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Solidarity According to the Thought of Fr. Pedro Arrupe and Its Application to Jesuit Higher Education Today James Menkhaus

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Solidarity According to the Thought of Fr. Pedro Arrupe and Its Application to Jesuit Higher Education Today James Menkhaus Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations Spring 2013 Solidarity According to the Thought of Fr. Pedro Arrupe and Its Application to Jesuit Higher Education Today James Menkhaus Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Recommended Citation Menkhaus, J. (2013). Solidarity According to the Thought of Fr. Pedro Arrupe and Its Application to Jesuit Higher Education Today (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/922 This Immediate Access is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SOLIDARITY ACCORDING TO THE THOUGHT OF FR. PEDRO ARRUPE AND ITS APPLICATION TO JESUIT HIGHER EDUCATION TODAY A Dissertation Submitted to the McAnulty College & Graduate School of Liberal Arts Duquesne University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By James Menkhaus May 2013 Copyright by James Menkhaus 2013 SOLIDARITY ACCORDING TO THE THOUGHT OF FR. PEDRO ARRUPE AND ITS APPLICATION TO JESUIT HIGHER EDUCATION TODAY By James Menkhaus Approved March 26, 2013 ________________________________ ________________________________ James Bailey, Ph.D. Anna Scheid, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Theology Assistant Professor of Theology (Committee Chair) (Committee Member) ________________________________ Dan Scheid, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Theology (Committee Member) _________________________________ ________________________________ James C. Swindal, Ph.D. Maureen O‘Brien, Ph.D. Dean, McAnulty Graduate School Chair, Department of Theology Of Liberal Arts Professor of Theology Professor of Philosophy iii ABSTRACT SOLIDARITY ACCORDING TO THE THOUGHT OF FR. PEDRO ARRUPE AND ITS APPLICATION TO JESUIT HIGHER EDUCATION TODAY By James Menkhaus May 2013 Dissertation supervised by James Bailey Fr. Pedro Arrupe, S.J. was elected the 28th superior general of the Society of Jesus in 1965 and served in that role until 1983. As superior general, Arrupe sought to shape the Jesuits in the spirit of the vision of Vatican II, as well as the original charism of the founder of the Jesuit, St. Ignatius. The questions this dissertation seeks to answer is how Fr. Pedro Arrupe understood solidarity in light of his own life and theological perspectives and then how his view continues to shape Jesuit education today. The first chapter examines solidarity as an element of Catholic social teaching, which sets the historical and theological context for the rest of the dissertation. It briefly looks at the historical development of solidarity within papal encyclicals, as well as within selected contextual theologies. iv The second chapter is the heart of the dissertation, which looks at Arrupe‘s contribution to solidarity through three lenses: solidarity with those suffering, solidarity through inculturation and solidarity created by the Eucharist. Drawing from historical, sociological and theological sources, Arrupe‘s vision of solidarity is strongly influenced by his twenty-seven years in Japan and his dedication to Ignatian spirituality. The chapter also puts Arrupe‘s work in dialogue with other theologians wrestling with similar issues in order to demonstrate how Arrupe adds to their analysis. The third and fourth chapters examine the way Arrupe‘s ideas have influenced those who came after him. Chapter three explores the superior generals since Arrupe, Fr. Kolvenbach and Fr. Nicholas, and how they are extended Arrupe‘s ideas of solidarity towards Jesuit education and interreligious dialogue. The third chapter also looks at two other Jesuits, Fr. Howard Gray and Fr. Greg Boyle, each applying solidarity to Jesuit education and Jesuit social justice apostolates. The fourth chapter is a case study based on my experiences working with immersion groups at John Carroll University and the way solidarity is taught through these experiences. Specifically, the focus is on two experiences going to Immokalee, Florida in 2011 and 2013 and the positive and negative elements of immersion programs in developing solidarity in Jesuit educated university students. v DEDICATION To Mike Sanzone, who always believed in me. Rest in Peace 10-10-12. