CPS Quarterly March 2018

CPS Quarterly

Volume 5 Number 4 December 2018

• Note From CPS…………………………………………………………………………...... 1 Dr. Imran Syed

• Editorial Note……………………………………………………………………………...... 1 Dr. Zahara Bukhari

• Policy and the Development of Civic Values through Education………………………..2 Dr. Imran Syed

• The uses of Alternate energy resources available apart from hydroelectric power plants that can help deplete the energy crisis in ………………………………..4

Dr. Zahara Bukhari

• Electocracy and Public Policy Paradoxes? Elections, Austerity and Anti-Corruption strategies in Pakistan………………………………………………………………………11 Dr. Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad

• Impact of Poverty on Economic and Political Outlook of Pakistan…………………….14

Dr. Saeed Anwar

• Policy perspective of youth Volunteerism in Pakistan…………………………………..18

Abaid Ullah

• The Super Ministry Approach to Coordination and Governance……………………...21

Umar Sheraz

A publication of the Centre for Policy Studies

COMSATS University Islamabad

CPS Quarterly December 2018

CPS Quarterly December 2018

Note from CPS

This is the fourth issue of the CPS Quarterly in 2018 and this issue wraps up a very successful year for the publication. During 2018, the CPS Quarterly was able to put forth more than twenty policy briefs. These briefs covered a diverse range of policy areas, such as, ethics, elections, governance, migration, foreign policy, the environment, etc. The success of the CPS Quarterly in 2018 was because of the special efforts of the editor, Dr. Zahara Bukhari; the designer, Tahir Aslam; and the CPS staff members who wrote for the Quarterly. Nice work! The previous issues of the CPS Quarterly are available electronically on the CPS website at http://ww3.comsats.edu.pk/cps/.

Dr. Imran Syed Head CPS

Editorial Note The Center of Policy Studies (CPS) focuses on coherent and practicable responses on issues of public interest of policy makers. The CPS Quarterly helps support appropriate recommendations and policy options through sound theoretical and empirical research and global best practices in public policy analysis and management. The Quarterly helps create and execute a research agenda that promotes rigorous evidence-based public policy-making, analysis, and its implementation. Its agenda is to serve as a bridge between various stakeholders such as the academia, industry and Government for promotion of evidence-based policy research carried out by qualified and knowledgeable faculty and experts with the aim to promote the public awareness.

This issue of the Quarterly presents policy related research in six articles. The first is about, Policy and the Development of Civic Values through Education, by Dr. Imran Syed, Head, CPS. The second is Impact of Poverty on Economic and Political outlook of Pakistan, by Dr. Saeed Anwar. The third is The Super Ministry Approach to Coordination and Governance, by Umar Sheraz. The fourth is Policy Perspective of Youth Volunteerism in Pakistan, by Abaid Ullah. The fifth is Electocracy and Public Policy Paradoxes? Elections, Austerity and Anti-Corruption strategies in Pakistan, by Dr. Shakeel Ahmad. The sixth is about The uses of Alternate energy resources available apart from hydroelectric power plants that can help deplete the energy crisis in Pakistan, by Dr. Zahara Bukhari.

Dr. Zahara Bukhari Editor

Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are the views of the writers and are not necessarily the views of CPS or Comsats University, Islamabad

1 CPS Quarterly December 2018

Policy and the Development of Civic Values through Education.

By Dr. Imran Syed, Head, Centre for Policy Studies (CPS)

Summary Civic values can be important in influencing the attitudes individuals hold towards community life in general and, in particular, towards duties and responsibilities of individuals as citizens. This policy brief selectively traces some of the historical thinking on the concept of civic values as it develops from antiquity and evolves through the Renaissance. The brief builds the discussion towards the Pakistani context and focuses on how civic values can be important for the improvement of the lives of Pakistanis, especially, through an appropriate form of civic education. There can be many sources that contribute to the shaping of civic values and this brief look at educational institutions as a potent vehicle to shape civic values. The brief does not specifically recommend any particular values per se, however, it does recommend that the government undertake an inclusive process that looks at arriving at those civic values that may be important to cultivate in Pakistan, especially among the youth. The brief further recommends that once the values have been identified then effective means and methods be looked at for promoting these civic values, including them through schools and other educational institutions.

Background Attitudes and actions in communities and societies are anchored in prevailing norms and values. These values and norms, in-turn, inform individual choices in relation to work ethics, social capital, political participation, community support, conflict resolution, tolerance, etc. At the outset, it is important to clarify the definitions of the key concepts that this policy brief is addressing. Civics can be defined as a “social science dealing with the rights and duties of citizens” (www.merriam-webster.com) and Civic Education, broadly speaking, is being used in this policy brief to mean “all the processes that affect people’s beliefs, commitments, capabilities, and actions as members or prospective members of communities” (Stanford-Plato Encyclopedia). These rather broad definitions leave much room for discovering, discussing and deciding which values are important for a given community. To better understand the formation and transmission of norms and values it is useful to view these processes as an ongoing process that can be formal or informal, intentional or incidental, constructive or destructive, etc. The establishment of values can be influenced from a variety of sources, such as, parents, peers, relatives, community leaders, politicians, public intellectuals, the media, the government, etc. An important source for establishing and transmitting values are educational institutions: schools, colleges and universities.

History The concern with civic education and citizenship can clearly be seen in the thinking of the Western philosophers of antiquity. Among the works of the classical Greek philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle, there is much thinking on what is and what should be the nature of politics and citizenry. The Renaissance period thinkers continued to debate the concerns around civics. Among others, interesting is the work done by English philosopher and economist, John Stuart Mill in the 19th century. Mill wrote a number of books on politics and ethics, notable, for our discussion, is his 1861 book Considerations on Representative Government. In this book Mill places moral importance on the self-development of the individual and provides support for an inclusive and representative democracy (www.britannica.com). Mill talks about the development of human beings as being critical to progress and also mentions certain individual qualities that he feels can be consequential, such as, mental activity, enterprise, and courage (Mill 1873). This mentioning of specific qualities as identified by Mill, is primarily to instantiate, in concrete terms, the thinking that has been carried out by Western thinkers on the subject of civic values. This brief is not focused on arriving at a list of desirable values but, firstly, more on recognizing the influence of civic values; then, secondly, on the importance of cultivating civic values; and finally, on the process that policy makers and influencers in Pakistan can undertake to explore, develop and eventually promote appropriate civic values.

Europe’s Recent Experience With globalization, growing inequality, poverty and conflict, there are an increasing number of migrants and refugees in the world. With the greater movement of population, especially from developing countries to the

2 CPS Quarterly December 2018 developed countries, there has been a renewed interest in discussion about the importance of identifying and cultivating values that will promote accommodation and harmony among diverse populations. Recently, in Europe there has been some interesting work done on those skills and competencies that along with improving the extent of personal fulfillment also improve an individual’s engagement with society (DG Education and Culture 2006). Some of the civic values that have been identified as important in the context of the European Union, and associated with the liberal Western model, include political participation, due process of law, service to the community, etc.

The Concept and Pakistan’s Context This brief takes the position that civic values are important and they can play a major role in shaping the quality of life in a community. The brief description of selected aspects of the historical discussion about civic values and the more recent deliberate attempts to foster collective civic values in the European context, underscore the recognition internationally of the importance of cultivating civic values. This brief takes the position that civic values are best driven by the local context and have to be of relevance to a particular community. The discussion of what constitutes a community can also be very pertinent. Here the brief focuses on the nation-state as a community that is of much consequence and where the government can have considerable resources and juridical influence on individuals living within the borders of the state. The brief also takes the position that the manner of governance and leaders of the government can be an important source of shaping values. In Pakistan, our unique history and politics has shaped the unique civic values that are widely held by individuals and groups within society. It would be naive to think that the politics of Pakistan, with its weakness and shortcomings has not played a role, be it incidentally or in some cases very deliberately, in shaping the views and values of the population in general (Hussain 2007). The brief also takes a position that the educational institutions can be influential in shaping the civic values of a community particularly through a well-designed formal program of civic education. There is evidence that the influence of civic education at an educational institution can be important but the relative effectiveness of a formal program of civic education can vary along a variety of factors (Nurdin 2017). The transfer of civic values that are pertinent in one community to another, markedly different community is not always viable. In Pakistan’s case we need to recognize the importance of cultivating civic values that are specifically relevant to Pakistan, and then undertaking an inclusive dialogue and debate within society to arrive at the values that are important for our future. There is already media discussion on the erosion of values and on the flourishing of negative attitudes and behavior, be it in the discussion on rampant corruption, on violence or on accountability etc. There is need to channel this discontent into a constructive process that eventually leads to change and improvement. Once we arrive at the possible civic values that hold promise for improving the lives of Pakistanis we need to carefully look at methods, processes and institutions that can effectively promote the civic values.

Policy Recommendations 1. There is a need to recognize that civic values are an important pillar in supporting the development and consolidation of a new and better Pakistan. 2. There is a need to recognize that the (GoP) can be a major contributor to the further development and strengthening of appropriate civic values in Pakistan. 3. The GoP must undertake to put underway an inclusive and well thought-out process that helps define what civic values are important to cultivate in the Pakistani population, especially in the sizable youth population. 4. Once the civic values have been identified, then civic education and other effective means and methods for cultivating these values need to be looked at. 5. Finally, the means and methods must translate into actions, perhaps initially as a few pilot projects, and then based on the experience of the pilot projects, larger scale programs.

