Senate Concurrent Resolution
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A Comparison of the Japanese American Internment Experience in Hawaii and Arkansas Caleb Kenji Watanabe University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 12-2011 Islands and Swamps: A Comparison of the Japanese American Internment Experience in Hawaii and Arkansas Caleb Kenji Watanabe University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Asian American Studies Commons, Other History Commons, and the Public History Commons Recommended Citation Watanabe, Caleb Kenji, "Islands and Swamps: A Comparison of the Japanese American Internment Experience in Hawaii and Arkansas" (2011). Theses and Dissertations. 206. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/206 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. ISLANDS AND SWAMPS: A COMPARISON OF THE JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT EXPERIENCE IN HAWAII AND ARKANSAS ISLANDS AND SWAMPS: A COMPARISON OF THE JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT EXPERIENCE IN HAWAII AND ARKANSAS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History By Caleb Kenji Watanabe Arkansas Tech University Bachelor of Arts in History, 2009 December 2011 University of Arkansas ABSTRACT Comparing the Japanese American relocation centers of Arkansas and the camp systems of Hawaii shows that internment was not universally detrimental to those held within its confines. Internment in Hawaii was far more severe than it was in Arkansas. This claim is supported by both primary sources, derived mainly from oral interviews, and secondary sources made up of scholarly research that has been conducted on the topic since the events of Japanese American internment occurred. -
The Museum of Northern Arizona Easton Collection Center 3101 N
MS-372 The Museum of Northern Arizona Easton Collection Center 3101 N. Fort Valley Road Flagstaff, AZ 86001 (928)774-5211 ext. 256 Title Harold Widdison Rock Art collection Dates 1946-2012, predominant 1983-2012 Extent 23,390 35mm color slides, 6,085 color prints, 24 35mm color negatives, 1.6 linear feet textual, 1 DVD, 4 digital files Name of Creator(s) Widdison, Harold A. Biographical History Harold Atwood Widdison was born in Salt Lake City, Utah on September 10, 1935 to Harold Edward and Margaret Lavona (née Atwood) Widdison. His only sibling, sister Joan Lavona, was born in 1940. The family moved to Helena, Montana when Widdison was 12, where he graduated from high school in 1953. He then served a two year mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In 1956 Widdison entered Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, graduating with a BS in sociology in 1959 and an MS in business in 1961. He was employed by the Atomic Energy Commission in Washington DC before returning to graduate school, earning his PhD in medical sociology and statistics from Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio in 1970. Dr. Widdison was a faculty member in the Sociology Department at Northern Arizona University from 1972 until his retirement in 2003. His research foci included research methods, medical sociology, complex organization, and death and dying. His interest in the latter led him to develop one of the first courses on death, grief, and bereavement, and helped establish such courses in the field on a national scale. -
A Counterintelligence Reader, Volume 2 Chapter 1, CI in World
CI in World War II 113 CHAPTER 1 Counterintelligence In World War II Introduction President Franklin Roosevelts confidential directive, issued on 26 June 1939, established lines of responsibility for domestic counterintelligence, but failed to clearly define areas of accountability for overseas counterintelligence operations" The pressing need for a decision in this field grew more evident in the early months of 1940" This resulted in consultations between the President, FBI Director J" Edgar Hoover, Director of Army Intelligence Sherman Miles, Director of Naval Intelligence Rear Admiral W"S" Anderson, and Assistant Secretary of State Adolf A" Berle" Following these discussions, Berle issued a report, which expressed the Presidents wish that the FBI assume the responsibility for foreign intelligence matters in the Western Hemisphere, with the existing military and naval intelligence branches covering the rest of the world as the necessity arose" With this decision of authority, the three agencies worked out the details of an agreement, which, roughly, charged the Navy with the responsibility for intelligence coverage in the Pacific" The Army was entrusted with the coverage in Europe, Africa, and the Canal Zone" The FBI was given the responsibility for the Western Hemisphere, including Canada and Central and South America, except Panama" The meetings in this formative period led to a proposal for the organization within the FBI of a Special Intelligence Service (SIS) for overseas operations" Agreement was reached that the SIS would act -
From a U.S. Internment Camp to Your Living Room and Your Cherished
