DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 1 Neither Indeed Would I Have Put My Selfe to the Labour Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 1 Neither Indeed Would I Have Put My Selfe to the Labour Of Notes Neither indeed would I have put my selfe to the labour of writing any Notes at all, if the booke could as well have wanted them, as I could easilie have found as well, or better to my minde, how to bestow my time. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Chapter 1 1. This description is from Hacking's introduction to the English trans­ lation of Maistrov [1974, p.vii]. 2. Forsaking, in this respect, what is described in the 14th edition [1939] of the Encyclopaedia Britannica as its "career of plain usefulness" [vol. 3, p.596]. A supplementary volume of the Dictionary, soon to be published, will contain a note on Thomas Bayes. 3. See Barnard [1958, p.293]. 4. The note, by Thomas Fisher, LL.D., reads in its entirety as follows: "Bayes, Thomas, a presbyterian minister, for some time assistant to his father, Joshua Bayes, but afterwards settled as pastor of a con­ gregation at Tunbridge Wells, where he died, April 17, 1761. He was F.R.S., and distinguished as a mathematician. He took part in the controversy on fluxions against Bishop Berkeley, by publishing an anonymous pamphlet, entitled "An Introduction to the Doctrine of Fluxions, and Defence of the Mathematicians against the Author of the Analyst," London, 1736, 8vo. He is the author of two math­ ematical papers in the Philosophical Transactions. An anonymous tract by him, under the title of "Divine Benevolence" , in reply to one on Divine Rectitude, by John Balguy, likewise anonymous, attracted much attention." For further comments on this reference see Ander­ son [1941, p.161]. The Winkler Prins Encyclopaedie [1948], in the 394 Notes: chapter 1 entry under "Bayes, Thomas", has only this to say by way of biog­ raphy: "Engels wiskundige (?-1763), omtrent wiens leven wij vrijwel niets weten" [vol. 3, p.396]. It does, however, give a clear and correct discussion of Bayes's Theorem. 5. Anderson [1941, p.160]. If Thomas was born before 25th March (New Year's Day in the old English calendar), the year could be 1701 (old style), though it would be 1702 (new style). The day of his death being the seventh, we find on subtracting the 11 days lost by the calendar reformation of 1752, that his death was on the 27th March 1761 (o.s.). Subtraction of his age at death - viz. 59 - shows that he was either born on or just after New Year's Day 1702 (o.s.), or in 1701 (o.s.). See Bellhouse [1988a]. 6. Hacking [1970] and the 15th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica [1980], (vol. I of the Micropaedia). 7. Holland [1962, p.451]. 8. Barnard [1964], Hacking [1970]. 9. Holland [1962, p.452], Pearson [1978, p.355] and Wilson [1814]. Bogue and Bennett [vol. II, 1809] point out that "The necessities of the church may render it proper that men should be ministers, who have not enjoyed the advantages of an academical, or even a liberal educa­ tion" [p.7]. 10. Pearson [1978, p.356] states that this academy was founded by the Congregational Fund Board in 1695. 11. Writing of the course of instruction for the Christian ministry, Bogue and Bennett [vol. III, 1810] say "To mathematics and natural phi­ losophy it has usually been judged proper to apply a portion of the student's time. As they tend to improve the mind, and peculiarly to exercise its powers, and call forth their energies, the general influence of both may be favourable to his future labours, and the hearers as well as the preacher experience their good effects" [p.270]. 12. H.M. Walker, in her biographical notes appended to the 1967 reprint of de Moivre's The Doctrine of Chances, writes " ... Thomas Bayes, with whom he [i.e. de Moivre] is not known to have been associated" [p.367]. An outrageous statement is made by Epstein [1967]: speaking of de Moivre, he writes "His mathematics classes were held at Slaugh­ ter's Coffee House in St. Martin's Lane: one successful student was Thomas Bayes" [p.5]. 13. Holland [1962, p.452]. Proving how little times have changed since then, Kac [1985] in his autobiography says "The way Stan [Ulam] did mathematics was by talking, a work style which goes back to his young days in Lwow, which were spent largely in coffee houses Notes: chapter 1 395 (mainly in Szocka, which is Polish for "Scottish Cafe") endlessly dis­ cussing problems, ideas and conjectures. Great stuff came of this highly unorthodox way of doing mathematics ... " [pp.xx-xxi]. See also Ciesielski [1987]. 14. See Dale [1990]. 15. Holland [1962, p.453]. See also James [1867]. 16. James [1867]. 17. Holland [1962, p.453] states that this move of Thomas's was made in 1731, while Barnard [1958, p.293] merely notes that "he was certainly there in 1731". See also Pearson [1978, p.357] and Timpson [1859, p.464]. However, in the Minute Books of the Body of Protestant Dis­ senting Ministers of the Three Denominations in and about the Cities of London and Westminster the following entry may be found: "Oct. 3rd• 1732. List of approved. Ministers of the Presbyterian denomina- tion. MMr. BBayes Jsen:. } Leather Lane." I would suggest therefore r. ayes un. that Thomas Bayes moved to Tunbridge Wells somewhat later than the usually cited date of 1731. 