References

DG Education and Culture. 2006. The Key Competences for Lifelong Learning – A European Framework is an annex of a Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 on key

3 CPS Quarterly December 2018 competences for lifelong learning that was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 30 December 2006/L394. Accessed through https://www.erasmusplus.org.uk/file/272/download Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed at https://www.britannica.com/topic/Western-philosophy/Renaissance- philosophy#ref365987 Mill, J. S. 1873. Considerations on Responsible Government. Henry Holt and Company, New York. Page 31 Hussain, S. 2007. Why civic education is a must? Dawn. Accessed from https://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_ied_pdck/59 Nurdin, Encep S. 2017. Civic Education policies: Their effect on university students’ spirit of nationalism and patriots. Citizenship, Social and Economics Education 2017, Vol. 16(1) 69–82 Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Accessed at https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/civics Stanford-Plato Encyclopedia. Accessed at https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/civic-education/

The uses of Alternate energy resources available apart from hydroelectric power plants that can help deplete the energy crisis in Pakistan.

By Dr. Zahara Bukhari, Assistant Professor, (CPS)

Summary This policy brief explains how a number of alternate energy resources that are already available in Pakistan can help deplete the energy crisis that the country is currently facing. This brief discusses the various alternatives of nuclear, solar, wind and fossil fuel usage, out of which some our country is already using. The main issue discussed here is how the government should increase its efforts in expanding the usage of these alternatives. Currently Pakistan is focusing only on building dams and is not paying much attention to the other options available that are already being used in the country. Nuclear and solar energy is playing a small role in the energy production currently, but it needs to be expanded to help meet the energy needs of the country. The focus should not only be on building hydroelectric power plants but should also be on further developing the solar and nuclear power plants. This brief will discuss the current usage of these alternatives and also highlight the options of wind and fossil fuel.

Background and Discussion: Nuclear Power: As of 2017, 5 commercial nuclear power plants are providing nuclear power in Pakistan. At the moment the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is solely responsible for operating these civil power plants. In 2012, the commercial nuclear power plants were generating an estimate of 3.6% of electricity, compared to 62% generated by fossil fuel and 33% by hydroelectric power. A minor amount was being generated from coal 0.3%. (Zulfikar,2012) Nuclear power plants are a viable solution for Pakistan as an alternative energy resource. The first commercial nuclear power plant was built near called KANUPP. It was a small power plant a 137 MWe and started operating in 1972(Saddiqui,2005). PAEC's engineers and scientists then went on to build PARR-II IN 1974. The PAEC engineers in 1977 built the nuclear reprocessing plant "new labs" and khushab nuclear complex. In 1989 China signed an agreement with Pakistan to provide 300 MWe CHASNUPP-1 power plant. In 2000, China expanded its contract with PAEC to assist to build CHASNUPP-II, III and IV. CHASNUPP-II was successfully completed by 2011. The Pakistan government plans on building 32 nuclear power plants by 2050(khan,2011). PAEC had started planning the construction of KANUPP-II nuclear power plant consisting of 1100 MWe, but work was put on hold since 2009. By 2013 the groundbreaking ceremony for two more nuclear power plants was performed. China has always supported Pakistan's nuclear power generation programme dating back to the 1970s. In 2000, China supplied the second commercial nuclear power plant CHASNUPP-I in Punjab, and then continued to help build CHASNUPP-II in 2005. Both Pakistan Government and the Chinese government adopted and energy security plan generating and increase capacity of 160,000 Mwe by 2030(Ijaz,2010). There were tentative plans for China to build two more units at Karachi KANUPP-II and KANUPP-II. In 2012, China independently developed a 1000MWe pressurised water nuclear power reactor and it was quite likely that they will exported to Pakistan. In 2008 commercial

4 CPS Quarterly December 2018 nuclear power plants III and IV at Chashma Punjab was planned. Later in 2009, SNERD, announced proceeding with the design of CHASNUPP-III AND IV (armscontrolnow.org.,2011). Contracts for CHASNUPP-I and II were signed in 1990 and 2000, but in 2004 China joined the nuclear supplier group which maintains an embargo on sales of nuclear equipment to Pakistan, thus raising the question now that will China's supply of Chashma 3 and 4 will go through and the safety of the design of these reactors is in question (Chari,2011). In July 2013 it was announced that Pakistani officials were considering approval of KANUPP- II. The current government should take up these issues and seriously considered the expansion of further nuclear power plants development. In 2013 France agreed to consider the request for enhancing the civil nuclear cooperation. The U.S- Pakistan strategic dialogue on 24 March 2010 consisted of Pakistan pressing for a similar civil nuclear cooperation deal similar to that with , button analyst suggested it is unrealistic at present and might take 10 to 15 years more (Xinhua news,NTI,2018). Pakistan sought civil nuclear power corporation with Japan in 2011, but the Japanese government refused the deal. Pakistan has operated one Indigenous reprocessing plant built by PAEC outside PINSTECH, Nilore near Islamabad in the early 1980s(Munir,1998). An indigenous nuclear fuel fabrication complex at kundian also known as KNFC was built in 1980 to make nuclear fuel for KANUPP. IAEA safeguards and conducts inspections of the Pakistan nuclear power fuel Complex because it contributed in the Mega projects financially. The academic research on nuclear Technology began in 1956 with the establishment of Pakistan atomic energy commission (Hafeez, PINSTEC2010). Construction of KANUPP 2 and 3 started in 2015 and 2016, planning to start commercial operation by 2020,2021. Because Pakistan is outside the nuclear non-proliferation Treaty due to its weapons program it is largely excluded from trade in nuclear plant or materials, which hinders its development of civil nuclear energy. So the Government should take further positive steps to develop these plans. In 2015 the total electricity production from nuclear power was only 6.1Twh 5.5% of the electricity (world nuclear association). There was no export and virtually no import and about 17% production was lost during transmission. There should be new policies made to increase the production of electricity by nuclear power and serious consideration is needed on how to build more nuclear power plant so that more electricity can be produced. Pakistan is now also in the final stages of awarding contracts for an eight nuclear reactor with capacity of 1100 megawatts, taking the countries total capacity to 5000 megawatt, when it is finished. The current government should take steps to ensure that these plans go through. There are many foreign contenders in the race. So to attract the countries to contend, Pakistan government needs to take further steps in offering extra benefits or facilities by making some positive changes in its policies for the betterment of the country in the long run. In 2017, officials say that existing nuclear power plants can be expanded also, but are awaiting funding and loans. Pakistan should consider inviting other countries apart from China to bid.

Solar Energy: Solar Energy is the science of sun rays producing electricity. The sun is the main source of energy rays that pass through the atmosphere (Dept. of energy,2011). Panels absorb light and create electricity and photovoltaic Panels are the best solution. Photovoltaic cells are designed for solar and thermal power rays. They have a negative and positive field, the cells comprise of photons which the Silicon absorbs and photons become free electrons. This is a DC power and requires a converted to transmit AC power to homes (Lewis, Larry,2010). Solar thermal is better for large scale residential areas because it produces more electricity through oil being heated, creating steam for larger mechanical cycles. But thermal is more expensive and has larger production cost. Heater water solution can be more cost effective but production is less. China is manufacturing roofs with solar design which would be a feasible option for future use. Pakistan has an ideal climate condition for solar power generation by having 8 to 9 hours of sunshine per day. However, the country has been slow to adopt the technology (Adnan, Shahzada,2012). Currently Pakistan has solar plants in Kashmir, Punjab, , and Balochistan(Ebrahim,Zofeen,2015). Pakistani private energy sector has taken initiative to develop it with help from Chinese companies and Japan International cooperation agency, true solar electricity generation system which is a special Grant. In 2012 Pakistan inaugurated its first solar power on-grid power plant in Islamabad. This is the first on-grid solar PV project that employs net- metering there by allowing the beneficiaries to sell surplus electricity to Islamabad Electric Supply Company IESCO. Solar irradiance in Pakistan is 5.3kWh/m²/day. Pakistan set a target to add an estimated 10 GW

