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Seyahatnamelere Göre Moğollar Ve Katolik Dünyası (Dini İdealler Ve Politik Kaygılar) Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2015

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Seyahatnamelere Göre Moğollar Ve Katolik Dünyası (Dini İdealler Ve Politik Kaygılar) Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2015 Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı SEYAHATNAMELERE GÖRE MOĞOLLAR VE KATOLİK DÜNYASI (DİNİ İDEALLER VE POLİTİK KAYGILAR) Murat Tural Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2015 SEYAHATNAMELERE GÖRE MOĞOLLAR VE KATOLİK DÜNYASI (DİNİ İDEALLER VE POLİTİK KAYGILAR) Murat TURAL Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2015 iii TEŞEKKÜR Çalışmalarım boyunca beni yüreklendiren, değerli yardım ve katkılarıyla bana yol gösteren tez danışmanım Doç. Dr. Erkin Ekrem’e, Tez İzleme Komitesi’nde bulunup yaptıkları değerlendirme ve eleştirileriyle bana yardımcı olan hocalarım Prof. Dr. Rüya Kılıç’a, Prof. Dr. Saadettin Yağmur Gömeç’e, Prof. Dr. Mehmet Seyitdanlıoğlu’na ve Prof. Dr. Altan Çetin’e, ayrıca bu konuyu ilk defa ders döneminde bir problem olarak önüme koyan Prof. Dr. Ahmet Yaşar Ocak’a, öğrencilik yıllarımdan bu yana desteğini benden esirgemeyen hocam Prof. Dr. Taha N. Karaca’ya, tezimi okuyup yaptığı eleştiriler ile katkı sağlayan Yrd. Doç. Dr. Qiyas Şükürov’a, her konuda sabırla bana yardımcı olan eşime ve buralara gelmemde maddi ve manevi destekleriyle her daim yanımda olan aileme sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. iv ÖZET TURAL, Murat. Seyahatnamelere Göre Moğollar ve Katolik Dünyası (Dini İdealler ve Politik Kaygılar) Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2015. Bu araştırmanın amacı, XIII. yüzyılda önemli bir askeri güç olarak ortaya çıkan Moğolların, dünya siyasetinde ne gibi bir etkiye sebep olduğunu tespit etmek ve dini dürtüden uzak olan bu harekâtın yatıştırılması için Katolik Dünyası’nın hangi teşebbüsler içerisine girdiğini sorgulamaktır. XIII. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde, Asya menşeli Moğollar, ilk önce dönemin en büyük İslam devleti olan Harizmşahları ortadan kaldırmışlar ve ardından batıya yönelerek, öncüllerinin izlediği güzergâhı, yani Karadeniz’in kuzeyini kullanarak Avrupa’nın özellikle doğu kısmına korkulu anlar yaşatmışlardır (1241-42). Asya’da olduğu gibi, kendileri için yeni olan bu kıtada onların önünde durabilecek herhangi bir güç olmamasına rağmen, aniden geri çekilişleri, uzun vadede, gerçekte medeniyete yapılan bir katkı niteliği taşımıştır. İstilanın sıcaklığıyla kısa sürelide olsa, Müslümanlara karşı tercih edilen yönteme (Haçlı birliği) tevessül edilmiş, fakat bunun istenilen neticeyi veremeyeceğini düşünen papalar ve Avrupa’nın çeşitli kralları, bir müddet sonra daha büyük bir ideali gerçeğe dönüştürmek için onlarla işbirliği kurma yoluna başvurmuşlardır. Bu zamanda Avrupa’da kurulmuş olan misyoner tarikatların (Fransiskenler ve Dominikenler) mensupları, hem papalar hem de kıtanın seküler idarecileri tarafından, Moğollar ile kurulacak ilişkilerde elçi olarak kullanılmıştır. İşte büyük oranda, Moğollarla ilgili seyahatnamelerin ortaya çıkışı bu politikanın bir sonucudur. Her iki tarikatın zaten karakterinde var olan bir gayenin, papalarda dahil Avrupalı yöneticiler tarafından, Müslümanlara karşı ittifak kurmak amacıyla Moğollar üzerine kanalize edilmesi, sonuçta hem Doğu’nun hem de Batı’nın birbiri hakkındaki eksik bilgisine eşsiz bir katkı sağlamıştır. İşte bu çalışmanın temel amacı, dindar bir çağın (Ortaçağ) sonlarına doğru, Avrupa-Moğol ilişkisinin mahiyetini ortaya koymak olacaktır. Anahtar Sözcükler Moğol, Avrupa, Katolik, Hıristiyanlık, Misyonerlik, Seyahatname v ABSTRACT TURAL, Murat. The Mongols and the Catholic World According to Travel Books (Religious Ideals and Political Concerns) Ph. D. Dissertation, Ankara, 2015. The purpose of this research is to determine what sort of effects the Mongols, who appeared as an important military power in 13th century, had in world politics, and to question what the Catholic World attempted to in order to appease this non-religious action. In the first quarter of 13th century, the Mongols, native to Asia, had at first annihilated the major Islamic state Khwarezmshahs of that period and then they faced to the west and used the route their antecedents had used, namely the north of Black Sea, and caused fear in the eastern part of Europe in particular (1241-42). Despite the fact that there was no force to stand against them –as was in Asia- in this continent to which they were new; their sudden retreat had contributions to the civilization in the long term. With the immediate effect of the conquest, the methods used against the Muslims were resorted to; however, the popes and various kings of Europe who considered that this would not give rise to desired consequences, resorted to collaborate with them in order to realize a greater ideal. The members of missionary orders established