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Role of Nuclear Based Techniques in Development and Characterization of Materials for Hydrogen Storage and Fuel Cells

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Role of Nuclear Based Techniques in Development and Characterization of Materials for Hydrogen Storage and Fuel Cells and Fuel Cells Characterization in Development and IAEA-TECDOC-1676 of Materials for Hydrogen Storage Role of Nuclear Based Techniques Role of IAEA-TECDOC-1676 n ROLE OF NUCLEAR BASED TECHNIQUES IN DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS FOR HYDROGEN STORAGE AND FUEL CELLS 125410–8 VIENNA ISSN 1011–4289 ISBN 978–92–0– INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC AGENCY ENERGY ATOMIC INTERNATIONAL Role of Nuclear Based Techniques in Development and Characterization of Materials for Hydrogen Storage and Fuel Cells The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GHANA NIGERIA ALBANIA GREECE NORWAY ALGERIA GUATEMALA OMAN ANGOLA HAITI PAKISTAN ARGENTINA HOLY SEE PALAU ARMENIA HONDURAS PANAMA AUSTRALIA HUNGARY PARAGUAY ICELAND AUSTRIA PERU AZERBAIJAN INDIA PHILIPPINES BAHRAIN INDONESIA POLAND BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PORTUGAL BELARUS IRAQ QATAR BELGIUM IRELAND REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BELIZE ISRAEL BENIN ITALY ROMANIA BOLIVIA JAMAICA RUSSIAN FEDERATION BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SAUDI ARABIA BOTSWANA JORDAN SENEGAL BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA BULGARIA KENYA SEYCHELLES BURKINA FASO KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE BURUNDI KUWAIT SINGAPORE CAMBODIA KYRGYZSTAN SLOVAKIA CAMEROON LAO PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC SLOVENIA REPUBLIC CANADA SOUTH AFRICA LATVIA CENTRAL AFRICAN SPAIN REPUBLIC LEBANON SRI LANKA CHAD LESOTHO SUDAN CHILE LIBERIA SWEDEN CHINA LIBYA SWITZERLAND COLOMBIA LIECHTENSTEIN SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CONGO LITHUANIA COSTA RICA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN CÔTE DIVOIRE MADAGASCAR THAILAND CROATIA MALAWI THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CUBA MALAYSIA CYPRUS MALI TUNISIA CZECH REPUBLIC MALTA TURKEY DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS UGANDA OF THE CONGO MAURITANIA UKRAINE DENMARK MAURITIUS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DOMINICA MEXICO UNITED KINGDOM OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONACO GREAT BRITAIN AND ECUADOR MONGOLIA NORTHERN IRELAND EGYPT MONTENEGRO UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA EL SALVADOR MOROCCO ERITREA MOZAMBIQUE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ESTONIA MYANMAR URUGUAY ETHIOPIA NAMIBIA UZBEKISTAN FINLAND NEPAL VENEZUELA FRANCE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM GABON NEW ZEALAND YEMEN GEORGIA NICARAGUA ZAMBIA GERMANY NIGER ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. IAEA-TECDOC-1676 ROLE OF NUCLEAR BASED TECHNIQUES IN DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS FOR HYDROGEN STORAGE AND FUEL CELLS INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2012 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Sales and Promotion, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books For further information on this publication, please contact: Physics Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria email: [email protected] © IAEA, 2012 Printed by the IAEA in Austria February 2012 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Role of nuclear based techniques in development and characterization of materials for hydrogen storage and fuel cells. – Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2012. p. ; 30 cm. – (IAEA-TECDOC series, ISSN 1011-4289 ; no. 1676) ISBN 978-92-0-125410-8 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Nuclear physics – Research. 2. Hydrogen as fuel. – 3. Hydrogen - Storage. 4. Fuel cells. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series. IAEAL 12-00725 FOREWORD Hydrogen and fuel cells can greatly contribute to a more sustainable less carbon-dependent global energy system. The major components in a hydrogen economy are expected to include production, storage, transportation and conversion of hydrogen, e.g. in fuel cells. All these components present considerable technological challenges, in particular as they relate to materials development. The research efforts required to solve these challenges will need new materials and solutions, and not simply, incremental improvements of current technologies. Nuclear methods are poised to play an important role in the improvement and development of materials by providing a major tool with which to characterize their properties and performance. A consultants meeting on application of ‘Role of Nuclear Techniques in Development of Materials for Hydrogen Storage and Fuel Cells’ was held by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna, Austria, on 14-16 May 2008. The usefulness and importance of nuclear techniques to support materials oriented R&D for hydrogen storage in solid state materials and its conversion in fuel cells was recognised. Two technical meetings on ‘Role of Nuclear-based Techniques in Development of Materials for Hydrogen Storage and Fuel Cells were organized by the IAEA. The first was hosted by the International Energy Agency (IEA) in Paris, France, on 16–20 March 2009 and the second by University Trois-Rivières Quebec (UTRQ), Canada, from 23 to 26 August 2010. The meetings participants discussed the broad spectrum of nuclear techniques that can be effectively used for characterization of materials for hydrogen storage and conversion technologies. This publication summarizes the outputs of the above meetings and selected contributions of the participants. The manuscript could be used by researchers planning to utilize nuclear techniques for the development of hydrogen storage and fuel cell materials. It also aims to disseminate knowledge and information to material scientists, physicists and chemists working towards characterizing and developing new materials. The IAEA wishes to thank the participants for their contributions. An additional acknowledgment for the experts who helped to review this manuscript, specifically, S. Barroso from the Atomic Energy Research Institute (AEKI), Hungary, M. Steen from Joint Research Centre of European Commission, The Netherlands, J. Huot from Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada and S. Skinner from Imperial College London, United Kingdom. The IAEA officers responsible for this publication were A. Zeman and P. Salame of the Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences. EDITORIAL NOTE The papers in these proceedings are reproduced as submitted by the authors and have not undergone rigorous editorial review by the IAEA. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA, the governments of the nominating Member States or the nominating organizations. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY OF CONTRIBUTIONS ............................................................................. 1 2. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 2 Thermal neutron investigation of materials for hydrogen storage ...................................... 9 M. Zoppi, M. Celli, D. Colognesi, A. Giannasi, L. Ulivi Diffraction studies of materials for hydrogen storage ....................................................... 19 B.C. Hauback Small-angle neutron scattering investigations of nanoconfined hydrides ......................... 31 S. Sartori, K.D. Knudsen, B.C. Hauback Neutron Diffraction Studies of Metal Hydrides Alloys for Hydrogen Storage ................ 35 J. Huot Performance characterization of solid state hydrogen stores by neutron diffraction and PAS methods ............................................................................... 41 E. Weidner, A. Zeman, D.J. Bull, F. Dolci, M.F.T. Telling, T. Hansen, M. Hoelzel, P. Moretto Applications for in-situ neutron diffractionon hydrogen storage materials ...................... 51 F. Dolci, E. Weidner, M. Hoelzel, T. Hansen, M. Fichtner, W. Lohstroh Study on hydrogen absorption properties and crystal structure of LaNiAl and ZrVFe alloys by means of XRD ............................................................. 55 Y. Yiming, Y. Yuanfang, H. Li, Z. Pingzhu, H. Shilin Hydrogen depth profiling using TOF-ERDA and IEE-ERDA spectroscopy ................... 69 Z. Siketić, I. Bogdanović
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