5 CPS Quarterly December 2018 renewable capacity by 2030. The Government of Pakistan allowed the provincial government of Sindh to conduct a feasibility research so that a desalination plant can be installed powered by solar energy. Energy's triggers economic prosperity and Pakistan can use the Solar Energy alternative to generate electricity. Solar energy is an inexhaustible source; it is able to generate ample electricity and also reduces pollution. By generating solar energy the cost of fossil fuels will lower. Cost saving solar energy for homes is a reality and Pakistan should take further steps to advance this technology in the country. Large housing societies need to be designed to build Mega solar projects. Pakistan is located at such a place that it can use extensive solar rays to generate energy. Pakistan government needs to find cheaper solar equipment to lower the cost of maintenance. This could be done by privatization handling distribution. The more companies are included in this business, the more the competition will rise and automatically the prices will reduce. Solar equipment is coming from China currently. A majority of companies do not have local presence to give guarantee and warranties, which is needed to overcome any Hurdles. There are no certified solar installers, which also creates a problem for proper installation. There need to be new policies related to this, so that different solutions can be built for home and different for commercial use. So certified installers are a must, the government should also look into the availability of local parts to be provided to the vendor. Cost effective solutions are a need now, local production is the best solution and the Government of Pakistan needs to venture into these options and offer bids to local producers, to manufacture local built equipment. Making solar panels locally is cheap, however, the quality needs to be high with quality solar panels, energy does not generate, and easily available smaller units need to be encouraged. However, pollution delineates the rays and poor rays mean poor generation. Pakistan needs to ensure the reduction in pollution, which not only will be feasible for solar power but also be good for the environment. The solar power sector deserves more attention by the government of Pakistan. The world is doubling down on solar power. Currently Pakistan is working on a number of solar power projects but its progress is slow (Sarfaraz, Dawn,2018). While the government seems to be focused on promoting and building fossil fuel based power plants the country is underutilizing its solar power potential (Sarfaraz,2018). Solar power currently plays and negligible role in Pakistan's power generation mix. The share of solar power is so small that it doesn't even get highlighted in the Finance ministry's report. The central power purchasing agency's annual report shows that less than 1% of Pakistan's energy mix is by solar power. The rest of the world has embrace solar power and Pakistan needs to follow in the steps of these countries, for example Germany gets up almost a third of its electricity from solar power. Spain, Italy, and Japan also utilize this option readily, and the US also gets 1.3 PC of its electricity from solar power projects. China however is spending heavily to increase its solar power generation and has the most projects. In Pakistan the alternate energy development board AEDB operating under the ministry of energy, are the sole authority here (Alternative energy development board,2019). There are more than two dozen solar projects under various stages of development. The Government of Pakistan should give more priority to generating power by solar energy, and support these projects because it's unclear if these projects will actually begin commercial operations. This project located in Nooribad, Sindh, received the Letter of Intent (LOI) from AEDB in 2013, planned to begin operations in June 2018, but AEDB'S website shows that so far neither tariff nor a generation license has been awarded to these projects (Alternative energy development board). The project in Cholistan desert "Quaid-e-Azam solar power Park "(QASP) has experienced significant delays. The project was initially expected to be completed in 2017, but so far only 300 megawatts has been completed (The Express Tribune,2015). Pakistan is a perfect candidate for solar power generation; this was confirmed last year when AEDB by partnering with World Bank developed the country's solar energy maps. Pakistan was given 26th position in the Ernest and young's renewable energy country attractiveness index, which ranks 40 countries that are most attractive for renewable energy investment and development opportunities. The country is underutilizing it solar power potential. Instead of focusing on building dams and fossil fuel based power plants, the government needs to start focusing on the solar power potential also. The energy deficit budget of Pakistan demands for an energy transition from Limited fossil fuel reserves to abundant renewable energy sources. ( IftikharA.Raja, M.G. Dougar, 1999). In view of growing needs of energy in Pakistan, the efficient use and development of

6 CPS Quarterly December 2018 renewable energy sources have become a major issue in the country (Adnan, 2012). Pakistan has a strong potential for solar power generation. Premier Energy Pvt limited is one of the private companies, who deal in solar systems in Pakistan. They are working also in the agricultural area helping farmers build solar tube Wells (Premier energy). The Government needs to privatize this sector and attract more such companies to work in Pakistan to help produce more electricity through solar power. Pakistan solar services, also is just one more company providing solar equipment (Paksolar). But only these companies are not sufficient for the country's production of solar power, more companies need to be included and encouraged to work in this field, the more the companies the more competition is created, which results in lower cost. So it's important for Pakistan to offer other companies to come and invest in the country to produce solar power. The Government needs to pay serious attention to this sector and help develop this sector further and faster.

Wind Power: Wind power is the kinetic energy of wind, harnessed and redirected to perform a task mechanically or to generate electric power. The basic wind turbine design consists of a bladed rotor that drives a shaft to a generator which uses electromagnetic induction to produce a voltage. Wind turbines are a common source of renewable energy it produces no Greenhouse gas emissions during operation, consumes no water, and uses little land (Fthenakis,V Kim,H.C,2009). A wind farm consists of many individual wind turbines, which are connected to the electric power transmission network. It is cheaper than coal or gas plants. Onshore wind is an inexpensive source of electric power (Walwyn, Gasch,2013-2015). The first windmill used for the production of electric power was built in Scotland in 1887(Price, Trevor,2005). The U.S built and started operating this system in 1886 until 1900(Charles F.Bush,2007). Throughout the 20th century parallel paths develop small wind stations suitable for farms or homes, and larger utility-scale wind generators that could be connected to an electric power grid for remote use of power. Today wind powered generators operate in every size and range, for example "Gansu wind farm" is the largest wind farm in the world and has several thousand turbines (Watts,2012). A wind farm can also be located offshore. Offshore wind power refers to the construction of wind farms in large bodies of water to generate electric power (Gipe,Paul,1993). However, the construction and maintenance cost are considerably higher. In 2012, 1,662 turbines at 55 offshore wind farms in 10 European countries were producing 18 TWh, enough to power almost 5 million households. United Kingdom has the largest offshore wind farm in the world since 2018 at 659 megawatts (Offshore wind market, EWEA,2014). The biggest challenge is, however, to develop transmission lines to carry power from the wind farms. The actual amount of electric power that wind is able to generate is calculated by multiplying the nameplate capacity by the capacity factor, which varies according to equipment and location (Wald, Matthew,2008). China, Germany, and USA are the countries producing the largest amount of electricity by wind power, but Brazil, India, Canada, the United Kingdom, Sweden, France, and Turkey have also entered the race (International energy statistics, EIA2018). Wind onshore is the cheapest option for electric power generation. A 2008 study released by the U.S. department of energy noted that the capacity factor of new wind installations was increasing as the technology improves (Dept. of Energy,2013). Australia since 2011 is generating around half of the Nations wind power capacity in the south Australian region. Wind power hardly ever suffers major technical failures, since failures of individual wind turbines have hardly any effect on overall power so that the distributed wind power is reliable and predictable (Center for national policy, Washinton DC,2012). Germany has an installed capacity of wind and solar that can exceed daily demand and has been exporting peak power to neighboring countries which exports amounted to some 14.7 billion kwh in 2012(Birken, Gunther,2012). Pakistan makes up more than 6% of the total electricity production in the country by wind power. As of 2018, wind power capacity in Pakistan was 1,237 megawatts. The government plans to increase the share of renewable energy capacity(bbc.co.uk,2017). The Gharo- Jhimpir wind corridor in Sindh and Balochistan, according to surveys conducted is an ideal area for building wind power plants. Jhimpir, Sindh if the first wind farm in Pakistan and started operation of 50 MW in 2014. Sapphire wind power plant attained commercial operation in 2015. The Tapal wind farm in Sindh was

7 CPS Quarterly December 2018 scheduled for completion in 2016. Also Metro Power Company limited was scheduled to commence operation in 3rd quarter of 2016(The Express Tribune,2012). Pakistan is well on track to achieve the target of increased production from renewable energy sources in the long run, but the government needs to take further initiatives to develop means to generate power by wind. The increase in clean renewable energy production is a must for protecting the environment which is deteriorating face due to carbon emission from thermal power houses, which run on fuels like furnace oil and coal (The Express Tribune,2017). 9 more projects with cumulative generation capacity of 445 megawatts are in various stages of construction presently. These projects need to be completed. AEDB is encouraging development in this sector, but the government needs to build new policies regarding this and help in the construction of this project through competitive bidding of tariff. Pakistan's big business houses are diversifying their investments into the renewable energy source due to the incentives been offered. The government needs to encourage these companies further to attract investment by offering maybe a tax free investment for the first five years.

Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels are sources of energy that are formed from the accumulated remains of living organisms that were buried millions of years ago. Please, heat, and time allowed organic matter to transform into one of the three major types of fossil fuels, which are Coal, Oil, and natural gas (Sciencedaily,2012). Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum coal and natural gas. Other commonly used derivatives include kerosene and propane. Fossil fuel is considered to be a non-renewable source of energy because they take millions of years to form and the known viable reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made (Fossil fuel advantages and disadvantages, ch.15). The use of fossil fuels raises serious environmental concerns because the burning of fossil fuels produces large amounts of carbon dioxide per year. Carbon dioxide is a Greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. A global movement towards the generation of low carbon renewable energy is underway to help reduce global Greenhouse gas emissions (US Dept. of energy,2007). Fossil fuel energy consumption in Pakistan was 59.70 as of 2014(World Bank), but the reserves are depleting fast. The government needs to find new reserves and utilize them. Recently in Dera Ismail Khan, Mogal coat, seven Wells were discovered near the flowing waterfalls there have been discovered fossil fuel very near the surface of the earth. The locals are using the oil from these walls to sell locally at cheap rates. The Government of Pakistan needs to take initiatives to obtain and extract this oil, which is similar to diesel or kerosene oil, buried only maybe 5 to 6 feet Deep. The nearby area of Musazai locals also claim that a vast amount of these minerals can easily be found here, and raise the question of why the government has not yet taken any positive steps to extract this valuable entity from the ground. Pakistan's government needs to conduct surveys in these areas, and try to find a cost effective way of extraction. The locals are extracting by their own means almost 30 to 40 liters’ per day(Mansoor khan,fb,video). Dr Noman Latif, suggest this is crude oil that is being extracted by the locals by just digging holes in the ground, he suggests that a government Team should conduct a survey and quantify how large and amount is present here. At least if not on a huge level but if extracted it can be sufficient for the nearby areas. And that this crude oil can be easily refined to be used in many things. The location of one of these small Wells is near the M-50 right next to the road, and locals have dug small holes to extract this oil. The government needs to pay attention to the possibility of extracting these fossil fuels effectively from this area. More policies need to be made to facilitate this extraction and government efforts should focus on this (Mansoor khan,fb,videos).

