DOCSLIB.ORG

Roberto Rossi 2008 University College Cork, Ireland Brahim Hnich 2003 Uppsala Universiteit, Sweden Toby Walsh 1990 University Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Roberto Rossi 2008 University College Cork, Ireland Brahim Hnich 2003 Uppsala Universiteit, Sweden Toby Walsh 1990 University Of Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia Ostilio Ricci Universita di Brescia, I Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei 1585 Universita di Pisa, I Benedetto Castelli 1610 Universita di Padova, I Evangelista Torricelli Marin Mersenne 1610 1611 Università di Roma La Sapienza, I Université Paris IV-Sorbonne, F Bonaventura Cavalieri 1619 Gilles Personne de Roberval Frans van Schooten, Jr. Universita di Pisa, I Vincenzo Viviani 1635 1642 Universiteit Leiden, NL Universita di Pisa, I Blaise Pascal Christiaan Huygens 1647 Isaac Barrow Benjamin Pulleyn Universiteit Leiden, NL 1652 1657 University of Cambridge, UK University of Cambridge, UK Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1666 Universität Leipzig, GER Isaac Newton 1668 Nicolas Malebranche University of Cambridge, UK 1672 Pierre Varignon Christian M. von Wolff Roger Cotes 1687 1703 1706 Académie royale des sciences de Paris, F Universität Leipzig, GER University of Cambridge, UK Jacques Cassini 1691 Robert Smith Université de Paris, F Jacob Bernoulli 1715 1684 University of Cambridge, UK Universität Basel, CH Walter Taylor 1723 University of Cambridge, UK Martin Knutzen 1732 Universität Königsberg, GER Stephen Whisson 1742 University of Cambridge, UK Thomas Postlethwaite 1756 Edward Waring University of Cambridge, UK Henry Bracken 1757 University of Cambridge, UK John Dawson 1765 Immanuel Kant John Cranke University College London, UK 1770 1774 Universität Königsberg, GER University of Cambridge, UK Thomas Jones 1782 University of Cambridge, UK Adam Sedgwick 1811 University of Cambridge, UK William Hopkins Isaac Todhunter 1830 1848 University of Cambridge, UK University College London, UK Sir. George Gabriel Stokes Sir. Francis Galton 1841 1847 James Clerk Maxwell University of Cambridge, UK University of Cambridge, UK Edward John Routh 1854 1857 University of Cambridge, UK University of Cambridge, UK John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) Sir. George Howard Darwin Arthur Cayley 1871 1868 1875 University of Cambridge, UK University of Cambridge, UK Karl Pearson Universiteit Leiden, NL 1879 University of Cambridge, UK Andrew Russell Forsyth 1881 Alfred North Whitehead University of Cambridge, UK 1884 University of Cambridge, UK Edmund Taylor Whittaker 1895 University of Cambridge, UK G. H. (Godfrey Harold) Hardy Bertrand Arthur William Russell ---- University of Cambridge, UK Frank Plumpton Ramsey University of Cambridge, UK 1915 University of Cambridge, UK Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan 1916 Alexander Craig Aitken Philip Hall University of Cambridge, UK 1925 Ludwig Wittgenstein 1926 University of Edinburgh, UK 1929 University of Cambridge, UK University of Cambridge, UK Henry Ellis Daniels 1943 Bernard Welch University of Edinburgh, UK University College London, UK Reuben Louis Goodstein 1946 University College London, UK David Roxbee Cox 1949 University of Leeds, UK Alan Mercer 1961 Fausto Giunchiglia University College London, UK Alan Richard Bundy 1971 University of Leicester, UK Brian G. Kingsman Andreas Hamfelt Lancaster University, UK Toby Walsh Steven D. Prestwich 1990 University of Edinburgh, UK University of Manchester, UK Armagan Tarim 1996 Lancaster University, UK Brahim Hnich 2003 Uppsala Universiteit, Sweden Roberto Rossi 2008 University College Cork, Ireland.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Euclid's Elements - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Euclid's Elements - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid's_Elements Euclid's Elements From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Euclid's Elements (Ancient Greek: Στοιχεῖα Stoicheia) is a mathematical and geometric treatise Elements consisting of 13 books written by the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid in Alexandria c. 300 BC. It is a collection of definitions, postulates (axioms), propositions (theorems and constructions), and mathematical proofs of the propositions. The thirteen books cover Euclidean geometry and the ancient Greek version of elementary number theory. The work also includes an algebraic system that has become known as geometric algebra, which is powerful enough to solve many algebraic problems,[1] including the problem of finding the square root of a number.[2] With the exception of Autolycus' On the Moving Sphere, the Elements is one of the oldest extant Greek mathematical treatises,[3] and it is the oldest extant axiomatic deductive treatment of mathematics. It has proven instrumental in the development of logic and modern science. The name 'Elements' comes from the plural of 'element'. The frontispiece of Sir Henry Billingsley's first According to Proclus the term was used to describe a English version of Euclid's Elements, 1570 theorem that is all-pervading and helps furnishing proofs of many other theorems. The word 'element' is Author Euclid, and translators in the Greek language the same as 'letter'. This Language Ancient Greek, translations suggests that theorems in the Elements should be seen Subject Euclidean geometry, elementary as standing in the same relation to geometry as letters number theory to language.
