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Field Observations of Irbisia Pacifica (Hemiptera: Miridae): Feeding Behavior and Effects on Host Plant Growth

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Field Observations of Irbisia Pacifica (Hemiptera: Miridae): Feeding Behavior and Effects on Host Plant Growth Great Basin Naturalist Volume 48 Number 1 Article 11 1-31-1988 Field observations of Irbisia pacifica (Hemiptera: Miridae): feeding behavior and effects on host plant growth James D. Hansen Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn Recommended Citation Hansen, James D. (1988) "Field observations of Irbisia pacifica (Hemiptera: Miridae): feeding behavior and effects on host plant growth," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 48 : No. 1 , Article 11. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol48/iss1/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF IRBISIA PACIFICA (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE): FEEDING BEHAVIOR AND EFFECTS ON HOST PLANT GROWTH" James D. Hansen Abstract. —The interaction between a grass-feeding mirid, Irhisia pacifica (Uhler), and plant growth of intermedi- ate wheatgrass, TJunopynim intcnncchttm (Host) Barkw. ik D. R. Dewey, was examined on a field site in northern Utah in 1985. With egg hatch beginning in April, the bug completed its life c\ cle within two months. 0\ arian development was completed by 1 1 June, a week after all bugs had become adidts. The proportion of feeding damage per leaf (35. 1%) peaked on the se\enth week of the twelve-week study (IS July). Green leaf area per tiller decreased initialh' from bug feeding and then continued to decrease because of seasonal aging. All plants senesced within three months. Grass bugs predominantly attacked the second and third yoimgest leaves. AnaKses of age-specific leaf cohorts demonstrated that the major effect of bug feeding was the loss of green leaf area and potential foliage production over time. Bug feeding may also exacerbate other physiological stresses on the host plants. The grass bug, Irhisia pacifica (Uhler) riim intermedium (Host) Barkw. & D. R. (Hemiptera: Miridae), has the widest distri- Dewey, and to obtain biological information bution among all species within the genus on the development and population changes (Schwartz 1984). In this univoltine species, all in /. pacifica. five nymphal instars and the adult stage feed on an assortment of native and introduced Materials and Methods grasses (Schwartz 1984, Hansen 1986). At times this insect is a pest of forage grasses in The stud)' was conducted during the spring the Intermountain West (Knowlton 1951, growing season of 1985 at an ungrazed pasture 1967). that contained a monoculture of intermediate In spite of its economic importance, very wheatgrass. This site, ca 3 km NE North Lo- little is known about the interaction between gan, Utah, was selected because of its history feeding by /. pacifica and its impact on host of high populations of/, pacifica. plants. Hansen and Nowak (1985) observed Along a fence row, 25 grass tillers (or plants) that although chlorophyll concentration in 50 cm apart were identified by colored wire leaves of crested wheatgrass, A^iropyron rings. The plants were examined weekh from desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult., de- the time the insects became acti\e (8 May) to creased as feeding by /. pacifica intensified, full plant senescence (24 July). For every ob- specific leaf mass remained about the same. servation, all leaves on each marked plant They also suggested that a compensatory re- were measured for length, width, condition, sponse occurred with this feeding. Hansen height from ground, and location on the plant. (1987) showed that adult /. pacifica prefer the The amount (expressed as a proportion) of second and third youngest leaves and that bug-feeding damage for each leaf was visually feeding was greatest near the leaf tip. How- estimated as described b\ Hansen and Nowak ever, these studies did not examine the im- (1985). Relatixc bug population densities pact of feeding on plant growth and sur\ i\ al in were obtained b> taking 10 full .sweeps with a the field. standard (38-cm-diameter) net in the pasture. The objectives of the present study were to Adult females were dissected to determine determine in the field tlie effect of feeding by reproductixc condition b\ using the tech- /. pacifica during its life cycle on spring nic^ue of Kanun and Ritcher (1972). growth of intermediate wheatgrass, Thinopij- Total leaf area was estimated 1)\ multipK ing 111,- > 'This paper presents thrr.