Conclusion: This policy brief concludes that there are many alternative energy sources that Pakistan can use and is already using as an alternative to produce electricity. These alternatives are already available, but need more attention by the government, so that the country can overcome the energy deficit in a more effective manner. Instead of just relying on building dams the Pakistan government needs to pay more attention to the other projects, most of which are still pending due to many reasons. Building dams is a good step forward but building and completing the dam projects still requires many years and is a slow solution, even though a good one. But

8 CPS Quarterly December 2018 along with focusing on dams as a solution, the government needs to also start focusing on these other alternative that are available. Pakistan is already working to generate electricity through nuclear plants, solar plants, and fossil fuel. New policies need to be constructed to enhance these alternative options and think of positive solutions that would support the enhancement of these alternate energy projects. Also, the Government of Pakistan should take an initiative in discovering the present abundance of fossil fuel in Sindh and Balochistan, and take steps to extract and bring in use these fossil fuels that are being ignored at present. Positive strategies need to be made and implemented regarding all options of alternate energy sources available in the country so that the people of the nation can benefit from these options now. Most problems arise simply due to an unreasonably high cost of electricity for the average consumer. Fix that, and most issues will dissipate automatically in due course. Some may call for the government to increase its contributions to the power sector to aid the people, but that doesn't shift or reduce the burden — it merely realigns it from energy bills to tax bills. Others may call for privatization of the energy supply chain, and although private markets may do wonders for an ailing and inefficient sector, it wouldn’t be enough. While a privately-run power distributor may be able to invest in and maintain an efficient transmission infrastructure, it cannot magically force its customers to pay their dues on time. The only long-term, sustainable solution to all these chronic problems is to reduce the cost of generation. And though Thar coal may be a small blessing — if one ignores the effect on an already deteriorating environment — some of the coal-fired plants being built run on imported fuel. Although the share of renewable wind and solar (which can offer non-fuel based clean energy at attractive rates once the initial payback period runs its course) will still be abysmally low, that of hydropower is expected to increase to 32pc from 26pc in 2017, with no further addition to non-coal based thermal generation beyond 2018. But that includes large additions in capacity from uncertain projects such as the Diamer-Bhasha dam, which has so far been restricted to crowd funding due to judicial activism rather than an attempt at professional planning and project financing. If they don’t materialize on time and demand continues to march ahead, the government will then be forced to resort to the relatively quick-to-set-up thermal generation. In short, nothing would change seven years down the line. Unless our public planners start working towards better ten to 15- year goals that address core issues in a sustainable way, we would be stuck implementing short-term measures that simply delay the problems than fix them. We are already in an energy crisis, so depending only on dams is not a viable solution. By the time dams are built, the situation will deteriorate further and industry will weaken further, forcing on more imports causing a larger deficit and an increase in inflation and jobless situations. So instead of waiting and relying only on dams, Pakistan should focus on alternative resources also, by privatizing various energy sectors and attracting foreign investors especially from the energy sector.

Policy Recommendations: 1. The government of Pakistan should announce new projects regarding alternate energy sources, especially in the International Energy sector to attract companies to come and invest in Pakistan to produce electricity. 2. The government should announce a Five year tax exempt to any company wanting to come and invest in Pakistan to produce alternate energy into electricity. 3. The Five year tax exempt will attract more energy companies to invest in Pakistan creating new jobs and reducing the electricity costs, because without tax the companies can work on producing cheap electricity and Consumers will benefit. 4. The competition created will increase the quality and reduce the price for consumers. 5. The privatization of the electricity sector with an example of tax free for the first five years will benefit the country in the long run. Companies will not have to pay tax, but a minimum amount can be charged in the bills to generate money for the country. 6. The equipment used by these companies should be duty free from customs to help reduce the cost of starting a new project or industry. 7. The tax free and duty free scheme should be limited to the first three years, in which companies can come and bid for these projects so that in this limited time more investors are attracted to invest. 8. All alternative sectors of Solar, Nuclear, Wind and Fossil fuel extraction companies need to be approached and offered to come and invest in various projects.

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9. After the first five years the companies will have enough consumers and will have progressed in their investments and then will be easily available to pay high taxes benefiting the country. 10. International companies can come and extract the crude oil at cheaper cost also. 11. By attracting foreign International Energy companies to come and invest on the incentives of a Five year tax free and duty free system, more companies will be attracted, more jobs will be created and the local industry will get a boost by the extra energy been produced.

References: Nuclear power in Pakistan, Dr. Zia H. Siddiqui and Dr. I.H. Qureshi, pp.31–33. Khan, Zia (July 15, 2011). "Pakistan wants to join Nuclear Suppliers Group". Tribune Express. "Germany Opposes United States on China-Pakistan Nuclear Deal". armscontrolnow.org. 21 June 2011 Ijaz, Muhammad, Director of Scientific Information and Public Relation (SIPR) (December 2010). "PAEC assigned 8,800 MWe nuclear power target by 2030:PAEC contributing to socio-economic uplift of the country" (PDF). PakAtom Newsletter. Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory: Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. Chari, P.R. (13 July 2011). "Why Indians are not welcome members at the NSG club". Daily News and Analysis (DNA) (PAEC), Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (12 May 2011). 340 MW Chashma Nuclear Power Plant Unit- 2: Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission's Press Directorate. Nuclear power in Pakistan, Dr. Zia H. Siddiqui and Dr. I.H. Qureshi, pp.31–33. (PAEC), Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. "Nuclear Power Generation Programme". Government of Pakistan. PAEC. Zulfikar, Saman (23 April 2012). "Pak-China energy cooperation". Pakistan Observer. Professor (13 October 2005)."Contribution of as Member of PAEC" (PDF). The Nucleus. Nilore, Islamabad: The Nucleus PINSTECH publication. 42 (1–2): 31–34. ISSN 0029-5698. Siddiqui, Dr. Zia; Dr. Iqbal Hussain Qureshi (13 October 2005). "Nuclear power in Pakistan" (PDF). The Nucleus. Nilore, Islamabad: The Nucleus PINSTECH publication. 42 (1–2): 63–66. ISSN 0029-5698. , How Pakistan made nuclear fuel, The Nation, 1998 "China, Pakistan reach controversial deal on nuclear power plant, sources say". foxnews.com. 21 March 2013. Michealson, David (27 February 2011). "Japan denied the civil nuclear power cooperation with Pakistan". Daily Jang (in ). Tokyo, Japan: Jang Group of Newspapers. pp. 3–4. Albright, David (1 June 1998). "The New Labs". Chaudhry, M.A. (1998). "Pakistan's Nuclear History: Separating Myth from Reality". Defence Journal of Pakistan. Ebrahim, Zofeen T. (2015-09-08). "World's largest solar park to light up Pakistan's future". "Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park: Solar energy's 100MW to arrive in April". The Express Tribune. 27 March 2015. "International Energy Agency, A Snapshot of Global Photovoltaics Market 2015" (PDF). "Pakistan looks to wind power". 8 November 2017 – via news.bbc.co.uk. "Why Wind Energy..?". www.pmd.gov.pk. "Guidelines for Environmental Assessment of Wind Farms in the Gharo Wind Corridor- Pakistan". Alternative Energy Development Board. Jhimpir Wind Power: Pakistan’s first wind farm gets global recognition, Published in "The Express Tribune" on 22 April 2012. https://www.dawn.com/news/1432473/pakistan-can-produce-renewable-energy-so-why-do-we-continue-to- import-pricey-fossil-fuels. http://www.facebook.com/mansoor.khan.5059601/videos/10157446216609947/

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Electocracy and Public Policy Paradoxes? Elections, Austerity and Anti-Corruption strategies in Pakistan.

By Dr. Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad, Assistant Professor, (CPS)

Summary Elections without fundamental spirit of democracy create a structure of electocracy which leads to policy paradoxes. Being an integral part of a hybrid regime, electocratic rule is missing democratic norms and values. Policy paradoxes persist in electocracy as people have limited democratic rights. Public policies are used as an instrument of governance to control the subaltern voices. Electoral pledges by political parties in post-colonial hybrid regimes are usually made to transform public policies in the light of neo-liberal context in order to set a political tone of a society as per the requirement of market driven forces. All electoral slogans having the statement, “in the larger interest of the citizens”, seldom translate themselves into public policy programmes. In electocracy, politicians can win elections, but they are unable to translate electoral power into public policy choices. As per Economist intelligence Unit’s Index Pakistan is included in the hybrid regime with a score of 4.26 out of 10 and is witnessing a gradual decline in democratic indicators (Economic Intelligence Unit 2018). Political parties struggled to win elections without promoting democratic values and tried to initiate such populist strategies like austerity and anti-corruption move to turn away from mass oriented public policies. The present ruling political party, Pakistan Tehreeq-i-Insaf has got electoral victory through those electable who knows the science to win elections (Ikram Junaidi 2018), under electoral slogan of “Change”. After assuming electoral power by PTI, the politics of change have multiple challenges to address social and economic development of voters. Austerity and anti-corruption strategies seem effective political tools to get rid of electoral promises and public policy choices. This policy brief explains paradoxes of public policies and their relations with austerity measures and anti-corruption strategies.