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT There are many people who have supported me in the writing of this dissertation. I would like to begin by thanking Duquesne University for its financial support and direction during my doctoral studies. Specifically, at Duquesne, my advisor and director Dr. James Bailey who has supported me since I arrived at Duquesne in the fall 2007, as well as the other members of the dissertation committee, Dr. Anna Scheid and Dr. Dan Scheid. Also, my thanks to Dr. George Worgul, former chair of the Theology Department, for his support and guidance, as well as the other faculty members in the Theology Department for broadening my understanding of theology. I am also indebted to John Carroll University for its support during my writing process. Allowing me to teach while writing my dissertation has given me experience and the opportunity to bring my research to the classroom. Specifically, at John Carroll University, Dr. John Spencer, who daily asks about my dissertation progress, Dr. Paul Lauritzen, for reading drafts and challenging my ideas, and Paula Fitzgerald, for also reading and critiquing drafts of the dissertation and for our numerous discussions on solidarity. I would also like to thank the John Carroll Campus Ministry Department for the opportunity to attend two immersion trips to Immokalee, Florida, which is central to the case study in the final chapter. Others associated with John Carroll I would like to thank for reading drafts of my work or for discussions which lead to new insights concerning Pedro Arrupe and solidarity include: Maggie Hutchison, Jillian Dunn, Molly Gradowski, and Natalie Terry. vii Finally, I wish to thank Fr. Howard Gray for his guidance in Ignatian spirituality that has led me to this dissertation topic and to a greater appreciation of Fr. Pedro Arrupe and Jesuit education. I would also like to thank my parents, Ed and Carol, for supporting me for through all my years of study. Achieving this milestone would not be possible without their love and understanding. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract .......................................................................................................................... iv Dedication ...................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................... vii Introduction: A Man of Vision in a Time of Change ................................................... 1 1.1: The Relevance of the Dissertation ................................................................ 5 1.2: The Structure of the Dissertation .................................................................. 8 a.) Chapter One: Solidarity: Theological and Historical Perspectives ....... 8 b.) Chapter Two: Pedro Arrupe: A Spirituality of Solidarity .................. 11 c.) Chapter Three: Pedro Arrupe‘s Legacy of Solidarity......................... 13 d.) Chapter Four: Case Study: Experiencing Ignatian Solidarity in Immokalee, Florida........................................................................... 15 c.) Conclusion ....................................................................................... 16 1.3: Limitations of the Dissertation ................................................................... 17 Chapter One: Solidarity: Theological and Historical Perspectives ........................... 18 1.1: ―Solidarity‖ in Papal Encyclicals ................................................................. 19 a.) Pius XI: Quadrageismo Anno (1931) ................................................ 20 b.) John XXIII: Mater et Magistra (1961) and Pacem in Terris (1963) .. 23 c.) Paul VI: Populorum Progressio (1967) ............................................. 27 d.) John Paul II: Laboren Exercens (1981) and Solicitudo Rei Socialis (1987) ............................................................................................... 29 e.) Benedict XVI: Caritas in Veritate (2009) ......................................... 33 f.) Contributions toward Solidarity from Papal Encyclicals ................... 36 1.2: ―Solidarity‖ in Contextual Theology ........................................................... 37 a.) Process Solidarity in Suffering.......................................................... 39 b.) Liberation Solidarity in Poverty ........................................................ 42 c.) Ecological Solidarity in the Universe ................................................ 45 d.) Contributions toward Solidarity from Contextual Theology .............. 49 1.3: Critical Perspectives on Solidarity ............................................................... 50 ix a.) Contextual Critiques: Feminist and Third-World .............................. 51 b.) Utopian Critiques ............................................................................. 54 c.) Beyond the Critique .......................................................................... 56 1.4: Conclusion: Theological and Historical Perspectives on Solidarity .............. 57 Chapter 2: Pedro
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