-MiltsotioDp.TatnciiiM'sli.u.itioiiM.irS I )\-\US .111.1 I l.ili \m i, nllui.il l\p,-Miiii-iilISl.itinii. l,oi;.ni, l't,iliS|:i22 Approved as journal Paper No. .3.311. "Mention of aeonimercial or proprietary product does not constitute endorsement by tlie I'.S. Department of Agriculture "USDA-ARS, Crops Research Laboratory. Utah State University. Logan. Utah 84322. Present address; USDA-ARS, Tropical Kruil and \ egctablc R.scmk Uboratorv, Box 44.59. Hilo, ll.ivvaii 96720. 68 January 1988 HANSEN: IRBISIA FEEDING BEHAVIOR 69 2 — o X (0 r — 70 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 48, No. 1 1982 ed., p. 527). Linear correlation and Stu- dent's t-tests were conducted with a Hewlett- Packard HP-llC calculator. 30- Results Early instar nymphs of/, pacifica were al- 20- ready present when the field study began on 8 May (Fig. 1). Adults appeared in the third week (21 May), and metamorphosis was com- 10- H pleted by the fifth week (4 June). The largest weekly collection was in the fourth week. Weekly adult sex ratios llivored females, I I I I I I I ex- -I—————TT—I———r— cept for the collection during the third week 1 23456789 1011 12 when males outnumbered females by 63.6%. In the seventh week females exceeded males by 700%, and no bugs were found after this ^40- B collection. E <30- No eggs were found in the first dissection of adult females (week 3). By the fifth week, ^20- 87.3% of the adult females contained eggs, <10- and females collected the next week had the o greatest proportion of eggs (90.0%). In the last I I ° -I I I I I r-i I I I i —— —— — week that females were collected, the fecun- 1 23456789 1011 12 dity level remained high (78.6% with eggs). IT Although some grass bugs were present at 330- the start of the study, grass plants appeared uninjured (Fig. 2). The proportion of feeding |25- damage on green leaves was initially low 520- (7. 1%) but increased very rapidly between the < third and fourth weeks. After culminating on z the seventh week (35.1%), the proportion of III 510- feeding damage steadily declined, thus indi- 5- cating some form of recovery. Only one plant o^ ^ survived to the twelfth week, a factor that 8 1 I ~r- —i—T—I I I I——I I I resulted in erratic values. Total GLA per tiller 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 increased during the first few weeks of the study and then dropped consistently from the 25-1 third week to the eleventh. The correlation D between average per leaf GLA and week of |20- collection was highlv significant (r" .893, slope ~ -2.36, <'.01). il5- P Total leaf area per UJ UJ tiller peaked a week after maximum GLA. 5l0- Most of the grass plants endured to the tenth O week, then senesced or died within the re- 5 5- maining two weeks. Seed head production I I I I I I I I —I— ———I I I was first observed in the se\(Mith week and 1 23456789 1011 12 continued irregularK during the rest of the WEEK OF STUDY I I I 1I—I I I I—rn—rn study. Only 44% of the plants grew seed 128 134 141 148 1SS 162 169 176 183 190 197 204 DAY OF YEAR heads. Initially, all plants had at least three green I'itl. 2. SuiHTiKiiA ol weekly iiKMSiirciiKMits ol iiitfiiiU'- (liatf uhcattirass attacked 1)\ Irhisia pacifica: \, percent leaves. In the second obserxation fi\e i^lants iet'cliiiu (laniat^e/leaf" of green leaves; B. total leiif area had five green leaves, and in the fourth week (iin")/tiller; C, total green leaf area (enr)/tiller; I), nuin- one plant had six green leaves. Yet after the her of green plants. — January 1988 HANSEN: iKBISIA FEEDING BEHAVIOR 71 LEAF AREA • NO. LEAVES 15t A 10- : H^ -fH r25 -20 -15 -10 -5 ^0 I I I I I I I T I I I I E 1 23456789 1011 12 o <1 O• 72 Great Basin Natuflxlist Vol. 48, No. 1 100n O— COHORT A A--r:\ COHORTS •— COHORT C 80- — COHORT D UJ O l60 Q O 40- 20- 1 I I I I I I I I I I T 1 23456789 1011 12 WEEK OF STUDY 1 I 1 1 \ \ \ \ \ 1 \ ] 128 134 141 148 155 162 169 176 183 190 197 204 DAY OF YEAR Fig. 4. Weekly percentage of feeding damage of lour age-specifie cohorts o( intermediate wheatgrass. eration oflrbisia pacifica occuis in late spring after the adult molt for o\ arian development. and early summer. At the study site, develop- The oviposition period seemed short, peaking ment of all nymphal stages was rapidly com- about a week after maximinn female popula- pleted in about a month. Schwartz (1984) esti- tion level (28 May). Since most males were mated the duration of nymphal development gone by the seventh week, mating pre- in Irhisia sp. from western Oregon to he four sumably occiured early. weeks. The population (Fig. 1) increased until The amount of GLA is physiologically im- peaking at the fourth week.
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