Introduction Pakistan Tehreeq-i-Insaf (PTI), a present ruling political party in Pakistan initiated the populist move of austerity measures and anti-corruption strategies in Pakistan. These strategies are not new, previous governments in Pakistan had also taken such type of initiatives, but they could not deliver to uplift human dignity. As per UN human development report (2018), Human development index of Pakistan is 150/189 which is even lower than the regional countries. Despite austerity measures and anti-corruption strategies, ruling party claim that elections are transparent. Regarding electoral transparency and integrity; why public policies fail to improve human development indicators in Pakistan? The market driven forces in the form of neoliberalism and their connections with post-colonial ruling elite in Pakistan along with structural formation of state is important to understand the puzzle of austerity, anti- corruption and public policy paradoxes. The colonial social classification and its permeation in post-colonial power structure have designed neo-liberal post-colonial hybrid structure of Pakistan within the broader arrangement of global capitalist expression. The present austerity measures and anti-corruption strategies got mix responses. There is a need to understand the relationship of elections, austerity measures and anti-corruption strategies in the framework of “neo- liberal, post-colonial hybrid context”. Implementation of neoliberalism and its relations with post-colonialism subsequently strengthen and favour the anti-democratic culture and seems most suitable to the existing dominant power structure in the hybrid regime. To produce social relations that are more favourable to the accumulation of capital austerity and anti-corruption strategies are employed as a tool to move further towards a market society, creating a larger, more interventionist state and promoting authoritarianism. Anti-corruption strategies and austerity are the emerging tools of neo-liberal forces to handle post-colonial power structure in hybrid regimes like Pakistan. The history of austerity measures and anti-corruption strategies reflect disparities and mistrust over the functioning of governments. Jennifer M. Silva 2013) The market driven forces in the form of neoliberalism and their connections with post-colonial ruling elite in Pakistan is a product and enforcer of anti-democratic practices. Implementation of neoliberalism and its relations with post-colonialism subsequently strengthen and favour the anti-democratic culture and seems most suitable to dominant the power structure in a hybrid regime. To produce social relations that are more favourable to the accumulation of capital austerity and anti- corruption strategies are employed as a tool to move further towards a market society, creating a larger, more

11 CPS Quarterly December 2018 interventionist state and promoting authoritarianism. Anti-corruption strategies and austerity are the emerging tools of neo-liberal forces to handle the post-colonial power structure in hybrid regimes like Pakistan. The liberal trends in electoral politics and their relations with citizenship are facing great challenges. In liberal and neo-liberal context state role remains central. In liberal context rights of the people have supremacy but in neoliberal context market is the determining force of mass-oriented policies.

Discussion The neoliberal-driven post-colonial hybrid regime care more about consolidating power in the hands of the political, corporate and financial elite than they do about investing in the future of young people and expanding the benefits of the social contract and common good. This attitude has been reflected in the entire electoral history of Pakistan. The governing strategies of PTI after 2018 elections are also an expression of neo-liberal post-colonial hybrid regime. The glittering public sphere of electoral campaigns and attractive slogans like combating corruption, eradicating nepotism and ensuring accountability attracted voters to support the parties of their own manufactured choices. In post- colonial and neoliberal context political parties and elections act to fuse and distort political voices of subalterns and favoured political interest of dominant corporate and political elite. Political parties in their electoral manifestos and electoral campaigns talk about the interest of common people and when they get electoral power then they work to protect the interest of the dominant political and corporate elite. Talking about the poor and working for the rich seems like a political principle on which power policy in the name of public policy is based. Such evidence has been reflected in the manifestos of PTI (2018), where it talked about the ordinary Pakistanis by saying that it is the party of ordinary Pakistanis toiling hard to make a better future for himself/herself and his/her family. The self-proclaimed party of the ordinary people later decided to award electoral ticket to those electable who knew the science to win elections. Imran Khan, the PTI chairman during the start of elections 2018 stated that, “…I want to make it clear that tickets will be awarded to those who know the science of contesting elections because change cannot be brought without winning the elections. So our first priority is to win the elections”. The manifestos of all political parties’ shows strong commitments with democracy and welfare of the citizens but all these commitments seem to have failed to deliver at the grass root level, (Ikram Junaidi (2018). The policy guidelines of PTI stated as: “PTI stands for an effective government with merit and responsiveness as the guiding principles. PTI strongly believes that an ineffective state structure has generated a crisis of governance that has effectively marginalized everyone in the country except a small number of elites. Therefore, PTI will end this corrupt and decaying system to build anew on the foundations of Justice and Equity. The legacy of misrule and misery by the hands of corrupt inept elite will be relegated to the dustbin of history” (PTI manifesto 2018). After winning the electoral race, new government under the premiership of Imran Khan has launched an austerity and anti-corruption drive to avoid Pakistan going to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for a financial bailout. The austerity drives in Pakistan are not new it is an extension of global austerity measures initiated in the neoliberal system. In 1980s, General Zia also extended the neo-liberal austerity idea with a religious brand name “Islamic Simplicity” in Pakistan It is not the first time that a Pakistani head of government has launched an austerity drive. In the early 1980s, ex-military dictator General Zia promoted the idea of "Islamic simplicity". In 1980s and 1990s austerity and measures related to eradication of corruption were publicised but did not yield substantial results. Presently, Pakistan’s financial debt is estimated at $95.097 billion and its trade deficit is $37.7 billion in 2018 fiscal year. In the same year Pakistan spent $60.9 billion on import particularly the import of machinery to facilitate infrastructural development of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). In such a situation spending on social sectors for the development of common masses seem to be out of the question and lead to increase inequalities in a society. It is not possible for public policies to be successful in “larger inequalities”. Inequalities cause to convert public policies into power policies where common masses further fell in the vicious circle of the domination of power. Keeping in view the severity of the economic situation, the present government started an austerity derive. On celebrating 100th day performance on November 29, 2018, PTI declared austerity and anti-corruption strategies as achieved targets within the stipulated time period of a hundred days. PTI performance report stated as explained by Geo News on 29 November 2018 is as: “The Prime Minister does not reside in the symbol of opulence that is the PM House. The government has been auctioning luxury cars and austerity is visible in every aspect of the government’s functioning. In the PM house alone, nearly Rs150 million have been saved since the start of this term. As another example, the

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Communications Division auctioned vehicles worth more than Rs200 million and saved more than Rs30 million as a result of cost-cutting interventions”. Austerity drive and anti-corruption strategies have mixed responses. These strategies in many other parts of the world were used to reduce funding to social development sectors. Richard D. Wolff (2010), has argued that “Austerity is yet another extreme burden imposed on the global economy by the capitalist crisis (in addition to the millions suffering unemployment, reduced global trade, etc.).” Austerity is a tool of neo-liberal forces to marginalize the powerless and it seems as a stage of market warfare, class consolidation and a grabbing power by neoliberal post-colonial elite. In neo-liberal post-colonial arrangements public spheres and institutions that nourish democratic values are being dismantled.

Conclusion Public policies and their relations with austerity measures and anti-corruption strategies have a very complex relationship with each other. In neoliberal post-colonial societies like Pakistan, public policies, austerity drives and anti-corruption measures protect the interests of corporate and politically dominant elite. For the oppressed and powerless these policies further create a web of powerlessness. Austerity and anti-corruption strategies in the current configurations of electoral power in Pakistan will further reproduce electocracy. In the current electocratic system, public policies, austerity and anti-corruption strategies act as a counter strategy to fuse and distort the voices of social justice. Public policies camouflaged with austerity and anti- corruption strategies seems as power policies that speak harsh to subaltern and politely to the corporate and dominant political elite.

Policy Recommendations 1. For avoiding policy paradoxes, there is a need to restructure the economic system. 2. Strengthen the voices of marginalized communities in order to restructuring the mode of production and social relations with production. 3. Reducing inequalities for effective policy implementation. 4. Efforts to convert electocratic trends into deliberative democratic values. 5. Be careful in austerity and anti-corruption drives as these are effective tools to protect the neo-liberal corporate agenda. 6. Spend more and more on social development through improving masses’ social relations with production.

References Economic Intelligence Unit. (2018). Democracy Index 2017, http://www.eiu.com/topic/democracy-index Ikram Junaidi. (2018). Electables’ are essential for poll triumph, Imran tells protesters , Daily Dawn (internet Edition), June 23 UNDP. (2018). Human Development Index (HDI), http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index- hdi Jennifer M. Silva. (2013). Coming Up Short: Working-Class Adulthood In An Age of Uncertainty, Oxford Press, New York, NY, 2013, p. 25. Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf. (2018). PTI Manifesto 2018, http://insaf.pk/public/insafpk/content/manifest DW Asia. (2018). The myth of austerity: Why PM Imran Khan's populism won't solve Pakistan's woes, https://www.dw.com/en/the-myth-of-austerity-why-pm-imran-khans-populism-wont-solve--woes/a- 45304037 Geo News. (2018). PTI performance report on first 100 days, https://www.geo.tv/latest/220134-pti- performance-report-on-first-100-days Richard D. Wolff. (2010). “Austerity: Why and for Whom?,” In These Times, (July 15) Online: http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/6232/austerity_why_and_for_whom/

13 CPS Quarterly December 2018

Impact of Poverty on Economic and Political Outlook of Pakistan.

By Dr. Saeed Anwar, Assistant Professor, (CPS)

Summary Poverty is such a menace which affects a society in different ways and creates several problems. Some of these issues include corruption, drug-addiction, exploitation, famine, high crime rates, illiteracy, malnutrition, pollution, unemployment, underemployment, suicides, terrorism, wars, chaos, lawlessness, disorder etc. Pakistan is currently facing many cultural, economic, political and social problems due the prevalence of high poverty ratios. Some tables in this policy brief will show the poverty ratio, national poverty line of Pakistan and per capita income in Pakistan. Among these aspects, the present policy brief will shed light on only two aspects i.e. the economic and the political impact of poverty on Pakistan. After analysis of the data, the write will conclude policy brief along with some policy recommendations.