Willie Ito ICOMM Keynote Lunch Presentation On February 18, 1942, Executive Order 9066 was issued and 8-year-old Willie Ito and his family were removed from their San Francisco home and forced into an internment camp along with over 120,000 U.S. citizens of Japanese ancestry. Rule of law principles were trampled and every civil and constitutional right guaranteed by the Bill of Rights was violated. This ugly episode in our history continues to rear its head as selective enforcement is being advocated with seemingly increasing volume. Regardless of the context, such action would similarly violate U.S. laws as well many international human rights treaties to which the U.S. is a signatory. Willie Ito’s professional journey began in the dried salt lakedesert internment camp in Topaz, Utah. In his spare time in the camp, Willie would entertain himself by drawing pictures on the corners of the War Relocation Authority provisions catalog. Flipping the pages, he became a self-taught animator. To the bemusement of his parents, at age 10, Willie announced his intention to become a cartoonist or comicstrip artist upon their release from camp. His professional career as an animator began in 1954, when Willie was hired by Disney and assigned to the “Lady Unit”. He assumed that this was a derogatory term for junior animators, but Willie was actually assigned to the Lady and Tramp project. As fate would have it, his first assignment was to animate the “spaghetti sequence” in The Lady and the Tramp, a scene that would go on to become one of the most iconic of early feature animation in history. -
Background to Japanese American Relocation
CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND TO JAPANESE AMERICAN RELOCATION Japanese Americans Prior to World War II The background to Japanese American relocation extends to the mid-19th century when individuals of Chinese descent first arrived in the Western U.S. to work as mine and railroad laborers (Appendix B). Discrimination against the Chinese arose soon after because of economic (i.e., unfair labor competition) and racial (i.e., claims of racial impurity and injury to western civilization) concerns. Because a significant portion of California’s population was Chinese (i.e., approximately 10% in 1870), California played a key role in this discrimination. In 1882, U.S. President Arthur signed into law the Chinese Exclusion Act that effectively ended Chinese immigration to the U.S. until 1943 when the U.S. was allied with China in World War II (Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, 1997). Individuals of Japanese descent began to emigrate in significant numbers to North America’s West Coast in the late 19th century (Appendix B). They came primarily because of the “push” of harsh economic conditions in Japan and the “pull” of employment opportunities in the U.S., partially created by the loss of the Chinese labor force (Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, 1997). Most of these first generation Japanese or Issei settled in California, Oregon, and Washington where they worked in the agriculture, timber, and fishing industries. In California alone, the number of Japanese immigrants increased from 1,147 in 1890 to 10,151 in 1900 (U.S. Census Office, 1895; 1901). The total Japanese American population in the U.S. -
Japanese Americans in World War Ii
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior National Historic Landmarks Program JAPANESE AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II National Historic Landmarks Theme Study Cover photo Farm families of Japanese ancestry wait for a bus that will take them to the Tanforan Assembly Center, along with 595 others removed from the area near Centerville, California, under Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34. WRA photo by Dorothea Lange, May 9, 1942, courtesy of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration JAPANESE AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study Edited by Barbara Wyatt National Historic Landmarks Program Based in part on Confinement and Ethnicity by Jeffery F. Burton Mary M. Farrell Florence B. Lord Richard W. Lord NPS Western Archeological and Conservation Center Tucson, Arizona, 1999 With Contributions from S. Curtis Breckenridge Marilyn Harper Produced by the National Historic Landmarks Program National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, DC August 2012 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD................................................................................................................................. 1 PART 1, INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 3 Table 1. Wartime Properties Identified in Public Law 102-248 ................................................ 7 PART 2. HISTORIC CONTEXT ............................................................................................... 9 THE PRELUDE TO RELOCATION -
Honouliuli Gulch and Associated Sites Final Special Resource Study and Environmental Assessment
