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Patterns and Controls of Coq Fluxes in Wet Tundra Types of the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia - the Contribution of Soils and Mosses

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Patterns and Controls of Coq Fluxes in Wet Tundra Types of the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia - the Contribution of Soils and Mosses Patterns and Controls of COq Fluxes in Wet Tundra Types of the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia - the Contribution of Soils and Mosses Muster und Steuerung von COo-Flüssein nassen Tundraformen der Taimyr Halbinsel, Sibirien - der Beitrag von Böde und Moosen Martin Sommerkorn Ber. Polarforsch. 298 (1998) ISSN 0176 - 5027 Martin Sommerkom Institut füPolarökologi Wischhofstr. 1-3, Geh. 12 D-24148 Kiel Deutschland Die vorliegende Arbeit ist die inhaltlich unverändertFassung einer Dissertation, die 1998 der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultä der Christian-Albrecht-Universitä zu Kiel vorgelegt wurde. Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS I. I ZUSAMMENFASSUNGUND SCHLU~FOLGERUNGEN 2 INTRODUCTION 2.1 CO, FLUXES,WHAT CAN THEY TELL? 2.2 TUNDRAECOSYSTEMS: A CRITICAL FELD FOR CO2 FLUX~NVESTIGATIONS 2.3 OBJECTTVEOF THE STUDY 2.4 APPROACH 3 TAIMYR PENINSULA AND THE STUDY AREAS 3.1 TAIMYRPENINSULA, AN OVERVIEW 3.1.1 The Area of Lake Labaz 3.1.2 The Area of Lake Levinson-Lessing 4 METHODS 4.1 Co2EXCHANGE 4.1.1Instrumentation Design 4.1.2 The Set-up in the Field 4.1.2.1 Soil Respiration Measurements 4.1.2.2 Soil-Moss System Measurements 4. 1.2.3 Whole System Measurements 4.1.3 The Set-up in the Laboratoiy: Water Table Experiments 4.1.4 Data Handling 4.1.5 Modelling 4.1.6 Statistics 4.2 MESO-AND MICROCLIMATOLOGICALMEASUREMENTS 4.3 VEGETATIONANALYSIS AND SAMPLINGFOR VASCULARPLANT BIOMASS 5 RESULTS 5 RESULTS 5.1.1Lake Labaz 5.1.1.1 Mesoclimate of the Field-Season 5.1.1.2 Characteristics of the Experimental Sites 5.1.1.2.1 Tussock Tundra 5.1.1.2.1.1 Vegetation and Vascular Plant Biomass 5.1.1.2.1.2 Soils 5.1.1.2.1.3 Soil Microdimate 5.1.1.2.1.4 Bacterial Biomass 5.1.1.2.2 Wet Sedge Tundra 5.1.1.2.2.1 Vegetation and Vascular Plant Biomass 5.1.1.2.2.2 Soils 5.1.1.2.2.3 Soil Microciimate 5.1.1.2.2.4 Bacterial Biomass 5.1.2 Lake Levinson-Lessing 5.1.2.1 Mesoclimate of the Field Season 5.1.2.2 Characteristics of the Experimental Sites 5. 1.2.2. l Low-Centre Polygonal Tundra 5.1.2.2.1.1 Vegetation and Vascular Plant Biomass 5.1.2.2.1.2 Soils 5.1.2.2.1.3 Soil Microclimate 5.1.2.2.1.4 Bacterial Biomass 5.2 EXPERIMENTALWSULTS 5.2. l Soil Respiration Studies 5.2.1. l Experiments in the Field 5.2.1.1.1 Lake Labaz 5.2.1.1.2 Lake Levinson-Lessing 5.2. 1.2 Experiments in the Lahoratory 5.2.1.3 Modelling of Soil Respiration in Tundra Systems 5.2.1.3,l Balancing the C02 Efflux of Soil Respiration 5.2.1.3.2 Performance of the Soil Respiration Process 5.2.1.3.2.1 Temperature Response 5.2.1.3.2.2 Relative Temperature Sensitivity 5.2.1.3.2.3 Response to Depth to Water Tahle 5.2.1.3.2.4 Identifying Patterns 5.2. 1.3.3 Simulating Scenarios for Soil Respiration 5.2.2 Studies on CO; Fluxes of the Soil-Moss System Considering Moss Photosynthesis 5.2.2.1 Experiments in the Field 5.2.2.1.1 Lake Labaz 5.2.2.1.2 Lake Levinson-Lessing 5.2.2.2 Moss Photosynthetic Performance 5.2.2.3 Balancing the C02 Fluxes of the Soil-Moss System 5.2.3 Studies on CO; Fluxes of the Whole System 5.2.4 Connecting the Subsystems 6 DISCUSSION 6. 1 CONTROLOF SOILRESPIRATION IN TUNDRA SYSTEMS 6.1.1 Microsite und Efflux Patterns 6.1.2 The Factor Water Table 6.1.3 The Factor Temperature 6.1.4 Microsite und Soil Respiration Potential 6.2 THEROLE OF MOSSASSIMILATION AS A BUFFERFOR C02 EFFLUXESFROM TUNDRA 6.2. I Microsite und Moss Photosynthesis 6.2.2 Microsite und Quantitative Aspects of Buffering 6.3 TUNDRASYSTEMCoi FLUXES:CONTRIBUTIONS OFTHE SUBSYSTEMS 6.4 TUNDRACARBON BUDGETS: A MATTEROF SCALING 7 REFERENCES 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9 APPENDIX IV List of abbreviations CO2 carbon dioxide DW dry weight GMP goss photosynthesis of mosses LAI leaf area index max, rnaximum value rnin . r mimum value NSF net System flux PD depression microsite in the low-centre polygonal tundra PH high apex microsite in the low-centre polygonal tundra PL low apex microsite in the low-centre polygonal tundra PPFD photosynthetic photon flux density Qio temperature quotient SMR respiration of the soil-moss system ST2 soil temperature at 2 cm depth TD depression microsite in the tussock tundra temp. temperature TH moss hummock microsite in the tussock tundra TT tussock microsite in the tussock tundra WS wet sedge tundra WT soil water table ww wet weight Summary 1 1 Summary and Conclusions The goal of this study was to gain an understanding of the small-scale variability of CO2 fluxes in wet tundra types. The investigation aimed at showing the spatial variability of the