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Povijest I Razvoj Teniskih Grand Slamova

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Povijest I Razvoj Teniskih Grand Slamova Povijest i razvoj teniskih Grand Slamova Munđar, Luka Undergraduate thesis / Završni rad 2020 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: Polytechnic of Međimurje in Čakovec / Međimursko veleučilište u Čakovcu Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:110:764250 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-10-02 Repository / Repozitorij: Polytechnic of Međimurje in Čakovec Repository - Polytechnic of Međimurje Undergraduate and Graduate Theses Repository MEĐIMURSKO VELEUČILIŠTE U ČAKOVCU STRUČNI STUDIJ MENADŽMENTA TURIZMA I SPORTA LUKA MUNĐAR POVIJEST I RAZVOJ TENISKIH GRAND SLAMOVA ZAVRŠNI RAD Mentor: Tomislav Hublin, mag.cin. ČAKOVEC, 2020. MEĐIMURSKO VELEUČILIŠTE U ČAKOVCU STRUČNI STUDIJ MENADŽMENTA TURIZMA I SPORTA LUKA MUNĐAR POVIJEST I RAZVOJ TENISKIH GRAND SLAMOVA HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF TENNIS GRAND SLAM ZAVRŠNI RAD Mentor: Tomislav Hublin, mag.cin. ČAKOVEC, 2020. SAŽETAK U radu se analizira uspješnost tenisača na turnirima najviše kategorije s naglaskom prikaza bodovanja uspjeha tenisača na Grand Slam turnirima (Australian Open, Roland Garros, Wimbledon i US Open). Radi se o sustavu gdje se polufinalistima i finalistima dodjeljuju bodovi koji se zbrajaju te se formira ukupna lista uspješnosti tenisača kroz povijest. Rezultati istraživanja (analizirano razdoblje od 1968. godine do kraja 2017. godine, odnosno u prvih 50 godina „open ere“ tenisa) su pokazali kako u povijesti tenisa postoji nekoliko istaknutih imena. Najistaknutijim tenisačem pokazao se Roger Federer s ukupno osvojena 93 boda. Novak Đoković osvojio je 64 boda, Rafael Nadal 63 boda, Ivan Lendl i Pete Sampras osvojili su po 55 bodova, dok je Jimmy Connors ukupno osvojio 54 boda. Od najčuvenijih pobjednika i pobjednica na Grand Slam turnirima mogu se izdvojiti Rod Laver, Don Budge, Maureen Connolly, Margaret Smith Court i Steffi Graf. U radu je opisana i povijest tenisa te obilježja i značajke Grand Slam turnira. Ključne riječi: tenis, povijest, Grand Slam, bodovanje uspjeha, istraživanje SADRŽAJ SAŽETAK 1. UVOD ....................................................................................................................... 5 2. CILJ RADA .............................................................................................................. 6 3. POVIJEST TENISA ................................................................................................. 7 3.1. Preteča igra tenisa .............................................................................................. 7 3.2. Suvremenost igre tenisa ..................................................................................... 8 4. GRAND SLAM TURNIRI ..................................................................................... 13 4.1. Australian Open ............................................................................................... 13 4.2. Roland Garos ................................................................................................... 14 4.3. Wimbledon ....................................................................................................... 15 4.4. US Open ........................................................................................................... 16 5. ISTAKNUTA IMENA GRAND SLAMA KROZ POVIJEST .............................. 19 5.1. Najznačajniji pobjednici Grand Slama ............................................................ 19 5.1.1. Rod Laver ................................................................................................. 19 5.1.2. Don Budge ................................................................................................ 20 5.2. Najznačajnije pobjednice Grand Slama ........................................................... 20 5.2.1. Maureen Connolly .................................................................................... 21 5.2.2. Margaret Smith Court ............................................................................... 21 5.2.3. Steffi Graf ................................................................................................. 22 6. ANALIZA USPJEŠNOSTI POJEDINAČNE KONKURENCIJE NA GRAND SLAM TURNIRIMA ..................................................................................................... 24 7. RASPRAVA ........................................................................................................... 34 8. ZAKLJUČAK ......................................................................................................... 35 9. LITERATURA ....................................................................................................... 