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Oglądaj/Otwórz PAKISTAN Historia i współczesność <8> SOCIETAS seria pod redakcją BOGDANA SZLACHTY 26 Aleksander Głogowski PAKISTAN Historia i współczesność [ti AKADEMICKA Kraków 2011 © Copyright by Aleksander Głogowski and Księgarnia Akademicka, sp. z o.o. Opracowanie redakcyjne: Marta Stęplewska Korekta: Jadwiga Makowiec Skład: Małgorzata Manterys-Rachwał Książka dofinansowana przez Wydział Studiów Międzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego ISBN 978-83-7638-056-8 Na okładce wykorzystano zdjęcie Meczetu Faisala, Islamabad KSIĘGARNIĄ AKADEMICKA ul. św. Anny 6, 31-008 Kraków tel. /faks: 012 431-27-43, 012 663-11-67 e-mail: akademicka@akademicka. pl Księgarnia internetowa: www. akademicka. pl Spis treści Wstęp ........................................................................................................................................... 7 1. Początki .................................................................................................................................. 9 1. 1. Islam na subkontynencie indyjskim ................................................................... 9 1.2. Panowanie brytyjskie ............................................................................................ 12 1. 3. Podział Indii........................................................................................................... 19 1.4. Kaszmir - przyczyny konfliktu. Pierwsza wojna .............................................. 29 2. Demokratyczny eksperyment ............................................................................................. 35 2.1. Polityka wewnętrzna.............................................................................................. 35 2.2. Polityka zagraniczna ............................................................................................. 41 3. Wojskowy zamach stanu ...................................................................................................... 47 3. 1. Polityka wewnętrzna............................................................................................. 47 3. 2. Sytuacja międzynarodowa ................................................................................... 54 3. 3. Druga wojna z Indiami i jej następstwa ............................................................. 56 3. 4. Kryzys polityczny. Drugi przewrót wojskowy................................................... 61 3. 5. Wojna z Indiami. Rozpad państwa ..................................................................... 65 3. 6. Gospodarka............................................................................................................ 69 4. Restytucja demokracji .......................................................................................................... 71 4. 1. Polityka wewnętrzna ............................................................................................. 71 4. 2. Polityka zagraniczna ............................................................................................ 77 4. 3. Gospodarka............................................................................................................ 78 5. Islamska dyktatura wojskowa .............................................................................................. 81 5. 1. Polityka wewnętrzna............................................................................................. 81 5. 2. Polityka zagraniczna ............................................................................................. 86 5. 3. Gospodarka............................................................................................................ 91 5. 4. Islamska bomba atomowa .................................................................................... 91 6 Spis treści 6. Odbudowa demokracji......................................................................................................... 97 6. 1. Benazir Bhutto.......................................................................................................... 97 6. 2. NawazSharif.......................................................................................................... 100 6.3. Druga kadencja Benazir Bhutto .......................................................................... 100 6.4. Druga kadencja Nawaza Sharifa ........................................................................... 102 6.5. Polityka zagraniczna ............................................................................................. 105 Afganistan.............................................................................................................. 105 Indie........................................................................................................................ 108 6.6. Rozprzestrzenianie technologii nuklearnej ........................................................ 111 Iran ....................................................................................................................... 111 Korea Północna ................................................................................................... 112 Arabia Saudyjska................................................................................................... 112 Libia ........................................................................................................................ 113 7. Rządy Perveza Musharrafa .................................................................................................... 115 7. 1. „Oświecona modernizacja” .................................................................................... 115 7.2. Ku demokracji ....................................................................................................... 120 7. 3. Polityka zagraniczna ............................................................................................. 123 8. Rządy Pakistańskiej Partii Ludowej ...................................................................................... 125 Podsumowanie .......................................................................................................................... 127 Aneks I.......................................................................................................................................... 131 Informacje ogólne ............................................................................................................. 131 Gospodarka...................................................................................................................... 134 Aneks II. Notki biograficzne ..................................................................................................... 136 Aneks III. Kalendarium ............................................................................................................. 141 Aneks IV. Władze państwowe i wojskowe ............................................................................... 143 Bibliografia................................................................................................................................... 145 Monografie i opracowania .............................................................................................. 145 Artykuły w czasopismach naukowych .......................................................................... 148 Indeks osobowy........................................................................................................................... 149 Indeks geograficzny .................................................................................................................... 153 Wstęp Subkontynent indyjski od dawna wzbudza zainteresowanie Europejczyków i stanowi inspirację dla twórców świata Zachodu. Jego obraz jest jednak bardziej ukształto­ wany przez stereotypy niż rzetelną wiedzę. Przeciętnemu Czytelnikowi obszar ten kojarzy się z pewnością z największym znajdującym się na nim państwem - Indiami, z ich barwną kulturą i duchowością, z Mahatmą Gandhim, Rabindranatem Tago- re, a ostatnio - z hollywoodzkimi filmami. Tymczasem jest on zamieszkiwany także przez liczną społeczność muzułmańską. Drugie co do wielkości państwo Półwyspu Indyjskiego to Pakistan będący trzecim (po Indonezji i właśnie Indiach) państwem muzułmańskim na świecie. Islam kojarzy się z kolei Europejczykom głównie z pań­ stwami arabskimi, tymczasem właśnie w Azji Południowej mieszka większość jego wyznawców. Ich religia jest jednak pod wieloma względami daleka od arabskiego pierwowzoru. To barwne, nieco eklektyczne połączenie tradycji Muhammada z za­ staną strukturą społeczną (mającą głębokie korzenie w hinduizmie) oraz lokalnych wierzeń i form kultu. Kolejnym stereotypowym błędem jest uważanie Pakistanu za państwo arabskie, ponieważ mieszkańcy tego kraju są etnicznie związani z Hindusa­ mi, z którymi jednak nie należy ich mylić. Panująca „moda na Indie” nie wywołała ani w Europie, ani w Polsce większego zainteresowania Pakistanem. Informacje o tym państwie ograniczają się zazwyczaj do kwestii rozprzestrzeniania broni nuklearnej czy kolejnego wojskowego zamachu sta­ nu. Przede wszystkim dotyczą więc problemów walki z terroryzmem i fundamentali­ zmem islamskim, w której uczestniczą także żołnierze Wojska Polskiego stacjonujący w sąsiednim Afganistanie, a także, niestety, z zamordowaniem przez pakistańskich talibów polskiego inżyniera Pawła Stańczaka. Ostatnie opracowania monograficzne dotyczące Pakistanu zostały napisane w Polsce pod koniec lat 80. XX w. Od tamtego czasu na język polski przetłumaczono zaledwie jedną
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