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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02502-8 - The Domestic Cat: The Biology of its Behaviour: Third Edition Edited by Dennis C. Turner & Patrick Bateson Index More information

Index

Abyssinian cats 157–8, 173, 180 Aristotle 97 Active Breeding Register 182 artistic representations of cats 88–9, 93, 107 active cats 158 Asian Leopard cat 158, 173 adoption of cats 141–2, 228 cross-breeding 162, 180–2 affection Asilomar Accords 139 breed differences 158, 162 Association of Dogs and Cats Homes (ADCH) 137 sex differences 160 Association of Shelter Veterinarians 136–7 African wildcat (Near Eastern wildcat) 38, 41, 57, attitudes to cats 64, 84–5, 87–9, 168, 233–4 cultural differences in 6, 102–12 ageing 152 historical 94–8 aggression 202, 207–9 modern 98–9 fear-related 208 auditory communication 48–51 inter-male 208–9 auditory system 40 petting-evoked 209 Austria, cat ownership 114 play-related 209 postures demonstrating 52–3 Bastet 86, 90–2, 100 redirected 209 bay cat lineage 84 territorial 207–8 behaviour 5 aggressive behaviour 207–9 agonistic 52–3 breed differences 158, 162 breed type and 156–60 sex differences 160 development of 12–26 Alan of Lille 94 feeding 74–5 Alexandra Palace cat show (1887) 169 genetic inﬂuence on 21–2, 25–6 allergies 96, 140 maternal 28–33 Alliance for Contraception in Cats and Dogs nuisance 218 (ACC&D) 145 sex differences in 121–2, 124–5, 156, 160 allogrooming 54–5 submissive 53 allorubbing 45, 53–5 see also aggression; aggressive behaviour American Association of Feline Practitioners behaviour problems 7, 202–12 (AAFP) 144, 224 and relinquishment to shelters 140–1 Statement on Conﬁnement of Owned Indoor Benedict XVI, Pope 107 Cats 188 Bengal cat 157–60, 162, 173, 180–2 American Humane Association 137 Bengal Cat Club 182 American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Beresford, Lady Marcus 169 Animals (ASPCA) 142 Bible, the 106–7 anal gland secretion 42 biophilia 117–18 Angora cats 94, 170 birds, predation 69–70, 157 Animal Welfare (Companion Cats) Code of Welfare black cats 94, 107, 168 (2007) 136 black-footed cat 84 Animal Welfare Act (New Zealand, 1999) 136 Black Redstarts, predation of 70 Animal Welfare Act (UK, 2006) 136 blinking 238 anti-anxiety drugs 206–8 Blue Cross 137 arched back posture 53, 235 Blue Persian Cat Society, The 171 archaeological remains 86–94, 100 bobcat 182

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02502-8 - The Domestic Cat: The Biology of its Behaviour: Third Edition Edited by Dennis C. Turner & Patrick Bateson Index More information