in Europe at that time (Franciscans and Dominicans) were used as envoys by the popes and the secular rulers of the continent to establish relations with Mongols. It is mainly a result of this policy that travel books about Mongols emerged. The fact that a purpose, which was already peculiar to both orders, was canalized to the Mongols by European rulers including popes in order to establish an alliance against Muslims eventually made a precious contribution to the lacking information of both the East and the West about each other. The aim of this study will be to reveal the essence of the relation between Europeans and the Mongols towards the end of a religious era (Middle Ages). Key Words Mongol, Europe, Catholic, Christianity, Missionary, Travel Books vi İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY ......................................................................................................... İ BİLDİRİM ...................................................................................................................... İİ TEŞEKKÜR ................................................................................................................. İİİ ÖZET ............................................................................................................................. İV ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... V İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................ Vİ GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 1. Kaynaklar ve Araştırmalar .............................................................................. 1 2. Terminoloji ........................................................................................................ 9 3. Konunun Mahiyeti ve Sınırları ...................................................................... 13 4. Moğol Tarihi Araştırmalarında Seyahatnameler ........................................ 21 1. BÖLÜM ...................................................................................................................... 70 İKİ KITA’NIN YAKINLAŞMASI: MOĞOL GENİŞLEMESİ VE AVRUPA’NIN TEPKİSİ ........................................................................................................................ 70 1.1. Asya’da Moğol Genişlemesi ........................................................................ 70 1.2. Moğolların Avrupa Seferi ........................................................................... 79 1.3. “Pax Mongolica” .......................................................................................... 89 1.4. Moğol Çağında Avrupa ............................................................................... 93 1.5. İki Dilenci Tarikat: Fransiskenler ve Dominikenler ................................ 99 1.6. Moğollara Karşı Birlik Çağrısı-I. Lyon Konsili (1245) .......................... 115 2. BÖLÜM .................................................................................................................... 121 XIII. VE XIV. YÜZYILLARDA KATOLİK AVRUPA’NIN ÖTEKİ’NE BAKIŞI ....................................................................................................................................... 121 2.1. Avrupa’nın “Öteki” Algısının Evrimi ...................................................... 121 2.2. Asya’ya Dair Efsaneler .............................................................................. 128 2.2.1. İskender Efsanesi .......................................................................... 134 2.2.2. Doğu’da Bir Cennet ...................................................................... 139 2.2.3. Rahip-Kral John-İttifak Arzusu..................................................... 143 2.2.4. İt-Başlı İnsanlar ............................................................................. 158 2.3. Seyyahların Kendi Deneyimlerinden Sonraki “Öteki” Algısı ................ 163 vii 3. BÖLÜM .................................................................................................................... 177 DİPLOMASİ TRAFİĞİ VE GERÇEKLE YÜZLEŞME ........................................ 177 3.1. Farklı Bir Dünyaya Atılan İlk Adım ......................................................... 177 3.2. Elçi Kabulü ve Teşrifat ............................................................................... 183 3.3. Moğollar İçerisinde Seyyahların Bilgi Kaynakları .................................. 189 3.4. Moğollar ve Din ........................................................................................... 193 3.4.1. Dini Tolerans ve Hoşgörü Sorunu ................................................ 204 3.4.2. Moğol Hatunları ve Hıristiyanlık .................................................. 210 3.5. Mektuplara Yansıyan Avrupa-Moğol İlişkisi ........................................... 214 SONUÇ ........................................................................................................................
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