magnitude of CO2 fluxes and at explaining differences in the mode of operation of their driving forces. Due to the fine-grained heterogeneity of the tundra, an understanding of the small-scale Patterns can increase the insight into functional interrelations of the ecosystem. The study focused On the CO2 fluxes from soils and the soil-covering moss layer. The CO2 efflux from the soil to the atmosphere (soil respiration) describes the mobilization of carbon from the soil organic matter, the largest carbon store of the tundra. Mosses form the extensive interface between soil and atmosphere in tundra. Via their photosynthesis, they hnction as a filter for the COz efflux originating from soil respiration. To accomplish the overall goal, an existing measuring-technique was refined and a new method was developed: The application of C02 gas-exchange in dynamic differential mode resulted in the high-resolution capture of the CO2 fluxes both in time and space. Continuous in situ measurements of the soil-moss system were accomplished by means of a transparent and conditioned chamber. The model used for describing the temperature response of soil respiration (Lloyd and Taylor 1994) allowed for a changing temperature sensitivity of the process across the temperature range. This provided an additional Parameter for the description of CO2 flux control. Individually fitted models describing the CO2 fluxes of each investigaied microsite permitted the identification of spatial differences with respect to the mode of operation of the controlling factors. Correlating the obtained model Parameters with biotic and abiotic site characteristics of the microsites allowed to describe the control of CO2 fluxes on a higher level. Field experiments were carried out at seven microsites in three tundra types of the Taimyr Peninsula, North Siberia, during July and August of 1995 and 1996. At the intensive study site "Lake Labaz" within the belt of the "Southern Arctic Tundra", a tussock tundra and a wet sedge tundra were investigated. Within the belt of the "Typical Arctic Tundra", measurements were carried out in a low-centre polygonal tundra at Lake Levinsson-Lessing. The diurnal Course of soil respiration of all microsites was determined by depth to water table and soil temperature at two centimetres depth. The position of the water table controlled the total level of soil respiration by determining the soil volume available for aerobic processes. 2 Summary The soil temperature modified this signal level. The high correlation of soil respiration with a temperature close to the soil surface indicates the source for the bulk of the respired CO2 to be in the upperrnost horizon. An individually fitted soil respiration model on the basis of the position of the water table and soil temperature at two centimetres depth was capable to explain more than 90 % of the variations of soil respiration. Differences in the magnitude of the CO; fluxes were much greater between directly adjacent microsites than between the different study areas. The highest daily means of soil respiration of 10.9 g c~^m^d" were obtained at the comparatively dry microsites in the tussock tundra (tussock, moss hummock). These microsites also showed the lowest positions of the water table and the highest soil temperatures. The lowest daily means of soil respiration were measured at the wet and cold depressions of the tussock tundra and the polygonal tundra, as well as in the wet sedge tundra. When focusing on the relative potential of soil respiration instead of on the absolute magnitude of fluxes, a contrasting pattem was found. The wet and cold microsites showed a much greater relative response to changes in water table position and soil temperature than the dryer, warmer microsites. Two factors were responsible for this pattern. First, the QIo,as a measure of the relative temperature sensitivity, ranged from 2.2 to 3.0 at the wet microsites, in combination with the mean soil temperature. Furthermore, the increase of the Qio with decreasing temperature was much more pronounced at the wet microsites. Second, the response of soil respiration to water table position was much stronger at positions close to the soil surface, in particular at the wet microsites. The correlation analysis revealed that both Parameters - high Q," values and strong response to changes in depth to water table - can be explained by the availability of carbon for metabolic purposes. The described process Patterns of soil respiration also deterrnined the response of the three different tundra types to scenario simulations with altered water table and soil temperature regimes. The calculation of the COz efflux for the tundra types on the basis of the relative area shares of the microsites showed that the greatest relative response of soil respiration occurred in the homogeneously wet area of the wet sedge tundra.
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