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Honouliuli Gulch and Associated Sites Final Special Resource Study and Environmental Assessment August 2015 We are pleased to provide you with this copy of the Honouliuli Gulch and Associated Sites Final Special Resource Study and Environmental Assessment. This report has been prepared to provide Congress and the public with information about the resources in the study area and how they relate to criteria for inclusion within the national park system. Publication and transmittal of this report should not be considered an endorsement for a commitment by the National Park Service to seek or support either specific legislative authorization for the project or appropriation for its implementation. The Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) for this document was signed on October 15, 2014. Photo credits Front and back covers: Barracks and tents at Honouliuli, c. 1945, by R. H. Lodge. Courtesy of Hawai'i’s Plantation Village. Front inside cover: Remaining World War II-era structure, Honouliuli Internment Camp. Photo: Valentino Valdez. Back inside cover: Extant fence post with barbed wire, Honouliuli Internment Camp. Photo: Valentino Valdez. HONOULIULI GULCH AND ASSOCIATED SITES Final Special Resource Study and Environmental Assessment AUGUST 2015 Produced by the Pacific West Regional Office Park Planning and Environmental Compliance San Francisco, CA and Seattle, WA National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, DC Final Special Resource Study and Environmental Assessment for HONOULIULI GULCH AND ASSOCIATED SITES August 2015 The National Park Service (NPS) prepared the Honouliuli Gulch and Associated Sites Special Resource Study and Environmental Assessment to determine whether the Honouliuli Internment Camp and associated World War II internment sites in Hawai‘i are nationally significant, suitable, and feasible for inclusion in the national park system. -
Fy 2021 Grant Project Summaries
National Park Service Japanese American Confinement Sites Grant Program ___________________________________________________________________________________ FY 2021 GRANT AWARDS Please note: projects are listed by the states of the grant recipients. ALASKA Recipient: Japanese American Citizens League, Alaska Chapter (Anchorage, AK) Project Title: World War II Confinement and the Last Frontier Grant Award: $30,000 Site(s): Multiple Sites Description: Japanese immigrants left indelible marks on Alaska, including contributions by Jujiro Wada to dog mushing, Sotoro “Harry” and Tomo Kawabe to education, and Shonosuke Tanaka to community life and mutual aid. Following Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, the government imprisoned these same local leaders at Fort Richardson and sent their family members to confinement at Puyallup and eventually Minidoka. These diverse experiences will be highlighted through oral history interviews and primary source materials, curriculum, and interpretation at the Fort Richardson Internment Camp site. CALIFORNIA Recipient: Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation (San Francisco, CA) Project Title: Angel Island Connections: Developing Digital and Traveling Exhibits about the Japanese American Detention at Angel Island During World War II Grant Award: $85,500 Site(s): Angel Island Immigration Station, Marin County, CA Description: The Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation, in partnership with Angel Island State Park and CyArk, will create exhibits to interpret and educate the public about the history of Japanese American incarceration during World War II at Angel Island and its connections to other confinement sites. The first 3D virtual exhibit will combine the emotional impact of 3D experiences with oral histories collected through digital storytelling workshops. This virtual exhibit will inform the development of a traveling exhibit, which will be shared at various sites. -
The United States Military and the National Parks During World War II
“Far-Reaching Effects:” The United States Military and the National Parks during World War II Janet A. McDonnell When the United States entered World War II, the national park system included 164 units with a combined area of more than 21 million acres. The National Park Service (NPS) found itself with two major responsibilities: to protect and preserve that system for present and future generations and to support the war effort to the greatest extent possible. These two missions and responsibilities at times came into conflict, but, NPS officials claimed, a “fine spirit of cooperation” developed between NPS and the Navy and Army departments, which enabled them to avoid serious damage to irreplaceable park features.1 Throughout the war, the Park Service struggled to balance its commitment to preserving park natural and cultural resources with requirements to support the war effort. Recognizing the need to compromise, it issued permits to the Army, Navy, and other war agencies to use park lands and facilities and provided soldiers and sailors with sites for rest and relaxation as well as training and maneuvers. The relationship between the parks and the military went back to the establishment of Yellowstone National Park in 1872, well before NPS was created, but had grown closer since the 1930s when the historic military sites were transferred from the War Department to NPS. Indeed, some of the sites that the military would use during the war had been part of that original transfer. While the Park Service emphasized its patriotic contributions to the war effort, its response to military requests and requirements proved to be both patriotic and pragmatic. -