18. Barnard [1958, p.293]. Burr [1766] points out further that "a Methodist meeting-house has also been erected at Tunbridge-Wells since the rise of that deluded sect" [p.104]. 19. The following descriptions of Tunbridge Wells are from Burr [1766]: "Tunbridge-Wells is situated on the southern side of the county of Kent, just on the borders of Sussex, and about thirty-six miles from London. It is partly built in Tunbridge parish, partly in Frant parish, and partly in Speldhurst parish; and consists of four little villages, named Mount-Ephraim, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Sion, and the Wells" [pp.98-99]. "An excellent bowling-green, the old assembly-room, and a capacious handsome Presbyterian meeting-house, are all situated upon Mount-Sion" [p.104]. For further details see Holland [1962, pp.453-454]. 20. Some doubt as to Ditton's religious convictions exists. The Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography says "The son [i.e. Humphrey], in opposition to the nonconformist wishes of the father [also Humphrey], entered the English church." On the other hand, in the Dictionary of National Biography we find "The younger Ditton afterwards be­ came a dissenting preacher at his father's desire". The New General Biographical Dictionary is more cautious and merely states "he [i.e. Humphrey] at the desire of his father, although contrary to his own inclination, engaged in the profession of divinity" . 21. Holland [1962, p.455]. 396 Notes: chapter 1 22. Cajori [1919a) writes ''the publication of Berkeley's Analyst was the most spectacular mathematical event of the eighteenth century in England" [p.219). 23. Pearson [1978, p.360) claims that Jurin was the secretary of the Royal Society, and gives his name in the list of secretaries on p.357. But this claim is not supported by the Signatures in the First Journal-Book and the ChaTter-Book of the Royal Society [1912). 24. For further details see Pearson [1978, p.360). 25. Extracts from this tract are given in Holland [1962, pp.455-456): for a detailed discussion of the paper see Smith [1980). The Dictionary of Anonymous and Pseudonymous English Literature cites de Morgan as its source of information on the authorship of this work. 26. Holland [1962) writes "His 1736 tract in defence of the mathematical art was published at an opportune time and was of such merit that it is likely that his election was unanimously agreed to by members of this distinguished body ... We do not believe he obtained election in the manner of some members who contributed nothing of merit but were wealthy enough to pay the high admittance fees and yearly dues" [p.459). See also Hacking [1970, p.531j, Maistrov [1974, p.88j, Pearson [1978, p.356j, Keynes [1973, p.192j, Pearson [1978, p.350) and Timerding [1908, p.44). The last three of these references incorrectly give Bayes's date of election as 1741. Elected at the same time as Bayes were Walter Bowman and Michel Fourmont: see Signatures in the First Journal-Book and the ChaTter-Book of the Royal Society [1912). 27. Quoted in Holland [1962, p.459). 28. One trusts that this last word is not used with the meaning that Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary assures one it has in book­ sellers' catalogues! 29. Reprinted in Pearson [1978, p.357): for details of the signatories see pp.357-358, op. cit. 30. Pearson [1978, pp.360-361). That Bayes (and his clerical coevals) should have had time to indulge in mathematical and scientific pur­ suits is hardly surprising when one bears in mind the following passage from an editor of Derham's Physico-Theology (first issued in 1713): "The life of a country clergyman is in every respect more favourable to the cultivation of natural science, by experiment and observation, than any other professional employment. He has all the leisure that is requisite to philosophic researches; he can watch the success of his experiments from day to day, and institute long processes without interruption, or record his observations without chasm or discontin­ uation." Not that their professional duties were ignored, however: Notes: chapter 1 397 Bogue and Bennett write "As to the quantity of labour performed by dissenting ministers of evangelical principles (the religious principles of the old nonconformists), they need not blush at a comparison with those of the preceding times.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Euclid's Elements - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Euclid's Elements - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid's_Elements Euclid's Elements From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Euclid's Elements (Ancient Greek: Στοιχεῖα Stoicheia) is a mathematical and geometric treatise Elements consisting of 13 books written by the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid in Alexandria c. 300 BC. It is a collection of definitions, postulates (axioms), propositions (theorems and constructions), and mathematical proofs of the propositions. The thirteen books cover Euclidean geometry and the ancient Greek version of elementary number theory. The work also includes an algebraic system that has become known as geometric algebra, which is powerful enough to solve many algebraic problems,[1] including the problem of finding the square root of a number.