Poverty in Pakistan: Current Situation Poverty exists in Pakistan since its independence in 1947. During the last seven decades, different governments have followed different programs for poverty alleviation and poverty mitigation, however, despite all efforts, the poverty ratios in Pakistan show a very minimum change (Afzal,2009). Table 1 shows prevalence of poverty in different era of Pakistan:

Table 1: Poverty Ratios from 1960-2000(World Bank) Year Poverty Ratio 1964 40.24 1967 44.50 1970 46.53 1979 30.68 1985 24.47 1988 17.32 1991 22.11 1993 22.40 1997 31.00 1999 32.60

The data depicts high ratios of poverty in Pakistan in each decade. From 1960s to 2000, the lowest value observed was 17.32 percent. Conversely, Pakistan is a country which is thickly populated, consequently, this 17.32 is a sizable figure and amounted to increased poverty. In Pakistan, public and private organizations use different methods for poverty measurement. Among these methods, “National Poverty Line” and “Dollar based Headcount Ratio” are more popular. National Poverty Line method is being used by Government of Pakistan, while Dollar based Headcount Ratio is being used by Word Bank. As these two methods use different poverty measurement base, therefore, the percentage of poor, as depicted by them, is also different. Table 2 shows percentage of poor measured by calorie based National Poverty Line by Government of Pakistan:

Table 2: Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Line Population Poverty Rate No. of Poor Poverty Line Year (Million ) (%age of Population) (Million) (Rs. Per Month) 2005 153.35 50.4 77.29 878.64 2007 159.77 44.1 70.46 1141.53 2010 170.04 36.8 62.57 - 2011 173.67 36.3 63.04 1745.00 2013 181.19 29.5 53.45 3030

The data shows that on one hand poverty line is gradually raised by government from Rs. 878.64 in 2005 to

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Rs. 3030/- in 2013, while on the other hand, the number of poor decreases from 50.4 percent in 2005 to 29.5 percent in 2013. (Finance Division)

In addition to National Poverty Line, World Bank also measures poverty on the basis of dollar earning per day. There are two dollar standards set by World Bank i.e. earning $1.90 and $3.10 per day. Both of these standards show the percentage of population which earns less than the respective dollar standards. Table 3 shows percentage of population which earns less than $1.90 per day, while table 4 shows the poverty headcount ratios at $3.10 a day.

Table 3: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) Population Poverty Rate No. of Poor Year (Million (%age of Population) (Million) 2005 153.35 16.48 25.27 2007 159.77 13.13 20.98 2010 170.04 8.28 14.08 2011 173.67 7.93 13.77 2013 181.19 6.07 10.99

Table 4: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $3.10 a day (2011 PPP) Population Poverty Rate No. of Poor Year (Million (%age of Population) (Million) 2005 153.35 57.05 87.49 2007 159.77 52.88 84.49 2010 170.04 44.92 76.38 2011 173.67 43.58 75.68 2013 181.19 36.88 66.82

Table 3 shows that the percentage of people earning less than $1.90 a day fell from 16.48 in 2005 to 6.07 in 2013; while table 4 shows that the percentage of population earning less than $3.10 a day fell from 57.05 to 36.88 in 2013. Table 3 and table 4 show that the percentage of poor in Pakistan, living in chronic poverty, is decreasing rapidly. However, this is just one side of the picture. These ratios are based upon lowest level of earning, i.e. earning $1.90 a day. According to these statistics, in 2013 approximately 11 million people in Pakistan were unable to earn 1.90 dollar a day. This makes it very difficult for them to afford bare minimum necessities of life, including food, shelter, clothing and medicine etc. (Fisman,2010) In contrast to this, table 4 shows that in 2013, approximately 66 million people were earning less than $3.10 per day. Although $3.10 seems a reasonable value, however, in present days, it is very difficult for a person to live a respectable life at 3.10 dollars a day. National Poverty Line and World Bank’s headcount ratio methods are indicating that man is heading towards alleviation of poverty from his societies, however, one must not forget that this data shows extreme poverty levels. However, the development goals should be set in such a way that they can enable a person to easily fulfill his basic needs, rather than living hand-to-mouth.

Impact of Poverty on Pakistan Poverty is a gigantic threat which affects a society in diverse ways and creates several problems and issues. Some these issues include malnutrition, pollution, unemployment, underemployment, suicides, terrorism, wars, corruption, drug-addiction, exploitation, famine, high crime rates, illiteracy, etc(Krueger,2003). Pakistan is currently facing severe problems of cultural, economic, political and social problems due the prevalence of high poverty ratios. Among these aspects, the present policy brief will throw light on only two aspects i.e. the economic and the political impact of poverty on Pakistan (Farmer,1993):

Economic Impact of Poverty in Pakistan The existence of severe poverty in Pakistan affects the economic lives of people in many ways. Some of the 15 CPS Quarterly December 2018 problems which are being faced by a common Pakistani due to the existence of poverty include (Nasir,2001):

Child Labour According to International Labour Organization (ILO), there were approximately 3.4 million child labours in Pakistan in 2015(Deen,2015). The problem of child labour in Pakistan is directly associated with poverty. In poor families, the bread winners constitute both, adults as well as children. Although education is a basic right of a child, however, these days it does not come free. Therefore, in the presence of poverty, parents of a child cannot afford to send him/her for schooling; rather, he has to work in order to support his family. This does not only affect the career of a child, but, in many cases, his/her personality also shatters, as he/she has to face child abuse (Cockburn,2001).

Corruption According to Corruption Perception Index of Transparency International, Pakistan was at a rank of 116 out of a total of 176 countries. In Pakistan, poverty and corruption have a bilateral relationship, as both are the cause of each other. As corruption results in poverty, similarly poverty forces a person towards corruption. In Pakistan, a major part of development budget lands in the pockets of corrupt mafia, leaving a little amount for the welfare of the poor and needy (Fisman,2010). Similarly, sometimes poverty forces a poor to start following corrupt practices in order to fulfill the basic needs of his family as he cannot see them continuously deprived of food, shelter, clothing and medicine. Therefore, this situation forces him to pursue corruption and find illegal ways of earning. Thus, in Pakistan, the poverty has forced several towards bribery, adultery, stealing, drug dealing and other social and economic crimes (Fisman,2010).

Illiteracy According to the World Bank report (2014), tertiary gross enrollment rate in Pakistan is 10.3 percent. Among many other factors contributing to this low tertiary enrollment rate, one is poverty, as formal education is becoming expensive day-by-day, getting out of the reach of the poor. A poor person, who already has a shortage of resources, cannot afford to provide his children with expensive education (Ali, Muynck, 2004). As a result, his children remain illiterate and have to agree with low paying jobs. In some cases, a poor person may be able to provide primary and secondary education, but higher education is out his reach. As the university education (BS, MS and PhD) is very expensive these days, therefore, only that person can afford it that has sufficient economic resources. As a result, the higher education is currently out of reach of the poor, making it a luxury which can only be afforded by rich and elites (Cockburn,2001).

Unemployment and Underemployment According to the World Bank, the unemployment rate in Pakistan was 5.2 percent in 2014. Although these statistics seem reasonable, however, most of the people who are counted as ‘employed’ are actually underemployed. Poverty has a significant role in underemployment or unemployment of a person (Finance Division). As it is mentioned above that poverty hinders a person from attaining adequate education, therefore, it results in unemployment or underemployment. In the present situation of Pakistan, due to lack of jobs and competitive environment, a person with no or little education finds it difficult to acquire a job(Krueger,2003). In the presence of severe poverty and concentration of jobs in Pakistan, a large number of people are competing with each other for a limited number of jobs. As the number of jobs is less, as compared to job seekers, therefore, the remaining have to face unemployment. Moreover, as a poor person cannot afford high quality education, thus, in the presence of this competitive market, he has only two choices: (i) accept an underemployed job or, (ii) remain unemployed for an unspecified period of time. Therefore, those who are in dire need to support their families cannot afford to wait for a suitable job and have to accept underemployment and are counted as ‘employed’ in government statistics (Afzal,2009).

Political Impact of Poverty in Pakistan Poverty also has an evident impact on political outlook of a country. A country must be politically strong in order to face internal and external challenges. However, severe and wide spread poverty results in political instability in a country, hence, providing its enemies a chance to exploit the situation in their favour (Nasir,2001). Pakistan is presently facing many political problems due to wide spread poverty. Some of these problems include:

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Immigration In terms of immigration and mass movement, poverty has affected the population of certain areas of Pakistan. The existence of severe and wide spread poverty has created several problems, forcing people to migrate from one region to another. Some of these scenarios include famine, disasters, law and order, terrorism and wars etc. As a result of these events, a large number of people have migrated from one region to another. For instance, inadequate development activities, due to lack of economic resources, after the incidents of 2005 earthquake, 2010 flood and 2014 counter-terrorism operation in North Waziristan, forced people to leave their homes (Deen,2015). This has resulted in skewed population distribution in major cities of Pakistan. As natural resources in a certain geographical region are limited, therefore, this mass movement resulted in more people and fewer economic opportunities. Therefore, severe and wide spread poverty has also affected those citizens of Pakistan who are economically well-off.

Terrorism Among many causes of terrorism in Pakistan, one important factor is poverty. Poverty has affected both sides of terrorism, i.e. the terrorists and the terrorized. When, in the presence of poverty, people are not able to meet their basic needs, some of them are attracted to the world of terror and crime (Krueger,2003). They are hired by the terrorist organizations to spread terrorism in the society, in order to pursue their agenda. Moreover, due to lack of budget, Pakistan is also not able to install and implement proper security equipment and protocols. In the absence of proper security measures, terrorists have found it easy to pursue their agenda. Thus, as a result of poverty, the law and order in Pakistan has been severely disturbed due to its economic inability to fight terrorism (Fisman,2010).