    [Show full text]
  • Atomic History Project Background: If You Were Asked to Draw the Structure of an Atom, What Would You Draw?
    Atomic History Project Background: If you were asked to draw the structure of an atom, what would you draw? Throughout history, scientists have accepted five major different atomic models. Our perception of the atom has changed from the early Greek model because of clues or evidence that have been gathered through scientific experiments. As more evidence was gathered, old models were discarded or improved upon. Your task is to trace the atomic theory through history. Task: 1. You will create a timeline of the history of the atomic model that includes all of the following components: A. Names of 15 of the 21 scientists listed below B. The year of each scientist’s discovery that relates to the structure of the atom C. 1- 2 sentences describing the importance of the discovery that relates to the structure of the atom Scientists for the timeline: *required to be included • Empedocles • John Dalton* • Ernest Schrodinger • Democritus* • J.J. Thomson* • Marie & Pierre Curie • Aristotle • Robert Millikan • James Chadwick* • Evangelista Torricelli • Ernest • Henri Becquerel • Daniel Bernoulli Rutherford* • Albert Einstein • Joseph Priestly • Niels Bohr* • Max Planck • Antoine Lavoisier* • Louis • Michael Faraday • Joseph Louis Proust DeBroglie* Checklist for the timeline: • Timeline is in chronological order (earliest date to most recent date) • Equal space is devoted to each year (as on a number line) • The eight (8) *starred scientists are included with correct dates of their discoveries • An additional seven (7) scientists of your choice (from
    [Show full text]
  • Physics of Gases and Phenomena of Heat Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647)
    Physics of gases and phenomena of heat Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647) ”...We have made many vessels of glass like those shown as A and B and with tubes two cubits long. These were filled with quicksilver, the open end was closed with the finger, and they were then inverted in a vessel where there was quicksilver C; then we saw that an empty space was formed and that nothing happened in the vessel when this space was formed; the tube between A and D remained always full to the height of a cubit and a quarter and an inch high... Water also in a similar tube, though a much longer one, will rise to about 18 cubits, that is, as much more than quicksilver does as quicksilver is heavier than water, so as to be in equilibrium with the same cause which acts on the one and the other...” Letter to Michelangelo Ricci, June 11, 1644 Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647) ”We live immersed at the bottom of a sea of elemental air, which by experiment undoubtedly has weight, and so much weight that the densest air in the neighbourhood of the surface of the earth weighs about one four-hundredth part of the weight of water...” Letter to Michelangelo Ricci, June 11, 1644 In July 1647 Valeriano Magni performed experiments on the vacuum in the presence of the King of Poland at the Royal Castle in Warsaw Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) ”I am searching for information which could help decide whether the action attributed to horror vacui really results from it or perhaps is caused by gravity and the pressure of air.
    [Show full text]
  • Named Units of Measurement
    Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Units.pdf 1 NAMED UNITS OF MEASUREMENT © Dr. John Andraos, 2000 - 2013 Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ONTARIO M3J 1P3, CANADA For suggestions, corrections, additional information, and comments please send e-mails to [email protected] http://www.chem.yorku.ca/NAMED/ Atomic mass unit (u, Da) John Dalton 6 September 1766 - 27 July 1844 British, b. Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth, Cumberland, England Dalton (1/12th mass of C12 atom) Dalton's atomic theory Dalton, J., A New System of Chemical Philosophy , R. Bickerstaff: London, 1808 - 1827. Biographical References: Daintith, J.; Mitchell, S.; Tootill, E.; Gjersten, D ., Biographical Encyclopedia of Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Units.pdf 2 Scientists , Institute of Physics Publishing: Bristol, UK, 1994 Farber, Eduard (ed.), Great Chemists , Interscience Publishers: New York, 1961 Maurer, James F. (ed.) Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography , Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1981 Abbott, David (ed.), The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists: Chemists , Peter Bedrick Books: New York, 1983 Partington, J.R., A History of Chemistry , Vol. III, Macmillan and Co., Ltd.: London, 1962, p. 755 Greenaway, F. Endeavour 1966 , 25 , 73 Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1844 , 60 , 528-530 Thackray, A. in Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography , Charles Scribner & Sons: New York, 1973, Vol. 3, 573 Clarification on symbols used: personal communication on April 26, 2013 from Prof. O. David Sparkman, Pacific Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA. Capacitance (Farads, F) Michael Faraday 22 September 1791 - 25 August 1867 British, b.