White by Association: the Mixed Marriage Policy of Japanese American Internees”
“White by Association: The Mixed Marriage Policy of Japanese American Internees” Ashlynn Deu Pree University of California, Santa Barbara Department of History Abstract The purpose of “White by Association: The Mixed Marriage Policy of Japanese American Internees” is to describe in detail the Mixed Marriage Policy, implemented during World War II regarding the incarceration of Japanese Americans, and the reasons for its implementation. This policy allowed for specific multiracial Japanese Americans and those involved in mixed marriages with White males to exit the camps and return home to the West Coast if they could prove their lifestyles to be culturally Caucasian. This paper argues that the Mixed Marriage Policy was created in order to prevent White males from challenging the constitutionality of the Japanese American incarceration. Introduction “One obvious thought occurs to me—that every Japanese citizen or non-citizen on the Island of Oahu who meets these Japanese ships or has any connection with their officers or men should be secretly but definitely identified and his or her name placed on a special list of those who would be the first to be placed in a concentration camp in the event of trouble.’ – Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, 1936.1 The imprisonment of Japanese Americans in U.S. concentration camps during World War II violated the constitutional rights of the imprisoned American citizens and residents who were denied citizenship. The same right-violators who were responsible for this incarceration, were also the creators of the Mixed Marriage Policy, which allowed multiracial couples and individuals to return to their homes on the West Coast and avoid incarceration. -
JOURNAL of the WESTERN SLOPE Volume 15, Number 1 Winter 2000
JOURNAL OF THE WESTERN SLOPE Volume 15, Number 1 Winter 2000 Annuals of a War Era High School: Grand Junction, Colorado's High School During World War II S T A l 1::. ( 0 I rJ I< \ I> 0 JOURNAL OF THE WESTERN SLOPE is published quar terly by two student organizations at Mesa State College: the Mesa State College Historical Society and the Alpha Gamma-Epsilon Chapter of Phi Alpha Theta. Annual sub scriptions are $14. (Single copies are available by contact ing the editors of the Journal.) Retailers are encouraged to write for prices. Address subscriptions and orders for back issues to: Mesa State College Journal of the Western Slope P.O. Box 2647 Grand Junction, CO 81502 GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS: The purpose of THE JOURNAL OF THE WESTERN SLOPE is to encourage scholarly study of Colorado's Western Slope. The primary goal is to preserve and record its history; however, artteles on anthropology. economics, government. natural h1story, and soclology will be conSidered. Authorship is open to anyone who wtshas to subm1t anginal and scholarly material about tha Western Slope. Tha editors encourage letters ol Inquiry from prospective authors. Send materials and letters to THE JOURNAL OF THE WESTERN SLOPE, Mesa State College, P.O. Boa 2647, Grand Juncuon, CO 81502. 1) Contributors are requested to send their manuscript on an IBM-compatible d1sk. DO NOT SEND THE ORIGINAL. Editors will not return disks. Material should be footnoted. The edl· tors will give preference to submissions of about twenty-five pages. 2) Allow the editors sixty days to review manuscripts. -
Public Proclamation No. 2
Headquarters Western Defense Command and Fourth Army Presidio of San Francisco, California Public Proclamation No. 2 March 16, 1942 Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis HEADQUARTERS WESTERN DEFENSE COMMAND AND FOURTH ARMY PRESIDIO OF SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA PUBLIC PROCLAMATION NO. 2. March 16, 1942. TO: The people, within the States of Washington, Oregon, Cali- fornia, Montana, Idaho, Nevada, Utah and Arizona, and the Public Generally. WHEREAS, By virtue of orders issued by the War Department on December 11, 1941, that portion of the United States lying within the States of Washington, Oregon, California, Montana, Idaho, Nevada, Utah and Arizona and the. Territory of Alaska has been established as the Western Defense Command and designated as a Theatre of Operations under my command; and WHEREAS, By Executive Order No. 9066, dated February 19, 1942, the President of the United States authorized and directed the Secretary of War and the Military Commanders whom he may from time to time designate, whenever he or any such designated commander deems such action necessary or desirable, to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the ap- propriate Military Commander may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded, and with respect to which the right of any persons to enter, remain in, or leave shall be subject to whatever restrictions the Secretary of War or the appropriate, Military Commander may impose in his discretion; and WHEREAS, The Secretary of