine trends and issues in In her work with ARL libraries, Ms. Jennings has human resource management in libraries. The agenda found several effective strategies that promote and included topics such as transforming organizational cul- advance diversity agendas within libraries, and more ture and building a learning organization. Michael importantly, engage individual staff as well as depart- Aitken, Director of Government Relations at the College ments and divisions. The development of diversity and University Personnel Association, provided an committees to celebrate and explore diversity and /or insider's look at higher education issues and , urrent the addition of mulii-cultural services or diversity federal legislation. librarians, are two strategies that have proven to be very For many of the personnel officers in attendance, effective. In the seminar Ms. Jennings will provide examples of how libraries around the country have used the Institute was a rare opportunity to focus on chang- these approaches and will offer "tips and traps" for ing roles and expectations for their departments and implementing such programs. She will also be prepared themselves. Other library managers in attendance to consult on initiatives already underway and to offer found that the Institute provided insight into/the suggestions for how these might be improved and increasingly complex and vital issues of human resource enhanced. management. -Wendy Scott, North Carolina State Univer- The research conducted by the OMS Diversity Pro- sity Libraries gram has found that a diversity project cannot be under- taken as a set of separately conducted activities, but OMS SPEC INDEX AVAILABLE must be integrated into all of the library's plans and VIA THE INTERNET activities. The OMS Diversity Program also promotes OMS announces the availability of the Subject the integration of diversity issues and objectives into all library committees and the library's strategic plans for Index to SPEC Kits in Print,1973-1993 both in all departments and divisions. The seminar will include paper and electronic format on the ARL Gopher suggestions for how diversity relates to collections, ser- (URL: gopher : / /arl.cni.org /arl /pubs spec). SPEC Kits vices, programs, and other elements of the library's and Flyers are the compiled results of a series of surveys operations. The discussions will also explore strategies on current library practice and management within the for responding to resistance. ARL membership. New and expanded subject areas in This seminar will be of interest to those institutions this edition include automation, benefits, bookbinding, that have already begun library-wide strategies and collection development, computer printing technology, wish to assess their progress or learn new ideas for how information systems, insurance, interlibrary loan, they might proceed. It is also appropriate for institu- performance appraisal, public services, and resource tions considering the implementation of a library-wide sharing. diversity program. The printed version of the Subkt Index to SPEC Kits Contact Marianne Seales, ARL Program Assistant, in Print, 1973-1993 is available for $10 ($7.50 ARL mem- for registration information ([email protected]). The bers), shipping and handling included. Send prepaid seminar fee is $125 for ARL member institutions. It is orders or information requests to ARL Publications, possible to arrange for your institution to be billed for Department #0692, Washington, DC 20073-0692.Laura the registration fee. Rounds ---ARL ACTIVMES G. Jaia Barrett, Deputy Executive Director RENEWING THE ARL AGENDA discuss the importance of a diverse workforce for ne hundred and ten member libraries were repre- libraries, develop a better understanding of the chal- sented at the Fall ARL Membership Meeting. The lenges facing library and information scienceprograms in program sessions targeted the following topics, recruiting and/or graduating more minorities, and each a major issue on the agendas of ARL standing com- explore strategies ARL libraries might pursue in partner- mittees. ship with graduate school programs to recruitmore Building Effective Relationships Between Research minority students, as well as to prepare graduates for Libraries and Scholarly Publishers employment in ARL libraries. Performance Measures As The members of the ARL Incentives for Redesigning Committee on Minority Recruit- Access & Delivery Services ment and Retention invite other Leadership in the New Work- directors to join them at the place ALISE conference to demonstrate Electronic Technology as a ARL's desire to work with library Preservation Strategy and information science educators Strategies for Minority to develop a common agenda Recruitment & Retention in for minority recruitment and Research Libraries retention. Contact Marianne A Proposal for Improving Seales, ARL Program Assistant, Access to Global Information for