    [Show full text]
  • Rudi Mathematici
    Rudi Mathematici Y2K Rudi Mathematici Gennaio 2000 52 1 S (1803) Guglielmo LIBRI Carucci dalla Somaja Olimpiadi Matematiche (1878) Agner Krarup ERLANG (1894) Satyendranath BOSE P1 (1912) Boris GNEDENKO 2 D (1822) Rudolf Julius Emmanuel CLAUSIUS Due matematici "A" e "B" si sono inventati una (1905) Lev Genrichovich SHNIRELMAN versione particolarmente complessa del "testa o (1938) Anatoly SAMOILENKO croce": viene scritta alla lavagna una matrice 1 3 L (1917) Yuri Alexeievich MITROPOLSHY quadrata con elementi interi casuali; il gioco (1643) Isaac NEWTON consiste poi nel calcolare il determinante: 4 M (1838) Marie Ennemond Camille JORDAN 5 M Se il determinante e` pari, vince "A". (1871) Federigo ENRIQUES (1871) Gino FANO Se il determinante e` dispari, vince "B". (1807) Jozeph Mitza PETZVAL 6 G (1841) Rudolf STURM La probabilita` che un numero sia pari e` 0.5, (1871) Felix Edouard Justin Emile BOREL 7 V ma... Quali sono le probabilita` di vittoria di "A"? (1907) Raymond Edward Alan Christopher PALEY (1888) Richard COURANT P2 8 S (1924) Paul Moritz COHN (1942) Stephen William HAWKING Dimostrare che qualsiasi numero primo (con (1864) Vladimir Adreievich STELKOV l'eccezione di 2 e 5) ha un'infinita` di multipli 9 D nella forma 11....1 2 10 L (1875) Issai SCHUR (1905) Ruth MOUFANG "Die Energie der Welt ist konstant. Die Entroopie 11 M (1545) Guidobaldo DEL MONTE der Welt strebt einem Maximum zu" (1707) Vincenzo RICCATI (1734) Achille Pierre Dionis DU SEJOUR Rudolph CLAUSIUS 12 M (1906) Kurt August HIRSCH " I know not what I appear to the world,
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematical Genealogy of the Wellesley College Department Of
    Nilos Kabasilas Mathematical Genealogy of the Wellesley College Department of Mathematics Elissaeus Judaeus Demetrios Kydones The Mathematics Genealogy Project is a service of North Dakota State University and the American Mathematical Society. http://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/ Georgios Plethon Gemistos Manuel Chrysoloras 1380, 1393 Basilios Bessarion 1436 Mystras Johannes Argyropoulos Guarino da Verona 1444 Università di Padova 1408 Cristoforo Landino Marsilio Ficino Vittorino da Feltre 1462 Università di Firenze 1416 Università di Padova Angelo Poliziano Theodoros Gazes Ognibene (Omnibonus Leonicenus) Bonisoli da Lonigo 1477 Università di Firenze 1433 Constantinople / Università di Mantova Università di Mantova Leo Outers Moses Perez Scipione Fortiguerra Demetrios Chalcocondyles Jacob ben Jehiel Loans Thomas à Kempis Rudolf Agricola Alessandro Sermoneta Gaetano da Thiene Heinrich von Langenstein 1485 Université Catholique de Louvain 1493 Università di Firenze 1452 Mystras / Accademia Romana 1478 Università degli Studi di Ferrara 1363, 1375 Université de Paris Maarten (Martinus Dorpius) van Dorp Girolamo (Hieronymus Aleander) Aleandro François Dubois Jean Tagault Janus Lascaris Matthaeus Adrianus Pelope Johann (Johannes Kapnion) Reuchlin Jan Standonck Alexander Hegius Pietro Roccabonella Nicoletto Vernia Johannes von Gmunden 1504, 1515 Université Catholique de Louvain 1499, 1508 Università di Padova 1516 Université de Paris 1472 Università di Padova 1477, 1481 Universität Basel / Université de Poitiers 1474, 1490 Collège Sainte-Barbe
    [Show full text]
  • MODULE 11: GLOSSARY and CONVERSIONS Cell Engines