Index 273

bob-tailed cats 98, 105 auditory 48–51 body styles 161–2, 173, 178, 183 effect of domestication on 38, 57–8 brain weight 15 olfactory 41–6, 205–7 Brazil, cat population 104 tactile 45, 54–5 Breed Advisory Committees 171–3, 179–80, 182, tail up 40, 53, 55, 56, 58, 75, 122, 134, 233, 234, 238 184 visual 40, 43–4, 51–3 breed standards, setting of 169–71 wild cats 38 breeding 7, 86 see also signalling effect on pedigree cat’s appearance 177–8 cooperative behaviour 239 outcrossing 179–82 Cornish Rex 157, 173 problems with 178–80 Crete 93 selective 7, 161–2, 168–9, 173–4, 232–3 cruelty and abuse 99 Britain, introduction of cats to 93 Crystal Palace cat show 169 British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cyprus, ancient remains of cats found in 86–7 Cruelty to Animals 150 British Shorthairs 170 Dalai Lama XIV 109 Bubastis 90–2 Darwin, Charles 168 Buddhism 108–9 defaecation, inappropriate 7, 202–5 Buffon, Comte de (Georges Louis Leclerc) 98–9 defensive personality 15 bunting 45 defensive postures 52–3 Burmese cats 157, 161 deformities 183 degenerative joint disease (DJD) 151 CALLISTO 217 development 5, 12–26 cannibalism 32 and handling 23 captivity, psychological effects of 188–9 normal 12–14 caracal lineage 84 nutrition and 23–4 cat ‘ﬂu’ 182 sensitive period 116, 186–7 Cat Act (Nov, 2011, Western Australia) 228 social environment and 16–19 Cat Club, The 169 Devil, association of cats with 94, 97 Cat Fanciers’ Association (CFA) 184 Devon Rex 173 show organisation 174–6 diet see food Cat Group, The 144, 183–4 differences, individual 21–3 Cat Stress Score 134–5, 139 Dioduros Siculus 92 Cathars 94 diseases Catholic Church 107–8 age-related 152 Cats’ Protection 140, 216 monitoring in roaming populations 224 catteries 135 as a result of conﬁnement 188 caudal glands 45 and showing 182–3 cauxin 42 unowned cats and spread of 135 Chanu-daro 93 zoonotic 217 cheek glands 45 DNA 25–6, 38, 84, 179, 182–3 China dogs cat legends 109 attitudes towards 98–9, 108, 110–11 cat population and attitudes to 104 cats’ relationships with 79 eating of cats 111 comparative behaviour of 72–3 introduction of cats to 93 comparative euthanasia of 137 Chinese desert cat 84 comparative ownership of 4, 103–6, 114 Christianity and attitudes to cats 94–7, 103, 107–8, relationship with humans 116–18 111–12 domestic longhair 156–7 claw removal 151, 210 domestic shorthair 156–7 climbing facilities 200 domestication 6, 86–8, 160–1, 186–8, 233–4 clomipramine 206–7 archaeological evidence of 86–94, 100 CNR (capture–neuter–release) programmes 221 effect on communication 57–8 coat colours/types 168–9, 173–4 reasons for 87–8 collars 145–6, 153, 228 dominance 74 colour perception 39 drinking 199 communication 6 Dubai Pet Show 105

274 Index

ear postures 52 feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) 217 ear tipping 223–4, 228 testing for 224 eating Feline Temperament Profile 142 of cats and dogs 104, 111 feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) 182 of grass and plants 211–12 Felis bengalensis (Asian Leopard Cat) 158, 162, see also food 173, 180–2 Egypt (ancient) Felis chaus (jungle cat) 84, 182 cats sacrificed 233 Felis libyca 51 domestication of cats in 80, 88–92, 100 Felis margarita (sand cat) 84 prevention of export of cats from 92 Felis nigripes (black-footed cat) 84 protected status of cats 92 Felis silvestris (wildcat) 38, 84–6, 186 Egyptian Mau cats 180 Felis silvestris bieti (Chinese desert cat) 84 elimination, 202 Felis silvestris cafra (Southern African wildcat) 84 anogenital licking and 30 Felis silvestris catus (domestic cat) 38 inappropriate 202–5 evolution 186–8 voluntary in kittens 15 origins of 6, 84–6 enclosures see housing Felis silvestris libyca (African wild cat/Near Eastern environment wild cat) 12, 38, 41, 57, 64, 84–5, 87–9, 100, adaptation to 232–4 168, 233–4 disturbances to and sickness behaviours 191–2 Felis silvestris ornate (Central Asian wildcat) 84 elimination facilities 199 Felis silvestris silvestris (European wildcat) physical 199–200 84–6 and welfare 7, 187–91, 193–4 Feliway™ 150, 206 environmental enrichment 149–51, 194–200 females environmental threats, response to 189–91 interactions with owners 121–2 epigenetics 25–6 natal dispersal 66 equifinality 20 negative attitudes towards 97 Europe, introduction of cats to 93–4 problems with mating 35 European Convention for the Protection of purring 238 Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental reproductive success in groups 67 and Other Scientific Purposes 147 spraying 42 European wild cat (Felis silvestris silvestris)84–6 urination 41 euthanasia feral cats 161, 216 cultural opposition to 105 cooperative behaviour 239 as population management 229 group rearing of kittens 31 in shelters 132, 137–8 management of populations 153 Exotic cat 157, 161, 173 population growth rate 222–3 eyes 39–40 suckling 16 blinking 238 and shelters 142–4 development in kittens 13, 16 tail-up interactions 53 superstitions and 96–7 welfare issues 218 Fishing Cats 182 facial pheromones 46 FIFe (Federation Internationale Feline) 184 faeces Finicella 95 burying of 236 ‘Five Freedoms’ 80 use of to communicate 43 flehmen 40–1, 43, 237 Far East, introduction of cats to 93 Florida University (USA), cat population farm cats 66 management 223, 225, 228 feeding behaviour 74–5 fluoxetine 206–8 felanine 42 food 198–9 Feline Advisory Bureau 182, 184 acceptance and preferences (kittens) 17–18 feline calicvirus (FCV) 182, 217 ‘finicky eaters’ 199 feline herpesvirus (FHV) 217 negotiation and social attention 118–27 feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) 217 novel 17–18 testing for 224 preferences 198–9 feline infectious enteritis (FIE) 182 scratching of floor near 234 feline interstitial cystitis (Pandora Syndrome) 191–2 sharing of 64