registration and preliminary Resources conference program information New Research Directions and The October ARL Membership Meeting featured a briefing on the status of the AAU-ARL Research ([email protected]). Federal Funding Opportunities Libraries Project. Pictured above, left to right, are Jerry ARL's agenda was also dis- Campbell, Duke University, co-chair of the joint AAU- cussed during the Business Meet- ARL Research Libraries Steering Committee; Cornelius TRANSITIONS Pings, President, Association of American Universities; California, Berkeley: Peter ing as member representatives John Black, University of Guelph and ARL President, endorsed a revised statement of and Duane Webster, ARL Executive Director. Lyman was appointed University ARL Mission and Strategic Photo by Mary lane Brooks Librarian, effective November 7. Objectives, adding an objective Johns Hopkins: Stephen G. on research library performance measures. In addition, Nichols, the James M. Beall Professor of French and members elected three directors to the ARL Board: Humanities, was named Interim Sheridan Director of the Nancy Eaton, Iowa State University, James Neal, Indiana Eisenhower Library. University, and Barbara von Wahlde, SUNY-Buffalo. National Agricultural Library: Pamela Q.J. Andrewas Jerry Campbell, Duke University, succeeded John Black, appointed Director, effective November 14. University of Guelph as President of ARL; and the Board Southern California: Lynn F. Sipe was appointed Acting of Directors elected Nancy Cline, Pennsylvania State Uni- Director, effective November 1. versity, Vice-President/President-elect. Waterloo: Mike Ridley, Associate Librarian, Systems, is serving as Acting University Librarian for the last quarter of the year while Murray Shepherd fulfillsan assignment ARL AT ALISE for organizational renewal of the University Offices of he ARL Minority Recruitment ana Retention Com- Development and Alumni Affairs. mittee met with June Lester, incoming President for **** ALISE (Association for Library and Information Sci- Council on Library Resources: Deanna B. Marcumwas ence Education) at the fall ARL meeting. The purpose of named President, effective January 1, 1995. She willsuc- this meeting was to explore ways that ARL mightengage ceed W. David Penniman who has resigned his position with ALISE in joint initiatives to advance minorityrepre- as President effective December 31, after serving for the sentation in library and information science graduate pro- past four years. Dr. Marcum is currently Director of Pub- grams. Margaret Myers of ALA's Office of Library and lic Service and Collection Management at the Library of Personnel Resources also attended the meeting. Congress. She served as CLR Vice President from 1984 to One strategy identified was increasing thepresence 1989 and previously was Management Training Specialist of ARL directors at the next annual ALISE conference, to in ARL's Office of Management Services. be held January 31 - February 3, 1995, prior to the ALA *.** Midwinter meeting. Attendance at this meeting would ARL: Laura A. Rounds was appointed Program Officer provide ARL directors with an opportunity to learnmore for Information Services for ARL's Office of Management about ALISE and the issues facing library education. It Services in October. Ms. Rounds was formerly the U.S. also would enable directors to meet individual faculty, EPA Public Access Librarian. U ARL 177 NOVEMBER 1994 fir j: 4147:1 r- ARL: A Bimonthly Newsletter of ResearchLibrary Issues and Actions (US ISSN 1050-6098)is published six times Executive Director: Duane E Webster a year by the Association of Research Libraries, Editor: G Jam Barrett, Deputy Executive Director 21 Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036 Copy Manager: Allyn Fitzgerald 202-296-2296 FAX 202-872-0884 Designer: Kevin Osborn, Research & Design, Ltd, Arlington, VA Copyright ©1994 by the Association of Research Libraries Subscriptions: Members$25 peryear for additional subscription, Nonmembers$50 per year ARL policy is to grant blanketpermission to reprint any article in the newsletter for educational use be not .1 for certain articles For commercialuse, a reprint as long as the source, author, issue, request should be sent to the ARL Information Services and page numbers are acknowledgedExceptions to this policy may Coordinator ARL CALENDAR 1995 February 3-9 American Library Association May 17-19 ARL Board and Philadelphia, PA Membership Meeting Boston, MA February 9-10 ARL Board Meeting Washington, DC July 24-25 ARL Board Meeting Washington, DC March 9-11 ARL/NACS Electronic Reserves Forum October 18-20 ARL Board and Chicago, IL Membership Meeting Washington, DC March 13-14 OCLC Research Libraries Advisory Committee The Global Community of Research Libraries Dublin, OH April 6-7 EDUCOM NationalNet Washington, DC April 10-11 Coalition for Networked Information Spring Task Force Meeting Washington, DC r.