[2] With the exception of Autolycus' On the Moving Sphere, the Elements is one of the oldest extant Greek mathematical treatises,[3] and it is the oldest extant axiomatic deductive treatment of mathematics. It has proven instrumental in the development of logic and modern science. The name 'Elements' comes from the plural of 'element'. The frontispiece of Sir Henry Billingsley's first According to Proclus the term was used to describe a English version of Euclid's Elements, 1570 theorem that is all-pervading and helps furnishing proofs of many other theorems. The word 'element' is Author Euclid, and translators in the Greek language the same as 'letter'. This Language Ancient Greek, translations suggests that theorems in the Elements should be seen Subject Euclidean geometry, elementary as standing in the same relation to geometry as letters number theory to language.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloading Material Is Agreeing to Abide by the Terms of the Repository Licence
    Cronfa - Swansea University Open Access Repository _____________________________________________________________ This is an author produced version of a paper published in: Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion Cronfa URL for this paper: http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa40899 _____________________________________________________________ Paper: Tucker, J. Richard Price and the History of Science. Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, 23, 69- 86. _____________________________________________________________ This item is brought to you by Swansea University. Any person downloading material is agreeing to abide by the terms of the repository licence. Copies of full text items may be used or reproduced in any format or medium, without prior permission for personal research or study, educational or non-commercial purposes only. The copyright for any work remains with the original author unless otherwise specified. The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder. Permission for multiple reproductions should be obtained from the original author. Authors are personally responsible for adhering to copyright and publisher restrictions when uploading content to the repository. http://www.swansea.ac.uk/library/researchsupport/ris-support/ 69 RICHARD PRICE AND THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE John V. Tucker Abstract Richard Price (1723–1791) was born in south Wales and practised as a minister of religion in London. He was also a keen scientist who wrote extensively about mathematics, astronomy, and electricity, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Written in support of a national history of science for Wales, this article explores the legacy of Richard Price and his considerable contribution to science and the intellectual history of Wales.
    [Show full text]
  • Cavendish the Experimental Life
    Cavendish The Experimental Life Revised Second Edition Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge Series Editors Ian T. Baldwin, Gerd Graßhoff, Jürgen Renn, Dagmar Schäfer, Robert Schlögl, Bernard F. Schutz Edition Open Access Development Team Lindy Divarci, Georg Pflanz, Klaus Thoden, Dirk Wintergrün. The Edition Open Access (EOA) platform was founded to bring together publi- cation initiatives seeking to disseminate the results of scholarly work in a format that combines traditional publications with the digital medium. It currently hosts the open-access publications of the “Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge” (MPRL) and “Edition Open Sources” (EOS). EOA is open to host other open access initiatives similar in conception and spirit, in accordance with the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the sciences and humanities, which was launched by the Max Planck Society in 2003. By combining the advantages of traditional publications and the digital medium, the platform offers a new way of publishing research and of studying historical topics or current issues in relation to primary materials that are otherwise not easily available. The volumes are available both as printed books and as online open access publications. They are directed at scholars and students of various disciplines, and at a broader public interested in how science shapes our world. Cavendish The Experimental Life Revised Second Edition Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach Studies 7 Studies 7 Communicated by Jed Z. Buchwald Editorial Team: Lindy Divarci, Georg Pflanz, Bendix Düker, Caroline Frank, Beatrice Hermann, Beatrice Hilke Image Processing: Digitization Group of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Cover Image: Chemical Laboratory.