    Hydrogen Fuel MODULE 11: GLOSSARY AND CONVERSIONS Cell Engines CONTENTS 11.1 GLOSSARY.......................................................................................................... 11-1 11.2 MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS .................................................................................. 11-31 11.3 CONVERSION TABLE .......................................................................................... 11-33 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies: Rev 0, December 2001 Hydrogen Fuel MODULE 11: GLOSSARY AND CONVERSIONS Cell Engines OBJECTIVES This module is for reference only. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies: Rev 0, December 2001 PAGE 11-1 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines MODULE 11: GLOSSARY AND CONVERSIONS 11.1 Glossary This glossary covers words, phrases, and acronyms that are used with fuel cell engines and hydrogen fueled vehicles. Some words may have different meanings when used in other contexts. There are variations in the use of periods and capitalization for abbrevia- tions, acronyms and standard measures. The terms in this glossary are pre- sented without periods. ABNORMAL COMBUSTION – Combustion in which knock, pre-ignition, run- on or surface ignition occurs; combustion that does not proceed in the nor- mal way (where the flame front is initiated by the spark and proceeds throughout the combustion chamber smoothly and without detonation). ABSOLUTE PRESSURE – Pressure shown on the pressure gauge plus at- mospheric pressure (psia). At sea level atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia. Use absolute pressure in compressor calculations and when using the ideal gas law. See also psi and psig. ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE – Temperature scale with absolute zero as the zero of the scale. In standard, the absolute temperature is the temperature in ºF plus 460, or in metric it is the temperature in ºC plus 273. Absolute zero is referred to as Rankine or r, and in metric as Kelvin or K.
    [Show full text]
  • Galileo's Shopping List
    GALILEO’S SHOPPING LIST: AN OVERLOOKED DOCUMENT ABOUT EARLY TELESCOPE MAKING Giorgio Strano* Introduction During the first half of the seventeenth century, Italian telescope mak- ers usually kept maximum secrecy concerning their methods of grind- ing and polishing lenses. On the one hand, it was a point of honour to produce the best lenses and to prevent anyone from equalling their ability. On the other hand, rivals and plagiarists were always eager to reveal the procedures that could grant a leading position in the tele- scope market. A few examples may suffice to make this fact clear. Around 1637, the Neapolitan optician Francesco Fontana tried to sell telescopes to the Medici Court in Florence. Fontana, however, was told that his lenses were of inferior quality, or equivalent, or just marginally better than those already produced in Florence. Despite this criticism, the Medici Court made unsuccessful attempts—via Benedetto Castelli—to steal the secret of Fontana’s method of polish- ing the lenses.1 A few years later, in 1647, the natural philosopher and optician Evangelista Torricelli passed away suddenly at the age of 39. This event prompted the Grand Duke of Tuscany to set up investigations immediately to try to recall from the grave Torricelli’s lens polishing secrets. Witnesses that had had access to the departed’s house and could have observed him at work, were summoned to the Court and * This article is the development of Giorgio Strano, “La lista della spesa di Galileo: Un documento poco noto sul telescopio”, Galilaeana 6 (2009), pp. 197– 211. I would like to thank Karen Giacobassi for her kind support in revising the English text.