Index 275

soliciting of and purring 50 house cats see indoor cats supply and weaning 14–15 house soiling 202–7 Found Animals Foundation 145 housing 132, 147, 195 France, cat population 106 long-term 149 friendliness in research facilities 147–8 to humans 23 sensory/environmental factors 197–8 signals indicating 238 in shelters 148 fur balls 211 standard for appropriate 80 humans, relationship/interactions with 6, 16, genetics 38, 84, 179, 182–3 72–80, 196–7, 238 behavioural 21–2, 25–6 age of cat and 124 and maternal behaviour 28 and cat’s personality 116–17 Geoffroy’s Cats 182 and purebred cats 75–6 Germany, cat population 106 bonding 114–27 Gervase of Tilbury 94 emotional and physiological benefits of gestation 12, 28–30 118 ginger cats 105 see also orange mutant emotional support and 76 Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF) 170–3, in feeding context 118–27 182, 184 gender of owner 122, 125 General Breeding Policy 179 personality of owners 122–7 Genetics Committee 179 petting 78–9 and hybrids 180–2 sex differences in cats and 121–2, 124–5 show organisation 174–7 understanding vocalisations 77–8 Veterinary Sub-Committee 179 hunting 6, 13–14, 19–20 grass and plant eating 211–12 effect on wildlife 69–70, 217 Greece, origin of cats in 93 specialisms in 234 grimacing 40–1, 43, 237 strategies 67–8, 234, 239–40 grooming success rates 68–9 maternal 30 when and where 68 post-eating 75 hybridisation 180–2 groups acceptance of humans and other species into identification of cats 145–6, 153, 223–4, 227–8 16 imprinting 16, 116 defence of food clumps 65–6 India, attitudes towards cats in 102–3, 109–10 health in 67 Indian Desert Cats 182 mating in 34 individual differences 21–3 social organisation of 66 indoor cats 114, 188–9 growling 55 relationship with outdoor cats 76 Indus valley 92–3 Harappan civilisation, evidence of cats in 92–3 infanticide 32–3 Hathor (Egyptian god) 90 interdigital glands 43–4 health interstitial cystitis 151 confinement and 188 intestinal parasites 202–3 in groups in 67 purging of 211 effect of selective breeding 178–80 Isabela island (Galapagos) cat population see also stress; stress response system; welfare management 225 hearing 13, 40 Islam 98, 103, 108, 111, 114 Herodotus 91 isovalthene 42 heterozygosity 161 Israel, cat population 105 Hide, Perch & Go Box™ 150 Italy Hinduism and attitudes towards cats 109–11 introduction of cats 93 hissing 55 population management 221, 223 home range 64–6 degree of overlap 65–6 jaguar 88 size and cat density 64–6 jaguarondi 88 Horapollon 96 Jainism 109 hostility towards cats 94–9 Japan