    [Show full text]
  • The Book and Printed Culture of Mathematics in England and Canada, 1830-1930
    Paper Index of the Mind: The Book and Printed Culture of Mathematics in England and Canada, 1830-1930 by Sylvia M. Nickerson A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto © Copyright by Sylvia M. Nickerson 2014 Paper Index of the Mind: The Book and Printed Culture of Mathematics in England and Canada, 1830-1930 Sylvia M. Nickerson Doctor of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto 2014 Abstract This thesis demonstrates how the book industry shaped knowledge formation by mediating the selection, expression, marketing, distribution and commercialization of mathematical knowledge. It examines how the medium of print and the practices of book production affected the development of mathematical culture in England and Canada during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Chapter one introduces the field of book history, and discusses how questions and methods arising from this inquiry might be applied to the history of mathematics. Chapter two looks at how nineteenth century printing technologies were used to reproduce mathematics. Mathematical expressions were more difficult and expensive to produce using moveable type than other forms of content; engraved diagrams required close collaboration between author, publisher and engraver. Chapter three examines how editorial decision-making differed at book publishers compared to mathematical journals and general science journals. Each medium followed different editorial processes and applied distinct criteria in decision-making about what to publish. ii Daniel MacAlister, Macmillan and Company’s reader of science, reviewed mathematical manuscripts submitted to the company and influenced which ones would be published as books.
    [Show full text]
  • Horner Versus Holdred
    Historia Mathematica 26 (1999), 29–51 Article ID hmat.1998.2214, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Horner versus Holdred: An Episode in the History View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk of Root Computation brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector A. Thomas Fuller Hillcrest, The Common, Woodgreen, Fordingbridge, Hants SP6 2BQ, England It is well known that Horner’s method for the computation of a real root of a polynomial equa- tion was anticipated in Italy by Ruffini. In the present paper it is shown that in England the method was published by Holdred, before Horner. The resulting controversy over priority is discussed, and related letters from contemporary mathematicians are reproduced. It is concluded that the dissemi- nation of the algorithm under the inappropriate designation “Horner’s method” is mainly due to De Morgan. C 1999 Academic Press Il est bien connu que la m´ethodede Horner pour calculer une racine re´elled’une ´equationpolynˆome avait ´et´eanticip´eeen Italie par Ruffini. Dans ce papier il est d´emontr´equ’en Angleterre la m´ethodefut publi´eepar Holdred avant Horner. La controverse sur la priorit´eest discut´ee,et des lettres de math´e- maticiens contemporains sont reproduites. Il est conclu que la diss´eminationde l’algorithme sous la d´esignation inappropri´ee“m´ethodede Horner” est principalement duea ` De Morgan. C 1999 Academic Press MSC 1991 subject classifications: 01A55; 01A70; 01A80; 65-03. Key Words: root computation; synthetic division; Horner; Holdred; De Morgan. 1. INTRODUCTION The algorithm for the computation of a real root of a polynomial equation with given numerical coefficients known as “Horner’s method” is described in many textbooks, for example Herbert Turnbull [73, 25–26, 30–33, 83–88] and James Uspensky [74, 151–169].
    [Show full text]
  • Very Rough Draft
    Friends and Colleagues: Intellectual Networking in England 1760-1776 Master‟s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Department of Comparative History Mark Hulliung, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Master‟s Degree by Jennifer M. Warburton May 2010 Copyright by Jennifer Warburton May 2010 ABSTRACT Friends and Colleagues: Intellectual Networking in England 1760- 1776 A Thesis Presented to the Comparative History Department Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Jennifer Warburton The study of English intellectualism during the latter half of the Eighteenth Century has been fairly limited. Either historians study individual figures, individual groups or single debates, primarily that following the French Revolution. My paper seeks to find the origins of this French Revolution debate through examining the interactions between individuals and the groups they belonged to in order to transcend the segmentation previous scholarship has imposed. At the center of this study are a series of individuals, most notably Joseph Priestley, Richard Price, Benjamin Franklin, Dr. John Canton, Rev. Theophilus Lindsey and John Jebb, whose friendships and interactions among such diverse disciplines as religion, science and politics characterized the collaborative yet segmented nature of English society, which contrasted so dramatically with the salon culture of their French counterparts. iii Table of Contents INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Project Gutenberg Ebook #31061: a History of Mathematics
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of Mathematics, by Florian Cajori This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: A History of Mathematics Author: Florian Cajori Release Date: January 24, 2010 [EBook #31061] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS *** Produced by Andrew D. Hwang, Peter Vachuska, Carl Hudkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net transcriber's note Figures may have been moved with respect to the surrounding text. Minor typographical corrections and presentational changes have been made without comment. This PDF file is formatted for screen viewing, but may be easily formatted for printing. Please consult the preamble of the LATEX source file for instructions. A HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS A HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS BY FLORIAN CAJORI, Ph.D. Formerly Professor of Applied Mathematics in the Tulane University of Louisiana; now Professor of Physics in Colorado College \I am sure that no subject loses more than mathematics by any attempt to dissociate it from its history."|J. W. L. Glaisher New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 1909 All rights reserved Copyright, 1893, By MACMILLAN AND CO. Set up and electrotyped January, 1894. Reprinted March, 1895; October, 1897; November, 1901; January, 1906; July, 1909. Norwood Pre&: J. S. Cushing & Co.|Berwick & Smith.