    [Show full text]
  • Pressure Vs. Volume and Boyle's
    Pressure vs. Volume and Boyle’s Law SCIENTIFIC Boyle’s Law Introduction In 1642 Evangelista Torricelli, who had worked as an assistant to Galileo, conducted a famous experiment demonstrating that the weight of air would support a column of mercury about 30 inches high in an inverted tube. Torricelli’s experiment provided the first measurement of the invisible pressure of air. Robert Boyle, a “skeptical chemist” working in England, was inspired by Torricelli’s experiment to measure the pressure of air when it was compressed or expanded. The results of Boyle’s experiments were published in 1662 and became essentially the first gas law—a mathematical equation describing the relationship between the volume and pressure of air. What is Boyle’s law and how can it be demonstrated? Concepts • Gas properties • Pressure • Boyle’s law • Kinetic-molecular theory Background Open end Robert Boyle built a simple apparatus to measure the relationship between the pressure and volume of air. The apparatus ∆h ∆h = 29.9 in. Hg consisted of a J-shaped glass tube that was Sealed end 1 sealed at one end and open to the atmosphere V2 = /2V1 Trapped air (V1) at the other end. A sample of air was trapped in the sealed end by pouring mercury into Mercury the tube (see Figure 1). In the beginning of (Hg) the experiment, the height of the mercury Figure 1. Figure 2. column was equal in the two sides of the tube. The pressure of the air trapped in the sealed end was equal to that of the surrounding air and equivalent to 29.9 inches (760 mm) of mercury.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantum for Pressure
    measure for measure Quantum for pressure Jay Hendricks tells about ongoing work to change the realization and dissemination of the pascal, which will lead to the elimination of mercury-barometer pressure standards. ressure is one of the most widely leads to a determination of density, which measured quantities in everyday life provides a determination of pressure. Pand is critical to processes from simply The FLOC further enabled us to taking a breath to weather forecasting or determine nitrogen’s refractive index flying an airplane. Yet the way we meausre with a precision of 1×10–6 at atmospheric pressure today is essentially unchanged pressure2, exceeding the performance of since the 1640s, when Evangelista Torricelli mercury manometers3. The NIST team also invented the mercury barometer. used helium’s theoretical refractive index to Indeed, primary pressure standards, make an independent measurement of the as curated at the National Institute of Boltzmann constant4. The FLOC has smaller Standards and Technology (NIST) and other uncertainties than a mercury manometer national metrology institutes (NMIs), still at low pressures and will achieve parts-per- deliver pressure measurements by reading a NIST BY IMAGE million uncertainties at pressures above the mercury column’s height, along with liquid range of manometers. density and gravity. The instruments are The equivalence of pressure p and The NIST team is currently working large, heavy and complex, and mercury energy density provides an alternative on a next-generation variable-length is neurotoxic. Although digital pressure measurement method. For an ideal gas, the optical cavity to enable experimental transducers (which rely on changes in the relation p = (N/V)kBT holds (the ideal-gas measurements of nitrogen’s refractive index resistance, capacitance or frequency of law), where N is the number of particles independent of the mercury manometer.
    [Show full text]
  • The Book and Printed Culture of Mathematics in England and Canada, 1830-1930
    Paper Index of the Mind: The Book and Printed Culture of Mathematics in England and Canada, 1830-1930 by Sylvia M. Nickerson A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto © Copyright by Sylvia M. Nickerson 2014 Paper Index of the Mind: The Book and Printed Culture of Mathematics in England and Canada, 1830-1930 Sylvia M. Nickerson Doctor of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto 2014 Abstract This thesis demonstrates how the book industry shaped knowledge formation by mediating the selection, expression, marketing, distribution and commercialization of mathematical knowledge. It examines how the medium of print and the practices of book production affected the development of mathematical culture in England and Canada during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Chapter one introduces the field of book history, and discusses how questions and methods arising from this inquiry might be applied to the history of mathematics. Chapter two looks at how nineteenth century printing technologies were used to reproduce mathematics. Mathematical expressions were more difficult and expensive to produce using moveable type than other forms of content; engraved diagrams required close collaboration between author, publisher and engraver. Chapter three examines how editorial decision-making differed at book publishers compared to mathematical journals and general science journals. Each medium followed different editorial processes and applied distinct criteria in decision-making about what to publish. ii Daniel MacAlister, Macmillan and Company’s reader of science, reviewed mathematical manuscripts submitted to the company and influenced which ones would be published as books.
    [Show full text]
  • James Hutton's Reputation Among Geologists in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
    The Geological Society of America Memoir 216 Revising the Revisions: James Hutton’s Reputation among Geologists in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries A. M. Celâl Şengör* İTÜ Avrasya Yerbilimleri Enstitüsü ve Maden Fakültesi, Jeoloji Bölümü, Ayazağa 34469 İstanbul, Turkey ABSTRACT A recent fad in the historiography of geology is to consider the Scottish polymath James Hutton’s Theory of the Earth the last of the “theories of the earth” genre of publications that had begun developing in the seventeenth century and to regard it as something behind the times already in the late eighteenth century and which was subsequently remembered only because some later geologists, particularly Hutton’s countryman Sir Archibald Geikie, found it convenient to represent it as a precursor of the prevailing opinions of the day. By contrast, the available documentation, pub- lished and unpublished, shows that Hutton’s theory was considered as something completely new by his contemporaries, very different from anything that preceded it, whether they agreed with him or not, and that it was widely discussed both in his own country and abroad—from St. Petersburg through Europe to New York. By the end of the third decade in the nineteenth century, many very respectable geologists began seeing in him “the father of modern geology” even before Sir Archibald was born (in 1835). Before long, even popular books on geology and general encyclopedias began spreading the same conviction. A review of the geological literature of the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries shows that Hutton was not only remembered, but his ideas were in fact considered part of the current science and discussed accord- ingly.
    [Show full text]