276 Index

Japan (cont.) long haired cats, 169 attitudes towards cats 97–8, 110 mating problems 35 cat legends 109 lost cats 145–6 cat population 105 lynx 84, 182 Jericho, archaeological remains found at 87 Jordan, cat population 105 Macdona, Reverend J. 172 Judaism 103, 106–7, 111–12 macro environment 197–8 judging of cat breeds 172–6 Main Coon 157 jungle cats 84, 182 males juveniles, urination 41 defecation 43 interaction with owners 122 Kaspar Hauser cats 19 killing of kittens 32–3 Kemp, Ursula (tried as a witch) 95 mating problems 34–5 Kipling, Rudyard 4 natal dispersal 66–7 kittens 5 ‘man-made’ breeds 180–2 artiﬁcially reared 17–19 Maneki Neko 110 calls 48–9, 57 Manetho 90 carrying posture 30–1 Manx cats 157, 238 communication with mother 55–7 Margay cats 88, 182 communication with siblings 57 Marion Island (Indian Ocean), cat eradication eaten by mother 32 programme 229 group rearing of 31 maternal behaviour 6, 28–33 handling of 23 maternal cannibalism 32 learning 15 maternal instinct 28 maternal grooming of newborn 30 maternal neglect 31–2 maternal neglect 31–2 mating 28, 33–5 motor development 13 ‘Meet Your Match® Feline-ality™’ programme nutrition and development 23–4 142 olfaction and suckling 12, 16 mesolimbic reward system 117 purring 50, 238 miaowing 40, 50–1, 58–9, 77–8 relationship with mother 16–17 before feeding 75 role of siblings in social development 18–19 micro environment 198–9 sensitive period of socialisation 116, 186–7 microchips 145, 153, 228 sensory development 12–13 misogyny, association of cats with 94–9 showing 174–5 moods, changes in 239–40 Side-step posture 53 Mostagedda (Egypt), cat remains from 87 social play 15 mother cats socialisation of 77, 115–16, 186–7 adoption of other kittens/mammals 31 suckling 16–18 moving of litters 30–1 urination 41 parturition 28–30 kneading 58 post-parturient phase 30–1 Koret Shelter Medicine Program (University of stealing of kittens 31 California, Davis Center for Companion mother–kitten relationship 16–17, 19 Animal Health) 137 communication 55–7 motor development 13 LaPerm cats 173 mummiﬁed remains 92 learning 15 leopard cat lineage 84 natal dispersal 66–7 Levant 87 National Cat Club 169 Leyhausen, Paul 5 1901 show 182 light sensitivity 197 National Council on Pet Population Study and Policy Lincoln University 134 (NCPPSP, 2010) 140 lions (Panthera leo)58 natural selection 186 sharing of food resources 64 Nebethetepet 90 litter boxes 158, 199 nipple preference 15, 18, 30, 57 aversion to 203–5 Norwegian Forest Cat 157 hygiene 206 nursing 13, 16–18, 30, 57