36 POPIS SLIKA................................................................................................................. 38 POPIS TABLICA ........................................................................................................... 39 Luka Munđar Povijest i razvoj teniskih Grand Slamova 1. UVOD Sportske aktivnosti ljudima su oduvijek bile način zabave i druženja. Ljudi su u tu svrhu koristili različita pomagala, ali i samostalno određivali pravila. Tijekom povijesti, sportske su se aktivnosti razvijale, da bi naposljetku rezultirale različitim igrama za koje su se počela održavati i različita natjecanja. Pravila su postajala sve zastupljenija, jasnija i važnija. S druge strane, pomagala su dobivala na funkcionalnosti. Tenis se tako razvio u jednu od najsloženijih igara. Osim znanja korištenja pomagala, dopuštao je i zahtijevao da svaki igrač izgradi svoj stil igre. Zahtijevao je mentalni napor pa je čovjeku pomagao i u izgrađivanju karaktera. Danas se ljudi bave tenisom rekreativno, ali i profesionalno. Popularnost igre tenisa je svakodnevno u porastu. Osim toga, standardan je i u programu Olimpijskih igara. Cilj igre tenisa je prebacivanje loptice reketom preko mreže. Loptica, nakon što prijeđe mrežu, može i ne mora pogoditi polje protivnikovog terena. Protivnik je može vratiti prije nego ona pogodi tlo. Međutim, ako loptica ipak pogodi polje protivnika, igra se nastavlja. Ako loptica dva puta udari u tlo protivnikovog terena, igrač koji je prebacio lopticu preko mreže dobiva poen. Međimursko veleučilište u Čakovcu Stranica 5 Luka Munđar Povijest i razvoj teniskih Grand Slamova 2. CILJ RADA Cilj završnog rada Povijest i razvoj teniskih Grand Slamova je prikazati povijesni razvoj tenisa te analizirati uspješnost tenisača na Grand Slam turnirima. Točnije, prikazati broj osvojenih bodova igrača na Australian Openu, Roland Garrosu, Wimbledonu i US Openu u zadnjih pedeset godina. U istraživanju će se posebna pozornost obratiti na igrače koji su igrali polufinala i finala na Grand slam turnirima u zadnjih pedeset godina održavanja. Osim navedenoga, u radu će se ukratko predstaviti najvažniji igrači i igračice koji su zaslužni za razvoj tenisa i Grand Slam turnira. Obzirom na to da su rijetke osobe osvojile sva četiri turnira, imena ovih teniskih velikana svakako zaslužuju biti istaknuta. Međimursko veleučilište u Čakovcu Stranica 6 Luka Munđar Povijest i razvoj teniskih Grand Slamova 3. POVIJEST TENISA Zapisi prema kojima se smatra da se tenis započeo igrati u Egiptu i Perziji već u 14. stoljeću i to pod nazivom la bud, dok je sama riječ tenis kasnije proizašla od imena egipatskog grada Tinnisa (Burcar i Burcar, https://www.hrks.hr/skole/24_ljetna_skola/351-burcar.pdf). Drugi izvori govore da su Grci i Rimljani prvi prakticirali igre loptom, a te su igre kasnije preuzeli Francuzi. Prema Friščić (2004), naziv tenis ima svoje polazište u Francuskoj. Popularna igra koja nalikuje današnjem tenisu bila je zastupljena na francuskim dvorovima u 15. stoljeću. U to se vrijeme igra zvala Le Jeu de Paume, što znači igra dlanom. Loptica je bila punjena životinjskom dlakom i odbijala se dlanom preko napetog konca. Server je na početku igre uzviknuo „tenez“, što znači uhvatite. Dva stoljeća kasnije, konopac je bio zamijenjen mrežom, dok su se umjesto dlana počeli koristiti reketi slični današnjima. Žice reketa bile su od ovčjih crijeva. Riječ „tenez“ kasnije su preuzeli Englezi, ali su je preoblikovali u riječ „tennis“. 3.1. Preteče igra tenisa Varijacije teniske igre nalazimo već u doba antike. Igre udaranja kožnih loptica dlanovima i rukavicama bile su aktualne sve do 16. stoljeća. Nekada se svaki poen u tenisu bodovao kao četvrtina sata pa je tako prvi poen 15, dok gem bi bio osvojen kada bi kazaljka obišla cijeli krug. Dakle, poeni su bili 15, 30, 45 i 60. Međutim, danas to nije tako, budući da danas u bodovanju ima i 40 poena. Postavlja se pitanje zašto je to tako? Odgovor je najbolje potražiti u činjenici da je u 18. stoljeću u Francuskoj, neposredno prije revolucije, nastala tzv. igra dlanova. Igra dlanova bila je veoma popularna igra tadašnjeg plemstva. Upravo ona predstavlja preteču današnjeg tenisa, a tada je bila toliko popularna da je postojalo više od tisuću terena za ovu igru, dok je cilj bio da se po gemovima i setovima osvajaju poeni tako što se šakom udara loptica unutar dijelova terena razdvojenih mrežom. (http://edukacija.rs/zanimljivosti/zanimljivo-poreklo-bodovanja-u-tenisu). Međimursko veleučilište u Čakovcu Stranica 7 Luka Munđar Povijest i razvoj teniskih Grand Slamova Prije nastanka modernog tenisa, njegova preteča doživljavala je nekoliko promjena. U jednom trenutku odlučilo se da se više neće igrati dlanovima pa je započelo korištenje štapa, a potom i reketa. Ta je igra sa svojim originalnim nazivom bila jedna od službenih olimpijskih disciplina na Olimpijadi 1908. godine,
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