War A poor country may also have to face wars and battles. As poverty hinders a country to take sufficient security measures, it remains weak and becomes an easy prey for aggressive neighbors. In some cases, when a poor country has natural resources and it is unable to utilize them due to lack of infrastructure, it becomes a battleground between rich countries who try to capture these natural resources. It was reported by several researchers that one of the reasons of deprivation of Baluchistan is the existence of large quantities of natural resources. Hence, world powers are trying to separate Baluchistan from Pakistan (Bansal,2006). Therefore, even, when Pakistan does not want to indulge in war with anyone, it is forced to fight for its survival.

Conclusion Poverty is a serious problem for Pakistan. It is such a multi-dimensional phenomenon which is affecting every walk of life of a common Pakistani, whether he is rich or poor. Every aspect of life – cultural, economic, political and social – is affected with the evils of this poverty. Some of the causes of this wide spread poverty in Pakistan can be summarized as inadequate education, unemployment, racism, gender discrimination, low wage rates, corruption and law and order.

Policy Recommendations: Based on the above mentioned research, following policy recommendations are made to improve the political and economic outlook in Pakistan: 1. Government should take initiative to mitigate and alleviate poverty. 2. Government should provide education to every citizen because education can help to overcome the problems regarding cultural, economic, political and social issues. 3. All stake holders must contribute to eradicate poverty consequently prosperity can remove problems associated with poverty. 4. Terrorism and extremism can be countered with the help of teaching and spreading peace education and peace programs. 5. Universities and learning institutions should arrange conferences and programs of Peace education because Pakistan needs peace and prosperity. 6. All educated people of Pakistan, Electronic and Print Media should spread awareness of education, peace education, political vision and a way forward to economic growth.

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References Afzal, M. (2009). Population growth and economic development in Pakistan. The Open Demography Journal, 2(1). Ahmed, A. (2016). FATA after operation Zarb-e-Azb. Defence Journal, 19(10). Ali, M., Shahab, S., Ushijima, H., & de Muynck, A. (2004). Street children in Pakistan: a situational analysis of social conditions and nutritional status. Social Science & Medicine, 59(8). Bansal, A. (2006). Balochistan: Continuing violence and its implications. Strategic Analysis, 30(1). Cockburn, J. (2001). Child labour versus education: Poverty constraints or income opportunities?. Center for the Study of African Economies, Oxford University. Davies, V. A. (2006). Diamonds, poverty and war in Sierra Leone. Small-scale mining, rural subsistence and poverty in West Africa. Deen, S. (2015). Pakistan 2010 floods. Policy gaps in disaster preparedness and response. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 12. Escaleras, M., Anbarci, N., & Register, C. A. (2007). Public sector corruption and major earthquakes: A potentially deadly interaction. Public Choice, 132(1-2). Farmer, P., Lindenbaum, S., & Good, M. J. D. (1993). Women, poverty and AIDS: an introduction. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 17(4). Finance Division, Pakistan Economic Survey (http://www.finance.gov.pk/). Fisman, R., & Miguel, E. (2010). Economic gangsters: corruption, violence, and the poverty of nations. Princeton University Press. Khan, S. B. (2010). Problems in Universalization of Primary Education in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Commerce & Social Sciences, 4(2). Krueger, A. B., & Malečková, J. (2003). Education, poverty and terrorism: Is there a causal connection?. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(4). Nasir, Z. M. (2001). Poverty and Labour Market Linkages in Pakistan. Pakistan institute of development economics. Wirsing, R. G. (2012). Baloch nationalism and the geopolitics of energy resources: The changing context of separatism in Pakistan. Lulu. com.

Policy perspective of youth Volunteerism in Pakistan.

By Abaid Ullah, Manager, (CPS)

Summary Pakistan is a developing country where civic responsibilities are less important. There is dire need to promote volunteerism in Pakistan and for this purpose the government needs to implement sustainable nation Volunteer policy through public private partnership. Volunteerism can benefit the government in the following areas: • Mobilize volunteers to achieve development goals • Support in government priority areas • Health, safety and education in Pakistan • Disaster response mechanism • Promotion of National citizenship and civic responsibilities etc • Economic development etc This policy brief is about the state of volunteerism in Pakistan and how Pakistan youth can be motivated and engaged in volunteering activities. This policy brief has identified some areas of services where volunteerism can play an important role

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Introduction The Spirit of Volunteerism In today’s global village, people know better about what is happening in the world due to the access of internet and electronic media. We are seeing pictures and videos of the people who are helping others in bringing their lives back on track after a disaster. Some people have compassion to approach avalanche hit areas and help the people in whatever way they can. Pakistani youth have a passion to help others, but they are not well trained for this cause, due to the lack of government attention and training, while developed countries have sophisticated training programs for the promotion of volunteerism. These countries encourage people to participate in the community’s development and rehabilitation programs.

What is Volunteerism? Volunteerism is defined as freely shaping and influencing young people in development by identifying their expertise and time. Volunteers act as a role model for the society and play their role in time to improve a society’s situation in terms of conduct and action. They are basically an inspirational model for the society. Volunteer’s functions are normally based on some set of principles and for the target outcome. (Haski- Leventhal (2009))

Volunteer definition: Anyone who offers time, skills and energy for the mutual interests with his own free will is called a volunteer. A volunteer works without financial benefits and agrees upon non-reimbursement of expenses. (Haski- Leventhal (2009))

Youth volunteerism in Pakistan Pakistani youth have a passion to help others, but they are not well trained for this cause due to the lack of government attention and training. On the other hand, developed countries have sophisticated training programs for the promotion of volunteerism. These countries encourage people to participate in community’s development and rehabilitation programs. There is a wide scope of volunteerism in Pakistan, as a lot of community work can be done through this activity. Pakistani youth which is the largest youth community in the world as per UNDP Report 2017, two third of the population of Pakistanis are below 30 years of age. Pakistani youth have the abilities and time to promote community’ driven activities in the country only if they are provided with proper training and are motivated for a cause. Energetic Pakistani youth are ready to contribute for the nation’s development, but all depends upon the opportunities they are provided to them. Pakistani youth are very optimistic in bringing prosperity and peace to the society by playing their role effectively. It is up to the government and its institutions to design youth engagement policies and programs that provide opportunities to the youth to work for the society’s betterment. (Sadaf,2012). A study conducted by MattiUllah Butt in 2016, clearly shows that Pakistani youth have all the passion to involve themselves in volunteers’ activities. Research index shows that the youth have more interests to perform community service in the country and are ready to spend time and expertise for community welfare (Butt, MattiUllah…etal, 2015) The difference between developed countries and developing countries is that in developing countries, the spirit of the volunteerism is seasonal like during a flood or earthquake etc. In developed countries there are established volunteers’ program for example, the school children volunteer’s program, housewife’s volunteer’s program, retired people’s volunteer program, and community work volunteer’s program etc, but sadly these kind of programs are considered to be less important in our countries.

Areas for volunteering Research shows that Pakistani youth have a potential and the time to contribute for the nation’s development and can utilize time for volunteering activities for national interest as well as for their own learning and development. What we need to do is to promote volunteerism in the society and empower our youth to come up to the expectations.

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A volunteer can be involved in the following areas: General services General volunteering service includes volunteer’s involvement in health sector and it can be effective both for private and government hospitals. We can improve the services of the hospitals by involving volunteers and it is the best way to provide cheap and free health facilities. Research work done by Hotchkiss, Unruh, &Fottler (2014), shows that there is a significant health improvement by involving youth as volunteering health services and it is a very cost-effective strategy. It also improves other health indicators like patient heath safety and mental satisfaction.

Emergency services It is obvious that the Pakistani nation act strongly in any disaster situation and people voluntarily help each other in such situations. In the 2005 earthquake, everyone knows how the people voluntarily contributed and saved human lives. Most of the people who participated in the rescue work were not trained and it was an informal kind of volunteering, but they played their role effectively. Citizens of the Pakistan feel proud to spend their time, abilities and resources in emergency situations. Proper volunteerism policy will help the country in this kind of emergency services.

Environmental services. Sentimental services get significant attention in Pakistan. The recent government has taken good measures to protect the environment by planting trees in the country. Most of the work has been done through informal volunteerism. Volunteers can be engaged in environmental services effectively. This is the core issue now a days and involving volunteers in environmental protection is a very cost-effective strategy. The other areas where volunteers can play their role are recreational services, religious services, and Political volunteering.

Youth Volunteerism the way forward: Pakistan’s urban and rural area both have many challenges and issues at different levels and it is up to the policy makers to design long term plans for youth empowerment and engagement. Youth engagement was included in the manifesto of this present government and now they have to implement their plan through public private partnership in the country so that the youth may not get frustrated. UNDP, UNV have an excellent plan to empower youth and promote youth volunteerism in different parts of the globe. UNV is hiring volunteers and then putting them in training programs, and after that effectively utilizes the services of the volunteer in a productive way. Currently UNV has more than 7500 volunteers’ worldwide that include men and women of 160 nationalities mainly from developing countries. These volunteers are then assigned various responsibilities. Pakistan Red Crescent is another good example of youth volunteerism. They have a sophisticated recruitment plan and they recruit the graduates of different universities and then provide them with the required training, after that they utilize their abilities during different assignments of blood donations and avalanche situations etc. The other organizations currently working in Pakistan for the promotion of volunteerism are Voluntary Services Overseas, National Volunteers Movement, WWF and National Commission for Human Development. The role of youth in nation development is very important. The changing political environment is expected to provide a platform to our youth to promote volunteerism and engage youth for the various policies implementation. For this purpose, the need of the hour is to promote volunteerism among Pakistani youth throughout their education period. After the 17th constitutional amendment, the resources are now in the hand of the provinces. All provinces are required to draft comprehensive youth volunteer policies and to create an action plan for the execution of the policy in their respective provinces.