    [Show full text]
  • Unpublished Letters of James Joseph Sylvester and Other New Information Concerning His Life and Work Author(S): Raymond Clare Archibald Source: Osiris, Vol
    Unpublished Letters of James Joseph Sylvester and Other New Information concerning His Life and Work Author(s): Raymond Clare Archibald Source: Osiris, Vol. 1 (Jan., 1936), pp. 85-154 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/301603 . Accessed: 06/03/2014 07:56 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press and The History of Science Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Osiris. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 159.237.12.82 on Thu, 6 Mar 2014 07:56:26 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions UnpublishedLetters of JamesJoseph Sylvesterand othernew Information concerninghis Life and Work CONTENTS 1. - Introductory. II. -Curriculum Vitae. III. Publications dealing with SYLVEsTER'sLife and Work. IV. SyLv1EsTER'sFirst Mathematical Publication. V. -SYLvESTER and the Universityof Virginia. VI. SYLVESTER, i842-I855. VII. SYLVEsTER'S Poetry. VIII. Letters of SyLvEsTER. I. - INTRODUCTORY In yesteryearsthere were two gloriously inspiring centers of mathematical study in America. One of these was at -the University of Chicago, when BOLZA, and MASCHKE and E.
    [Show full text]
  • Referees, Publisher's Readers and the Image Of
    REFEREES, PUBLISHER’S READERS AND THE IMAGE OF MATHEMATICS IN NINETEENTH CENTURY ENGLAND by SYLVIA NICKERSON In the realm of publishing history it is well known that many of London’s largest nineteenth century publishers hired publisher’s readers to advise them about which literary manuscripts they should publish. Moreover, it has been recognized that these readers often acted as tastemakers and had a hand in shaping the development of literature. Publisher’s readers had a similar effect in relation to the genres of science and mathematics. At Macmillan and Company, publisher’s readers and close advisors to the publisher influenced decisions about which books were published on scientific and mathematical topics. In 1880, Macmillan and Company hired a publisher’s reader to specifically handle the science genre. The chosen reader, Donald MacAlister, also reviewed manuscripts in mathematics, and between 1880 and 1896 MacAlister wrote more than sixty reviews about prospective mathematical books that were being considered for publication. During this time he also wrote reviews evaluating manuscripts in other areas of science. While some observations about his work as a science reader are included, the purpose here is to focus specifically on MacAlister’s influence on Macmillan’s mathematical publishing program. The current article demonstrates that, when publishing on mathematical subjects, the decision-making of book publishers differed from that of mathematical journals. The values that underpinned the decision-making process were different at mathematics journals, general science journals and the book publishers that published mathematics. Each set of values affected the image of mathematics that was cultivated. The article examines the processes of refereeing, and the role of the editor, at nineteenth century mathematical journals by looking at the Cambridge Mathematical Journal and Acta Mathematica.
    [Show full text]
  • Roberto Rossi 2008 University College Cork, Ireland Brahim Hnich 2003 Uppsala Universiteit, Sweden Toby Walsh 1990 University Of
    Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia Ostilio Ricci Universita di Brescia, I Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei 1585 Universita di Pisa, I Benedetto Castelli 1610 Universita di Padova, I Evangelista Torricelli Marin Mersenne 1610 1611 Università di Roma La Sapienza, I Université Paris IV-Sorbonne, F Bonaventura Cavalieri 1619 Gilles Personne de Roberval Frans van Schooten, Jr. Universita di Pisa, I Vincenzo Viviani 1635 1642 Universiteit Leiden, NL Universita di Pisa, I Blaise Pascal Christiaan Huygens 1647 Isaac Barrow Benjamin Pulleyn Universiteit Leiden, NL 1652 1657 University of Cambridge, UK University of Cambridge, UK Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1666 Universität Leipzig, GER Isaac Newton 1668 Nicolas Malebranche University of Cambridge, UK 1672 Pierre Varignon Christian M. von Wolff Roger Cotes 1687 1703 1706 Académie royale des sciences de Paris, F Universität Leipzig, GER University of Cambridge, UK Jacques Cassini 1691 Robert Smith Université de Paris, F Jacob Bernoulli 1715 1684 University of Cambridge, UK Universität Basel, CH Walter Taylor 1723 University of Cambridge, UK Martin Knutzen 1732 Universität Königsberg, GER Stephen Whisson 1742 University of Cambridge, UK Thomas Postlethwaite 1756 Edward Waring University of Cambridge, UK Henry Bracken 1757 University of Cambridge, UK John Dawson 1765 Immanuel Kant John Cranke University College London, UK 1770 1774 Universität Königsberg, GER University of Cambridge, UK Thomas Jones 1782 University of Cambridge, UK Adam Sedgwick 1811 University of Cambridge, UK William Hopkins Isaac Todhunter 1830 1848 University of Cambridge, UK University College London, UK Sir. George Gabriel Stokes Sir. Francis Galton 1841 1847 James Clerk Maxwell University of Cambridge, UK University of Cambridge, UK Edward John Routh 1854 1857 University of Cambridge, UK University of Cambridge, UK John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) Sir.