Index 277

nutrition and development 23–5 legislation and 227 maternal 23–4 registration and identification 227–8 reproduction control 220–5 ocelot 84, 88 shelters and 228 Ocicats 180 Porto (Portugal), TNR (trap–neuter–return) olfaction 40–1, 43, 237 programme 223 causes of stress and 198 postures 52–3, 235 kittens and suckling 12, 16 predatory behaviour 15, 26 olfactory system 40–1 development of (kittens) 17, 19–21, 25 olfactory communication 41–6, 205–7 see also scent mother cats 17 marking predatory skills and experience 21 olfactory continuity 150 prey 6, 69–70 onychectomy (declawing) 151, 210 development of defensive response to 15 orange mutant, origins 93, 105, 169 early experience of skill in catching 20 Oriental cat 157 for kittens 17 origins of the cat 6, 84–6, 160–2 preferences 234 ovulation 34 types 234 Prophet Mohammed 108 pain, chronic 151 public health, cats and 217 Palestine, cat remains found in 93 puma 84 Panthera lineage 84 purebred cats 94 parturition 28–30 behavioural profiles 157–60 pedigree cats, breeding and showing 171–84 healthy breeding of 178–80 see also purebred cats human relationship with 75–6 perioral glands 44 origins of 160–2 persecution of cats 5–6, 97–8 purring 49–50, 55, 58, 237–8 Persian cats 76, 170, 232 during delivery/birth process 29 behaviour 156–8 and healing 29 head shape 173 Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency 183 outcrossing 180, 182 physical problems 179 quality of life 132–3 selective breeding 161, 232–3 assessment of 133–5 personality 17, 116–17, 123–4, 126–7 questionnaires 135 pet humanisation 106 Qur’an 108 pet-keeping 87–8, 188–9 Petrie, Flinders 88 Ra (Egyptian god) 89–90 petting 78–9 rabies 217, 224 aggression evoked by 209 Ragdoll cat 157–8, 173, 233 phantom limb pain 151 heterozygosity 161 pheromone sprays 150, 206 origin of 162 pheromonotherapy 150–1 registration of cats 227–8 pinnae 40 rehoming 183–4, 228 secretion 45 religion and attitudes towards cats 94–7, 103, 106–10 play reproduction aggressive 209 control of 196–7 and predatory skills 19–20 success in groups 236–7 and time of weaning 22–4 reproductive behaviour 28–36 changes in 15 rolling 53, 235 effect of nutrition on 23–4 rubbing 236–7 scratching and 235 rescue centres see shelters Plutarch 96 research, housing of cats used for 147–8 population management 7, 216, 220–30 Resource Dispersion Hypothesis 64 assessment and monitoring 219–20 Rex breeds 157, 173, 233 education and 226 Rig Veda 109 engagement of cat carers and 225 Robinson, Roy 177 euthanasia 229 rodents, predation of 67–8 factors effecting decision to undertake 218–19 rolling 53, 235

278 Index

Romans, and introduction of cats to Europe 93 problems 179 Rome, feral cat colony 221, 223 scale of points 169 RSPCA 104 side-step posture 53 rubbing/rub-marking 44–6, 236–7 sickness behaviours 191–2 cat–cat 45, 53–5 signalling 38–59 cat–human 45–6, 75 effect of commensalism 38 Russian Blue cat 157, 173 effect of domestication on 57–8 food resources and 64 sand cat 84 in Felis silvestris libyca species 38 scent marking 38, 41–3, 160, 200, 203, 205–7, 235 see also olfactory communication; scent marking; elimination of problem 206–7 territorial behaviour rubbing 44–6, 236–7 Silchester 93 scratching 43–4, 200, 202, 210, 235 Silver & Smoke Persian club 171 spraying 42–3, 58, 160, 205–7, 235 Simpson, Frances 170–2 Scheweinfurth, Georg 85 Singapore, cat population 104–5 Scottish wildcats 84 skin glands 44–6 scratching 43–4, 200 sleep patterns 15 with fore-claws 235 Smithers, Reay 85 furniture 202, 210, 235 Smoke & Tipped Breed Advisory Committee near food 234 180 seabirds, predation of 69 snifﬁng 40–1, 43 sebaceous glands 45 faeces 43 Selkirk Rex 173 grimacing after 40–1, 43, 236 Servals 182 social attachments 17 sex differences 121–2, 124–5, 156, 160 social behaviour sexual behaviour 33–5 domestic cat–cat relationships 74–5 sexual maturity 15 early socialisation and 77, 115–16, 186–7 Shashthi 103, 109 feeding and 74–5 shelter medicine 132, 136 in the human home 72–80 shelters 132, 135 petting 78–9 admission to 139 relationships with dogs 79 adoption of cats from 141–2 vocalisations 77–8 euthanasia in 132, 137–8 social brain network 117 feral cats 142–4 social environment 115–16 housing in 148 social experience 17 no-kill policy 138–9, 149 social learning 18 regulation of 136–7 social physiology 117 rehoming and 228 social play 15, 57 relinquishment of cats to 139–41 relationships 16–19 Shintoism 110 socialisation 77, 115–16 Shorthair Cat Club, The 171 need for 117–18 shows/showing 169–71 sensitive period for 116, 186–7 beneﬁts to cats and welfare standards 182–4 Somali cats 173 classes 172–7 sound sensitivity 197–8 effect on cat’s appearance 174, 177–8 South Korea 111 Feline Agility 177 Southern African wildcat 84 formats/organisation of 174–7 space 200 Preface to the Standard of Points 183 Spain, population management 221 Standard of Points 169–71, 174, 178 Sphynx cat 157, 160 titles and awards 175–7 spray-marks, investigation of 43, 205 training of judges 171–3 spraying 42–3, 58, 160, 205–7, 235 Siamese Cat Club 171 sex differences in 160 Siamese cat 76, 156 St. Francis of Assisi 107 breeding of 161 St. Giles Fair Cat Show 169 characteristics 180 St. Philip Neri 107 handling and development 23 staring 238 head shape 173 sterilisation 144–5, 152–3, 220–5