Policy recommendations 1. Efforts are made to promote sustainable culture of volunteerism in Pakistan. 2. The Government needs to announce more intrinsic rewards, recognitions and honor for the volunteering activities.

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3. Volunteerism may be promoted through grass root level and basic information about volunteerism needs to be included in the curriculum of the primary education as it is the initial learning period. 4. Volunteerism should be promoted at school level and University level, and a subject of civic responsibilities should be included in the curriculum so that our youth can be aware of their civic responsibilities and will be able to fulfill a psychological contract for their country.

Reference: Sadaf B. (2012) Craving for Change: Educated youth perceptions survey report, Peace Education and Development Foundation Islamabad Haski-Leventhal, D. (2009). Altruism and Volunteerism: The perceptions of altruism in four disciplines and their impact on the study of volunteerism. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 39(3), 271–299. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5914.2009.00405.x Sadaf, B Craving for Change: Educated youth perceptions survey report, Peace Education and Development Foundation Islamabad. (2012) The Next Generation, Pakistan: The Next Generation British Council, Pakistan. (2009) Hoikkala, Tommi, and Leena Suurpää. "Finnish youth cultural research and its relevance to youth policy." Young 13, no. 3 (2005): 285-312. (200 Haski‐Leventhal, Debbie. "Altruism and volunteerism: The perceptions of altruism in four disciplines and their impact on the study of volunteerism." Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 39, no. 3 (2009): 271- 299. Butt, Mattiullah, Bei Hu, and Kamran Ahmed Soomro. "Volunteering activities in developing countries: A study of youth participation in Pakistan." European Journal of Business and Management 7, no. 13 (2015): 317-327. Hotchkiss, Renee Brent, Lynn Unruh, and Myron D. Fottler. "The role, measurement, and impact of volunteerism in hospitals." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 43, no. 6 (2014): 1111-1128.

The Super Ministry Approach to Coordination and Governance.

By Umar Sheraz, Senior Research officer, (CPS)

Summary Due to the recent austerity drive of the present government, a super ministry approach for effective coordination and governance can be considered. Such a governance approach, integrates authority under one roof, minimizes cost and demonstrates government willing to improve governance. On the flip side, cultural and historical path dependencies create limitations and a lack of a common shared worldview is important hindrances to the success of the super ministry approach. Given its pros and cons, the adoption of the super ministry model needs to be carefully scrutinized before it is implemented in Pakistan.

Introduction Austerity is one of the important priorities of the present government to save money. One possible way of achieving major objectives of austerity could be the creation of a “Super Ministry” for effective coordination amongst different organs of government and implementation of good governance. Over the past few decades, a super ministry approach to governance has emerged as one of the apparent solutions for governance and policy coordination, in many parts of the world. Under this mode of governance, all relevant sectors can be integrated under one ministry, and under a single leadership (minister). The minister has the authority to develop facilitating strategies and can oblige the various divisions in his ministry to comply with his approach. Due to this approach, costs as well as benefits are internalized within one organization, which should noticeably lead to a reduction of negative externalities and hence more efficiency (Braun, 2008). Such an organization would develop a ‘standard interest’ in pursuing cohesion of the knowledge space and link the different policy sectors if such a strategy were fixed from the outset in its ‘constitution’. Transaction costs usually involved in bringing different ministries together could be reduced considerably (Braun, 2008).

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Apart from the above, there is a great symbolic value to the specific organizational form of a new super ministry. According to (Peters, 1998), the very fact that a super ministry is created is important because it indicates the willingness of the government to think differently about moving ahead in a particular arena and that it is prepared for organizational innovation, giving the relevant policy area a high priority. New visions can be integrated into the ‘constitution’ of the ministry that determines the rationale of action, because of the leadership of a new minister, who still has to earn his or her merits, and because new institutions are generally more flexible and more innovative before they start to develop routines. This may provide the impetus and energy for a new philosophy of innovation in policy making (Peters, 1998). It is this ‘ideal’ portrayal of a super ministry that has influenced many governments to experiment with the organizational form of a super ministry. Many countries like Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, etc have super ministries devoted to Water-Energy/Electricity; Ethiopia has a Water, Energy and Irrigation “super ministry”. South Korea, which has been a role model for development in the South has, established a new “super” Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, in 2013 under the leadership of President Park Geun-hye. In 2014, the Indian government brought together the ministries of power, coal and renewable energy to form a new super ministry under the minister of energy. Since 1993, the Danish policy on science, innovation, higher education and technology has been formulated and coordinated by the ‘super ministry’, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Ministeriet for Videnskab, Teknologi og Udvikling, VTU) (Braun, 2008). VTU is an example of a centralized coordinated organization, with strong internal coordination of science, innovation and technology policies as well as higher education in one ministry. The internal organization of VTU is inspired by new public management approaches and the two most predominant horizontal and vertical coordination and control tools within the area of research and innovation are the use of performance contracts and institutional mergers (Koch, 2008).

The Limitations of the Super ministry Approach The super ministry approach has its limitations as well, many of which are embedded in cultural and historical path dependencies. To begin with, coordination and merger of different sectors/ministries does not come without cost. People, who propose the process of reorganization of institutions and governance structures, normally ignore that it is a massive and costly exercise. It involves multiple interactions and communications (such as inter-departmental committees, working groups of stakeholders, ad-hoc or permanent forums and arenas). There are important costs to organizational tinkering, especially in the public sector where managers do not have the same power to enforce change as their private sector counterparts. Individual ministries usually have a background of limited resources and self-interest, therefore incentives for entering the resource consuming process of merger and coordination must be substantial. These incentives are strongest, when the allocation of funds is involved, but even then coordination faces the problems inherent in the respective administrative systems. Many cases indicate that the costs do not initially match the benefits, and corrective measures have to be taken, not just from an administrative control point of view, but also from the budgetary point-of-view. Another massive area of concern is related to human resource allocation and redistribution. Reorganizations in the public sector rarely lead to massive “people-rearrangement” so the same people put on new hats and (unless someone specifically directs them) they generally carry on doing much the same things as they did before. The mere implantation of different organizational and functional units within one ministry does not automatically lead to a common vision and joint efforts. This needs time and an active strategy of building shared worldviews. This result in older administrative units still persisting as subunits within the ministry, maintaining their own cultures and worldviews, and this has put a big question mark over the ability of the super ministry approach to coordinate internally. Another unfavorable aspect of the super ministry approach is that the focus is too much on coordination instead of developing each policy area as an area of its own, which needs to be nurtured properly (Koch, 2008). (Arnold and Boekholt, 2003) have commented that in super ministries, there has been too much focus on coordination instead of developing each knowledge area that needs to be nurtured properly.

Conclusion The lessons of the super ministry approach to governance, confirm the arguments against the creation of a super ministry. Policy-makers in Finland have heatedly debated but declined to create a specific super ministry for education, science, and technology. In terms of policy governance and coordination, the reasons

22 CPS Quarterly December 2018 are of general relevance: the combination of previously unknown organizational units belonging to various ministries might break down vertical ties (networks and expertise) that are a very important asset for developing sectoral policies and also existing horizontal ties between divisions within ministries. Moreover, the transaction costs to create such a super ministry are very high, given the breaking down of existing organizational arrangements. Also there is no guarantee that the new hierarchy which is created actually succeeds or if cultural segmentation can be overcome, in the short or medium term.

Policy Recommendations 1. Based on the results from various governance models over the past few decades, the creation of a super ministry does not seem to be a “universal solution” to policy coordination problems and its success is open to question. So while it might seem very enticing, the adoption of the super ministry model needs to be carefully scrutinized before it is implemented in Pakistan. 2. Also the performance of super ministries which have been created in the past need to be scrutinized. Was a super ministry approach a better way of governance or is this approach still being followed blindly? 3. Studies on coordination have revealed that the essence of policy coordination is how a country learns to understand and internalize a particular burning issue and its role in wider policies. In this perspective, the critical issue is not the selection of the best coordination mode, but how to build on the complementarities and strengths of the different modes to develop institutional arrangements fitting the characteristics of the knowledge system (Amable, 1999 as cited in Lepori, 2011). The key is to identify which combinations of coordination modes are adopted and what are their strengths and weaknesses, as well as their complementarities and their impact on the system-level performance (Lepori, 2011).

References Amable, B., 1999. Institutional Complementarity and Diversity of Social Systems of Innovation and Production. Discussion Paper FS 99-309, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung . Arnold, E., Boekholt, P., Deiaco, E. and McKibbin, S., 2003. Research and innovation Governance in eight countries. A Meta-Analysis of work funded by EZ (Netherlands) and RCN (Norway). Braun, D. (2008). Organizing the political coordination of knowledge and innovation policies. Science and Public Policy, 35(4), 227-239. Braun, D., 2008. Lessons on the political coordination of knowledge and innovation policies. Science and Public Policy, 35(4), pp.289-298. Koch, Christian, 2008. Lasting tensions in research policy-making – a delegation problem. Science and Public Policy 35(4), 253–264 Koch, Christian, 2008. The superministry approach: integrated governance of science, technology and innovation with contracted autonomy. Science and Public Policy, 35(4), 253-264. Lepori, B., 2011 Coordination modes in public funding systems. Research Policy 40, 355-367. Peters, G. B. (1998) ‘Managing Horizontal Government: The Politics of Coordination’, Public Administration, 76 (2), 295–311

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