    [Show full text]
  • JOHN MICHELL's THEORY of MATTER and JOSEPH PRIESTLEY's USE of IT John Schondelmayer Parry Doe4e..T of Philosophy Department of H
    JOHN MICHELL'S THEORY OF MATTER AND JOSEPH PRIESTLEY'S USE OF IT John Schondelmayer Parry muster Doe4e..T of Philosophy Department of History of Science and Technology, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London 2 ABSTRACT John Michell (1724-1793) developed a theory of penetrable matter in which a bi -polar (attractive and repulsive) power consti- tuted substance, and made itself sensible through the properties of matter. His sensationalist epistemology was similar to Locke's, though he denied the essential passivity and impenetrability of matter which both Locke and Newton had espoused in favour of a monist synthesis of matter and power. Michell supposed that immediate contact and the mutual penetration of matter were not absolutely prevented but only inhibited by repulsive powers at the surfaces of bodies, and he explained light's emission, momentum and resulting ability to penetrate transparent substances by the interaction of the powers of light particles with the surface powers of luminous bodies and receiving bodies. Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) adopted many of Michell's ideas on matter and light, and described them in his History of Optics, (1 772) . Nckli fritmdsh,i0, frurn, 17In8, Wed. Wte die v's i r*rest. '1■-■ ihcb o f mg-Tier, et.d helpcd k.11-, See *its pzie4ic, t He accepted Michell's ideas on penetrability, immediate contact, and the basic role of powers, a5 well Qs -4e tp;st-th)Divlb 1.z1A4.0k. tive5-e ides; and ; (A-Oz I 464.5 prtroiclect 114A t41.41, 4 he hears whereby kiz GoLa ci areept "to red*Fh-e
    [Show full text]
  • James Bowdoin: Patriot and Man of the Enlightenment
    N COLLEGE M 1 ne Bowdoin College Library [Digitized by tlie Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/jamesbowdoinpatrOObowd 52. James BowdoinU^ Version B, ca. i 791, by Christian GuUager Frontisfiece JAMES BOWDOIN Patriot and Man of the Enlightenment By Professor Gordon E. Kershaw EDITED BY MARTHA DEAN CATALOGUE By R. Peter Mooz EDITED BY LYNN C. YANOK An exhibition held at the BOWDOIN COLLEGE MUSEUM OF ART Brunswick, Maine May 28 through September 12, 1976 © Copyright 1976 by The President and Trustees of Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine Front cover illustration: Number 16, James Bozvdoin II, by Robert Feke, 1748, Bowdoin College Museum of Art. Back cover illustrations: Number 48, Silhouette of James Bowdoin II, by an Unknown Artist, courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society; Number 47, signature of James Bowdoin II, from Autografh Letter, Boston, 1788, per- mission of Dr. and Mrs. R. Peter Mooz. This exhibition and catalogue were organized with the aid of grants from the Maine State American Revolution Bicentennial Commission and The First National Bank of Boston. Tyfesetting by The AntJioensen Press, Portland, Maine Printed by Salina Press, Inc., East Syracuse, Nezv York Contents List of Illustrations iv Foreword and Acknowledgments, r. peter mooz vii Chronology xi JAMES BOWDOIN: Patriot and Man of The Enlightenment, gordon e. kershaw i Notes 90 Catalogue, r. peter mooz 97 Bibliography 108 Plates III List of Illustrations Except as noted, the illustrations appear following the text and are numbered in the order as shown in the exhibition. o. 1. Sames Bozvdoi/i /, ca. 1725, by an Unknown Artist 2.
    [Show full text]