Index 279

stray cats 153, 216 UK Cat Behaviour Working Group 133 stress 134–5, 139, 189–91 United Arab Emirates, cat population 105 and foetal development 192–3 United Kingdom, cats in 104 the macro environment and 197–8 urination 41–3 the micro environment and 198–9 inappropriate 7, 202–5 stress response system 189–91 see also scent marking; spraying and early life experiences 192–3 urine, chemical composition 42 effect on immune function 191–2 stroking 45–6 vaccination 182, 224 stud-tail 45 Van cats 94 submandibular glands 45 Veterinary Defect List 183 suckling 12, 16–19, 25, 30 see also nipple preference Vikings 93 superstitions 96–9, 103 vision 39–40 Switzerland, cat population 106 development of 13 visual communication 40, 51–3 tabby cats 168 vocalisations 48–51, 58–9 markings 51 defensive 55 spread of 93 in the home 77–8 tactile communication 45, 54–5 vomeronasal organs (VNO) 40–1, 43, 237 tail 53 glands 45 Waldensians 94 tail up 40, 53, 55, 56, 58, 75, 122, 134, 233, walking 13 234, 238 water 199 tattooing 228 weaning 14–16, 30 teeth 13, 87 early 22–4 temperament 23 variations in age 22–3 temperature preferences 198 Weir, Harrison 169–70, 172, 174, 184 Templars 94 Weir, John Jenner 172 temporal glands 45 welfare 6, 132–3, 193–4 territorial behaviour 38, 41 assessment of 133–5 aggression and 207–8 domestication and 187–9 scats and 236 environmental enrichment and 149–51, 194–200 scratching 43–4, 200 of ferals 218 urine spraying and 42–3, 205–7, 235 and housing 147 testosterone 35, 42 legislation 218, 227 TICA (The International Cat Association) 184 showing of cats and 182–4 TNR (trap–neuter–return) programmes 221, 223–5, social interactions and 195–7 227 standards 136 toilet areas (outdoor) 204 well-being 132 Tonkinese cat 157–8, 173 Wells, Monsignor Peter B. 107 Topsell, Edward 96 Wenham, Jane (Walkerne witch) 95 tortoiseshell coats 93, 105 wild cat see African wild cat; European wild cat; Toxoplasma gondii 217 Scottish wild cat toxoplasmosis 217 wildlife, effect of predation 217 traps 225 witchcraft 94–8, 100, 107 Turkish Angora 94 World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) Turner, Pat 177 105, 216